Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of natural groundwater recharge is essential for effective groundwater modeling and sustainable resource management.This paper presents M-RechargeCal,a user-friendly s...Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of natural groundwater recharge is essential for effective groundwater modeling and sustainable resource management.This paper presents M-RechargeCal,a user-friendly software tool developed to estimate natural groundwater recharge using two widely adopted approaches:the Water Balance(WB)method and Water Table Fluctuation(WTF)method.In the WB approach,the catchment area is divided into seven land-use categories,each representing distinct recharge characteristics.The tool includes eighteen different reference Evapotranspiration(ET0)estimation methods,accommodating varying levels of climatic input data availability.Additional required inputs include crop coefficients for major crops and Curve Numbers(CN)for specific land-use types.The WTF approach considers up to three aquifer layers with different specific yields(for unconfined aquifer)or storage coeffi-cient(for confined aquifer).It also takes into account groundwater withdrawal(draft)and lateral water movement within or outside the aquifer system.M-RechargeCal is process-based and does not require cali-bration.Its performance was evaluated using six datasets from humid-subtropical environments,demon-2 strating reliable results(R=0.867,r=0.93,RE=10.6%,PMARE=9.8,ENS=0.93).The model can be applied to defined hydrological or hydrogeological units such as watersheds,aquifers,or catchments,and can be used to assess the impacts of land-use/land-cover changes on hydrological components.However,it has not yet been tested in arid regions.M-RechargeCal provides modelers and planners with a practical,accessible tool for recharge estimation to support groundwater modeling and water resource planning.The software is available free of charge and can be downloaded from the author's institutional website or obtained by contacting the author via email.展开更多
In a re-examination of the Neogene stratigraphy of the Uşak,Güre,and Selendi basins of western Anatolia,western Turkey,the stratigraphic position of the previously definedİnay Group is revised,which was previousl...In a re-examination of the Neogene stratigraphy of the Uşak,Güre,and Selendi basins of western Anatolia,western Turkey,the stratigraphic position of the previously definedİnay Group is revised,which was previously considered to be of the Middle Miocene age.Based on mammalian biochronology and stratigraphic relationships,two sequences are identified,separated by conformable/transitional contacts within the former group:the Middle Miocene Güre Group is composed of the FakılıFormation,characterized by alluvial fan deposits,and the lacustrine Derbent Formation.Radiometric dating of alkaline volcanics laterally associated with Güre Group sediments in the Uşak and Güre basins,and mammalian fossils re-evaluated into the MN5-6 biozones in the Selendi Basin,indicate early Middle Miocene.Considering the stratigraphic relationship with the overlying early Late Mioceneİnay Group as redefined,we estimate that the Güre Group was deposited in the Middle Miocene.Theİnay Group is characterized by a lateral-vertical transition from alluvial deposits of the Ahmetler Formation to the overlying lacustrine Ulubey Formation.An MN9-10 fauna,containing deinotheres,was found within the latter formation.展开更多
Ionospheric disturbances caused by acoustic waves emitted during earthquakes were studied using the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)to analyze the changes in total electron content(TEC)values.GNSS signals norm...Ionospheric disturbances caused by acoustic waves emitted during earthquakes were studied using the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)to analyze the changes in total electron content(TEC)values.GNSS signals normally propagate from satellites to receivers through the ionosphere layer.The delayed signals can be used to obtain TEC values by passing through the layer.Therefore,this study aims to analyze Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances(CIDs)in six earthquakes,including 2016 M7.8 New Zealand(about 0.49 TECU),2018 M7.9 Alaska(about 0.20 TECU),2005 M7.2 California(about 0.29 TECU),2023 M7.5 Turkey(about 0.49 TECU),2012 M8.6 Sumatra(about 2.98 TECU),and 2012 M8.2 Sumatra(about 1.49 TECU)earthquakes.The propagation speed of the wave from the earthquake epicenter,identified as an acoustic wave,was estimated to be between 0.6 and 1.0 km/s.The 3D tomography modeling was performed to analyze the TEC height variations in the ionosphere to obtain a more accurate spatial analysis of TEC due to earthquakes.Moreover,checkerboard accuracy tests were applied to test the resolution of the 3D tomography model.The maximum ionization correlation test was also conducted for the six earthquakes to determine variations in the maximum ionization height of the ionosphere.The correlation test results between magnitude and maximum CID height produced a moderate correlation.The greater the earthquake magnitude,the higher the maximum CID detected.This is because greater earthquake produces compressed energy,which reduces the ionospheric density and reaches the maximum height.In addition,the maximum CID height is higher at night than in the afternoon because the E layer disappears at night.展开更多
