High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by t...High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by the alloy interface structures.Despite substantial efforts,a comprehensive overview of interface engineering of high-performance alloys has not been presented so far.In this study,the interfaces in high-performance alloys,particularly grain and phase boundaries,were systematically examined,with emphasis on their crystallographic characteristics and chemical element segregations.The effects of the interfaces on the electrical conductivity,mechanical strength,toughness,hydrogen embrittlement resistance,and thermal stability of the alloys were elucidated.Moreover,correlations among various types of interfaces and advanced experimental and computational techniques were examined using big data analytics,enabling robust design strategies.Challenges currently faced in the field of interface engineering and emerging opportunities in the field are also discussed.The study results would guide the development of next-generation high-performance alloys.展开更多
Mid-wavelength infrared(MWIR)and long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)detectors,which operate within the 3-14µm wavelength range,have been extensively employed in various fields,including military,space exploration,envi...Mid-wavelength infrared(MWIR)and long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)detectors,which operate within the 3-14µm wavelength range,have been extensively employed in various fields,including military,space exploration,environmental monitoring,biomedicine,and chemical analysis.While thermal detectors are commonly used,their limitations in sensitivity and response time render them less suitable for next-generation MWIR and LWIR applications.These advanced applications necessitate the use of narrow bandgap semiconductor-based photodetectors,which offer tunable optoelectronic properties and higher specific detectivity compared to thermal detectors.In this review,we provide a detailed analysis of the operational principles and manufacturing strategies of infrared photodetectors based on narrow bandgap semiconductors,which enable high-performance detection in the MWIR and LWIR regions.Our focus is specifically on scalable fabrication of MWIR and LWIR photodetectors,emphasizing devices with active areas ranging from millimeters to centimeters.Researches on large-scale fabrication of infrared photodetectors using quantum dots,two-dimensional(2D)van der Waals(vdW)materials,and three-dimensional(3D)bulk semiconductors are investigated.Finally,we summarize the remaining challenges in developing scalable narrow bandgap semiconductor-based MWIR and LWIR photodetectors for commercialization.By addressing the obstacles such as the difficulty in large-scale unform film synthesis,the requirement for cryogenic device operation,and the introduction of high-density of defect states during the hybridization processes,MWIR and LWIR photodetectors based on narrow bandgap semiconductors will pave the way for designing new sensory systems and applications in a wavelength regime that has been less developed compared to the visible and near-infrared(NIR)ranges.展开更多
Laser-induced graphene(LIG)has emerged as a versatile,sustainable material for advanced energy technologies,offering a scalable,catalyst-free,and programmable method to directly convert carbon-rich substrates into por...Laser-induced graphene(LIG)has emerged as a versatile,sustainable material for advanced energy technologies,offering a scalable,catalyst-free,and programmable method to directly convert carbon-rich substrates into porous,conductive graphene.This single-step laser writing approach enables flexible,patternable electrodes without complex post-processing.With its high conductivity,large surface area,and tunable chemistry,LIG is well-suited for diverse applications including batteries,supercapacitors,dyesensitized solar cells(DSSCs),dual cells,water-splitting electrocatalysis,and triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs).In energy storage,LIG improves charge transport,buffer volume changes,and provides a robust framework,enhancing capacitance,cycling stability,and rate capability.Its catalytic activity is further boosted through heteroatom doping or transition-metal incorporation,achieving HER/OER performance comparable to noble metals.In DSSCs,LIG functions as a flexible,low-cost alternative to platinum counter electrodes,while in TENGs,its strong triboelectric response and mechanical durability enable integration into self-powered,wearable systems.Despite the immense recent progress in this