Exploration budgets for primary battery metals-nickel,lithium and cobalt-tempered in 2024 at$1.697 billion,reflecting a marginal 0.4%decline and a virtually flat annual total,compared to$1.704 billion in 2023.Below is...Exploration budgets for primary battery metals-nickel,lithium and cobalt-tempered in 2024 at$1.697 billion,reflecting a marginal 0.4%decline and a virtually flat annual total,compared to$1.704 billion in 2023.Below is an introduction to the 2024 global exploration trends and prospects for lithium,cobalt,and nickel battery metals.展开更多
A three-dimensional panel method is developed to investigate the seakeeping performance of two parallel ships advancing in head and oblique waves. In this method, the fluid domain is partitioned into two regions by in...A three-dimensional panel method is developed to investigate the seakeeping performance of two parallel ships advancing in head and oblique waves. In this method, the fluid domain is partitioned into two regions by introducing a virtual control surface. In the inner part, the Taylor expansion boundary element method is used, whose kernel function is the Rankine source;in the outer part, the free surface Green function with the forward speed effect considered is adopted. The velocity potentials and normal velocities on the virtual control surface are equal for the inner and outer domains. Moreover, the numerical estimation method for viscous roll damping recommended by the ITTC is included in the present method. This hybrid method is validated through the previously measured motions of two ship models, and the present numerical results are in good agreement with those of the experiments. Furthermore, the influences of longitudinal distances and wave heading angles on six-degree-of-freedom motions and the hydrodynamic interaction between the present two ship models are discussed in detail.展开更多
Zirconium,prized for its exceptional corrosion resistance,high melting point,and unique nuclear properties,plays a critical role in multiple industrial sectors globally.Zirconium deposits are categorized into endogene...Zirconium,prized for its exceptional corrosion resistance,high melting point,and unique nuclear properties,plays a critical role in multiple industrial sectors globally.Zirconium deposits are categorized into endogenetic and exogenetic types in China.Endogenetic deposits-including alkaline rock-,alkaline granite-,and pegmatite-type mineralizations-predominantly occur along the Tarim Craton’s northern margin,the North China Craton,the southern Greater Khingan metallogenic belt,and the Yangtze Craton’s western margin.Exogenetic deposits,comprising clastic sedimentary,weathering crust,and fragmentation types,are concentrated in South China’s coastal zones.Endogenetic mineralization formed during Permian-Cretaceous magmatic-hydrothermal events linked to evolved alkaline granitic systems,while exogenetic deposits developed in Quaternary periods through weathering of zirconium-rich protoliths.However,economic extraction of endogenetic deposits remains constrained by rare earth element(REE)associations and radioactive complexities.Currently,China’s most economically significant reserves derive from clastic sedimentary systems,particularly coastal placer deposits.This study systematically synthesizes the spatial distribution and metallogenic mechanisms of Chinese zirconium deposits,offering strategic insights for resource exploration and sustainable utilization.展开更多
Mineral exploration under exotic overburden has been a great challenge in exploration geochemistry.Gas geochemical measurement is a potential method for mineral exploration due to the characteristics of strong penetra...Mineral exploration under exotic overburden has been a great challenge in exploration geochemistry.Gas geochemical measurement is a potential method for mineral exploration due to the characteristics of strong penetrability and vertical migration.The previous rapid gas analyzer cannot determine low concentrations of soil gases because of inadequate sensitivity,therefore,it is necessary to develop a more sensitive analytical technique.In this paper,the pilot studies on CO_(2) and SO_(2) geochemical measurements were performed at the Zhuxi W-(Cu)deposit,Jiapigou gold ore-concentrated area,and Tukuzbay gold deposit.This study employed rapid gas analyzer based on Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Analysis,which can detect low concentrations of CO_(2) and SO_(2) and greatly improve the reliability of test data.The results show that CO_(2) and SO_(2) show clear anomalies over deeply concealed ore bodies and faults,demonstrating that CO_(2) and SO_(2) anomalies can reveal indicative information about concealed mineralization and faults.Moreover,CO_(2) and SO_(2) anomalies can identify mineralization information exceeding 1,000 m in depth,suggesting that this method has large detection depth.Therefore,CO_(2) and SO_(2) geochemical measurement method is a feasible tool to discern deeply concealed mineralization and faults,and can provide a new idea in prospecting for concealed ore deposits in covered areas.展开更多
The timings and geodynamic controls of Mo,Au,and Au-Mo deposits in the Xiaoqinling Orogen(>630 t Au and 115,000 t Mo),a rare Au-Mo province globally,are addressed by a combination of mineral par-ageneses,crystallin...The timings and geodynamic controls of Mo,Au,and Au-Mo deposits in the Xiaoqinling Orogen(>630 t Au and 115,000 t Mo),a rare Au-Mo province globally,are addressed by a combination of mineral par-ageneses,crystalline mineralogy,geochemistry,and Re-Os and U-Pb geochronology in the Dahu,Qinnan,and Yangzhaiyu deposits.The Xiaoqinling Orogen comprises an E-W-trending fold and thrust system with repeated structural reactivation and the Mo or Au orebodies in these deposits are dominantly controlled by E-W-trending and NW-SE-trending shear zones.Molybdenum mineralization related to K-feldspar alteration comprises early molybdenite,pyrite,rutile,and monazite within gray quartz veins plus late molybdenite and pyrite within white quartz veins in the Dahu and Qinnan Au-Mo deposits.Early and late Au mineralization events have similar mineral assemblages of pyrite,native gold±Au-Ag-Te minerals,rutile,and monazite associated with quartz-sericite alteration at Yangzhaiyu.The early dissem-inated molybdenite is characterized by rhombohedral polytype and oscillatory Re zoning,in contrast to the late molybdenite with a coexistence of rhombohedral and hexagonal polytypes and irregularly distributed Re.The early molybdenite has a Re-Os isochron age of 222.5±1.3 Ma,compatible with a monazite U-Pb age of 224±6.1 Ma,whereas late molybdenite provides a Re-Os isochron age of 185.0±12 Ma,with the implication that the 3R-polytype molybdenite with oscillatory Re zoning is more suitable for high-precision dating.The early and late Au mineralization have a pyrite Re-Os age of 202.0±5.9 Ma and U-Pb age of 124.0±1.3 Ma,respectively.In accordance with its complex geodynamic setting,geological and geochronological studies record a complicated 100-million-year mineralization history with multiple magmatic-hydrothermal Mo and orogenic Au mineralization events that formed within a structural framework of multiply reactivated shear zones.展开更多