Rice varieties tolerant to submergence regulate shoot elongation during short-term submergence by expressing the SUB1A gene.In contrast,the deep-rooted DRO1 is effectively expressed under drought conditions to enhance...Rice varieties tolerant to submergence regulate shoot elongation during short-term submergence by expressing the SUB1A gene.In contrast,the deep-rooted DRO1 is effectively expressed under drought conditions to enhance water and nutrient uptake.This study investigates the growth and yield of rice with both SUB1A and DRO1 in the background of IR64,under early-season flooding,and mid-season drought.The study used a randomized complete design with two factors:soil moisture treatments(submergence,drought,and their combination)and genotypes.The genotypes included IR64,and three near-isogenic lines(NILs):NIL-SUB1DRO1,NIL-SUB1,and NIL-DRO1.Complete submergence was imposed for 7 days on 14-day-old seedlings,while drought was imposed on control and submerged plants following a 21-day recovery period from submergence,using 42-day-old plants.Variables were measured before and after treatments(submergence and drought),and at harvest or grain maturity.The stresses negatively affected the genotypes.At harvest,IR64 and NIL-SUB1DRO1 under both stresses showed a significant reduction in tiller numbers,shoot dry weights,and yields compared to their control plants.IR64 exhibited a significant delay in reaching flowering under all stresses.The rice introgression lines showed significant improvements in tolerance to the stresses.The study showed no negative consequences of combining drought and submergence tolerance in rice.展开更多
The purpose of this article is to review the evidence regarding transmission of infection during gastrointestinal endoscopy, factors important in endoscope reprocessing and infection control, areas to focus on to impr...The purpose of this article is to review the evidence regarding transmission of infection during gastrointestinal endoscopy, factors important in endoscope reprocessing and infection control, areas to focus on to improve compliance, and recent developments and advances in the field.展开更多
Sludge granulation and the effect of gas-liquid-solid separator （GLSS） design on the efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket （UASB） and upflow anaerobic sludge filter （UASF） reactors, operating at HRTs ran...Sludge granulation and the effect of gas-liquid-solid separator （GLSS） design on the efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket （UASB） and upflow anaerobic sludge filter （UASF） reactors, operating at HRTs ranging from 3 to 12 h was investigated. VSS/TS ratio gradually increased in both the reactors with increasing sludge age （from 0.5 to more than 0.7 for UASB reactor and 0.012 to 0.043 for UASF reactor）. X-Ray diffraction analysis of the UASF sludge showed the presence of expanding clays revealing its additional absorption capability. Fuoraphyllite and albite precipitation related to excellular polymers of the microbial shell structure, showed the extended growth of microorganisms during sludge granulation. A gradual decrease （82%-69%） in COD removal with decreasing HRT was apparent in UASF reactor. In case of UASB reactor, this decrease was marginal because addition of GLSS device significantly improved （14%-20%） the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. GLSS enhanced the efficiency of the UASB reactor by increasing the settleability of suspended particles and accelerating the coagulation of colloidal particles due to the velocity gradient.展开更多
This research was focused on the investigation of the efficacy of advanced oxidation processes （Fenton, ozonation and UV/H2O2） for decolorization of reactive azo dye （Blue CL-BR） using bleach wastewater as possibl...This research was focused on the investigation of the efficacy of advanced oxidation processes （Fenton, ozonation and UV/H2O2） for decolorization of reactive azo dye （Blue CL-BR） using bleach wastewater as possible source of H2O2. All the experiments were performed on the laboratory scale set-up. The results showed that colour removal efficiencies by UV or bleach （H2O2） alone were not so efficient. Fenton process with bleach wastewater was found to be the most effective at process conditions such as pH of 3 and HEO2/Fe^2＋ ratio of 24：1, resulting in 64% colour removal. Almost complete colour removal, i.e., 99% and 95% were achieved by UV//H2O2 and UV/bleach wastewater in 30 and 60 min, respectively. Ozonation proved an efficient method for decolorization of Blue CL-BR dye at alkaline pH. It was possible to achieve 98% colour removal with 30 min of ozonation at pH 9. The colour removal of dye was found to follow first order kinetics.展开更多
