The ageing behavior of an Nb-bearing microalloyed steel at 525℃ was investigated by thermo-simulation test, hardness measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prior to ageing, the steel was deformed in...The ageing behavior of an Nb-bearing microalloyed steel at 525℃ was investigated by thermo-simulation test, hardness measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prior to ageing, the steel was deformed in austenite zone followed by a long relaxation. Experimental results indicate that the hardness decreases gradually in the initial stage until ageing for 120 min, and then increases continuously until 1200 min. The coarsened precipitates (>10 nm) formed in deformed austenite remain nearly unchanged in size, even after ageing for long time, while the further precipitates, which nucleate in a phase, contribute to the increasing of hardness. By comparison, the undeformed samples in austenite subjected to the same ageing process display a very similar hardness change trend to that of over-relaxation ones and have higher hardness values at each corresponding period.展开更多
Some types of ZnO nanostructures with various shape and size, includingtetrapod-like ZnO (T-ZnO) nanorods, nanowires and nanoribbons, have been obtained by controlledgrowth process. The nanostructures of ZnO have been...Some types of ZnO nanostructures with various shape and size, includingtetrapod-like ZnO (T-ZnO) nanorods, nanowires and nanoribbons, have been obtained by controlledgrowth process. The nanostructures of ZnO have been investigated by means of field-emission scanningelectron microscope, transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electronmicroscopy. The growth mechanisms of various ZnO nanostructures were proposed and discussed.展开更多
In situ tensile tests in a transmission electronmicroscope(TEM)show that dislocations emitted from a modelⅡcrack tipwill form a inverse piled-up group after equilibrium or a doublepiled-up group when they meet a obst...In situ tensile tests in a transmission electronmicroscope(TEM)show that dislocations emitted from a modelⅡcrack tipwill form a inverse piled-up group after equilibrium or a doublepiled-up group when they meet a obstruction, e.g., grain boundary orsecond phase. A microcrack can initiates in front of the piled-upgroup of dislocations. Micromechanics analysis shows thatdislocations emitted from a modelⅡblunt crack tip can form a inversepiled-up or double piled-up group, depending upon the applied stressintensity factor K_Ⅱa, lattice friction stressτ_f and the distanceof the obstruction from the crack tip L.展开更多
For 308L and 347L weld metals of austenitc stainless steels (ASS), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) occurred during dynamically charging under constant load. The threshold stress intensity for HIC, Km, decreased linear...For 308L and 347L weld metals of austenitc stainless steels (ASS), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) occurred during dynamically charging under constant load. The threshold stress intensity for HIC, Km, decreased linearly with the logarithm of the concentration of diffusible hydrogen C0 in the weld metals and the rolled plate of type 304L ASS, i.e., KIH=85.2-10.71nC0 (308L), KIH=76.1-9.31n C0(347L), and KIH=91.7-10.11nC0(304L). The fracture mode for HIC in the three type of ASS changed from ductile to brittle with the decrease in the applied stress intensity KI or/and the increase in C0. The boundary line between ductile and brittle fracture surfaces was KI-54+25exp(-C0/153)=0.展开更多
The structures of Ta/Ni81Fe19 and Ni81Fe19/Ta are commonly used in magnetoresistance multilayers. It is found that the thickness of dead layer in Ta/Ni81Fe19/Ta was about 1.6±0.2nm. X-ray photoelectron spectrosco...The structures of Ta/Ni81Fe19 and Ni81Fe19/Ta are commonly used in magnetoresistance multilayers. It is found that the thickness of dead layer in Ta/Ni81Fe19/Ta was about 1.6±0.2nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the interfaces of Ta/Ni81Fe19 and Ni81Fe19/Ta. The results show that there is a reaction at the two interfaces: 2Ta+Ni=NiTa2, which caused the thinning of the effective NiFe layer. Furthermore, this reaction could also explain the phenomenon that the dead layer thickness of spin valves multilayers prepared by MBE is thinner than those prepared by magnetron sputtering.展开更多
(FePt/Ag)n nano-multilayers were deposited on MgO (100) single crystal with laser ablation and then subjected to annealing. FePt L1o grains with (001) texture and thus a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy constan...(FePt/Ag)n nano-multilayers were deposited on MgO (100) single crystal with laser ablation and then subjected to annealing. FePt L1o grains with (001) texture and thus a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy constant Ku of the order of 106 J/m3 were formed. A thick Ag layer is found to be favorable for decreasing the dispersion of the easy axis for magnetization. The measurement of time decay of magnetization gave rise to a small activation volume of the order of 10-25m3, showing the promising of being the recording medium for future high density perpendicular recording.展开更多
Barium titanate powder on nanometer scale was synthesized by means of co-precipitation. The thermal mass loss, crystal grain growth and phase transition of the barium titanate nanometer powder were investigated by TG ...Barium titanate powder on nanometer scale was synthesized by means of co-precipitation. The thermal mass loss, crystal grain growth and phase transition of the barium titanate nanometer powder were investigated by TG (Thermogravimetric)-DTA (Differential scanning calorimetric) and XRD (X-ray powder diffractometer) at different heat treatment temperatures. The results show that amorphous barium titanate powder can transfer into tetragonal symmetry structure after heat treatment. When the heat treatment temperature is below 900℃, the grains grow rapidly because the activation energy at low temperature is greatly less than that at high temperature. By controlling the heat treatment temperature, the optimization of the barium titanate crystallite size and formation of tetragonal phase can be realized.展开更多