China is rich in abundant lithium resources characterized by considerable reserves and a concentrated distribution of metallogenic zones or belts,with proven reserves of 4046.8×10^(3) t(calculated based on Li_(2)...China is rich in abundant lithium resources characterized by considerable reserves and a concentrated distribution of metallogenic zones or belts,with proven reserves of 4046.8×10^(3) t(calculated based on Li_(2)O)by 2021.China is also a big consumer of lithium.By 2019,China’s lithium consumption in the battery sector alone had reached 99×10^(3) t,with an average annual growth rate of nearly 26%.China has become the world’s largest importer of lithium resources,showing a severely unbalanced relationship between supply and demand for lithium resources.Therefore,there is an urgent need for the prospecting,exploitation,and study of lithium resources in China.This study collected,organized,and summarized the data on the major lithium deposits in China,analyzed and compared the spatial-temporal distribution patterns,geological characteristics,and metallogenic regularity of these lithium deposits,and summarized the prospecting and research achievements over the last decade.The major lithium deposits in China are distributed in provinces and regions such as Qinghai,Jiangxi,Sichuan,Tibet,and Xinjiang.These deposits are mostly small in scale.According to different genetic types,this study divided lithium deposits into granitic pegmatite type,granite type,saline lake brine type,underground brine type,and sedimentary type,as well as new types including hot spring type and magmatic-hydrothermal type,and summarized the characteristics and key metallogenic factors of these different types of deposits.Sixteen metallogenic prospect areas of lithium deposits were delineated according to the deposit types and the distribution patterns of metallogenic belts.The paper introduced the research progress in major metallogenic models and lithium extraction techniques made over the past decade.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the prospecting potential of lithium deposits,the authors concluded that the future prospecting of lithium resources in China should focus on lithium metallogenic belts,the deep and peripheral areas of currently determined large-scale pegmatite-type lithium deposits,geophysical-geochemical anomalous areas with mineralization clues,and areas with developed large-scale low-grade associated granite-type and sedimentary lithium resources.The study aims to serve as a guide for the future prospecting of lithium deposits in China.展开更多
2021 is the year with the least amount of oil and gas exploration and discoveries in the past 75 years.The world’s new proven oil and gas reserves were 6.6×10^(9) barrels of oil equivalent,compared with 19×...2021 is the year with the least amount of oil and gas exploration and discoveries in the past 75 years.The world’s new proven oil and gas reserves were 6.6×10^(9) barrels of oil equivalent,compared with 19×10^(9) barrels of oil equivalent in 2020,with a significant decline in new proven oil and gas reserves.展开更多
Chinese standards system of electric vehicles was initiated in 1998. Along with the large-scale science and technology innovation and R＆D in l lth and 12th Five-Year Plan period, this standards system has experienced...Chinese standards system of electric vehicles was initiated in 1998. Along with the large-scale science and technology innovation and R＆D in l lth and 12th Five-Year Plan period, this standards system has experienced the development process from the adoption of the international standards and advanced foreign standards to the independent research, development and revision of standards. Nowadays around 50 standards concerning electric vehicles have beendeveloped, and the system is almost complete with the same progressing pace as the international ones.展开更多
Sparse felsic microgranitoid enclaves(FMEs)in the Shangshuiquan granite of the Zhangjiakou district,the north margin of the North China Craton,are fine-grained,dark-colored and exhibit subangular to subspherical shape...Sparse felsic microgranitoid enclaves(FMEs)in the Shangshuiquan granite of the Zhangjiakou district,the north margin of the North China Craton,are fine-grained,dark-colored and exhibit subangular to subspherical shapes.They share similar mineral assemblages,chemical compositions,and zircon Hf isotope compositions to the host granite.New zircon U-Pb geochronology reveals that the FMEs crystallized at 156-153 Ma,while the Shangshuiquan granite formed at ca.146 Ma.The FEMs are,therefore,10 to 7 Ma older than the host granite.Combined with petrological evidence,we suggest that the FMEs are fragments of rapidly crystalized magmas,which were captured by the younger Shangshuiquan magma.Magmas of the FMEs and Shangshuiquan granite originated from the same reservoir.The Shangshuiquan granite is the result of small batches of magma being built up incrementally,and the FMEs belong to the earlier batches of magma.The lifespan of the Shangshuiquan magma reservoir exceeds 10 Ma.FMEs derived from cogenetic fragments have the potential to offer critical information about the formation process and timescale of granitic plutons.展开更多
