Tropospheric ozone(O_(3))is a harmful air pollutant negatively impacting forest health,causing O_(3)-specific visible foliar injury(O_(3)VFI).Ozone monitoring in forests has usually implemented by passive samplers,alt...Tropospheric ozone(O_(3))is a harmful air pollutant negatively impacting forest health,causing O_(3)-specific visible foliar injury(O_(3)VFI).Ozone monitoring in forests has usually implemented by passive samplers,although they cannot detect the diurnal peak when a significant part of stomatal O_(3)uptake occurs.This results into uncertainties for the calculation of stomatal O_(3)uptake.This study compares the stomatal-flux-based POD1(phytotoxic ozone dose above a threshold of 1 nmol m^(-2)s^(-1))for forest trees/shrubs estimated from data collected by either passive samplers or active O_(3)monitors to evaluate O_(3)damage to plants in terms of O_(3)VFI in the Southern Alps.The study was conducted over two years(2018-2019)in a mountainous Alpine area(Valle Stura,Italy).An integrative monitoring station for active O_(3)monitoring,as well as passive O_(3)monitors,were installed in an open field area(OFD).The O_(3)VFI was investigated in woody species in the light exposed sampling Site(LESS—Betula pendula,Fagus sylvatica,Larix decidua,Populus tremula,Salix caprea,Rubus sp.and Vaccinium myrtillus)in late summer according to the international co-operative programme on assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests(ICP Forests)manual.The results confirmed that Fagus sylvatica and Rubus sp.are O_(3)-sensitive species showing relatively high POD1(>20 mmol m-2),while Larix decidua is O_(3)-tolerant.We derived flux-based critical levels(CL)corresponding to the presence of O_(3)VFI(5,25,and 50%of symptomatic plants along the LESS)from flux-effect relationships for forest protection against O_(3)VFI.The results support the hypothesis that passive samplers cannot detect episodic high stomatal O₃fluxes(>1 nmol m^(-2)s^(-1)).According to the active monitoring,the CL for O_(3)VFI occurrence was estimated to be 17.1 mmol m-2 POD1 for 25%presence and 34.3 mmol m-2 POD1 for 50%presence of symptomatic plants,while passive samplers underestimated POD1 values for CL calculations by 17%on average,with underestimation increasing at higher CL thresholds.The findings demonstrate that active monitoring refines CLs towards a proper quantitative assessment of O_(3)impact,particularly in capturing peak flux events that are crucial for evaluating plant damage and emphasizes the importance of active O₃monitoring for reliable forest health assessments.展开更多
Correction to:Journal of Forestry Research(2025)36:124 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-025-01918-8 In this article the author’s name Yasutomo Hoshika was incorrectly written as Yasutoma Hoshika.The original article ha...Correction to:Journal of Forestry Research(2025)36:124 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-025-01918-8 In this article the author’s name Yasutomo Hoshika was incorrectly written as Yasutoma Hoshika.The original article has been corrected.展开更多
A discharge-produced-plasma(DPP) source emitting in the extreme ultraviolet(EUV) spectral region is running at the ENEA Frascati Research Centre. The plasma is generated in low-pressure xenon gas and efficiently emits...A discharge-produced-plasma(DPP) source emitting in the extreme ultraviolet(EUV) spectral region is running at the ENEA Frascati Research Centre. The plasma is generated in low-pressure xenon gas and efficiently emits 100-ns duration radiation pulses in the 10–20-nm wavelength range, with an energy of 20 m J/shot/sr at a 10-Hz repetition rate. The complex discharge evolution is constantly examined and controlled with electrical measurements, while a nsgated CCD camera allowed observation of the discharge development in the visible, detection of time-resolved plasmacolumn pinching, and optimization of the pre-ionization timing. Accurately calibrated Zr-filtered PIN diodes are used to monitor the temporal behaviour and energy emission of the EUV pulses, while the calibration of a dosimetric film allows quantitative imaging of the emitted radiation. This comprehensive plasma diagnostics has demonstrated its effectiveness in suitably adjusting the source configuration for several applications, such as exposures of photonic materials and innovative photoresists.展开更多
A nonlinear saturation mechanism for reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode(RSAE)is proposed and analyzed,and is shown to be of relevance to typical reactor parameter region.The saturation is achieved through the genera...A nonlinear saturation mechanism for reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode(RSAE)is proposed and analyzed,and is shown to be of relevance to typical reactor parameter region.The saturation is achieved through the generation of high-frequency quasi-mode due to nonlinear coupling of two RSAEs,which is then damped due to coupling with the shear Alfvén continuum,and leads to the nonlinear saturation of the primary RSAEs.An estimation of the nonlinear damping rate is also provided.展开更多