field,challenges remain regarding the scalability,long-term operational stability,and interfacial engineering of LIGbased composites.Further exploration into multi-laser systems,substrate diversity,and synergistic composite architectures will be crucial to optimizing device performance and reliability.Nevertheless,the green,cost-efficient,rapid,and programmable synthesis of LIG poses it as a cornerstone potential building block material in the development of future sustainable and multifunctional energy systems.Throughout the review we compare fabrication strategies,summarize performance metrics against relevant benchmarks,and identifying common mechanistic advantages conferred by the laser writing process.Remaining challenges-such as scale-up,precursor diversity,long-term environmental stability,and integration into complex device architectures-are outlined alongside prospective research directions.Collectively,this review article provides an in-depth perspective on the multifunctional nature of LIG,underscoring its promise in next-generation energy storage,conversion,harvesting applications,and laying the groundwork for future research directions.展开更多
Electrocatalytic nitric oxide(NO)reduction reaction(NORR)is a promising and sustainable process that can simultaneously realize green ammonia(NH3)synthesis and hazardous NO removal.However,current NORR performances ar...Electrocatalytic nitric oxide(NO)reduction reaction(NORR)is a promising and sustainable process that can simultaneously realize green ammonia(NH3)synthesis and hazardous NO removal.However,current NORR performances are far from practical needs due to the lack of efficient electrocatalysts.Engineering the lattice of metal-based nanomaterials via phase control has emerged as an effective strategy to modulate their intrinsic electrocatalytic properties.Herein,we realize boron(B)-insertion-induced phase regulation of rhodium(Rh)nanocrystals to obtain amorphous Rh_(4)B nanoparticles(NPs)and hexagonal close-packed(hcp)RhB NPs through a facile wet-chemical method.A high Faradaic efficiency(92.1±1.2%)and NH_(3) yield rate(629.5±11.0μmol h^(−1) cm^(−2))are achieved over hcp RhB NPs,far superior to those of most reported NORR nanocatalysts.In situ spectro-electrochemical analysis and density functional theory simulations reveal that the excellent electrocatalytic performances of hcp RhB NPs are attributed to the upshift of d-band center,enhanced NO adsorption/activation profile,and greatly reduced energy barrier of the rate-determining step.A demonstrative Zn-NO battery is assembled using hcp RhB NPs as the cathode and delivers a peak power density of 4.33 mW cm−2,realizing simultaneous NO removal,NH3 synthesis,and electricity output.展开更多
W-CoFeNi WHAs(tungsten heavy alloys)were fabricated by powder metallurgy with sintering temperatures ranging from 1480 to 1560℃.The influence of sintering temperatures on microstructure evolutions and mechanical prop...W-CoFeNi WHAs(tungsten heavy alloys)were fabricated by powder metallurgy with sintering temperatures ranging from 1480 to 1560℃.The influence of sintering temperatures on microstructure evolutions and mechanical properties of W-CoFeNi WHAs was investigated.The experimental results show that near-spherical W grains are distributed in CoFeNi ternary multi-principal-elements alloy(MPEA)with the formation of W-richμphase in all W-CoFeNi WHAs.The volume fractions ofμphase and average W grain size increase with sintering temperatures changing from 1480 to 1560℃.The activation energy for W grain growth is significantly higher than that of traditional W-Ni-Fe and W-Ni-Co WHAs,which indicates grain coarsening behavior in CoFeNi MPEA became more difficult compared to the conventional binder alloys.W-CoFeNi sintered at 1480℃exhibits the highest yield strength of 698 MPa among all WHAs due to finer W grain size.The compressive strength and fracture strain of W-CoFeNi reduce when sintering temperatures rise from 1480 to 1560℃.展开更多