AlN whiskers or dendrites were synthesized with asublimation-recrystallization method by using Al, AlN powders and some additives as raw materials.Whiskers with different sizes that featured high purity and good cryst...AlN whiskers or dendrites were synthesized with asublimation-recrystallization method by using Al, AlN powders and some additives as raw materials.Whiskers with different sizes that featured high purity and good crystallinity were obtained bycontrolling temperature and gas supersaturation in the reaction container. The whiskers weredescribed as long and straight single crystals of approximately 1-30 mu m in diameter by thecentimeter range in length. However, AlN dendrites were about 1mm in diameter by 0.5cm in length,and showed an obviously preferential growth orientation, i.e., perpendicular to [21-bar1-bar1] and[101-bar1] planes. It is concluded that the whiskers or dendrites grow via the vapor-solidmechanism.展开更多
Different densities and configurations of crystal defects were obtained in anaustenitic Fe-30 percent Ni alloy and an ultra low carbon bainitic (ULCB) alloy by undergoingdifferent deformations and annealing treatments...Different densities and configurations of crystal defects were obtained in anaustenitic Fe-30 percent Ni alloy and an ultra low carbon bainitic (ULCB) alloy by undergoingdifferent deformations and annealing treatments at high temperatures. Boron segregation on grainboundaries and subgrain boundaries during air-cooling were revealed by means of the particletracking autoradiography technique. It is found that non-equilibrium segregation is resisted indeformed grains after recovery and polygonization, boron-depleted zones seem to be quite clear inrecrystallized grains than those in deformed original grains during cooling. Subgrain boundaries andpolygonized dislocation cells have a significant effect on non-equilibrium boron segregation duringthe air-cooling. The results implicates that dislocation configuration is a more important factoraffecting boron segregation at grain boundaries rather that the density of defects itself in thegrain.展开更多
There are two tpyes of phase transformations in Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-Si alloys when the temperature is decreased,γ(fcc)→ε(hcp) martensitic transformation(MT) and paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition (AMT) of γ pha...There are two tpyes of phase transformations in Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-Si alloys when the temperature is decreased,γ(fcc)→ε(hcp) martensitic transformation(MT) and paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition (AMT) of γ phase.From the thermodynamic point of view,the former usually appears in a slightly higher temperature range than the latter because if is generally accepted that the magnetic tansition has a suppressing effect on the thermally induced ε martensite(Sato et al.,1984.,Bogachev and Zvigintzeva,1976;Murakami et al.,1987:Yang et al.,1992) Gartstein and Robinkin(1979) even thought that the γ-ε transformation should be terminated below Neel temperature(TN) due to the decrease of free energy arising from the AMT of γ phase.However,some experimental results hae indicated the formation of ε phase below T(Li and Wayman,1994:Fujimori.1966).In the present wert.the behavor of γ-ε transformation below TN was furtherinvestigated by clectrical resistance measurements.展开更多
The Ni-Al alloy containing Cr,Fe additives were prepared as Raney Ni Catalyst by high energy milling.The size and surface state of Ni-Al alloy powder were studied by particle size analyzer and sanning electron microsc...The Ni-Al alloy containing Cr,Fe additives were prepared as Raney Ni Catalyst by high energy milling.The size and surface state of Ni-Al alloy powder were studied by particle size analyzer and sanning electron microscopy.the Structure was analyzed by XRD and Moessbauer methods.The results showed that after a high-energy milling(HEM).the Ni-Al alloy transforms to a nano-scale NiAl structure with rich Al.By annealing the alloy,a metastable Ni2Al3 phase can be obtained.展开更多
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of a PZT ferroelectric ceramics in various media, such as moist atmosphere, silicon oil, methanol, water and formamide, and its anisotropy have been investigated at constant load test u...Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of a PZT ferroelectric ceramics in various media, such as moist atmosphere, silicon oil, methanol, water and formamide, and its anisotropy have been investigated at constant load test using a single-edge notched tensile specimen. The results showed that SCC could occur in all media, and the threshold stress intensity factor of SCC in water and formamide, KISCC, revealed anisotropy. The KISCC for poling direction parallel to the crack plane, was greater than that perpendicular to the crack plane, similar to the anisotropy of fracture toughness KIC; however, the anisotropy factor of KISCC, which was =1.8 (in formamide) and 2.1 (in water), was larger than that of KIC, which is =1.4. The stress-induced 90° domain switching causes the anisotropy of KIC and KISCC, besides, the resistance of SCC also has anisotropy.展开更多
基金The work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2003AA001020).
