This paper presents an introductory overview on the development of fault-tolerant control systems. For this reason, the paper is written in a tutorial fashion to summarize some of the important results in this subject...This paper presents an introductory overview on the development of fault-tolerant control systems. For this reason, the paper is written in a tutorial fashion to summarize some of the important results in this subject area deliberately without going into details in any of them. However, key references are provided from which interested readers can obtain more detailed information on a particular subject. It is necessary to mention that, throughout this paper, no efforts were made to provide an exhaustive coverage on the subject matter. In fact, it is far from it. The paper merely represents the view and experience of its author. It can very well be that some important issues or topics were left out unintentionally. If that is the case, the author sincerely apologizes in advance.After a brief account of fault-tolerant control systems, particularly on the original motivations, and the concept of redundancies, the paper reviews the development of fault-tolerant control systems with highlights to several important issues from a historical perspective. The general approaches to fault-tolerant control has been divided into passive, active, and hybrid approaches. The analysis techniques for active fault-tolerant control systems are also discussed. Practical applications of faulttolerant control are highlighted from a practical and industrial perspective. Finally, some critical issues in this area are discussed as open problems for future research/development in this emerging field.展开更多
The pronunciation variability is an important issue that must be faced with when developing practical automatic spontaneous speech recognition systems .In this paper,the factors that may affect the recognition perform...The pronunciation variability is an important issue that must be faced with when developing practical automatic spontaneous speech recognition systems .In this paper,the factors that may affect the recognition performance are analyzed,inculding those specific to the Chinese language.By studyin the INITIAL/FINAL（IF）characteristics of Chinese language and developing the Bayesian equation,the concepts of generalized INITIAL/FINAL（GIF） and generalized syllable(GS),the GIF modeling and the IF-GIF modeling,as well as the context-dependent pronunciation weighting,are proposed based on a well phonetically transcribed seed database.By using these methods,the Chinese sylable error rate(SER) is reduced by 6.3% and 4.2% compared with the GIF modeling and IF modeling respectively when the language model,such as syllable or word N-gram,is not used.The effectiveness of these methods is also proved when more data without the phonetic transcription are used to refine the acoustic model using the proposed iterative forced-alignment based transcribing(IFABT)method,achieving a 5.7% SER reduction.展开更多
The matrir analytic analysis of queues with complex arrival, vacation and service characteristics requires the solution of nonlinear matrir equation. The complexity and large dimensionality of the model require an eff...The matrir analytic analysis of queues with complex arrival, vacation and service characteristics requires the solution of nonlinear matrir equation. The complexity and large dimensionality of the model require an efficient and smart algorithm for the so-lution. In this paperl we propose an efficient Adaptive Newton-Kantorovich (ANK)method for speeding up the algorithm solving the nonlinear matrir equation which is an inevitable step in the analysis of the queue with embedded Markov chain such as BMAP/SMSP/1/ queue or its discrete version. BMAP/SMSP/1/ is a queu-ing model with a Semi Markov Service time Process (SMSP) and a Batch Markovian Arrival Process (BMAP). The numerical result is preselited for the discrete case of N-MMBP/D/1 queue which arises in analyzing traffic aspect of computer communica-tion network, where MMBP is Markov Modulated Bermoulli Process. The comparisons of Adaptive Newton-Kantorovich (ANK) with Modified NeWton-Kalltorovich (MNK)show that ANK saves 3o% of CPU time when the number of user N is 50.展开更多
基金Supported by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
文摘This paper presents an introductory overview on the development of fault-tolerant control systems. For this reason, the paper is written in a tutorial fashion to summarize some of the important results in this subject area deliberately without going into details in any of them. However, key references are provided from which interested readers can obtain more detailed information on a particular subject. It is necessary to mention that, throughout this paper, no efforts were made to provide an exhaustive coverage on the subject matter. In fact, it is far from it. The paper merely represents the view and experience of its author. It can very well be that some important issues or topics were left out unintentionally. If that is the case, the author sincerely apologizes in advance.After a brief account of fault-tolerant control systems, particularly on the original motivations, and the concept of redundancies, the paper reviews the development of fault-tolerant control systems with highlights to several important issues from a historical perspective. The general approaches to fault-tolerant control has been divided into passive, active, and hybrid approaches. The analysis techniques for active fault-tolerant control systems are also discussed. Practical applications of faulttolerant control are highlighted from a practical and industrial perspective. Finally, some critical issues in this area are discussed as open problems for future research/development in this emerging field.
文摘The pronunciation variability is an important issue that must be faced with when developing practical automatic spontaneous speech recognition systems .In this paper,the factors that may affect the recognition performance are analyzed,inculding those specific to the Chinese language.By studyin the INITIAL/FINAL（IF）characteristics of Chinese language and developing the Bayesian equation,the concepts of generalized INITIAL/FINAL（GIF） and generalized syllable(GS),the GIF modeling and the IF-GIF modeling,as well as the context-dependent pronunciation weighting,are proposed based on a well phonetically transcribed seed database.By using these methods,the Chinese sylable error rate(SER) is reduced by 6.3% and 4.2% compared with the GIF modeling and IF modeling respectively when the language model,such as syllable or word N-gram,is not used.The effectiveness of these methods is also proved when more data without the phonetic transcription are used to refine the acoustic model using the proposed iterative forced-alignment based transcribing(IFABT)method,achieving a 5.7% SER reduction.
文摘The matrir analytic analysis of queues with complex arrival, vacation and service characteristics requires the solution of nonlinear matrir equation. The complexity and large dimensionality of the model require an efficient and smart algorithm for the so-lution. In this paperl we propose an efficient Adaptive Newton-Kantorovich (ANK)method for speeding up the algorithm solving the nonlinear matrir equation which is an inevitable step in the analysis of the queue with embedded Markov chain such as BMAP/SMSP/1/ queue or its discrete version. BMAP/SMSP/1/ is a queu-ing model with a Semi Markov Service time Process (SMSP) and a Batch Markovian Arrival Process (BMAP). The numerical result is preselited for the discrete case of N-MMBP/D/1 queue which arises in analyzing traffic aspect of computer communica-tion network, where MMBP is Markov Modulated Bermoulli Process. The comparisons of Adaptive Newton-Kantorovich (ANK) with Modified NeWton-Kalltorovich (MNK)show that ANK saves 3o% of CPU time when the number of user N is 50.
