DEAR EDITOR Deforestation represents one of the greatest threats to tropical forest mammals, and the situation is greatly exacerbated by bushmeat hunting. To construct informed conservation plans,information must be g...DEAR EDITOR Deforestation represents one of the greatest threats to tropical forest mammals, and the situation is greatly exacerbated by bushmeat hunting. To construct informed conservation plans,information must be gathered about responses to habitat degradation, regeneration, and hunting over a sufficiently long period to allow demographic responses.展开更多
Background:Forestry management modifies the diversity,structure,and functioning of intervened forests.Timber extraction reduces tree density and basal area,leading to changes in the communities of vascular epiphytes.T...Background:Forestry management modifies the diversity,structure,and functioning of intervened forests.Timber extraction reduces tree density and basal area,leading to changes in the communities of vascular epiphytes.The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity and biomass of vascular epiphytes in Quercus trees remaining in two pine-oak forest stands that have been subjected to two stages of the Silvicultural Development Method(release cutting,and thinning)in comparison with an unharvested old-secondary forest in southern Mexico.For each treatment,richness of epiphytes present on 60 oak trees was recorded and their dry biomass estimated.We calculated the true diversity(Hill numbers)and beta diversity using the Jaccard coefficient of similarity,and generated rank abundance curves per taxonomic epiphyte group(bromeliads,orchids,ferns and others).For each treatment,the relationships between overall diversity and epiphyte biomass to the host trees basal area were analyzed using log linear models.Results:We recorded a total of 67 species of epiphytes species belonging to 10 families hosted by five species of oaks.The greatest species richness(^(0)D)was recorded in the old-secondary forest.Fewer common(^(1)D)and dominant(^(2)D)species were recorded in the release cutting than in the other treatments.Epiphyte diversity and biomass were both slightly related to host tree basal area.Composition of epiphytes was similar(60%)among treatments,although orchids,bromeliads,and other families were more diverse in the old-secondary forest.Most bromeliad species were shared across all treatments,although orchids presented the most exclusive species in the unharvested forest.The bromeliad Tillandsia seleriana provided the greatest contribution to biomass in all treatments,followed by the orchid Camaridium densum.Generalized linear models indicated that epiphyte diversity was significantly related to treatment,and epiphyte biomass to basal area of host trees.Conclusions:Although forest management affects diversity,composition,and abundance of vascular epiphytes,most of their diversity and biomass can be maintained despite timber harvesting.This requires sparing some mature oaks during logging,as they contribute to conservation,establishment,and development of epiphytic communities,and maintaining untreated areas as a source of propagules for these communities.展开更多
Swallowtail butterflies(Papilionidae)are a historically significant butterfly group due to their colorful wing patterns,extensive morphological diversity,and phylogenetically important position as a sister group to al...Swallowtail butterflies(Papilionidae)are a historically significant butterfly group due to their colorful wing patterns,extensive morphological diversity,and phylogenetically important position as a sister group to all other butterflies and have been widely studied regarding ecological adaption,phylogeny,genetics,and evolution.Notably,they contain a unique class of pigments,i.e.,papiliochromes,which contribute to their color diversity and various biological functions such as predator avoidance and mate preference.To date,however,the genomic and genetic basis of their color diversity and papiliochrome origin in a phylogenetic and evolutionary context remain largely unknown.Here,we obtained high-quality reference genomes of 11 swallowtail butterfly species covering all tribes of Papilioninae and Parnassiinae using long-read sequencing technology.Combined with previously published butterfly genomes,we obtained robust phylogenetic relationships among tribes,overcoming the challenges of incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)and gene flow.Comprehensive genomic analyses indicated that the evolution of Papilionidae-specific conserved non-exonic elements(PSCNEs)and transcription factor binding sites(TFBSs)of patterning and transporter/cofactor genes,together with the rapid evolution of transporters/cofactors,likely promoted the origin and evolution of papiliochromes.These findings not only provide novel insights into the genomic basis of color diversity,especially papiliochrome origin in swallowtail butterflies,but also provide important data resources for exploring the evolution,ecology,and conservation of butterflies.展开更多
Anastrepha ludens(Loew)is controlled in Mexico using sterile insect technique(SIT).SIT relies primarily on mass-reared insects,which are subjected to the effects of selection during colonization and rearing,and that f...Anastrepha ludens(Loew)is controlled in Mexico using sterile insect technique(SIT).SIT relies primarily on mass-reared insects,which are subjected to the effects of selection during colonization and rearing,and that frequently result in modifications of their biology and behavior.Here,we propose and evaluate a novel“bi-environmental cage”for colony management which promotes more natural sexual selection.The cage allows each sex to reach sexual maturity in separate compartments acclimatized according to natural conditions.Females mature in areas where they can recognize oviposition sites,while males mature in areas populated with small trees to allow establishment of territories in leks and performance of courtship behaviors.To determine whether the bi-environmental cage can minimize the potential adverse effects on mating competitiveness,two strains of A.ludens were tested;wild flies strain and genetic sexing strain Tapachula 7(mass-reared flies).We found that after 4 generations in the mass-reared flies in the bi-environmental cage showed a level of fecundity similar to that of flies from the conventional cage.A similar pattern was also seen in the case of wild flies in both types of cages.In addition,other biological attributes of the wild strain assessed over six generations showed adaptability to mass-rearing conditions.Wild males from the bi-environmental cages were more sexually competitive than those from the conventional cage.Our results show that it is possible to mitigate many of the detrimental effects of domestication on the sexual performance of mass-reared males by using close-to-natural conditions for colony management.展开更多