The Dongping deposit is the largest alkalic-hosted gold deposit in China containing>100 t of Au.This paper presents a new understanding for Dongping ore system,based on the previous studies.The mineralization origi...The Dongping deposit is the largest alkalic-hosted gold deposit in China containing>100 t of Au.This paper presents a new understanding for Dongping ore system,based on the previous studies.The mineralization originally occurred at 400-380 Ma,simultaneous with emplacement of the Shuiquangou alkaline complex,and was overprinted by the hydrothermal activity in the Yanshanian.Isotope compositions of ores indicate metals of the deposit are mainly provided by the Shuiquangou complex.Ore-forming fluids are characterized by increasing oxygen fugacity and decreasing sulfur fugacity,while tellurium fugacity increased in the Stage II-2 and decreased in Stage II-3.These systematic changes are closely related to the processes of mineral precipitation and fluid evolution.Sulfide precipitation from Stage Ⅰ to Stage Ⅱ was triggered by fluid boiling,which leads to the precipitation of Pb-Bi-Te,due to decrement of sulfur fugacity.Condensation of gas phase containing high concentration of H_2Te leads to precipitation of Te-Au-Ag minerals and native tellurium.Based on these hypotheses,this paper present a polyphase metallogenic model as follow.During the Devonian,fluids were released from alkaline magmas,which carried ore-forming materials form the surrounding rocks and precipitate the early ores.During the Jurassic-Cretaceous,fluorine-rich fluids exsolved from highly factionated Shangshuiquan granite,which extracted and concentrated Au from the Shuiquangou complex and the Sanggan Group metamorphic rocks,and finally formed the Dongping gold deposit.展开更多
As a clean and renewable form of energy,photovoltaic(PV)power generation converts solar energy into electrical energy,reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and significantly lowering greenhouse gas emissions.Amidst...As a clean and renewable form of energy,photovoltaic(PV)power generation converts solar energy into electrical energy,reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and significantly lowering greenhouse gas emissions.Amidst the global transition towards cleaner forms of energy,countries all around the world are vigorously developing PV technology.展开更多
Mozambique is an essential country in the Belt and Road Initiative,and it is also to cooperation between China and with Africa in energy resources.It is located in the critical node of the“East Africa Channel”and cl...Mozambique is an essential country in the Belt and Road Initiative,and it is also to cooperation between China and with Africa in energy resources.It is located in the critical node of the“East Africa Channel”and close to the“African Twin Ocean Railway”,which is an important strategic position.Mozambique has abundant mineral resources and vast reserves of advantageous minerals.The natural gas reserves of Mozambique ranked second in Africa.It also has world--class scale graphite and rich iron,gold,copper,niobium-tantalum and other resources.In recent years,the mining industry in this country has been rising and attracting many foreign companies to invest,including international mining giants such as Vale,Rio Tinto and large mining enterprises of China.This paper systematically studies the mineral resources endowment,exploration and development situations of natural gas,graphite,titanium-zircon placer deposits,niobium-tantalum,gold,iron and other strategic minerals in Mozambique,comprehensively analyzes the mining investment environment and the current situation of exploration and development of Chinese enterprises in Mozambique,and replans four safeguard areas of strategic mineral resources in critical short supply.Mozambique generally has good prospects of mining investment and a stable foundation for cooperation with China.Chinese enterprises can focus on oil and natural gas,graphite,titanium,zirconium,niobium,tantalum,and iron,which complement the needs of China,expand the mining capacity cooperation,and improve the ability to secure strategic mineral resources supply.展开更多
The Nianzi granite unit,which includes the Nianzi,Xiaolianghou and Xiawopu granitic intrusions,is a significant component of the northern part of the North China Craton(NCC)and is situated in the Yanshan fold and thru...The Nianzi granite unit,which includes the Nianzi,Xiaolianghou and Xiawopu granitic intrusions,is a significant component of the northern part of the North China Craton(NCC)and is situated in the Yanshan fold and thrust belt(YFTB).However,there is still debate regarding the tectonic evolutionary history of the YFTB during the late Permian to Triassic period,specifically regarding the timing of subduction and collision between the NCC and the Paleo-Asian Ocean.The Nianzi granite unit exhibits unique petrological,geochronological and geochemical signatures that shed light on the tectonic evolutionary history of the YFTB.This study presents detailed petrology,whole-rock geochemistry,together with Sr-Nd isotopic,zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic data of the granites within the Nianzi granite unit.Our findings demonstrate that the granites primarily consist of subhedral K-feldspar,plagioclase,quartz,minor biotite and hornblende,with accessory titanite,apatite,magnetite and zircon.Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Xiaolianghou granite was emplaced at 247.5±0.62 Ma.Additionally,the adakitic characteristics of the Nianzi,Xiawopu and Xiaolianghou granitic intrusions,such as high Sr and Ba contents and high ratios of Sr/Y and(La/Yb)N,combined with negative Sr-Nd and Lu-Hf isotopes(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705681–0.7057433,εNd(t)=−21.98 to−20.97,zirconεHf(t)=−20.26 to−9.92,as well as the I-type granite features of high SiO_(2),Na_(2)O and K_(2)O/Na_(2)O ratios,enriched Rb,K,Sr and Ba,along with depleted Th,U,Nb,Ta,P and Ti,suggest that the Nianzi granitic unit was mainly derived from the partial melting of a thickened lower crust containing hydrous,calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline,mafic to intermediate metamorphic rocks.In light of these parameters,we further integrate our data with previous studies and conclude that the Nianzi granitic unit was generated in a post-collisional extensional environment during the Early Triassic.展开更多