Carbon coatings for silicon(Si)-based anode materials are essential for designing high-performance Li-ion batteries(LIBs).The coatings prevent direct contact with the electrolyte and enhance anode performance.However,...Carbon coatings for silicon(Si)-based anode materials are essential for designing high-performance Li-ion batteries(LIBs).The coatings prevent direct contact with the electrolyte and enhance anode performance.However,conventional carbon coatings are limited by their volume expansion and structural degradation,which lead to capacity fading and reduced durability.This study introduces a scalable and practical one-step carbon-coating strategy for directly coating silicon suboxide(SiO_(x))-based materials using aqueous quasi-defect-free reduced graphene oxide(QrGO)without post-treatment,unlike conventional graphene oxide(GO)-based coating methods.This simple process enables uniform encapsulation with QrGO for a highly adhesive and conductive coating.The QrGO-based composite anode material has several advantages,including reduced cracking due to volume expansion and enhanced charge carrier transport,as well as an increased Si content of 20 wt.%compared to the 5 wt.%in typical commercial Si-based active materials.In particular,the capacity retention of the QrGO-coated Si electrodes dramatically increases at high C-rate.The full cell exhibited long-term stability and capacity that were twice that of commercial SiO_(x)-based cells.Therefore,the QrGO-based one-step coating process represents a scalable,transformative,and commercially viable strategy for developing high-performance LIBs.展开更多
Enhancing the oxidation resistance of Co-based superalloys by adding a high content of Cr,while simultaneously ensuring the stability of theγ/γ′phases,presents a significant challenge.This study evaluated the alloy...Enhancing the oxidation resistance of Co-based superalloys by adding a high content of Cr,while simultaneously ensuring the stability of theγ/γ′phases,presents a significant challenge.This study evaluated the alloying potential of Co–30Ni–10Al–5V–4Ta using the CALPHAD method,revealing promising characteristics.The developed Co–30Ni–10Al–5V–4Ta–12Cr alloy characterized by high Cr content andγ/γ′two-phase structure,demonstrating highγ′solvus temperature of 1139℃,low density of 8.48 g/cm^(3),minimalγ/γ′lattice misfit of +0.28%,high compressive yield strength of 651 MPa at 800℃,and excellent oxidation resistance with a weight gain of 6.5 mg/cm^(3)after 200 h at 1000℃.Examination of the oxidation behavior at 1000℃ revealed an oxide layer consisting of a porous outer CoO,NiO,and V_(3)O_(4)(CNV)oxide and a denser inner mixed oxide layer comprising CoO,NiO,and V_(3)O_(4)(CNV)oxide,Al_(2)O_(3),Cr_(2)O_(3),CoO,and NiO(CNAC)oxide,and TaO_(2),CoO,and NiO(CNT)oxide.展开更多
The dependence of interface structure and mechanical properties on the modulation layer thickness of VN/TiN−Ni nano-multilayered films deposited on Si substrates using a reactive magnetron sputtering technique was sys...The dependence of interface structure and mechanical properties on the modulation layer thickness of VN/TiN−Ni nano-multilayered films deposited on Si substrates using a reactive magnetron sputtering technique was systematically investigated. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. The results show that the TiN−Ni layer grows epitaxially on the VN layer, forming a coherent interface between the two sublayers. When the deposition time ratio of the two sublayers (TTiN−Ni꞉TVN) is 10꞉12, the films exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, with hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness values of 25.9 GPa, 317 GPa, and 1.88 MPa·m^(1/2), respectively. Meanwhile, fracture toughness is improved by approximately 50% compared to the VN monolithic film. This enhancement is attributed to the coherent interface between the sublayers and the phase separation in the TiN−Ni layer.展开更多
The sluggish Li^(+)migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,an artificial protective layer is ...The sluggish Li^(+)migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,an artificial protective layer is constructed using zwitterionic covalent organic framework(Z-COF)simultaneously containing sulfonate and ethidium groups,aiming to facilitate rapid,uniform Li^(+)transport and stabilize anode interface.The sulfonate groups with high lithiophilicity provide abundant hopping sites for fast Li^(+)diffusion.The ethidium cations immobilize TFSI-and solvent molecules by ion-dipole interactions,which accelerate the dissociation of LiTFSI and Li^(+)desolvation.Moreover,the monodispersed zwitterionic units coupling with ordered micropore structures in Z-COF create exclusive Li^(+)migration channels,modulate homogeneous space charge distribution,kinetically facilitating uniform Li^(+)deposition.Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that C-F and S-N bonds of TFSI-exhibit enhanced cleavage susceptibility driven by electrostatic attraction,realizing a LiF/Li_(3)N-rich electrolyte/electrode interface.The designed Z-COF protection layer enables Li|Li symmetrical cells stable cycling over 6300 h at 2 mA cm^(-2)/2 mAh cm^(-2).The Z-COF@Li|LiFePO_(4)(LFP)full cells deliver high-capacity retention of 85.2%after 1000 cycles at 8 C.The assembled Z-COF@Li|LFP pouch cells demonstrate a lifespan of more than 240 cycles.This work provides fresh insights into the practical application of zwitterionic COF in next-generation LMBs.展开更多