The sterile insect technique(SIT)is a pest control method that has been successful in controlling various species of fruit flies of economic importance worldwide.However,SIT procedures can affect the performance of ma...The sterile insect technique(SIT)is a pest control method that has been successful in controlling various species of fruit flies of economic importance worldwide.However,SIT procedures can affect the performance of mass-reared sterile fruit flies,compromising the SIT effectiveness.This review aims to identify and analyze the adverse effects associated with each step of the SIT.Special emphasis is placed on identifying critical points in the SIT process that compromise the quality and highlighting the stages that require greater optimization to improve the effectiveness of the technique.We reviewed the main scientific findings that document the impact of domestication,mass-rearing,irradiation,handling,and release on the biology,ecology,behavior,and genetic makeup of sterile males,and how they affect the performance of sterile males under natural conditions,and the effectiveness of the SIT.Although all stages of the Sterile Insect Technique(SIT)impose some degree of compromise on insect performance,domestication and mass-rearing have the most profoundly negative impact on the field performance of sterile fruit flies.As the initial and most influential stages,they largely determine the overall quality and competitiveness of released insects,exerting a stronger impact than any subsequent SIT component.展开更多
The behavioral responses of virgin and mated female Anastrepha striata Schiner （Diptera： Tephritidae） to guava （Psidium guajava L.） or sweet orange （Citrus sinensis L.） were evaluated separately using multilure...The behavioral responses of virgin and mated female Anastrepha striata Schiner （Diptera： Tephritidae） to guava （Psidium guajava L.） or sweet orange （Citrus sinensis L.） were evaluated separately using multilure traps in two-choice tests in field cages. The results showed that flies were more attracted to guava and sweet orange volatiles than to control （unbaited trap）. The physiological state （virgin or mated） of females did not affect their attraction to the fruit volatiles. Combined analysis of gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography （GC-EAD） of volatile extracts of both fruits showed that 1 and 6 compounds from orange and guava, respectively elicited repeatable antennal responses from mated females. The EAD active compounds in guava volatile extracts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） as ethyl butyrate, （Z）-3-hexenol, hexanol, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, and ethyl octanoate. Linalool was identified as the only antennal active compound in sweet orange extracts. In field cage tests, there were no significant differences between the number of mated flies captured by the traps baited with guava extracts and the number caught by traps baited with the 6-component blend that was formulated according to the relative proportions in the guava extracts. Similar results occurred when synthetic linalool was evaluated against orange extracts. From a practical point of view, the compounds identified in this study could be used for monitoring A. striata populations.展开更多
We made intensive samplings to study the seasonal response of spiders across different forest strata(ground and understory)in a tropical mountain cloud forest from Mexico.We sampled spiders from ten plots in six sampl...We made intensive samplings to study the seasonal response of spiders across different forest strata(ground and understory)in a tropical mountain cloud forest from Mexico.We sampled spiders from ten plots in six sampling events during the dry and rainy season,to analyze their abundance,structure(distribution of abundance among species),diversity and the response of the five dominant species at each stratum.Results demonstrated that seasonal patterns of spider communities differed among strata,revealing a complex spatiotemporal dynamic.Abundance,structure,diversity of ground spiders,as well as the responses of four dominant species at this stratum,showed low seasonal variations.In contrast,a strong seasonal variation was observed for the understory assemblage,with lowest abundance and highest diversity in the rainy season,and different assemblage structures for each season.Seasonal patterns of each assemblage seem linked to the responses of their dominant species.We found high co-occurrence among most of the ground dominant species with similar habitat use and with multivoltine patterns,contrasting with low co-occurrence among most of the understory dominant species with similar habitat use and univoltine patterns.Our results showed that the spiders’assemblages of tropical mountain cloud forest(opposed to what is found in temperate and boreal forests)increase their species richness with the height,and that their responses to seasonal change differ between strata.Management programs of these habitats should consider the spatial and temporal variations found here,as a better understanding of their ecological dynamics is required to support their sustainable management.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Programme of Research and Development,Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFC0503202)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31870396)an IDRC grant “Climate Change and Increasing Human-Wildlife Conflict”。
文摘DEAR EDITOR Deforestation represents one of the greatest threats to tropical forest mammals, and the situation is greatly exacerbated by bushmeat hunting. To construct informed conservation plans,information must be gathered about responses to habitat degradation, regeneration, and hunting over a sufficiently long period to allow demographic responses.