Xiarihamu deposit is the only super-large Ni-Co deposit found in East Kunlun orogenic belt(EKOB)until present.Shitoukengde(STKD)intrusion is considered to have the potential to become a large Ni-Co deposit in East Kun...Xiarihamu deposit is the only super-large Ni-Co deposit found in East Kunlun orogenic belt(EKOB)until present.Shitoukengde(STKD)intrusion is considered to have the potential to become a large Ni-Co deposit in East Kunlun.In order to discuss the metallogenic potential,this study present petrographical,geochemical data,and zircon U-Pb dating for the STKD intrusion.The STKD intrusion is hosted within mafic-ultramafic rocks which contain peridotite,pyroxenite and gabbro,and mainly intruded into the marble of the Paleoproterozoic Jinshuikou Group.Harzburgite and orthopyroxenite are the main country rocks for the Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization.Combine with the positiveε_(Hf)(t)values(+1.1 to+8.6)of zircons,the enrichment of LILEs,depletion of HFSEs,and lower Ce/Pb ratios of whole rocks indicate that the parental magma was originated from the depleted asthenospheric mantle and experienced 5%–15%crustal contamination.Troctolite formed during the Early Devonian and it has weighted mean^(206)Pb/^(238)U age of 412 Ma.Regional background information has indicated that the post-collisional extension setting has already existed during the Early Devonian,leading to the formation of STKD intrusion and Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization.STKD intrusion may have the potential to be one economic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit but seems unlikely to be a super-large one.展开更多
As a kind of natural energy from the earth’s interior,geothermal energy is characterized by large reserve,wide distribution,good stability,high utilization coefficient,and positive effects of energy-saving and emissi...As a kind of natural energy from the earth’s interior,geothermal energy is characterized by large reserve,wide distribution,good stability,high utilization coefficient,and positive effects of energy-saving and emission-reduction.It is of great significance for promoting green and low-carbon energy transition,reducing greenhouse gas emission,and achieving global climate goals and sustainable economic development.Hence,it has been highly recognized and valued by lots of countries around the world,and has become one of the most important clean energy sources that countries are accelerating to develop and utilize.The potential of the global geothermal energy resource is estimated to be 1.25×1027 J,equivalent to 4.27×10^(16) t of standard coal,among which the geothermal resource between 0 km and 5 km is 1.45×10^(26) J,equivalent to 4.95×1015 t of standard coal(China Geological Survey,2018).展开更多
Desertification poses significant threats to the ecological security and sustainable economic and social development of countries worldwide. In China, existing desertified land primarily lies between 35°–50°...Desertification poses significant threats to the ecological security and sustainable economic and social development of countries worldwide. In China, existing desertified land primarily lies between 35°–50°N, covering arid and semi-arid regions and a total area of 1.688×106 km^(2), which represents 17.58%of the total territorial area of the country (Fig. 1).展开更多
Since the Industrial Revolution,humanity’s extensive burning of fossil fuels(coal,oil,and natural gas)has led to a continuous rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases,such as carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),in the atmosp...Since the Industrial Revolution,humanity’s extensive burning of fossil fuels(coal,oil,and natural gas)has led to a continuous rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases,such as carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),in the atmosphere.According to data from the World Meteorological Organization(WMO),the global average CO_(2) concentration in 2023 exceeded 420×10^(−6),reaching the highest level in the past 800000 years.This has led to the increasing frequency of extreme climate events-such as glacier melting,sea-level rise,heatwaves,droughts,floods,and hurricanes-posing a severe threat to ecosystems and human society.展开更多
On February 20,2025,China National Petroleum Corporation announced that China's first ultra-deep scientific exploration well-Shenditake 1 Well-successfully reached a depth of 10910 m underground(Fig.1).Deep Earth ...On February 20,2025,China National Petroleum Corporation announced that China's first ultra-deep scientific exploration well-Shenditake 1 Well-successfully reached a depth of 10910 m underground(Fig.1).Deep Earth Towerke 1 Well is located in the heart of the Taklamakan Desert in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,within the territory of Shaya County.It has become the deepest vertical well in Asia and the second deepest in the world.The well has successively set five major engineering records:The deepest global tailpipe cementing,the deepest global cable imaging logging,the fastest global onshore drilling to exceed 10000 m,the deepest direct well drilling in Asia,and the deepest onshore coring in Asia.This marks another major breakthrough for China in the field of“Deep Earth”exploration,following its achievements in“Deep Space”and“Deep Sea.”展开更多
In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource e...In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource exploration and development,mine ecological restoration,green mine construction,new changes in mineral resource policies and regulations,new measures in mineral resource management,new situations in scientific and technological innovation,as well as the new achievements of the international geological and mineral cooperation.展开更多
