The electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by adding lactic acid in cathode chamber as an enhancing reagent was evaluated. Two sets of duplicate experiments with chromium contaminated ka...The electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by adding lactic acid in cathode chamber as an enhancing reagent was evaluated. Two sets of duplicate experiments with chromium contaminated kaolinite and with a silty soil sampled from a superfund site in California of USA and polluted by Cr and Cu, were carried out in a constant current mode. Changes of soil water content and soil pH before and after the electrokinetic experiments, and variations of voltage drop and electroosmosis flow during the treatments were examined. The results indicated that Cr, spiked as Cr(Ⅵ) in the kaolinite, was accumulated mainly in the anode chamber, and some of Cr and metal hydroxides precipitated in the soil sections in contact with the cathode, which significantly increased electrical energy consumption. Treatment of the soil collected from the site showed accumulation of large amounts of Cr and Cu in the anode chamber while none was detected in the cathode one. The results suggested that the two metals either complexed with the injected lactic acid at the cathode or existed as negatively charged complex, and electromigrated toward the anode under a voltage gradient.展开更多
The Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) package is used to better understand the variabilities of surface current transport in the Tropical Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 1999. Seasonal variation, interannual and decada...The Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) package is used to better understand the variabilities of surface current transport in the Tropical Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 1999. Seasonal variation, interannual and decadal variability analyses are conducted on the three major surface currents of the Tropical Pacific Ocean: the North Equatorial Current (NEC), the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), and the South Equatorial Current (SEC). The transport of SEC is quite larger than those of NEC and NECC. The SEC has two maximums in February and August. The NEC has a small annual variation. The NECC has a maximum in October and is very weak in March and April. All currents have remarkable interannual and decadal variabilities. The variabilities of the NEC and the SEC relate to the winds over them well, but the relationship between the NECC and the wind over it is not close. Analysis related to El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) suggests that before El Nio (La Nia) the SEC is weaker (stronger) and the NECC is stronger (weaker), after El Nio (La Nia) the SEC is stronger (weaker) and the SEC is weaker (stronger). There is no notable relationship between the NEC and ENSO.展开更多
This paper discusses a vehicle performance and emission monitoring system (VPEMS) capable of interfacing with either a vehicle engine management system (EMS) or a sensor array fitted to the vehicle. It also describes ...This paper discusses a vehicle performance and emission monitoring system (VPEMS) capable of interfacing with either a vehicle engine management system (EMS) or a sensor array fitted to the vehicle. It also describes the procedures used to validate the data generated by both diesel and petrol powered vehicles. These include the results of bench and field experiments using two instrumented vehicles and of experiments on a chassis dynamometer emissions test facility. The prototype VPEMS attains the specified performance levels for each of the subsystems, with aggregate mass emissions agreeing with the reference to within 11.5%, 8.1% and 17.7% for CO, CO2 and NO, respectively. The collation of these data to produce coherent spatially and temporally referenced databases of vehicle performance and the emission is demonstrated.展开更多
Simultaneous removals of dye and nitrate by photo dependent denitrifying sludge(PDDS) have been demonstrated in a continuous flow bench scale reactor. The best C/N for the degradation of azo dyes by PDDS was 1.5. T...Simultaneous removals of dye and nitrate by photo dependent denitrifying sludge(PDDS) have been demonstrated in a continuous flow bench scale reactor. The best C/N for the degradation of azo dyes by PDDS was 1.5. The specific removal rate of azo dye AB92 decreased with a decrease in hydraulic retention time and increased with a decrease in solids retention time. The degradation rate of TOC decreased with a decrease in hydraulic retention time. AB92, which has nitro and hydroxyl substitutions in non para positions, was uniquely degraded. During continuous flow treatment experiments using PDDS, complete degradation of azo dyes AB92 and AO20 at influent concentrations of 40 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively, was achieved with an HRT of 16.展开更多
The need to provide efficient public transport services in urban areas has led to the implementation of bus priority measures in many congested cities. Much interest has recently centred on priority at signal controll...The need to provide efficient public transport services in urban areas has led to the implementation of bus priority measures in many congested cities. Much interest has recently centred on priority at signal controlled junctions, including the concept of pre-signals, where traffic signals are installed at or near the end of a with-flow bus lane to provide buses with priority access to the downstream junction. Although a number of pre-signals have now been installed in the UK, particularly in London, there has been very little published research into the analysis of benefits and disbenefits to both buses and non-priority vehicles at pre-signalised intersections.This paper addresses these points through the development of analytical procedures which allow pre-implementation evaluation of specific categories of pre-signals.展开更多