This study investigates the influence of runaway current in runaway plasmas on the dynamics of sawtooth oscillations and resultant loss of runaway electrons(RE)using the 3D magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)code M3D-C^(1)(Jardi...This study investigates the influence of runaway current in runaway plasmas on the dynamics of sawtooth oscillations and resultant loss of runaway electrons(RE)using the 3D magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)code M3D-C^(1)(Jardin et al 2012 J.Comput.Sci.Discovery 6014002).Using an HL-2A-like equilibrium,we confirm that in the linear phase,the impact of REs on resistive internal kink instabilities is consistent with previous research.In the nonlinear phase,as the runaway current fully replaces the plasmas current,we observe a significant suppression of sawtooth oscillations,with the first sawtooth cycle occurring earlier compared to the case without runaway current.Following the first sawtooth collapse,plasma current density,runaway current density,and safety factor(q)flatten within the q=1 surface,albeit displaying fine structures.Subsequently,the growing high torodial(n)and poloidal(m)mode number modes disrupt the magnetic surfaces,leading to the loss of REs outside the q=1 surface,while minimally affecting the majority of REs well-confined within it.Thus,in the current model,the physical processes associated with the presence of sawtooth oscillations do not effectively dissipate runaway current,as REs are assumed to be collisionless.In addition,the final profile of runaway current density exhibits increased steepening near the q=1 surface in contrast to the initial profile,displaying a distinctive corrugated inhomogeneity influenced by the growing fluctuation of the n=0 component.Finally,detailed convergence tests are conducted to validate the numerical simulations.展开更多
A promising way to realize controlled nuclear fusion involves the use of magnetic fields to control and confine the hot plasma configuration.This approach requires superconductor magnets operating above 15 T for the n...A promising way to realize controlled nuclear fusion involves the use of magnetic fields to control and confine the hot plasma configuration.This approach requires superconductor magnets operating above 15 T for the next generation of fusion devices.Due to their high in-field transport current capacity,rare-Earth barium copper oxide(REBCO)coated conductors are promising materials for manufacturing of cable-in-conduit conductors(CICCs)for fusion.However,the high-aspect-ratio geometry makes it difficult to find a multi-tape CICC configuration that fulfills the high engineering current density requirements while retaining enough flexibility for winding large-scale magnets.Moreover,the multilayer structure and inherent brittleness make the REBCO tapes susceptible to degradation during CICC manufacturing and operation.For more than a decade,the development of a reliable REBCO-based CICC that can sustain the huge combined mechanical,thermal,and Lorentz loads without degradation has been ongoing,albeit with limited progress.In this paper,we report on a prototype REBCO CICC that can withstand an applied cyclic Lorentz load of at least 830 kN·m^(-1),corresponding to a transport current of 80 kA at 10.85 T and 4.5 K.To our knowledge,this is the highest load achieved to date.The CICC uses 288 tapes wound into six strengthened sub-cables,making it capable of having a current sharing temperature,Tcs,of around 39 and 20 K when operated under 10.85 T with a current of 40 and 80 kA,respectively.Scaled to a 20-T peak field and 46.5-kA transport current,this provides a temperature margin of over 10 K with respect to an operating temperature of 4.5 K.In addition,no perceptible transport current performance degradation was observed after cyclic Lorentz loading,cyclic warm-up/cool-down(WUCD),and quench campaigns.The proposed REBCO CICC is a milestone in the development of high-temperature superconductors for large-scale and high-field magnet applications.展开更多
Face centred cubic（FCC） TiB ceramic powder synthesized by Ti-boronizing method was used as conductive filler to make ceramic electrically conductive adhesives（ECAs） with the polymer matrix.Electrically conductive ...Face centred cubic（FCC） TiB ceramic powder synthesized by Ti-boronizing method was used as conductive filler to make ceramic electrically conductive adhesives（ECAs） with the polymer matrix.Electrically conductive properties of the ceramic ECAs were studied.The bulk electrical resistivity varied with the powder content of the FCC-TiB in ECAs.The FCC-TiB filled ECAs also showed the percolation behavior that usually occurred for the metal-filled ECAs,the percolation threshold was located at the content of 60%FCC-TiB.A minimum value of 0.1 Ω·cm was obtained at a content of 75%FCC-TiB.In order to check the reliability of mechanical property,tensile test was done to measure the shear strength,and the shear strength dropped with increasing the content of FCC-TiB powders.It is about 12.26 MPa at the content of 70%TiB powders.The Cu filled ECAs were also prepared for comparison.The properties of the oxidation resistance of the two ECAs were evaluated.The results show that the ceramic ECAs have excellent oxidation resistance and better stability compared with the Cu filled ECAs.展开更多