文摘The ageing behavior of an Nb-bearing microalloyed steel at 525℃ was investigated by thermo-simulation test, hardness measurements and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prior to ageing, the steel was deformed in austenite zone followed by a long relaxation. Experimental results indicate that the hardness decreases gradually in the initial stage until ageing for 120 min, and then increases continuously until 1200 min. The coarsened precipitates (>10 nm) formed in deformed austenite remain nearly unchanged in size, even after ageing for long time, while the further precipitates, which nucleate in a phase, contribute to the increasing of hardness. By comparison, the undeformed samples in austenite subjected to the same ageing process display a very similar hardness change trend to that of over-relaxation ones and have higher hardness values at each corresponding period.
基金The work was financially supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50172006, 50232030) the Fund for Returned Overseas Scholar of Ministry of Education of China, and
文摘Some types of ZnO nanostructures with various shape and size, includingtetrapod-like ZnO (T-ZnO) nanorods, nanowires and nanoribbons, have been obtained by controlledgrowth process. The nanostructures of ZnO have been investigated by means of field-emission scanningelectron microscope, transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electronmicroscopy. The growth mechanisms of various ZnO nanostructures were proposed and discussed.
基金[This project was financially supported by the special funds for the Major State Basic Research Projects (G19990650), Visiting Scholar Foundation of Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education PRC and by the NNSF of China.]
文摘In situ tensile tests in a transmission electronmicroscope(TEM)show that dislocations emitted from a modelⅡcrack tipwill form a inverse piled-up group after equilibrium or a doublepiled-up group when they meet a obstruction, e.g., grain boundary orsecond phase. A microcrack can initiates in front of the piled-upgroup of dislocations. Micromechanics analysis shows thatdislocations emitted from a modelⅡblunt crack tip can form a inversepiled-up or double piled-up group, depending upon the applied stressintensity factor K_Ⅱa, lattice friction stressτ_f and the distanceof the obstruction from the crack tip L.
基金This project was supported by the Special Fund for the MajorState Basic Research projects(No. G19990650).
文摘For 308L and 347L weld metals of austenitc stainless steels (ASS), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) occurred during dynamically charging under constant load. The threshold stress intensity for HIC, Km, decreased linearly with the logarithm of the concentration of diffusible hydrogen C0 in the weld metals and the rolled plate of type 304L ASS, i.e., KIH=85.2-10.71nC0 (308L), KIH=76.1-9.31n C0(347L), and KIH=91.7-10.11nC0(304L). The fracture mode for HIC in the three type of ASS changed from ductile to brittle with the decrease in the applied stress intensity KI or/and the increase in C0. The boundary line between ductile and brittle fracture surfaces was KI-54+25exp(-C0/153)=0.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(under Grant No.19890310).
文摘The structures of Ta/Ni81Fe19 and Ni81Fe19/Ta are commonly used in magnetoresistance multilayers. It is found that the thickness of dead layer in Ta/Ni81Fe19/Ta was about 1.6±0.2nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the interfaces of Ta/Ni81Fe19 and Ni81Fe19/Ta. The results show that there is a reaction at the two interfaces: 2Ta+Ni=NiTa2, which caused the thinning of the effective NiFe layer. Furthermore, this reaction could also explain the phenomenon that the dead layer thickness of spin valves multilayers prepared by MBE is thinner than those prepared by magnetron sputtering.
基金The present work has been partially supported by the Japanese Storage Research ConsortiumSupport by Beijing Science and Technology Nova Project(Grant No.H020821290120)is also appreciated.