This article discusses the achievements and major changes in China's rural development, elaborates on the prominent problems related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers in China, and discusses some key policy ...This article discusses the achievements and major changes in China's rural development, elaborates on the prominent problems related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers in China, and discusses some key policy issues concerning the building of a new socialist countryside, especially from the perspective of balancing urban and rural development. The underlying viewpoint of this article is that to promote the building of a new countryside, a system and mechanism of balancing urban and rural development must be gradually established and improved. The policies should focus on improving the social mobility mechanism to remove the institutional barriers to the social mobility of farmers; establishing public finances to cover both urban and rural areas to narrow the gap in basic public service provision between cities and the countryside; expediting the establishment of a social security network to protect the interests of rural disadvantaged groups; improving the mechanism of protecting land-use rights and interests of farmers; effectively organizing the mechanism of ensuring allocations for the building of a new countryside; improving the organizational structure of rural society to support self-organized farmers' groups; and changing the concept of rural governance and the operation of social governance.展开更多
Diabetic macular edema(DME) is the most common cause of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy,affecting 1 in 15 patients with diabetes mellitus(DM).The disruption of the inner blood-retina barrier(BRB) has been largely ...Diabetic macular edema(DME) is the most common cause of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy,affecting 1 in 15 patients with diabetes mellitus(DM).The disruption of the inner blood-retina barrier(BRB) has been largely investigated and attributed the primary role in the pathogenesis and progression in DME, but there is increasing evidence regarding the role of outer BRB, separating the RPE from the underlying choriocapillaris,in the occurrence and evolution of DME.The development of novel imaging technologies has led to major improvement in the field of in vivo structural analysis of the macula allowing us to delve deeper into the pathogenesis of DME and expanding our vision regarding this condition.In this review we gathered the results of studies that investigated specific outer BRB optical coherence tomography parameters in patients with DM with the aim to outline the current status of its role in the pathogenesis and progression of DME and identify new research pathways contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the understanding of this condition.展开更多
This study determined the effects of genotype-by-environment(G × E) interaction and stability of yield among elite cowpea(Vigna unguiculata L.) selections derived by gamma irradiation. The study was conducted in ...This study determined the effects of genotype-by-environment(G × E) interaction and stability of yield among elite cowpea(Vigna unguiculata L.) selections derived by gamma irradiation. The study was conducted in Namibia at three selected sites: Bagani, Mannheim,and Omahenene, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. Thirty-four newly developed mutant genotypes and three local checks were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Grain yield data were analyzed using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction(AMMI) and the genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction(GGE) biplot methods. The AMMI and GGE biplot models explained 77.49% and 75.57% of total observed genotypic variation, respectively.Bagani and Omahenene were the environments best discriminating the test genotypes during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, respectively. Four promising mutant genotypes: G9(Sh L3 P74), G10(Sh R3 P4), G12(Sh R9 P5), and G4(Sh L2 P4), showed wide adaptation and grain yields of 2.83, 2.06, 1.99, and 1.95 t ha^(-1), respectively. The novel mutant lines are useful genetic resources for production or future cowpea breeding programs in Namibia or similar environments.展开更多
Copper,the magical element,has been reported for centuries due to its significant role in the treatment of skin ailments.Copper is an essential element to our body and is known to possess antimicrobial,anti-inflammato...Copper,the magical element,has been reported for centuries due to its significant role in the treatment of skin ailments.Copper is an essential element to our body and is known to possess antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory and angiogenetic properties.Hence,it makes it useful in wound healing[1].In the present study we evaluated biosynthesized copper nanoparticles(BCuNps)for their wound-healing potential[2].展开更多