Driving of the nuclear fusion reaction p+^(11)B3α+8.7 MeV under laboratory conditions by interaction between high-power laser pulses and matter has become a popular field of research,owing to its numerous potential a...Driving of the nuclear fusion reaction p+^(11)B3α+8.7 MeV under laboratory conditions by interaction between high-power laser pulses and matter has become a popular field of research,owing to its numerous potential applications:as an alternative to deuterium-tritium for fusion energy production,astrophysics studies,and alpha-particle generation for medical treatment.One possible scheme for laser-driven p-^(11)B reactions is to direct a beam of laser-accelerated protons onto a boron(B)sample(the so-called“pitcher-catcher”scheme).This technique has been successfully implemented on large high-energy lasers,yielding hundreds of joules per shot at low repetition.We present here a complementary approach,exploiting the high repetition rate of the VEGA III petawatt laser at CLPU(Spain),aiming at accumulating results from many interactions at much lower energy,to provide better control of the parameters and the statistics of the measurements.Despite a moderate energy per pulse,our experiment allowed exploration of the laser-driven fusion process with tens(up to hundreds)of laser shots.The experiment provided a clear signature of the reactions involved and of the fusion products,accumulated over many shots,leading to an improved optimization of the diagnostics for experimental campaigns of this type.In this paper,we discuss the effectiveness of laser-driven p-11B fusion in the pitcher-catcher scheme,at a high repetition rate,addressing the challenges of this experimental scheme and highlighting its critical aspects.Our proposed methodology allows evaluation of the performance of this scheme for laser-driven alpha particle production and can be adapted to high-repetition-rate laser facilities with higher energy and intensity.展开更多
In the last decades the interest in the biomass gasification process has increased due to the growing attention to the use of sustainable energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source and represents a valid alternative...In the last decades the interest in the biomass gasification process has increased due to the growing attention to the use of sustainable energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source and represents a valid alternative to fossil fuels. Gasification is the thermochemical conversion of an organic material into a valuable gaseous product, called syngas, and a solid product, called char. The biomass gasification represents an efficient process for the production of power and heat and the production of hydrogen and second-generation biofuels.This paper deals with the state of the art biomass gasification technologies, evaluating advantages and disadvantages, the potential use of the syngas and the application of the biomass gasification. Syngas cleaning though fundamental to evaluate any gasification technology is not included in this paper since; in the authors＇ opinion, a dedicated review is necessary.展开更多
Background:Thrombocytopenia is a possible risk factor for bleeding after band ligation of esophageal varices.However,elevated von Willebrand factor(VWF)in cirrhosis improves platelet function and could decrease this r...Background:Thrombocytopenia is a possible risk factor for bleeding after band ligation of esophageal varices.However,elevated von Willebrand factor(VWF)in cirrhosis improves platelet function and could decrease this risk.Our objective was to assess platelet function in patients with cirrhosis undergoing esophageal variceal ligation(EVL).Methods:The assessment consisted of platelet count,antigen and activity of VWF and VWF-cleaving protease ADAMTS-13 activity,and a platelet adhesion and aggregation test simulating vascular flow in vivo(Impact-RR)prior to EVL.Results:Totally 111 patients were divided into three groups according to platelet count:(1)<50×109/L(n=38,34.2%);(2)50×109/L to 100×109/L(n=47,42.3%);and(3)>100×109/L(n=26,23.4%).No statistically significant difference was found in the aggregate size of platelets[group 1:41.0(31.8–67.3)μm 2;group 2:47.0(33.8–71.3)μm 2;and group 3:47.0(34.0–66.0)μm 2;P=0.60]and no significant correlation was found between aggregate size and platelet count(Spearman r=0.07;P=0.47).Surface coverage was 4.1%(2.8%–6.7%),8.5%(4.0%–10.0%),and 9.0%(7.1%–12.0%)(P<0.001)in groups 1,2 and 3,respectively and correlated with platelet count(Spearman r=0.39;P<0.0001).There was no significant difference between groups in VWF or ADAMTS-13.Post-EVL bleeding occurred in six(5.4%)patients(n=2 in group 1,n=1 in group 2,and n=3 in group 3;P=0.32).Patients with bleeding had higher MELD scores[15.0(11.3–20.3)versus 12.0(10.0–15.0);P=0.025],but no difference was demonstrated for platelet function parameters.Conclusion:Platelet function is preserved even in the presence of thrombocytopenia,including in the patients with post-EVL bleeding.展开更多