Pollution index is a powerful tool for ecological geochemistry assessment. The commonly used pollution indices by heavy metals in soils and sediments were classified as two types of single index and integrated index i...Pollution index is a powerful tool for ecological geochemistry assessment. The commonly used pollution indices by heavy metals in soils and sediments were classified as two types of single index and integrated index in an algorithm point of view. Four single indices of contamination factor （or concentration factor）, ecological risk factor, enrichment factor, and index of geo-accumulation were illustrated, and the reference values for calculating single indices were distinguished into background levels and threshold pollution values. Eight integrated indices were divided into two groups. One group is suitable for the normal distribution single indices including the sum, average, weighted average, vector modulus, and Nemerow pollution indices, and the other for log-normal distribution including the product, root of product, and weighted power product pollution indices. Using background levels as reference values, five contamination classes were divided, and the terminologies are suggested for the single and integrated indices to unify the assessment results. Software of EGAPI was developed in a single document interface to calculate the four single and eight integrated indices by heavy metals to assess the quality of soil and sediment ecological geochemistry. Pollution indices by heavy metals of Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils in parks of Beijing were calculated using EGAPI software, and these five contamination classes and terminologies suggested in this study were evaluated and used. Results of integrated indices of Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils indicated that the soil qualities are unpolluted as a whole and varied from low polluted to unpolluted status from the center to the outskirts of Beijing City.展开更多
文摘Exploration budgets for primary battery metals-nickel,lithium and cobalt-tempered in 2024 at$1.697 billion,reflecting a marginal 0.4%decline and a virtually flat annual total,compared to$1.704 billion in 2023.Below is an introduction to the 2024 global exploration trends and prospects for lithium,cobalt,and nickel battery metals.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52071148 and 51509256)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 202000023079001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No.YCJJ20242103)。
文摘A three-dimensional panel method is developed to investigate the seakeeping performance of two parallel ships advancing in head and oblique waves. In this method, the fluid domain is partitioned into two regions by introducing a virtual control surface. In the inner part, the Taylor expansion boundary element method is used, whose kernel function is the Rankine source;in the outer part, the free surface Green function with the forward speed effect considered is adopted. The velocity potentials and normal velocities on the virtual control surface are equal for the inner and outer domains. Moreover, the numerical estimation method for viscous roll damping recommended by the ITTC is included in the present method. This hybrid method is validated through the previously measured motions of two ship models, and the present numerical results are in good agreement with those of the experiments. Furthermore, the influences of longitudinal distances and wave heading angles on six-degree-of-freedom motions and the hydrodynamic interaction between the present two ship models are discussed in detail.
基金supported by Science and technology basic resources survey special project(2022FY101701)China Geological Survey Project(DD2023350).
文摘Zirconium,prized for its exceptional corrosion resistance,high melting point,and unique nuclear properties,plays a critical role in multiple industrial sectors globally.Zirconium deposits are categorized into endogenetic and exogenetic types in China.Endogenetic deposits-including alkaline rock-,alkaline granite-,and pegmatite-type mineralizations-predominantly occur along the Tarim Craton’s northern margin,the North China Craton,the southern Greater Khingan metallogenic belt,and the Yangtze Craton’s western margin.Exogenetic deposits,comprising clastic sedimentary,weathering crust,and fragmentation types,are concentrated in South China’s coastal zones.Endogenetic mineralization formed during Permian-Cretaceous magmatic-hydrothermal events linked to evolved alkaline granitic systems,while exogenetic deposits developed in Quaternary periods through weathering of zirconium-rich protoliths.However,economic extraction of endogenetic deposits remains constrained by rare earth element(REE)associations and radioactive complexities.Currently,China’s most economically significant reserves derive from clastic sedimentary systems,particularly coastal placer deposits.This study systematically synthesizes the spatial distribution and metallogenic mechanisms of Chinese zirconium deposits,offering strategic insights for resource exploration and sustainable utilization.
基金the Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration, Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, China Geological Survey, and Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China for funding this researchsupported by National Nonprofit Institute Research Grant of Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration (AS2022P03)Key Laboratory of Ionic Rare Earth Resources and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China (No. 2022IRERE101 and No. 2023IRERE102)
文摘Mineral exploration under exotic overburden has been a great challenge in exploration geochemistry.Gas geochemical measurement is a potential method for mineral exploration due to the characteristics of strong penetrability and vertical migration.The previous rapid gas analyzer cannot determine low concentrations of soil gases because of inadequate sensitivity,therefore,it is necessary to develop a more sensitive analytical technique.In this paper,the pilot studies on CO_(2) and SO_(2) geochemical measurements were performed at the Zhuxi W-(Cu)deposit,Jiapigou gold ore-concentrated area,and Tukuzbay gold deposit.This study employed rapid gas analyzer based on Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Analysis,which can detect low concentrations of CO_(2) and SO_(2) and greatly improve the reliability of test data.The results show that CO_(2) and SO_(2) show clear anomalies over deeply concealed ore bodies and faults,demonstrating that CO_(2) and SO_(2) anomalies can reveal indicative information about concealed mineralization and faults.Moreover,CO_(2) and SO_(2) anomalies can identify mineralization information exceeding 1,000 m in depth,suggesting that this method has large detection depth.Therefore,CO_(2) and SO_(2) geochemical measurement method is a feasible tool to discern deeply concealed mineralization and faults,and can provide a new idea in prospecting for concealed ore deposits in covered areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2020YFA0714802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42330809)the 111 Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology(BP0719021).