Zinc oxide(ZnO)films,as representative piezoelectric semiconductors,have garnered considerable interest in ultrasonic testing.Current research challenges include maintaining the consistency of continuous c-axis orient...Zinc oxide(ZnO)films,as representative piezoelectric semiconductors,have garnered considerable interest in ultrasonic testing.Current research challenges include maintaining the consistency of continuous c-axis orientation and determining the fundamental link between the electrical structure and piezoelectric response.Accordingly,we have proposed ZnO films incorporated with an orientation-inducing layer(OIL),utilizing orientation induction and rapid deposition technology to regulate the growth structure of the ZnO films.Furthermore,the influence of the competitive mechanism between the film growth and lateral diffusion on the film's growth structure has been investigated.Piezoelectric force microscopy(PFM)analysis demonstrated the regulation and enhancement of ZnO piezoelectric polarization by the OIL.The enhancement mechanism of OIL on film performance was revealed via experimental examination of the film structure,morphology,crystallization orientation,oxygen vacancies,carrier concentration,band structure,and density of states based on density functional theory(DFT).Benefiting from the superior electromechanical response of the ZnO OIL sensor,characterized by fast response recovery times of 2.4 ms/7.7 ms and a sensitivity of 1.09 V/N,the device has successfully demonstrated practical applications in both motion pressure detection and bolt axial force measurement.These findings provide new insights into the ultrasonic detection for aerospace applications of ZnO OIL piezoelectric devices and demonstrate significant potential for health monitoring in connection systems.展开更多
Coal-derived hard carbon(HC)represents a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries owing to its cost-effectiveness and high carbon yield.However,conventional carbonization induces excessive graphitization,yiel...Coal-derived hard carbon(HC)represents a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries owing to its cost-effectiveness and high carbon yield.However,conventional carbonization induces excessive graphitization,yielding insufficient interlayer spacing(d_(002)<0.37 nm)and underdeveloped closed pores.Herein,we propose a dynamic crystallization control strategy through carbothermal shock treatment(1300°C,30 s)that decouples thermodynamic and kinetic constraints.This method precisely modulates graphite domain ordering kinetics,producing short-range ordered structures with expanded interlayer spacing(d_(002)=0.385 nm)and homogeneously distributed closed nanopores.Through combined in situ characterization and first-principles calculations,we elucidate a three-stage crystallization mechanism:(i)amorphous carbon transformation,(ii)open-pore collapse,and(iii)pseudo-graphitic ordering.The optimized HC achieves record performance with 88.6%initial Coulombic efficiency and 204 mA h g^(−1)plateau capacity,while its optimal interlayer spacing lowers Na+diffusion barriers to enable exceptional rate capability(221 mA h g^(−1)at 0.5C after 300 cycles).Practical pouch cells maintain 85%capacity retention after 100 cycles at−20°C and deliver 284 Wh kg^(−1)energy density.This work establishes a kinetic regulation paradigm for graphitization-prone precursors,advancing the rational design of high-performance HC anodes.展开更多
Back-contacted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been demonstrated with merits of low material cost and weak ion migration,while the inferior buried surface restricts their performance and bifacial response.Herein,poly...Back-contacted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been demonstrated with merits of low material cost and weak ion migration,while the inferior buried surface restricts their performance and bifacial response.Herein,polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with similar thermal expansion coefficient to perovskites and low tensile modulus is introduced at the substrate/crystal interface to release interface lattice strain and enhance crystallinity.Besides,PVDF can release free fluoride ions to interact with bare Pb^(2+)ions,reducing interface charge trap density and nonradiative recombination.As a result,an impressive efficiency of 13.37%is obtained,setting a new efficiency benchmark for back-contacted PSCs.Moreover,the PVDF-modified devices retain 100%of their initial efficiency after 1,200 h of maximum power point tracking at 60℃.Finally,a high bifaciality factor of 0.96 is obtained,leading to obvious increase of power output under simulated circumstance with reflected light.展开更多