Breast cancer(BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The aetiology and carcinogenesis of BC are not clearly defined, although genetic, hormonal, lifestyle and environmental risk factors have been establi...Breast cancer(BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The aetiology and carcinogenesis of BC are not clearly defined, although genetic, hormonal, lifestyle and environmental risk factors have been established. The most common treatment for BC includes breast-conserving surgery followed by a standard radiotherapy(RT) regimen. However, radiation hypersensitivity and the occurrence of RT-induced toxicity in normal tissue may affect patients' treatment. The role of DNA repair in cancer has been extensively investigated, and an impaired DNA damage response may increase the risk of BC and individual radiosensitivity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in DNA repair genes may alter protein function and modulate DNA repair efficiency, influencing the development of various cancers, including BC. SNPs in DNA repair genes have also been studied as potential predictive factors for the risk of RT-induced side effects. Here, we review the literature on the association between SNPs in base excision repair(BER) genes and BC risk. We focusedon X-ray repair cross complementing group 1(XRCC1), which plays a key role in BER, and on 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, which encode three important BER enzymes that interact with XRCC1. Although no association between SNPs and radiation toxicity has been validated thus far, we also report published studies on XRCC1 SNPs and variants in other BER genes and RT-induced side effects in BC patients, emphasising that large well-designed studies are needed to determine the genetic components of individual radiosensitivity.展开更多
The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)plays a critical role in the development of different tissues,both in invertebrates and vertebrates.Shh mediates its action via a receptor complex associating two transmembrane protein...The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)plays a critical role in the development of different tissues,both in invertebrates and vertebrates.Shh mediates its action via a receptor complex associating two transmembrane proteins:Patched1(Ptch1)and Smoothened(Smo).The repression exerted by Ptch1 on Smo is relieved when Shh,the ligand,binds to Ptch1,which leads to a complex signaling cascade involving the transcription factors of the Gli family and finally,to展开更多
The extraction of the trivalent middle rare earths from chloride media by kerosene solutions of 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester as an extractant was studied. The separation factors between the elem...The extraction of the trivalent middle rare earths from chloride media by kerosene solutions of 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester as an extractant was studied. The separation factors between the elements using solution simulating wastes from NiMH spent batteries have been evaluated: the order of the extractive ability of extractant can be confirmed in Tb>Gd>Eu>Sm.展开更多
The objective of this review was to summarize the evidence concerning the benefit of varicocele treatment to improve natural fertility in subfertile males. We also analyzed the effect of varicocele treatment on conven...The objective of this review was to summarize the evidence concerning the benefit of varicocele treatment to improve natural fertility in subfertile males. We also analyzed the effect of varicocele treatment on conventional semen parameters and sperm functional tests. An electronic search to collect the data was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE databases until July 2015. Data pooled from a variety of study designs indicate that varicocelectomy improves semen parameters in the majority of the treated men with clinical varicocele and abnormal semen parameters regardless of the chosen surgical method. Surgical varicocele repair was beneficial not only for alleviating oxidative stress-associated infertility but also to improve sperm nuclear DNA integrity. However, given the low magnitude of the effect size in sperm DNA integrity, further research is needed to elucidate its clinical significance. Conflicting results on the effect of varicocele treatment on natural fertility seem to be due to heterogeneous study designs and, more importantly, patient selection criteria. When these issues are controlled, current evidence indicates that treatment of subclinical varicocele is not warranted, as it does not seem to improve fertility. On the contrary, fair evidence indicates that varicocele treatment should be offered to infertile patients with palpable varicocele and abnormal semen parameters. This evidence supports the current guidelines issued by the American Urological Association and European Association of Urology, which state that varicocele treatment should be offered to male partners of infertile couples presenting for evaluation with clinical varicocele and semen parameters alterations.展开更多
基金supported by the INTERREG ALCOTRA project MITIMPACT,PNRR for Mission 4(Component 2,Notice 3264/2021,IR0000032)-ITINERIS-Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructure System CUP B53C22002150006Project funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan(NRRP),Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4-Call for tender No.3138 of December 16,2021,rectified by Decree n.3175 of December 18,2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union-NextGenerationEU,Award Number:Project code CN_00000033,Concession Decree No.1034 of June 17,2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research,CUP,H43C22000530001 Project title“National Biodiversity Future Center-NBFC”(Spoke 3 and 5)AP and IP were supported by the FOR-CLIMSOC Programme,Project ID PN23090101,financed by the Ministry of Research,Innovation,and Digitization in Romania.