基金This study received research funding from the Rufford Foundation(Grant No.25259-1)from federal funds allotted to ECOSUR(NRM).
文摘Background:Forestry management modifies the diversity,structure,and functioning of intervened forests.Timber extraction reduces tree density and basal area,leading to changes in the communities of vascular epiphytes.The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity and biomass of vascular epiphytes in Quercus trees remaining in two pine-oak forest stands that have been subjected to two stages of the Silvicultural Development Method(release cutting,and thinning)in comparison with an unharvested old-secondary forest in southern Mexico.For each treatment,richness of epiphytes present on 60 oak trees was recorded and their dry biomass estimated.We calculated the true diversity(Hill numbers)and beta diversity using the Jaccard coefficient of similarity,and generated rank abundance curves per taxonomic epiphyte group(bromeliads,orchids,ferns and others).For each treatment,the relationships between overall diversity and epiphyte biomass to the host trees basal area were analyzed using log linear models.Results:We recorded a total of 67 species of epiphytes species belonging to 10 families hosted by five species of oaks.The greatest species richness(^(0)D)was recorded in the old-secondary forest.Fewer common(^(1)D)and dominant(^(2)D)species were recorded in the release cutting than in the other treatments.Epiphyte diversity and biomass were both slightly related to host tree basal area.Composition of epiphytes was similar(60%)among treatments,although orchids,bromeliads,and other families were more diverse in the old-secondary forest.Most bromeliad species were shared across all treatments,although orchids presented the most exclusive species in the unharvested forest.The bromeliad Tillandsia seleriana provided the greatest contribution to biomass in all treatments,followed by the orchid Camaridium densum.Generalized linear models indicated that epiphyte diversity was significantly related to treatment,and epiphyte biomass to basal area of host trees.Conclusions:Although forest management affects diversity,composition,and abundance of vascular epiphytes,most of their diversity and biomass can be maintained despite timber harvesting.This requires sparing some mature oaks during logging,as they contribute to conservation,establishment,and development of epiphytic communities,and maintaining untreated areas as a source of propagules for these communities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31621062 to W.W.,32070482 to X.Y.L.)Chinese Academy of Sciences(“Light of West China”to X.Y.L.,XDB13000000 to W.W.)+1 种基金Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(Talent Project of Yunnan:202105AC160039)Biodiversity Conservation Program of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(China BON-Butterflies)。
文摘Swallowtail butterflies(Papilionidae)are a historically significant butterfly group due to their colorful wing patterns,extensive morphological diversity,and phylogenetically important position as a sister group to all other butterflies and have been widely studied regarding ecological adaption,phylogeny,genetics,and evolution.Notably,they contain a unique class of pigments,i.e.,papiliochromes,which contribute to their color diversity and various biological functions such as predator avoidance and mate preference.To date,however,the genomic and genetic basis of their color diversity and papiliochrome origin in a phylogenetic and evolutionary context remain largely unknown.Here,we obtained high-quality reference genomes of 11 swallowtail butterfly species covering all tribes of Papilioninae and Parnassiinae using long-read sequencing technology.Combined with previously published butterfly genomes,we obtained robust phylogenetic relationships among tribes,overcoming the challenges of incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)and gene flow.Comprehensive genomic analyses indicated that the evolution of Papilionidae-specific conserved non-exonic elements(PSCNEs)and transcription factor binding sites(TFBSs)of patterning and transporter/cofactor genes,together with the rapid evolution of transporters/cofactors,likely promoted the origin and evolution of papiliochromes.These findings not only provide novel insights into the genomic basis of color diversity,especially papiliochrome origin in swallowtail butterflies,but also provide important data resources for exploring the evolution,ecology,and conservation of butterflies.
基金support provided for this research via the FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Projects"Improvement of Colony Management in Insect Mass-rearing for SIT Applications"(CRP No.D42017)through project"Mass-rearing colony management for SIT application in Anastrepha fruit flies"(CRP Contract Number 22676).
