Current global warming is particularly pronounced in the Arctic and arthropods are expected to respond rapidly to these changes. Long-term studies of individual arthropod species from the Arctic are, however, virtuall...Current global warming is particularly pronounced in the Arctic and arthropods are expected to respond rapidly to these changes. Long-term studies of individual arthropod species from the Arctic are, however, virtually absent. We examined butterfly specimens collected from yellow pitfall traps over 14 years （1996-2009） at Zackenberg in high-arctic, north-east Greenland. Specimens were previously sorted to the family level. We identified them to the species level and examined long-term species-specific phenological responses to recent summer wanning. Two species were rare in the samples （Polaris fritillary Boloria polaris and Arctic blue Plebejus glandon） and statistical analyses of phenological responses were therefore restricted to the two most abundant species （Arctic fritillary, B. chariclea and Northern clouded yellow Colias hecla）. Our analyses demonstrated a trend towards earlier flight seasons in B. chariclea, but not in C. hecla. The timing of onset, peak and end of the flight season in B. chariclea were closely related to snowmelt, July temperature and their interaction, whereas onset, peak and end of the flight season in C. hecla were only related to timing of snowmelt. The duration of the butterfly flight season was significantly positively related to the temporal overlap with floral resources in both butterfly species. We further demonstrate that yellow pitfall traps are a useful alternative to transect walks for butterfly recording in tundra habitats. More phenological studies of Arctic arthropods should be carded out at the species level and ideally be analysed in context with interacting species to assess how ongoing climate change will affect Arctic biodiversity in the near future [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 243-251, 2014].展开更多
The polymorphism of MHC class II B gene in 14 Chinese alligators was analyzed,which came from three different areas:a wild population from Xuancheng,Anhui,a captive population from Changxing,Zhejiang,and a captive pop...The polymorphism of MHC class II B gene in 14 Chinese alligators was analyzed,which came from three different areas:a wild population from Xuancheng,Anhui,a captive population from Changxing,Zhejiang,and a captive population from Anhui Research Center for Reproduction of Chinese Alligators.The gene fragment was amplified using a pair of specific primers designed from the MHC gene sequence of the spectacled caiman.A total of 34 sequence haplotypes of exon 3 were detected in the sampled Chinese alligators.The numbers of haplotypes of the 3 Chinese alligator populations were 15,10,and 9,respectively.The overall estimation of the MHC polymorphism in the Chinese alligator population was higher than those in mammals and in cypdnid fish,The rates of nonsynonymous substitutions(dN)occurred at a significantly lower frequency than that of synonymous substitutions(ds),which were not consistent with the common rule.This result might suggest that the polymorphism of exon 3 seemed not to be maintained by the balancing selection.The neutrality test of Tajima excluded the null hypothesis that the polymorphism of exon 3 was generated by a random drift,and the fact that D=-0.401 indicated an excess of rare mutations in the Chinese alligator.The nucleotide diversity of the sequences and the phylogenetic relations were also analyzed,and the results suggested that there was no significant difference in genetic diversity among the 3 populations of Chinese alligator.展开更多
Staphyloccus aureus （S. aureus） is a well known human pathogen known to causes a verity of infections in humans. In recent years S. aureus is reported to show drug resistant toward commonly known drugs. Therefore, t...Staphyloccus aureus （S. aureus） is a well known human pathogen known to causes a verity of infections in humans. In recent years S. aureus is reported to show drug resistant toward commonly known drugs. Therefore, this study was designed to study the pattern of antibiotic resistance in 50 clinical isolates ofS. aureus isolated at Dhanwantri Hospital and Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. S. aureus cultures were isolated from different clinical samples, pus, throat swabs and urine on Blood agar and MacConkey agar and Chrom agar plats and characterized by an array of microscopic and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by standard disc diffusion method （Kirby bayer＇s method） on Muller Hinton agar plates. During this study, among 50 S. aureus isolates 48 （96%） were found to be resistance toward Aztreonam and Doxicycline followed by Ciprofloxacin （n = 45, 90%）, Cefpodoxime and Ceftazidime （n = 44, 88%）, Cefuroxime （n = 40, 80%）, Pipracillin ＋ Tazobactum （n = 38, 76%）, Cefoparazone （n = 36, 72%）, Amoxicillin ＋ Clavulanic acid and Ceftriaxone （n = 33, 66%）, Levofloxacin （n = 32, 64%）, Moxifloxacin （n = 31, 62%）, Ofloaxacin （n = 25, 50%）, Cloxacillin （n = 22, 44%）, Azithromycin （n = 21, 42%）, Clindamycin （n = 19, 38%）, Meropenem （n = 18, 36%）, Clarithromycin （n = 16, 32%）, Ampicillin ＋ sulbactam （n = 13, 26%）, Amikacin （n = 12, 24%）, Impipenem （n = 8, 16%）, Linezolid and Methicillin （n = 7, 14%） and Teicoplanin （n = 3, 6%）. In conclusion, the isolated S. aureus found to be resistant toward common antibiotics, however all isolates were found to be susceptible to Vancomycin.展开更多