文摘Tropospheric ozone(O_(3))is a harmful air pollutant negatively impacting forest health,causing O_(3)-specific visible foliar injury(O_(3)VFI).Ozone monitoring in forests has usually implemented by passive samplers,although they cannot detect the diurnal peak when a significant part of stomatal O_(3)uptake occurs.This results into uncertainties for the calculation of stomatal O_(3)uptake.This study compares the stomatal-flux-based POD1(phytotoxic ozone dose above a threshold of 1 nmol m^(-2)s^(-1))for forest trees/shrubs estimated from data collected by either passive samplers or active O_(3)monitors to evaluate O_(3)damage to plants in terms of O_(3)VFI in the Southern Alps.The study was conducted over two years(2018-2019)in a mountainous Alpine area(Valle Stura,Italy).An integrative monitoring station for active O_(3)monitoring,as well as passive O_(3)monitors,were installed in an open field area(OFD).The O_(3)VFI was investigated in woody species in the light exposed sampling Site(LESS—Betula pendula,Fagus sylvatica,Larix decidua,Populus tremula,Salix caprea,Rubus sp.and Vaccinium myrtillus)in late summer according to the international co-operative programme on assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests(ICP Forests)manual.The results confirmed that Fagus sylvatica and Rubus sp.are O_(3)-sensitive species showing relatively high POD1(>20 mmol m-2),while Larix decidua is O_(3)-tolerant.We derived flux-based critical levels(CL)corresponding to the presence of O_(3)VFI(5,25,and 50%of symptomatic plants along the LESS)from flux-effect relationships for forest protection against O_(3)VFI.The results support the hypothesis that passive samplers cannot detect episodic high stomatal O₃fluxes(>1 nmol m^(-2)s^(-1)).According to the active monitoring,the CL for O_(3)VFI occurrence was estimated to be 17.1 mmol m-2 POD1 for 25%presence and 34.3 mmol m-2 POD1 for 50%presence of symptomatic plants,while passive samplers underestimated POD1 values for CL calculations by 17%on average,with underestimation increasing at higher CL thresholds.The findings demonstrate that active monitoring refines CLs towards a proper quantitative assessment of O_(3)impact,particularly in capturing peak flux events that are crucial for evaluating plant damage and emphasizes the importance of active O₃monitoring for reliable forest health assessments.
文摘Correction to:Journal of Forestry Research(2025)36:124 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-025-01918-8 In this article the author’s name Yasutomo Hoshika was incorrectly written as Yasutoma Hoshika.The original article has been corrected.