Eighteen isolates of Rhizoctonia solani collected from infected rice plants in four different locations of Bangladesh were studied by using morphological characters and molecular markers. Anastomosis study with a refe...Eighteen isolates of Rhizoctonia solani collected from infected rice plants in four different locations of Bangladesh were studied by using morphological characters and molecular markers. Anastomosis study with a reference isolate confirmed that all the isolates belonged to R. solani. Significant variation was observed in sclerotial size, shape and distribution. Un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram constructed based on the Gower＇s general similarity coefficient showed that these isolates were grouped into four clusters at the 0.68 similarity coefficent according to morphological characters. Cluster I was a major cluster consisting of 13 isolates, while clusters Ⅱ to Ⅳ consisted of 1 or 2 isolates. Analyses by variable number of tandem repeat and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers showed that the isolates were grouped into five and three clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.64 and 0.69, respectively. Although most of the variability was found between isolates from different regions as expected, significant variation was observed within the isolates collected from similar agro-ecological regions. Our results suggest the presence of different races of R. solani within the same local geographic regions.展开更多
文摘Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of natural groundwater recharge is essential for effective groundwater modeling and sustainable resource management.This paper presents M-RechargeCal,a user-friendly software tool developed to estimate natural groundwater recharge using two widely adopted approaches:the Water Balance(WB)method and Water Table Fluctuation(WTF)method.In the WB approach,the catchment area is divided into seven land-use categories,each representing distinct recharge characteristics.The tool includes eighteen different reference Evapotranspiration(ET0)estimation methods,accommodating varying levels of climatic input data availability.Additional required inputs include crop coefficients for major crops and Curve Numbers(CN)for specific land-use types.The WTF approach considers up to three aquifer layers with different specific yields(for unconfined aquifer)or storage coeffi-cient(for confined aquifer).It also takes into account groundwater withdrawal(draft)and lateral water movement within or outside the aquifer system.M-RechargeCal is process-based and does not require cali-bration.Its performance was evaluated using six datasets from humid-subtropical environments,demon-2 strating reliable results(R=0.867,r=0.93,RE=10.6%,PMARE=9.8,ENS=0.93).The model can be applied to defined hydrological or hydrogeological units such as watersheds,aquifers,or catchments,and can be used to assess the impacts of land-use/land-cover changes on hydrological components.However,it has not yet been tested in arid regions.M-RechargeCal provides modelers and planners with a practical,accessible tool for recharge estimation to support groundwater modeling and water resource planning.The software is available free of charge and can be downloaded from the author's institutional website or obtained by contacting the author via email.
基金the framework of projects coded 97-20A and 9815 by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Ankara, Türkiye)
文摘In a re-examination of the Neogene stratigraphy of the Uşak,Güre,and Selendi basins of western Anatolia,western Turkey,the stratigraphic position of the previously definedİnay Group is revised,which was previously considered to be of the Middle Miocene age.Based on mammalian biochronology and stratigraphic relationships,two sequences are identified,separated by conformable/transitional contacts within the former group:the Middle Miocene Güre Group is composed of the FakılıFormation,characterized by alluvial fan deposits,and the lacustrine Derbent Formation.Radiometric dating of alkaline volcanics laterally associated with Güre Group sediments in the Uşak and Güre basins,and mammalian fossils re-evaluated into the MN5-6 biozones in the Selendi Basin,indicate early Middle Miocene.Considering the stratigraphic relationship with the overlying early Late Mioceneİnay Group as redefined,we estimate that the Güre Group was deposited in the Middle Miocene.Theİnay Group is characterized by a lateral-vertical transition from alluvial deposits of the Ahmetler Formation to the overlying lacustrine Ulubey Formation.An MN9-10 fauna,containing deinotheres,was found within the latter formation.
基金supported by the Master's Thesis Research Program of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia,Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology with grant number 2002/PKS/ITS/2023 contract number 112/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2023.