As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.Ho...As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.展开更多
Recovering LiFePO_(4) extraction slag(LES)-the FePO_(4)-rich residue formed after Li leaching from spent LiFePO_(4)-has become pivotal to minimizing resource losses,mitigating environmental risks,and advancing circula...Recovering LiFePO_(4) extraction slag(LES)-the FePO_(4)-rich residue formed after Li leaching from spent LiFePO_(4)-has become pivotal to minimizing resource losses,mitigating environmental risks,and advancing circularity in lithium-ion battery value chains.However,integrative frameworks that link closed-loop routes(returning to battery precursors/cathodes)with non-closed-loop upcycling are still limited,constraining process optimization and scale-up.This review synthesizes current progress in LES recycling with emphasis on maximizing recovery efficiency and product value.In closed-loop pathways,hydrometallurgical purification removes impurities to yield battery-grade FePO_(4) as an LiFePO_(4) precursor,while direct relithiation(e.g.,solid-state sintering aided by Li sources and reductants)restores Li and reduces Fe^(3+)to Fe^(2+),thereby regenerating LiFePO_(4) cathodes from LES.In non-closed-loop pathways,compositionally guided upcycling converts LES into advanced materials(e.g.,high-performance electrodes,highcapacity adsorbents),thereby broadening the techno-economic value propositions.We also distill lessons from early industrial practice,identifying constraints arising from feedstock variability,energy-cost coupling(thermal/chemical utilities),and product-quality assurance(battery-grade specifications).Finally,we map research directions-including data-driven feed characterization and process control,defecthealing relithiation strategies and interfacial engineering,quality grading and market pathways,and multi-scenario deployment-to enhance the technical and economic sustainability of LES recycling and accelerate its contribution to a circular battery economy.展开更多
Sustainability and scalability remain critical hurdles for the commercialization of organic solar cells(OSCs).However,addressing both poses challenge.Herein,we introduce a simple yet effective strategy utilizing 3,5-d...Sustainability and scalability remain critical hurdles for the commercialization of organic solar cells(OSCs).However,addressing both poses challenge.Herein,we introduce a simple yet effective strategy utilizing 3,5-dichloropyridine(PDCC)as a solid additive to fine-tune the self-assembly behavior of Y-series non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)to tackle the upscaling limitations in green-solvent-processed OSCs.PDCC predominantly interacts with Y-series NFAs,facilitating molecular crystallization and thereby driving the self-assembly of Y-series NFAs during film-forming dynamics,leading to more uniform active layers with improved molecular packing and reduced charge recombination.As a result,PDCC-driven self-assembly strategy enables high-performance OSCs with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.47%.When translated to sustainable fabrication,this strategy significantly boosts the PCE of large-area green-solvent-processed OSC modules(19.3 cm^(2))from 13.87%to 15.79%,ranking it among the best-performing green-solvent-processed large-area OSC modules(>18 cm^(2)).Beyond its impact on PCE enhancement,PDCC serves as a multifunctional additive to improve long-term stability and exhibits strong universality across multiple material systems.This work establishes a promising approach for advancing sustainable and scalable OSCs,paving the way for their commercialization.展开更多
Localized high-concentration electrolytes(LHCEs)are considered as promising electrolyte candidates to resolve technical issues of metal batteries owing to their unique interfacial properties and solvation structures.H...Localized high-concentration electrolytes(LHCEs)are considered as promising electrolyte candidates to resolve technical issues of metal batteries owing to their unique interfacial properties and solvation structures.Herein,we propose a self-assembly chemical strategy into the LCHEs induced by ordered nanostructure of zwitterionic co-solutes for highly efficient and ultrastable zinc(Zn)metal batteries.Through the systematic screening of six zwitterionic