基金partially funded by the Italian Ministry for University and Research(FIRB project no.RBNE01ABPB)the Cariplo Foundation(project no.2012-0816)
文摘A discharge-produced-plasma(DPP) source emitting in the extreme ultraviolet(EUV) spectral region is running at the ENEA Frascati Research Centre. The plasma is generated in low-pressure xenon gas and efficiently emits 100-ns duration radiation pulses in the 10–20-nm wavelength range, with an energy of 20 m J/shot/sr at a 10-Hz repetition rate. The complex discharge evolution is constantly examined and controlled with electrical measurements, while a nsgated CCD camera allowed observation of the discharge development in the visible, detection of time-resolved plasmacolumn pinching, and optimization of the pre-ionization timing. Accurately calibrated Zr-filtered PIN diodes are used to monitor the temporal behaviour and energy emission of the EUV pulses, while the calibration of a dosimetric film allows quantitative imaging of the emitted radiation. This comprehensive plasma diagnostics has demonstrated its effectiveness in suitably adjusting the source configuration for several applications, such as exposures of photonic materials and innovative photoresists.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0790000)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(No.2022HSC-CIP008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12275236 and 12261131622)。
文摘A nonlinear saturation mechanism for reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode(RSAE)is proposed and analyzed,and is shown to be of relevance to typical reactor parameter region.The saturation is achieved through the generation of high-frequency quasi-mode due to nonlinear coupling of two RSAEs,which is then damped due to coupling with the shear Alfvén continuum,and leads to the nonlinear saturation of the primary RSAEs.An estimation of the nonlinear damping rate is also provided.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2022YFE03040002)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan (No.2022NSFSC1814)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.12305246,12175053 and 12261131622)the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (No.CN23GR02)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiessupported by US Department of Energy (No.DE-AC0209CH11466)。
文摘This study investigates the influence of runaway current in runaway plasmas on the dynamics of sawtooth oscillations and resultant loss of runaway electrons(RE)using the 3D magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)code M3D-C^(1)(Jardin et al 2012 J.Comput.Sci.Discovery 6014002).Using an HL-2A-like equilibrium,we confirm that in the linear phase,the impact of REs on resistive internal kink instabilities is consistent with previous research.In the nonlinear phase,as the runaway current fully replaces the plasmas current,we observe a significant suppression of sawtooth oscillations,with the first sawtooth cycle occurring earlier compared to the case without runaway current.Following the first sawtooth collapse,plasma current density,runaway current density,and safety factor(q)flatten within the q=1 surface,albeit displaying fine structures.Subsequently,the growing high torodial(n)and poloidal(m)mode number modes disrupt the magnetic surfaces,leading to the loss of REs outside the q=1 surface,while minimally affecting the majority of REs well-confined within it.Thus,in the current model,the physical processes associated with the presence of sawtooth oscillations do not effectively dissipate runaway current,as REs are assumed to be collisionless.In addition,the final profile of runaway current density exhibits increased steepening near the q=1 surface in contrast to the initial profile,displaying a distinctive corrugated inhomogeneity influenced by the growing fluctuation of the n=0 component.Finally,detailed convergence tests are conducted to validate the numerical simulations.
基金supported by the Comprehensive Research Facility for the Fusion Technology Program of China(2018-000052-73-01-001228)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE03150200)+3 种基金the Institute of Energy,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(21KZS207)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52077212)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2021444)the European–China collaboration program on the FUSION magnet.
文摘A promising way to realize controlled nuclear fusion involves the use of magnetic fields to control and confine the hot plasma configuration.This approach requires superconductor magnets operating above 15 T for the next generation of fusion devices.Due to their high in-field transport current capacity,rare-Earth barium copper oxide(REBCO)coated conductors are promising materials for manufacturing of cable-in-conduit conductors(CICCs)for fusion.However,the high-aspect-ratio geometry makes it difficult to find a multi-tape CICC configuration that fulfills the high engineering current density requirements while retaining enough flexibility for winding large-scale magnets.Moreover,the multilayer structure and inherent brittleness make the REBCO tapes susceptible to degradation during CICC manufacturing and operation.For more than a decade,the development of a reliable REBCO-based CICC that can sustain the huge combined mechanical,thermal,and Lorentz loads without degradation has been ongoing,albeit with limited progress.In this paper,we report on a prototype REBCO CICC that can withstand an applied cyclic Lorentz load of at least 830 kN·m^(-1),corresponding to a transport current of 80 kA at 10.85 T and 4.5 K.To our knowledge,this is the highest load achieved to date.The CICC uses 288 tapes wound into six strengthened sub-cables,making it capable of having a current sharing temperature,Tcs,of around 39 and 20 K when operated under 10.85 T with a current of 40 and 80 kA,respectively.Scaled to a 20-T peak field and 46.5-kA transport current,this provides a temperature margin of over 10 K with respect to an operating temperature of 4.5 K.In addition,no perceptible transport current performance degradation was observed after cyclic Lorentz loading,cyclic warm-up/cool-down(WUCD),and quench campaigns.The proposed REBCO CICC is a milestone in the development of high-temperature superconductors for large-scale and high-field magnet applications.