文摘(FePt/Ag)n nano-multilayers were deposited on MgO (100) single crystal with laser ablation and then subjected to annealing. FePt L1o grains with (001) texture and thus a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy constant Ku of the order of 106 J/m3 were formed. A thick Ag layer is found to be favorable for decreasing the dispersion of the easy axis for magnetization. The measurement of time decay of magnetization gave rise to a small activation volume of the order of 10-25m3, showing the promising of being the recording medium for future high density perpendicular recording.
文摘Barium titanate powder on nanometer scale was synthesized by means of co-precipitation. The thermal mass loss, crystal grain growth and phase transition of the barium titanate nanometer powder were investigated by TG (Thermogravimetric)-DTA (Differential scanning calorimetric) and XRD (X-ray powder diffractometer) at different heat treatment temperatures. The results show that amorphous barium titanate powder can transfer into tetragonal symmetry structure after heat treatment. When the heat treatment temperature is below 900℃, the grains grow rapidly because the activation energy at low temperature is greatly less than that at high temperature. By controlling the heat treatment temperature, the optimization of the barium titanate crystallite size and formation of tetragonal phase can be realized.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No 59872004), the Cross-Century Talents
文摘AlN whiskers or dendrites were synthesized with asublimation-recrystallization method by using Al, AlN powders and some additives as raw materials.Whiskers with different sizes that featured high purity and good crystallinity were obtained bycontrolling temperature and gas supersaturation in the reaction container. The whiskers weredescribed as long and straight single crystals of approximately 1-30 mu m in diameter by thecentimeter range in length. However, AlN dendrites were about 1mm in diameter by 0.5cm in length,and showed an obviously preferential growth orientation, i.e., perpendicular to [21-bar1-bar1] and[101-bar1] planes. It is concluded that the whiskers or dendrites grow via the vapor-solidmechanism.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.59291000).
文摘Different densities and configurations of crystal defects were obtained in anaustenitic Fe-30 percent Ni alloy and an ultra low carbon bainitic (ULCB) alloy by undergoingdifferent deformations and annealing treatments at high temperatures. Boron segregation on grainboundaries and subgrain boundaries during air-cooling were revealed by means of the particletracking autoradiography technique. It is found that non-equilibrium segregation is resisted indeformed grains after recovery and polygonization, boron-depleted zones seem to be quite clear inrecrystallized grains than those in deformed original grains during cooling. Subgrain boundaries andpolygonized dislocation cells have a significant effect on non-equilibrium boron segregation duringthe air-cooling. The results implicates that dislocation configuration is a more important factoraffecting boron segregation at grain boundaries rather that the density of defects itself in thegrain.
文摘There are two tpyes of phase transformations in Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-Si alloys when the temperature is decreased,γ(fcc)→ε(hcp) martensitic transformation(MT) and paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic transition (AMT) of γ phase.From the thermodynamic point of view,the former usually appears in a slightly higher temperature range than the latter because if is generally accepted that the magnetic tansition has a suppressing effect on the thermally induced ε martensite(Sato et al.,1984.,Bogachev and Zvigintzeva,1976;Murakami et al.,1987:Yang et al.,1992) Gartstein and Robinkin(1979) even thought that the γ-ε transformation should be terminated below Neel temperature(TN) due to the decrease of free energy arising from the AMT of γ phase.However,some experimental results hae indicated the formation of ε phase below T(Li and Wayman,1994:Fujimori.1966).In the present wert.the behavor of γ-ε transformation below TN was furtherinvestigated by clectrical resistance measurements.
文摘The Ni-Al alloy containing Cr,Fe additives were prepared as Raney Ni Catalyst by high energy milling.The size and surface state of Ni-Al alloy powder were studied by particle size analyzer and sanning electron microscopy.the Structure was analyzed by XRD and Moessbauer methods.The results showed that after a high-energy milling(HEM).the Ni-Al alloy transforms to a nano-scale NiAl structure with rich Al.By annealing the alloy,a metastable Ni2Al3 phase can be obtained.
文摘Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of a PZT ferroelectric ceramics in various media, such as moist atmosphere, silicon oil, methanol, water and formamide, and its anisotropy have been investigated at constant load test using a single-edge notched tensile specimen. The results showed that SCC could occur in all media, and the threshold stress intensity factor of SCC in water and formamide, KISCC, revealed anisotropy. The KISCC for poling direction parallel to the crack plane, was greater than that perpendicular to the crack plane, similar to the anisotropy of fracture toughness KIC; however, the anisotropy factor of KISCC, which was =1.8 (in formamide) and 2.1 (in water), was larger than that of KIC, which is =1.4. The stress-induced 90° domain switching causes the anisotropy of KIC and KISCC, besides, the resistance of SCC also has anisotropy.