文摘The timings and geodynamic controls of Mo,Au,and Au-Mo deposits in the Xiaoqinling Orogen(>630 t Au and 115,000 t Mo),a rare Au-Mo province globally,are addressed by a combination of mineral par-ageneses,crystalline mineralogy,geochemistry,and Re-Os and U-Pb geochronology in the Dahu,Qinnan,and Yangzhaiyu deposits.The Xiaoqinling Orogen comprises an E-W-trending fold and thrust system with repeated structural reactivation and the Mo or Au orebodies in these deposits are dominantly controlled by E-W-trending and NW-SE-trending shear zones.Molybdenum mineralization related to K-feldspar alteration comprises early molybdenite,pyrite,rutile,and monazite within gray quartz veins plus late molybdenite and pyrite within white quartz veins in the Dahu and Qinnan Au-Mo deposits.Early and late Au mineralization events have similar mineral assemblages of pyrite,native gold±Au-Ag-Te minerals,rutile,and monazite associated with quartz-sericite alteration at Yangzhaiyu.The early dissem-inated molybdenite is characterized by rhombohedral polytype and oscillatory Re zoning,in contrast to the late molybdenite with a coexistence of rhombohedral and hexagonal polytypes and irregularly distributed Re.The early molybdenite has a Re-Os isochron age of 222.5±1.3 Ma,compatible with a monazite U-Pb age of 224±6.1 Ma,whereas late molybdenite provides a Re-Os isochron age of 185.0±12 Ma,with the implication that the 3R-polytype molybdenite with oscillatory Re zoning is more suitable for high-precision dating.The early and late Au mineralization have a pyrite Re-Os age of 202.0±5.9 Ma and U-Pb age of 124.0±1.3 Ma,respectively.In accordance with its complex geodynamic setting,geological and geochronological studies record a complicated 100-million-year mineralization history with multiple magmatic-hydrothermal Mo and orogenic Au mineralization events that formed within a structural framework of multiply reactivated shear zones.
基金funded by the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92062217)the project of China Geological Survey(DD20190405).
文摘China is rich in abundant lithium resources characterized by considerable reserves and a concentrated distribution of metallogenic zones or belts,with proven reserves of 4046.8×10^(3) t(calculated based on Li_(2)O)by 2021.China is also a big consumer of lithium.By 2019,China’s lithium consumption in the battery sector alone had reached 99×10^(3) t,with an average annual growth rate of nearly 26%.China has become the world’s largest importer of lithium resources,showing a severely unbalanced relationship between supply and demand for lithium resources.Therefore,there is an urgent need for the prospecting,exploitation,and study of lithium resources in China.This study collected,organized,and summarized the data on the major lithium deposits in China,analyzed and compared the spatial-temporal distribution patterns,geological characteristics,and metallogenic regularity of these lithium deposits,and summarized the prospecting and research achievements over the last decade.The major lithium deposits in China are distributed in provinces and regions such as Qinghai,Jiangxi,Sichuan,Tibet,and Xinjiang.These deposits are mostly small in scale.According to different genetic types,this study divided lithium deposits into granitic pegmatite type,granite type,saline lake brine type,underground brine type,and sedimentary type,as well as new types including hot spring type and magmatic-hydrothermal type,and summarized the characteristics and key metallogenic factors of these different types of deposits.Sixteen metallogenic prospect areas of lithium deposits were delineated according to the deposit types and the distribution patterns of metallogenic belts.The paper introduced the research progress in major metallogenic models and lithium extraction techniques made over the past decade.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the prospecting potential of lithium deposits,the authors concluded that the future prospecting of lithium resources in China should focus on lithium metallogenic belts,the deep and peripheral areas of currently determined large-scale pegmatite-type lithium deposits,geophysical-geochemical anomalous areas with mineralization clues,and areas with developed large-scale low-grade associated granite-type and sedimentary lithium resources.The study aims to serve as a guide for the future prospecting of lithium deposits in China.
文摘2021 is the year with the least amount of oil and gas exploration and discoveries in the past 75 years.The world’s new proven oil and gas reserves were 6.6×10^(9) barrels of oil equivalent,compared with 19×10^(9) barrels of oil equivalent in 2020,with a significant decline in new proven oil and gas reserves.
文摘Chinese standards system of electric vehicles was initiated in 1998. Along with the large-scale science and technology innovation and R＆D in l lth and 12th Five-Year Plan period, this standards system has experienced the development process from the adoption of the international standards and advanced foreign standards to the independent research, development and revision of standards. Nowadays around 50 standards concerning electric vehicles have beendeveloped, and the system is almost complete with the same progressing pace as the international ones.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42373072, 42003032)the Open Project of Weihai Key Laboratory of Energy and Mineral Resources Investigation and Evaluation (Grant No. LDKF-2023WH-05)the China Geological Survey Project (Grant Nos. DD20190166, DD20190570 and DD20190159)
文摘Sparse felsic microgranitoid enclaves(FMEs)in the Shangshuiquan granite of the Zhangjiakou district,the north margin of the North China Craton,are fine-grained,dark-colored and exhibit subangular to subspherical shapes.They share similar mineral assemblages,chemical compositions,and zircon Hf isotope compositions to the host granite.New zircon U-Pb geochronology reveals that the FMEs crystallized at 156-153 Ma,while the Shangshuiquan granite formed at ca.146 Ma.The FEMs are,therefore,10 to 7 Ma older than the host granite.Combined with petrological evidence,we suggest that the FMEs are fragments of rapidly crystalized magmas,which were captured by the younger Shangshuiquan magma.Magmas of the FMEs and Shangshuiquan granite originated from the same reservoir.The Shangshuiquan granite is the result of small batches of magma being built up incrementally,and the FMEs belong to the earlier batches of magma.The lifespan of the Shangshuiquan magma reservoir exceeds 10 Ma.FMEs derived from cogenetic fragments have the potential to offer critical information about the formation process and timescale of granitic plutons.