基金Project (51172088) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Face centred cubic（FCC） TiB ceramic powder synthesized by Ti-boronizing method was used as conductive filler to make ceramic electrically conductive adhesives（ECAs） with the polymer matrix.Electrically conductive properties of the ceramic ECAs were studied.The bulk electrical resistivity varied with the powder content of the FCC-TiB in ECAs.The FCC-TiB filled ECAs also showed the percolation behavior that usually occurred for the metal-filled ECAs,the percolation threshold was located at the content of 60%FCC-TiB.A minimum value of 0.1 Ω·cm was obtained at a content of 75%FCC-TiB.In order to check the reliability of mechanical property,tensile test was done to measure the shear strength,and the shear strength dropped with increasing the content of FCC-TiB powders.It is about 12.26 MPa at the content of 70%TiB powders.The Cu filled ECAs were also prepared for comparison.The properties of the oxidation resistance of the two ECAs were evaluated.The results show that the ceramic ECAs have excellent oxidation resistance and better stability compared with the Cu filled ECAs.
基金funded by the European Union via the Euratom Research and Training Program(Grant Agreement No.101052200-EUROfusion)funding from LASERLAB-EUROPE(Grant Agreement No.871124,European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program)+5 种基金supported in part by the United States Department of Energy under Grant No.DE-FG02-93ER40773We also acknowledge support from Grant No.PID2021-125389OA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER,UEby“ERDF A Way of Making Europe”by the European Union and Unidad de Investigación Consolidada of Junta de Castilla y León UIC 167supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.12375125the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe support of the Czech Science Foundation through Grant No.GACR24-11398S.
文摘Driving of the nuclear fusion reaction p+^(11)B3α+8.7 MeV under laboratory conditions by interaction between high-power laser pulses and matter has become a popular field of research,owing to its numerous potential applications:as an alternative to deuterium-tritium for fusion energy production,astrophysics studies,and alpha-particle generation for medical treatment.One possible scheme for laser-driven p-^(11)B reactions is to direct a beam of laser-accelerated protons onto a boron(B)sample(the so-called“pitcher-catcher”scheme).This technique has been successfully implemented on large high-energy lasers,yielding hundreds of joules per shot at low repetition.We present here a complementary approach,exploiting the high repetition rate of the VEGA III petawatt laser at CLPU(Spain),aiming at accumulating results from many interactions at much lower energy,to provide better control of the parameters and the statistics of the measurements.Despite a moderate energy per pulse,our experiment allowed exploration of the laser-driven fusion process with tens(up to hundreds)of laser shots.The experiment provided a clear signature of the reactions involved and of the fusion products,accumulated over many shots,leading to an improved optimization of the diagnostics for experimental campaigns of this type.In this paper,we discuss the effectiveness of laser-driven p-11B fusion in the pitcher-catcher scheme,at a high repetition rate,addressing the challenges of this experimental scheme and highlighting its critical aspects.Our proposed methodology allows evaluation of the performance of this scheme for laser-driven alpha particle production and can be adapted to high-repetition-rate laser facilities with higher energy and intensity.
文摘In the last decades the interest in the biomass gasification process has increased due to the growing attention to the use of sustainable energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source and represents a valid alternative to fossil fuels. Gasification is the thermochemical conversion of an organic material into a valuable gaseous product, called syngas, and a solid product, called char. The biomass gasification represents an efficient process for the production of power and heat and the production of hydrogen and second-generation biofuels.This paper deals with the state of the art biomass gasification technologies, evaluating advantages and disadvantages, the potential use of the syngas and the application of the biomass gasification. Syngas cleaning though fundamental to evaluate any gasification technology is not included in this paper since; in the authors＇ opinion, a dedicated review is necessary.