文摘Current global warming is particularly pronounced in the Arctic and arthropods are expected to respond rapidly to these changes. Long-term studies of individual arthropod species from the Arctic are, however, virtually absent. We examined butterfly specimens collected from yellow pitfall traps over 14 years （1996-2009） at Zackenberg in high-arctic, north-east Greenland. Specimens were previously sorted to the family level. We identified them to the species level and examined long-term species-specific phenological responses to recent summer wanning. Two species were rare in the samples （Polaris fritillary Boloria polaris and Arctic blue Plebejus glandon） and statistical analyses of phenological responses were therefore restricted to the two most abundant species （Arctic fritillary, B. chariclea and Northern clouded yellow Colias hecla）. Our analyses demonstrated a trend towards earlier flight seasons in B. chariclea, but not in C. hecla. The timing of onset, peak and end of the flight season in B. chariclea were closely related to snowmelt, July temperature and their interaction, whereas onset, peak and end of the flight season in C. hecla were only related to timing of snowmelt. The duration of the butterfly flight season was significantly positively related to the temporal overlap with floral resources in both butterfly species. We further demonstrate that yellow pitfall traps are a useful alternative to transect walks for butterfly recording in tundra habitats. More phenological studies of Arctic arthropods should be carded out at the species level and ideally be analysed in context with interacting species to assess how ongoing climate change will affect Arctic biodiversity in the near future [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 243-251, 2014].
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30270213 and 30470244)a grant of Special Scholar Foundation from Anhui Province(No.04043049)the Key Laboratory of Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui Province.
文摘The polymorphism of MHC class II B gene in 14 Chinese alligators was analyzed,which came from three different areas:a wild population from Xuancheng,Anhui,a captive population from Changxing,Zhejiang,and a captive population from Anhui Research Center for Reproduction of Chinese Alligators.The gene fragment was amplified using a pair of specific primers designed from the MHC gene sequence of the spectacled caiman.A total of 34 sequence haplotypes of exon 3 were detected in the sampled Chinese alligators.The numbers of haplotypes of the 3 Chinese alligator populations were 15,10,and 9,respectively.The overall estimation of the MHC polymorphism in the Chinese alligator population was higher than those in mammals and in cypdnid fish,The rates of nonsynonymous substitutions(dN)occurred at a significantly lower frequency than that of synonymous substitutions(ds),which were not consistent with the common rule.This result might suggest that the polymorphism of exon 3 seemed not to be maintained by the balancing selection.The neutrality test of Tajima excluded the null hypothesis that the polymorphism of exon 3 was generated by a random drift,and the fact that D=-0.401 indicated an excess of rare mutations in the Chinese alligator.The nucleotide diversity of the sequences and the phylogenetic relations were also analyzed,and the results suggested that there was no significant difference in genetic diversity among the 3 populations of Chinese alligator.
文摘Staphyloccus aureus （S. aureus） is a well known human pathogen known to causes a verity of infections in humans. In recent years S. aureus is reported to show drug resistant toward commonly known drugs. Therefore, this study was designed to study the pattern of antibiotic resistance in 50 clinical isolates ofS. aureus isolated at Dhanwantri Hospital and Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. S. aureus cultures were isolated from different clinical samples, pus, throat swabs and urine on Blood agar and MacConkey agar and Chrom agar plats and characterized by an array of microscopic and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by standard disc diffusion method （Kirby bayer＇s method） on Muller Hinton agar plates. During this study, among 50 S. aureus isolates 48 （96%） were found to be resistance toward Aztreonam and Doxicycline followed by Ciprofloxacin （n = 45, 90%）, Cefpodoxime and Ceftazidime （n = 44, 88%）, Cefuroxime （n = 40, 80%）, Pipracillin ＋ Tazobactum （n = 38, 76%）, Cefoparazone （n = 36, 72%）, Amoxicillin ＋ Clavulanic acid and Ceftriaxone （n = 33, 66%）, Levofloxacin （n = 32, 64%）, Moxifloxacin （n = 31, 62%）, Ofloaxacin （n = 25, 50%）, Cloxacillin （n = 22, 44%）, Azithromycin （n = 21, 42%）, Clindamycin （n = 19, 38%）, Meropenem （n = 18, 36%）, Clarithromycin （n = 16, 32%）, Ampicillin ＋ sulbactam （n = 13, 26%）, Amikacin （n = 12, 24%）, Impipenem （n = 8, 16%）, Linezolid and Methicillin （n = 7, 14%） and Teicoplanin （n = 3, 6%）. In conclusion, the isolated S. aureus found to be resistant toward common antibiotics, however all isolates were found to be susceptible to Vancomycin.