基金financially supported by the project of the China Geological Survey(DD20230292,DD20242591)。
文摘The Dongping deposit is the largest alkalic-hosted gold deposit in China containing>100 t of Au.This paper presents a new understanding for Dongping ore system,based on the previous studies.The mineralization originally occurred at 400-380 Ma,simultaneous with emplacement of the Shuiquangou alkaline complex,and was overprinted by the hydrothermal activity in the Yanshanian.Isotope compositions of ores indicate metals of the deposit are mainly provided by the Shuiquangou complex.Ore-forming fluids are characterized by increasing oxygen fugacity and decreasing sulfur fugacity,while tellurium fugacity increased in the Stage II-2 and decreased in Stage II-3.These systematic changes are closely related to the processes of mineral precipitation and fluid evolution.Sulfide precipitation from Stage Ⅰ to Stage Ⅱ was triggered by fluid boiling,which leads to the precipitation of Pb-Bi-Te,due to decrement of sulfur fugacity.Condensation of gas phase containing high concentration of H_2Te leads to precipitation of Te-Au-Ag minerals and native tellurium.Based on these hypotheses,this paper present a polyphase metallogenic model as follow.During the Devonian,fluids were released from alkaline magmas,which carried ore-forming materials form the surrounding rocks and precipitate the early ores.During the Jurassic-Cretaceous,fluorine-rich fluids exsolved from highly factionated Shangshuiquan granite,which extracted and concentrated Au from the Shuiquangou complex and the Sanggan Group metamorphic rocks,and finally formed the Dongping gold deposit.
文摘As a clean and renewable form of energy,photovoltaic(PV)power generation converts solar energy into electrical energy,reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and significantly lowering greenhouse gas emissions.Amidst the global transition towards cleaner forms of energy,countries all around the world are vigorously developing PV technology.
基金Supported by projects of China Geological Survey(Nos.DD20190457,DD20160119 and DD20190415).
文摘Mozambique is an essential country in the Belt and Road Initiative,and it is also to cooperation between China and with Africa in energy resources.It is located in the critical node of the“East Africa Channel”and close to the“African Twin Ocean Railway”,which is an important strategic position.Mozambique has abundant mineral resources and vast reserves of advantageous minerals.The natural gas reserves of Mozambique ranked second in Africa.It also has world--class scale graphite and rich iron,gold,copper,niobium-tantalum and other resources.In recent years,the mining industry in this country has been rising and attracting many foreign companies to invest,including international mining giants such as Vale,Rio Tinto and large mining enterprises of China.This paper systematically studies the mineral resources endowment,exploration and development situations of natural gas,graphite,titanium-zircon placer deposits,niobium-tantalum,gold,iron and other strategic minerals in Mozambique,comprehensively analyzes the mining investment environment and the current situation of exploration and development of Chinese enterprises in Mozambique,and replans four safeguard areas of strategic mineral resources in critical short supply.Mozambique generally has good prospects of mining investment and a stable foundation for cooperation with China.Chinese enterprises can focus on oil and natural gas,graphite,titanium,zirconium,niobium,tantalum,and iron,which complement the needs of China,expand the mining capacity cooperation,and improve the ability to secure strategic mineral resources supply.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41872232)the Beijing Geological Survey Project(PXM 2016-158203-000008,PXM 2018-158203-000014)the Beijing Innovation Studio(Urban Geology,Active Structure,and Monitoring).
文摘The Nianzi granite unit,which includes the Nianzi,Xiaolianghou and Xiawopu granitic intrusions,is a significant component of the northern part of the North China Craton(NCC)and is situated in the Yanshan fold and thrust belt(YFTB).However,there is still debate regarding the tectonic evolutionary history of the YFTB during the late Permian to Triassic period,specifically regarding the timing of subduction and collision between the NCC and the Paleo-Asian Ocean.The Nianzi granite unit exhibits unique petrological,geochronological and geochemical signatures that shed light on the tectonic evolutionary history of the YFTB.This study presents detailed petrology,whole-rock geochemistry,together with Sr-Nd isotopic,zircon U-Pb dating and Lu-Hf isotopic data of the granites within the Nianzi granite unit.Our findings demonstrate that the granites primarily consist of subhedral K-feldspar,plagioclase,quartz,minor biotite and hornblende,with accessory titanite,apatite,magnetite and zircon.Zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Xiaolianghou granite was emplaced at 247.5±0.62 Ma.Additionally,the adakitic characteristics of the Nianzi,Xiawopu and Xiaolianghou granitic intrusions,such as high Sr and Ba contents and high ratios of Sr/Y and(La/Yb)N,combined with negative Sr-Nd and Lu-Hf isotopes(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705681–0.7057433,εNd(t)=−21.98 to−20.97,zirconεHf(t)=−20.26 to−9.92,as well as the I-type granite features of high SiO_(2),Na_(2)O and K_(2)O/Na_(2)O ratios,enriched Rb,K,Sr and Ba,along with depleted Th,U,Nb,Ta,P and Ti,suggest that the Nianzi granitic unit was mainly derived from the partial melting of a thickened lower crust containing hydrous,calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline,mafic to intermediate metamorphic rocks.In light of these parameters,we further integrate our data with previous studies and conclude that the Nianzi granitic unit was generated in a post-collisional extensional environment during the Early Triassic.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41272052)the projects(1212011120158 and 12120114080101)of the China Geological Survey。
文摘Xiarihamu deposit is the only super-large Ni-Co deposit found in East Kunlun orogenic belt(EKOB)until present.Shitoukengde(STKD)intrusion is considered to have the potential to become a large Ni-Co deposit in East Kunlun.In order to discuss the metallogenic potential,this study present petrographical,geochemical data,and zircon U-Pb dating for the STKD intrusion.The STKD intrusion is hosted within mafic-ultramafic rocks which contain peridotite,pyroxenite and gabbro,and mainly intruded into the marble of the Paleoproterozoic Jinshuikou Group.Harzburgite and orthopyroxenite are the main country rocks for the Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization.Combine with the positiveε_(Hf)(t)values(+1.1 to+8.6)of zircons,the enrichment of LILEs,depletion of HFSEs,and lower Ce/Pb ratios of whole rocks indicate that the parental magma was originated from the depleted asthenospheric mantle and experienced 5%–15%crustal contamination.Troctolite formed during the Early Devonian and it has weighted mean^(206)Pb/^(238)U age of 412 Ma.Regional background information has indicated that the post-collisional extension setting has already existed during the Early Devonian,leading to the formation of STKD intrusion and Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization.STKD intrusion may have the potential to be one economic Cu-Ni sulfide deposit but seems unlikely to be a super-large one.