文摘Background:Thrombocytopenia is a possible risk factor for bleeding after band ligation of esophageal varices.However,elevated von Willebrand factor(VWF)in cirrhosis improves platelet function and could decrease this risk.Our objective was to assess platelet function in patients with cirrhosis undergoing esophageal variceal ligation(EVL).Methods:The assessment consisted of platelet count,antigen and activity of VWF and VWF-cleaving protease ADAMTS-13 activity,and a platelet adhesion and aggregation test simulating vascular flow in vivo(Impact-RR)prior to EVL.Results:Totally 111 patients were divided into three groups according to platelet count:(1)<50×109/L(n=38,34.2%);(2)50×109/L to 100×109/L(n=47,42.3%);and(3)>100×109/L(n=26,23.4%).No statistically significant difference was found in the aggregate size of platelets[group 1:41.0(31.8–67.3)μm 2;group 2:47.0(33.8–71.3)μm 2;and group 3:47.0(34.0–66.0)μm 2;P=0.60]and no significant correlation was found between aggregate size and platelet count(Spearman r=0.07;P=0.47).Surface coverage was 4.1%(2.8%–6.7%),8.5%(4.0%–10.0%),and 9.0%(7.1%–12.0%)(P<0.001)in groups 1,2 and 3,respectively and correlated with platelet count(Spearman r=0.39;P<0.0001).There was no significant difference between groups in VWF or ADAMTS-13.Post-EVL bleeding occurred in six(5.4%)patients(n=2 in group 1,n=1 in group 2,and n=3 in group 3;P=0.32).Patients with bleeding had higher MELD scores[15.0(11.3–20.3)versus 12.0(10.0–15.0);P=0.025],but no difference was demonstrated for platelet function parameters.Conclusion:Platelet function is preserved even in the presence of thrombocytopenia,including in the patients with post-EVL bleeding.
文摘Breast cancer(BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. The aetiology and carcinogenesis of BC are not clearly defined, although genetic, hormonal, lifestyle and environmental risk factors have been established. The most common treatment for BC includes breast-conserving surgery followed by a standard radiotherapy(RT) regimen. However, radiation hypersensitivity and the occurrence of RT-induced toxicity in normal tissue may affect patients' treatment. The role of DNA repair in cancer has been extensively investigated, and an impaired DNA damage response may increase the risk of BC and individual radiosensitivity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in DNA repair genes may alter protein function and modulate DNA repair efficiency, influencing the development of various cancers, including BC. SNPs in DNA repair genes have also been studied as potential predictive factors for the risk of RT-induced side effects. Here, we review the literature on the association between SNPs in base excision repair(BER) genes and BC risk. We focusedon X-ray repair cross complementing group 1(XRCC1), which plays a key role in BER, and on 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, which encode three important BER enzymes that interact with XRCC1. Although no association between SNPs and radiation toxicity has been validated thus far, we also report published studies on XRCC1 SNPs and variants in other BER genes and RT-induced side effects in BC patients, emphasising that large well-designed studies are needed to determine the genetic components of individual radiosensitivity.
基金partially supported by grant 15234 from the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro(AIRC)
文摘The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog(Shh)plays a critical role in the development of different tissues,both in invertebrates and vertebrates.Shh mediates its action via a receptor complex associating two transmembrane proteins:Patched1(Ptch1)and Smoothened(Smo).The repression exerted by Ptch1 on Smo is relieved when Shh,the ligand,binds to Ptch1,which leads to a complex signaling cascade involving the transcription factors of the Gli family and finally,to
文摘The extraction of the trivalent middle rare earths from chloride media by kerosene solutions of 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester as an extractant was studied. The separation factors between the elements using solution simulating wastes from NiMH spent batteries have been evaluated: the order of the extractive ability of extractant can be confirmed in Tb>Gd>Eu>Sm.
文摘The objective of this review was to summarize the evidence concerning the benefit of varicocele treatment to improve natural fertility in subfertile males. We also analyzed the effect of varicocele treatment on conventional semen parameters and sperm functional tests. An electronic search to collect the data was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE databases until July 2015. Data pooled from a variety of study designs indicate that varicocelectomy improves semen parameters in the majority of the treated men with clinical varicocele and abnormal semen parameters regardless of the chosen surgical method. Surgical varicocele repair was beneficial not only for alleviating oxidative stress-associated infertility but also to improve sperm nuclear DNA integrity. However, given the low magnitude of the effect size in sperm DNA integrity, further research is needed to elucidate its clinical significance. Conflicting results on the effect of varicocele treatment on natural fertility seem to be due to heterogeneous study designs and, more importantly, patient selection criteria. When these issues are controlled, current evidence indicates that treatment of subclinical varicocele is not warranted, as it does not seem to improve fertility. On the contrary, fair evidence indicates that varicocele treatment should be offered to infertile patients with palpable varicocele and abnormal semen parameters. This evidence supports the current guidelines issued by the American Urological Association and European Association of Urology, which state that varicocele treatment should be offered to male partners of infertile couples presenting for evaluation with clinical varicocele and semen parameters alterations.