文摘Ionospheric disturbances caused by acoustic waves emitted during earthquakes were studied using the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)to analyze the changes in total electron content(TEC)values.GNSS signals normally propagate from satellites to receivers through the ionosphere layer.The delayed signals can be used to obtain TEC values by passing through the layer.Therefore,this study aims to analyze Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances(CIDs)in six earthquakes,including 2016 M7.8 New Zealand(about 0.49 TECU),2018 M7.9 Alaska(about 0.20 TECU),2005 M7.2 California(about 0.29 TECU),2023 M7.5 Turkey(about 0.49 TECU),2012 M8.6 Sumatra(about 2.98 TECU),and 2012 M8.2 Sumatra(about 1.49 TECU)earthquakes.The propagation speed of the wave from the earthquake epicenter,identified as an acoustic wave,was estimated to be between 0.6 and 1.0 km/s.The 3D tomography modeling was performed to analyze the TEC height variations in the ionosphere to obtain a more accurate spatial analysis of TEC due to earthquakes.Moreover,checkerboard accuracy tests were applied to test the resolution of the 3D tomography model.The maximum ionization correlation test was also conducted for the six earthquakes to determine variations in the maximum ionization height of the ionosphere.The correlation test results between magnitude and maximum CID height produced a moderate correlation.The greater the earthquake magnitude,the higher the maximum CID detected.This is because greater earthquake produces compressed energy,which reduces the ionospheric density and reaches the maximum height.In addition,the maximum CID height is higher at night than in the afternoon because the E layer disappears at night.
文摘Rice varieties tolerant to submergence regulate shoot elongation during short-term submergence by expressing the SUB1A gene.In contrast,the deep-rooted DRO1 is effectively expressed under drought conditions to enhance water and nutrient uptake.This study investigates the growth and yield of rice with both SUB1A and DRO1 in the background of IR64,under early-season flooding,and mid-season drought.The study used a randomized complete design with two factors:soil moisture treatments(submergence,drought,and their combination)and genotypes.The genotypes included IR64,and three near-isogenic lines(NILs):NIL-SUB1DRO1,NIL-SUB1,and NIL-DRO1.Complete submergence was imposed for 7 days on 14-day-old seedlings,while drought was imposed on control and submerged plants following a 21-day recovery period from submergence,using 42-day-old plants.Variables were measured before and after treatments(submergence and drought),and at harvest or grain maturity.The stresses negatively affected the genotypes.At harvest,IR64 and NIL-SUB1DRO1 under both stresses showed a significant reduction in tiller numbers,shoot dry weights,and yields compared to their control plants.IR64 exhibited a significant delay in reaching flowering under all stresses.The rice introgression lines showed significant improvements in tolerance to the stresses.The study showed no negative consequences of combining drought and submergence tolerance in rice.
文摘The purpose of this article is to review the evidence regarding transmission of infection during gastrointestinal endoscopy, factors important in endoscope reprocessing and infection control, areas to focus on to improve compliance, and recent developments and advances in the field.
文摘Sludge granulation and the effect of gas-liquid-solid separator （GLSS） design on the efficiency of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket （UASB） and upflow anaerobic sludge filter （UASF） reactors, operating at HRTs ranging from 3 to 12 h was investigated. VSS/TS ratio gradually increased in both the reactors with increasing sludge age （from 0.5 to more than 0.7 for UASB reactor and 0.012 to 0.043 for UASF reactor）. X-Ray diffraction analysis of the UASF sludge showed the presence of expanding clays revealing its additional absorption capability. Fuoraphyllite and albite precipitation related to excellular polymers of the microbial shell structure, showed the extended growth of microorganisms during sludge granulation. A gradual decrease （82%-69%） in COD removal with decreasing HRT was apparent in UASF reactor. In case of UASB reactor, this decrease was marginal because addition of GLSS device significantly improved （14%-20%） the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. GLSS enhanced the efficiency of the UASB reactor by increasing the settleability of suspended particles and accelerating the coagulation of colloidal particles due to the velocity gradient.
文摘This research was focused on the investigation of the efficacy of advanced oxidation processes （Fenton, ozonation and UV/H2O2） for decolorization of reactive azo dye （Blue CL-BR） using bleach wastewater as possible source of H2O2. All the experiments were performed on the laboratory scale set-up. The results showed that colour removal efficiencies by UV or bleach （H2O2） alone were not so efficient. Fenton process with bleach wastewater was found to be the most effective at process conditions such as pH of 3 and HEO2/Fe^2＋ ratio of 24：1, resulting in 64% colour removal. Almost complete colour removal, i.e., 99% and 95% were achieved by UV//H2O2 and UV/bleach wastewater in 30 and 60 min, respectively. Ozonation proved an efficient method for decolorization of Blue CL-BR dye at alkaline pH. It was possible to achieve 98% colour removal with 30 min of ozonation at pH 9. The colour removal of dye was found to follow first order kinetics.