文摘As a kind of natural energy from the earth’s interior,geothermal energy is characterized by large reserve,wide distribution,good stability,high utilization coefficient,and positive effects of energy-saving and emission-reduction.It is of great significance for promoting green and low-carbon energy transition,reducing greenhouse gas emission,and achieving global climate goals and sustainable economic development.Hence,it has been highly recognized and valued by lots of countries around the world,and has become one of the most important clean energy sources that countries are accelerating to develop and utilize.The potential of the global geothermal energy resource is estimated to be 1.25×1027 J,equivalent to 4.27×10^(16) t of standard coal,among which the geothermal resource between 0 km and 5 km is 1.45×10^(26) J,equivalent to 4.95×1015 t of standard coal(China Geological Survey,2018).
文摘Desertification poses significant threats to the ecological security and sustainable economic and social development of countries worldwide. In China, existing desertified land primarily lies between 35°–50°N, covering arid and semi-arid regions and a total area of 1.688×106 km^(2), which represents 17.58%of the total territorial area of the country (Fig. 1).
文摘Since the Industrial Revolution,humanity’s extensive burning of fossil fuels(coal,oil,and natural gas)has led to a continuous rise in the concentration of greenhouse gases,such as carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),in the atmosphere.According to data from the World Meteorological Organization(WMO),the global average CO_(2) concentration in 2023 exceeded 420×10^(−6),reaching the highest level in the past 800000 years.This has led to the increasing frequency of extreme climate events-such as glacier melting,sea-level rise,heatwaves,droughts,floods,and hurricanes-posing a severe threat to ecosystems and human society.
文摘On February 20,2025,China National Petroleum Corporation announced that China's first ultra-deep scientific exploration well-Shenditake 1 Well-successfully reached a depth of 10910 m underground(Fig.1).Deep Earth Towerke 1 Well is located in the heart of the Taklamakan Desert in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,within the territory of Shaya County.It has become the deepest vertical well in Asia and the second deepest in the world.The well has successively set five major engineering records:The deepest global tailpipe cementing,the deepest global cable imaging logging,the fastest global onshore drilling to exceed 10000 m,the deepest direct well drilling in Asia,and the deepest onshore coring in Asia.This marks another major breakthrough for China in the field of“Deep Earth”exploration,following its achievements in“Deep Space”and“Deep Sea.”
文摘In October 2024,the Ministry of Natural Resources of PRC released the 2024 China Mineral Resources Report,which focuses on new progress since 2023 in the geological and mineral survey and evaluation,mineral resource exploration and development,mine ecological restoration,green mine construction,new changes in mineral resource policies and regulations,new measures in mineral resource management,new situations in scientific and technological innovation,as well as the new achievements of the international geological and mineral cooperation.
基金the Project of China Geological Survey (No. 1212010610919)the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (No. GPMR200636).
文摘Pollution index is a powerful tool for ecological geochemistry assessment. The commonly used pollution indices by heavy metals in soils and sediments were classified as two types of single index and integrated index in an algorithm point of view. Four single indices of contamination factor （or concentration factor）, ecological risk factor, enrichment factor, and index of geo-accumulation were illustrated, and the reference values for calculating single indices were distinguished into background levels and threshold pollution values. Eight integrated indices were divided into two groups. One group is suitable for the normal distribution single indices including the sum, average, weighted average, vector modulus, and Nemerow pollution indices, and the other for log-normal distribution including the product, root of product, and weighted power product pollution indices. Using background levels as reference values, five contamination classes were divided, and the terminologies are suggested for the single and integrated indices to unify the assessment results. Software of EGAPI was developed in a single document interface to calculate the four single and eight integrated indices by heavy metals to assess the quality of soil and sediment ecological geochemistry. Pollution indices by heavy metals of Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils in parks of Beijing were calculated using EGAPI software, and these five contamination classes and terminologies suggested in this study were evaluated and used. Results of integrated indices of Cu, Pb, and Zn in soils indicated that the soil qualities are unpolluted as a whole and varied from low polluted to unpolluted status from the center to the outskirts of Beijing City.