文摘Anastrepha ludens(Loew)is controlled in Mexico using sterile insect technique(SIT).SIT relies primarily on mass-reared insects,which are subjected to the effects of selection during colonization and rearing,and that frequently result in modifications of their biology and behavior.Here,we propose and evaluate a novel“bi-environmental cage”for colony management which promotes more natural sexual selection.The cage allows each sex to reach sexual maturity in separate compartments acclimatized according to natural conditions.Females mature in areas where they can recognize oviposition sites,while males mature in areas populated with small trees to allow establishment of territories in leks and performance of courtship behaviors.To determine whether the bi-environmental cage can minimize the potential adverse effects on mating competitiveness,two strains of A.ludens were tested;wild flies strain and genetic sexing strain Tapachula 7(mass-reared flies).We found that after 4 generations in the mass-reared flies in the bi-environmental cage showed a level of fecundity similar to that of flies from the conventional cage.A similar pattern was also seen in the case of wild flies in both types of cages.In addition,other biological attributes of the wild strain assessed over six generations showed adaptability to mass-rearing conditions.Wild males from the bi-environmental cages were more sexually competitive than those from the conventional cage.Our results show that it is possible to mitigate many of the detrimental effects of domestication on the sexual performance of mass-reared males by using close-to-natural conditions for colony management.
基金Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)and International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)program for funding this project under CRP D42017 and CRP D40045.
文摘The sterile insect technique(SIT)is a pest control method that has been successful in controlling various species of fruit flies of economic importance worldwide.However,SIT procedures can affect the performance of mass-reared sterile fruit flies,compromising the SIT effectiveness.This review aims to identify and analyze the adverse effects associated with each step of the SIT.Special emphasis is placed on identifying critical points in the SIT process that compromise the quality and highlighting the stages that require greater optimization to improve the effectiveness of the technique.We reviewed the main scientific findings that document the impact of domestication,mass-rearing,irradiation,handling,and release on the biology,ecology,behavior,and genetic makeup of sterile males,and how they affect the performance of sterile males under natural conditions,and the effectiveness of the SIT.Although all stages of the Sterile Insect Technique(SIT)impose some degree of compromise on insect performance,domestication and mass-rearing have the most profoundly negative impact on the field performance of sterile fruit flies.As the initial and most influential stages,they largely determine the overall quality and competitiveness of released insects,exerting a stronger impact than any subsequent SIT component.
文摘The behavioral responses of virgin and mated female Anastrepha striata Schiner （Diptera： Tephritidae） to guava （Psidium guajava L.） or sweet orange （Citrus sinensis L.） were evaluated separately using multilure traps in two-choice tests in field cages. The results showed that flies were more attracted to guava and sweet orange volatiles than to control （unbaited trap）. The physiological state （virgin or mated） of females did not affect their attraction to the fruit volatiles. Combined analysis of gas chromatography coupled with electroantennography （GC-EAD） of volatile extracts of both fruits showed that 1 and 6 compounds from orange and guava, respectively elicited repeatable antennal responses from mated females. The EAD active compounds in guava volatile extracts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） as ethyl butyrate, （Z）-3-hexenol, hexanol, ethyl hexanoate, hexyl acetate, and ethyl octanoate. Linalool was identified as the only antennal active compound in sweet orange extracts. In field cage tests, there were no significant differences between the number of mated flies captured by the traps baited with guava extracts and the number caught by traps baited with the 6-component blend that was formulated according to the relative proportions in the guava extracts. Similar results occurred when synthetic linalool was evaluated against orange extracts. From a practical point of view, the compounds identified in this study could be used for monitoring A. striata populations.
文摘We made intensive samplings to study the seasonal response of spiders across different forest strata(ground and understory)in a tropical mountain cloud forest from Mexico.We sampled spiders from ten plots in six sampling events during the dry and rainy season,to analyze their abundance,structure(distribution of abundance among species),diversity and the response of the five dominant species at each stratum.Results demonstrated that seasonal patterns of spider communities differed among strata,revealing a complex spatiotemporal dynamic.Abundance,structure,diversity of ground spiders,as well as the responses of four dominant species at this stratum,showed low seasonal variations.In contrast,a strong seasonal variation was observed for the understory assemblage,with lowest abundance and highest diversity in the rainy season,and different assemblage structures for each season.Seasonal patterns of each assemblage seem linked to the responses of their dominant species.We found high co-occurrence among most of the ground dominant species with similar habitat use and with multivoltine patterns,contrasting with low co-occurrence among most of the understory dominant species with similar habitat use and univoltine patterns.Our results showed that the spiders’assemblages of tropical mountain cloud forest(opposed to what is found in temperate and boreal forests)increase their species richness with the height,and that their responses to seasonal change differ between strata.Management programs of these habitats should consider the spatial and temporal variations found here,as a better understanding of their ecological dynamics is required to support their sustainable management.
