Since the decrease of the global sulfur limit from 3.5%to 0.5%by the IMO(International Maritime Organization)on January 1,2020,the shipowners and carriers are obliged to elect between the three available options to co...Since the decrease of the global sulfur limit from 3.5%to 0.5%by the IMO(International Maritime Organization)on January 1,2020,the shipowners and carriers are obliged to elect between the three available options to comply with the present regulatory amendments.The first available option is utilising exhaust gas cleaning systems called“scrubbers”.By using these filters,the vessels can burn high sulfur fuels.In contrast,the sulfur surplus and other dangerous chemicals are evaporated by spraying alkaline water via an open-loop,closed-loop or hybrid systems.The other option is using LNG(liquefied natural gas)as fuel,a viable option connected with the constant expansion of the global LNG supply infrastructure network.However,this network is yet in its developing status.Moreover,the majority of the LNG vessels are primarily coastal vessels operated in European waters,and many supply ports worldwide have not yet developed full-scale LNG supply facilities and proper equipment is not yet installed.Finally,ammonia is another potential candidate as zero carbon fuel,but its utilization as a sustainable marine fuel in marine industry is currently under research.Therefore,at present the final option is the utilisation of conventional fuels,low on sulfur emissions,such as MGO(marine gasoil)and ULSFO(ultra low sulphur fuel oil).The primary issue is the availability and the cost of those fuels,with the refiners being unable to forecast if they should produce more low-sulfur fuels to meet potentially higher demand.By the comparative analysis of those options their viability will be evaluated,and a thorough proposal for their utilisation will be provided.展开更多
Scrapping market is unique in many respects.The value of its products is more affected by international trade than by shipping economic circles.There are many regulations for the environmentally friendly dismantling o...Scrapping market is unique in many respects.The value of its products is more affected by international trade than by shipping economic circles.There are many regulations for the environmentally friendly dismantling of ships.Ship recycling is the eco-friendly method of ship dismantling,and it is governed by a set of rules,namely:(a)HKC(Hong Kong Convention)on Ship Recycling of 2009,prepared by IMO(International Maritime Organization),(b)UN(United Nations)B.C.(Basel Convention)of 1989 and(c)E.U.Waste Shipment Regulation of 2006.Despite this polyphony in legislation,no clear set of rules has been uniformly applied yet,resulting in institutional discontinuities which shipowners often exploit.In this paper,a case study analysis of the most major shipbreaking countries will be conducted to evaluate the impact of the present regulatory framework and assess if the enactment of the legislation affected the shipping practice.展开更多
The HNS Convention(International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea,2010)covers any damage caused by the carriage by sea of h...The HNS Convention(International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea,2010)covers any damage caused by the carriage by sea of hazardous and noxious substances in the territory or territorial sea of a State Party to the Convention.The costs of preventive actions,i.e.measures to avoid or minimize damage,are also covered wherever taken.The HNS Convention includes preventive measures as any reasonable measures taken by any person after an incident has occurred to prevent or minimize damage,i.e.actions such as clean-up or removal of HNS from a wreck if the HNS presents a hazard or pollution risk.It seems that after the CLC(Civil Liability Convention),much environmental legislation has lost the concept of pro-activeness/prevention of an environmental hazard and is more focused on compensation and reactiveness.This approach is not consistent with the purpose of environmental legislation and the examination of the basic principles of the HNS Convention in parallel with distinctive environmental hazards proves this theory of reactive strategy.The methodology is based on the exploratory research principles and the legal doctrine,utilizing legislation and case law as the primary source of data,aiming to examine the effects of the HNS’s entry into force by studying cases that are inside its authority and scope.展开更多
This study analyzes the profound structural transformation of the Jordan Valley(JV)agricultural sector between 1990 and 2023 within a critical politicaleconomy framework.Quantitative analysis reveals a condition of“F...This study analyzes the profound structural transformation of the Jordan Valley(JV)agricultural sector between 1990 and 2023 within a critical politicaleconomy framework.Quantitative analysis reveals a condition of“False Stability”,where a marginal 3.4%decline in total cultivated area(from 29,000 hectare to 28,000 hectare)masks a radical internal restructuring.This shift involves a sharp contraction in traditional,water-intensive open-field crops(a combined loss of 11,500 hectare)compensated by a massive expansion in high-value,technology-intensive protected agriculture and fruit trees(a net gain of 10,500 hectare).This transformation is not organic growth but an adaptational restructuring driven by structural pressures and policy direction,propelled by geopolitical shocks,rising input costs,and acute water scarcity.Findings,updated with Q32025 metrics,reveal that this transformation occurs within a context of acute national stress,where Jordanian unemployment stands at 21.4%and female unemployment reaches 33.9%.The analysis further applies the Jevons Paradox,explaining how efficiency-focused policies paradoxically intensify water consumption by incentivizing a shift toward higher-value,yet still thirsty,crops.This phenomenon indicates deeper structural challenges rooted in institutional constraints and structural market barriers that favor large-scale resource concentration.This includes granting legal personhood to the Jordan River and implementing a just transition for smallholder farmers.展开更多