文摘This article discusses the achievements and major changes in China's rural development, elaborates on the prominent problems related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers in China, and discusses some key policy issues concerning the building of a new socialist countryside, especially from the perspective of balancing urban and rural development. The underlying viewpoint of this article is that to promote the building of a new countryside, a system and mechanism of balancing urban and rural development must be gradually established and improved. The policies should focus on improving the social mobility mechanism to remove the institutional barriers to the social mobility of farmers; establishing public finances to cover both urban and rural areas to narrow the gap in basic public service provision between cities and the countryside; expediting the establishment of a social security network to protect the interests of rural disadvantaged groups; improving the mechanism of protecting land-use rights and interests of farmers; effectively organizing the mechanism of ensuring allocations for the building of a new countryside; improving the organizational structure of rural society to support self-organized farmers' groups; and changing the concept of rural governance and the operation of social governance.
文摘Diabetic macular edema(DME) is the most common cause of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy,affecting 1 in 15 patients with diabetes mellitus(DM).The disruption of the inner blood-retina barrier(BRB) has been largely investigated and attributed the primary role in the pathogenesis and progression in DME, but there is increasing evidence regarding the role of outer BRB, separating the RPE from the underlying choriocapillaris,in the occurrence and evolution of DME.The development of novel imaging technologies has led to major improvement in the field of in vivo structural analysis of the macula allowing us to delve deeper into the pathogenesis of DME and expanding our vision regarding this condition.In this review we gathered the results of studies that investigated specific outer BRB optical coherence tomography parameters in patients with DM with the aim to outline the current status of its role in the pathogenesis and progression of DME and identify new research pathways contributing to the advancement of knowledge in the understanding of this condition.
基金supported by funds from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) through the TC Project (NAM5012): Developing High Yielding and Drought Tolerant Crops through Mutation Breeding) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry of Namibia
文摘This study determined the effects of genotype-by-environment(G × E) interaction and stability of yield among elite cowpea(Vigna unguiculata L.) selections derived by gamma irradiation. The study was conducted in Namibia at three selected sites: Bagani, Mannheim,and Omahenene, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. Thirty-four newly developed mutant genotypes and three local checks were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Grain yield data were analyzed using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction(AMMI) and the genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction(GGE) biplot methods. The AMMI and GGE biplot models explained 77.49% and 75.57% of total observed genotypic variation, respectively.Bagani and Omahenene were the environments best discriminating the test genotypes during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, respectively. Four promising mutant genotypes: G9(Sh L3 P74), G10(Sh R3 P4), G12(Sh R9 P5), and G4(Sh L2 P4), showed wide adaptation and grain yields of 2.83, 2.06, 1.99, and 1.95 t ha^(-1), respectively. The novel mutant lines are useful genetic resources for production or future cowpea breeding programs in Namibia or similar environments.
文摘Copper,the magical element,has been reported for centuries due to its significant role in the treatment of skin ailments.Copper is an essential element to our body and is known to possess antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory and angiogenetic properties.Hence,it makes it useful in wound healing[1].In the present study we evaluated biosynthesized copper nanoparticles(BCuNps)for their wound-healing potential[2].
基金funded by the National Science and Information and Communication Technology fellowship and research grant of Ministry of Science,Information and Communication Technology,Bangladesh
文摘Eighteen isolates of Rhizoctonia solani collected from infected rice plants in four different locations of Bangladesh were studied by using morphological characters and molecular markers. Anastomosis study with a reference isolate confirmed that all the isolates belonged to R. solani. Significant variation was observed in sclerotial size, shape and distribution. Un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram constructed based on the Gower＇s general similarity coefficient showed that these isolates were grouped into four clusters at the 0.68 similarity coefficent according to morphological characters. Cluster I was a major cluster consisting of 13 isolates, while clusters Ⅱ to Ⅳ consisted of 1 or 2 isolates. Analyses by variable number of tandem repeat and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers showed that the isolates were grouped into five and three clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.64 and 0.69, respectively. Although most of the variability was found between isolates from different regions as expected, significant variation was observed within the isolates collected from similar agro-ecological regions. Our results suggest the presence of different races of R. solani within the same local geographic regions.