文摘The electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by adding lactic acid in cathode chamber as an enhancing reagent was evaluated. Two sets of duplicate experiments with chromium contaminated kaolinite and with a silty soil sampled from a superfund site in California of USA and polluted by Cr and Cu, were carried out in a constant current mode. Changes of soil water content and soil pH before and after the electrokinetic experiments, and variations of voltage drop and electroosmosis flow during the treatments were examined. The results indicated that Cr, spiked as Cr(Ⅵ) in the kaolinite, was accumulated mainly in the anode chamber, and some of Cr and metal hydroxides precipitated in the soil sections in contact with the cathode, which significantly increased electrical energy consumption. Treatment of the soil collected from the site showed accumulation of large amounts of Cr and Cu in the anode chamber while none was detected in the cathode one. The results suggested that the two metals either complexed with the injected lactic acid at the cathode or existed as negatively charged complex, and electromigrated toward the anode under a voltage gradient.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40176003 and 40136010)Anna Zaklikowski was supported by the funding of the U.S.National Science Foundation
文摘The Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) package is used to better understand the variabilities of surface current transport in the Tropical Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 1999. Seasonal variation, interannual and decadal variability analyses are conducted on the three major surface currents of the Tropical Pacific Ocean: the North Equatorial Current (NEC), the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), and the South Equatorial Current (SEC). The transport of SEC is quite larger than those of NEC and NECC. The SEC has two maximums in February and August. The NEC has a small annual variation. The NECC has a maximum in October and is very weak in March and April. All currents have remarkable interannual and decadal variabilities. The variabilities of the NEC and the SEC relate to the winds over them well, but the relationship between the NECC and the wind over it is not close. Analysis related to El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) suggests that before El Nio (La Nia) the SEC is weaker (stronger) and the NECC is stronger (weaker), after El Nio (La Nia) the SEC is stronger (weaker) and the SEC is weaker (stronger). There is no notable relationship between the NEC and ENSO.
文摘This paper discusses a vehicle performance and emission monitoring system (VPEMS) capable of interfacing with either a vehicle engine management system (EMS) or a sensor array fitted to the vehicle. It also describes the procedures used to validate the data generated by both diesel and petrol powered vehicles. These include the results of bench and field experiments using two instrumented vehicles and of experiments on a chassis dynamometer emissions test facility. The prototype VPEMS attains the specified performance levels for each of the subsystems, with aggregate mass emissions agreeing with the reference to within 11.5%, 8.1% and 17.7% for CO, CO2 and NO, respectively. The collation of these data to produce coherent spatially and temporally referenced databases of vehicle performance and the emission is demonstrated.
文摘Simultaneous removals of dye and nitrate by photo dependent denitrifying sludge(PDDS) have been demonstrated in a continuous flow bench scale reactor. The best C/N for the degradation of azo dyes by PDDS was 1.5. The specific removal rate of azo dye AB92 decreased with a decrease in hydraulic retention time and increased with a decrease in solids retention time. The degradation rate of TOC decreased with a decrease in hydraulic retention time. AB92, which has nitro and hydroxyl substitutions in non para positions, was uniquely degraded. During continuous flow treatment experiments using PDDS, complete degradation of azo dyes AB92 and AO20 at influent concentrations of 40 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively, was achieved with an HRT of 16.
文摘The need to provide efficient public transport services in urban areas has led to the implementation of bus priority measures in many congested cities. Much interest has recently centred on priority at signal controlled junctions, including the concept of pre-signals, where traffic signals are installed at or near the end of a with-flow bus lane to provide buses with priority access to the downstream junction. Although a number of pre-signals have now been installed in the UK, particularly in London, there has been very little published research into the analysis of benefits and disbenefits to both buses and non-priority vehicles at pre-signalised intersections.This paper addresses these points through the development of analytical procedures which allow pre-implementation evaluation of specific categories of pre-signals.