文摘Since the decrease of the global sulfur limit from 3.5%to 0.5%by the IMO(International Maritime Organization)on January 1,2020,the shipowners and carriers are obliged to elect between the three available options to comply with the present regulatory amendments.The first available option is utilising exhaust gas cleaning systems called“scrubbers”.By using these filters,the vessels can burn high sulfur fuels.In contrast,the sulfur surplus and other dangerous chemicals are evaporated by spraying alkaline water via an open-loop,closed-loop or hybrid systems.The other option is using LNG(liquefied natural gas)as fuel,a viable option connected with the constant expansion of the global LNG supply infrastructure network.However,this network is yet in its developing status.Moreover,the majority of the LNG vessels are primarily coastal vessels operated in European waters,and many supply ports worldwide have not yet developed full-scale LNG supply facilities and proper equipment is not yet installed.Finally,ammonia is another potential candidate as zero carbon fuel,but its utilization as a sustainable marine fuel in marine industry is currently under research.Therefore,at present the final option is the utilisation of conventional fuels,low on sulfur emissions,such as MGO(marine gasoil)and ULSFO(ultra low sulphur fuel oil).The primary issue is the availability and the cost of those fuels,with the refiners being unable to forecast if they should produce more low-sulfur fuels to meet potentially higher demand.By the comparative analysis of those options their viability will be evaluated,and a thorough proposal for their utilisation will be provided.
文摘Scrapping market is unique in many respects.The value of its products is more affected by international trade than by shipping economic circles.There are many regulations for the environmentally friendly dismantling of ships.Ship recycling is the eco-friendly method of ship dismantling,and it is governed by a set of rules,namely:(a)HKC(Hong Kong Convention)on Ship Recycling of 2009,prepared by IMO(International Maritime Organization),(b)UN(United Nations)B.C.(Basel Convention)of 1989 and(c)E.U.Waste Shipment Regulation of 2006.Despite this polyphony in legislation,no clear set of rules has been uniformly applied yet,resulting in institutional discontinuities which shipowners often exploit.In this paper,a case study analysis of the most major shipbreaking countries will be conducted to evaluate the impact of the present regulatory framework and assess if the enactment of the legislation affected the shipping practice.
文摘The HNS Convention(International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea,2010)covers any damage caused by the carriage by sea of hazardous and noxious substances in the territory or territorial sea of a State Party to the Convention.The costs of preventive actions,i.e.measures to avoid or minimize damage,are also covered wherever taken.The HNS Convention includes preventive measures as any reasonable measures taken by any person after an incident has occurred to prevent or minimize damage,i.e.actions such as clean-up or removal of HNS from a wreck if the HNS presents a hazard or pollution risk.It seems that after the CLC(Civil Liability Convention),much environmental legislation has lost the concept of pro-activeness/prevention of an environmental hazard and is more focused on compensation and reactiveness.This approach is not consistent with the purpose of environmental legislation and the examination of the basic principles of the HNS Convention in parallel with distinctive environmental hazards proves this theory of reactive strategy.The methodology is based on the exploratory research principles and the legal doctrine,utilizing legislation and case law as the primary source of data,aiming to examine the effects of the HNS’s entry into force by studying cases that are inside its authority and scope.
文摘This study analyzes the profound structural transformation of the Jordan Valley(JV)agricultural sector between 1990 and 2023 within a critical politicaleconomy framework.Quantitative analysis reveals a condition of“False Stability”,where a marginal 3.4%decline in total cultivated area(from 29,000 hectare to 28,000 hectare)masks a radical internal restructuring.This shift involves a sharp contraction in traditional,water-intensive open-field crops(a combined loss of 11,500 hectare)compensated by a massive expansion in high-value,technology-intensive protected agriculture and fruit trees(a net gain of 10,500 hectare).This transformation is not organic growth but an adaptational restructuring driven by structural pressures and policy direction,propelled by geopolitical shocks,rising input costs,and acute water scarcity.Findings,updated with Q32025 metrics,reveal that this transformation occurs within a context of acute national stress,where Jordanian unemployment stands at 21.4%and female unemployment reaches 33.9%.The analysis further applies the Jevons Paradox,explaining how efficiency-focused policies paradoxically intensify water consumption by incentivizing a shift toward higher-value,yet still thirsty,crops.This phenomenon indicates deeper structural challenges rooted in institutional constraints and structural market barriers that favor large-scale resource concentration.This includes granting legal personhood to the Jordan River and implementing a just transition for smallholder farmers.