compounds,3-(decyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate salt(C_(10))with the decyl chain and zwitterions was determined as an optimum to construct quasi-spherical aggregates with a periodic length of 3.77 nm,as confirmed by comprehensive synchronous small-angle X-ray scattering,Guinier,pair distance distribution function,Porod,and other spectroscopic characterizations and molecular dynamic simulation.In particularly,this self-assembled structure in electrolyte environments was attributed to increasing the proportion of both contact and aggregated ion pairs for the formation of LHCEs as well as to providing fast and selective Zn^(2+)conducting channels and uniform solid electrolyte interfaces for facilitated charge transfer kinetics.Moreover,the preferential adsorption of the self-assembled C_(10)on the Zn(002)surface modulated the electrical double layer to suppress hydrogen evolution and corrosion reactions.Consequently,the Zn‖Zn symmetric cells in Zn(OTf)_(2)/C_(10)electrolytes showed long-term plating/stripping behaviors over 2800 h at 1 mA cm^(-2)and 1 mAh cm^(-2)as well as over 1200 h even at 5 mA cm^(-2)and 5 mAh cm^(-2)with a very high depth of discharge of 42.7%.Furthermore,the ZnllVO_(2)/CNT full cells in Zn(OTf)_(2)/C_(10)electrolytes delivered a record-high capacity of 8.10 mAh cm^(-2)at an ultrahigh cathode mass loading of 50 mg cm^(-2)after 150 cycles.展开更多
Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring...Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.展开更多
High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or mor...High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or more principal elements in nearly equiatom-ic proportions)confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion,and synergistic cocktail effects,the fun-damental understanding of structure-property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies.This review ad-dresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and electrocatalysts.We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’thermodynamic/kinetic stabiliza-tion principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties,integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics.By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassi-um-ion battery components,we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity.Notably,we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces,demonstrating their unique potential in stabil-izing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution.Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven com-position screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges,including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation.This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advan-cing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.展开更多
Layered manganese dioxide(δ-MnO_(2))is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)due to its high theoretical capacity,high operating voltage,and low cost.However,its practical application face...Layered manganese dioxide(δ-MnO_(2))is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)due to its high theoretical capacity,high operating voltage,and low cost.However,its practical application faces challenges,such as low electronic conductivity,sluggish diffusion kinetics,and severe dissolution of Mn^(2+).In this study,we developed a δ-MnO_(2) coated with a 2-methylimidazole(δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML)hybrid cathode.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations indicate that 2-ML can be integrated into δ-MnO_(2) through both pre-intercalation and surface coating,with thermodynamically favorable outcomes.This modification expands the interlayer spacing of δ-MnO_(2) and generates Mn-N bonds on the surface,enhancing Zn^(2+)accommodation and diffusion kinetics as well as stabilizing surface Mn sites.The experimentally prepared δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML cathode,as predicted by DFT,features both 2-ML pre-intercalation and surface coating,providing more zinc-ion insertion sites and improved structural stability.Furthermore,X-ray diffraction shows the expanded interlayer spacing,which effectively buffers local electrostatic interactions,leading to an enhanced Zn^(2+)diffusion rate.Consequently,the optimized cathode(δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML)presents improved electrochemical performance and stability,and the fabricated AZIBs exhibit a high specific capacity(309.5mAh/g at 0.1 A/g),superior multiplicative performance(137.6mAh/g at 1 A/g),and impressive capacity retention(80%after 1350 cycles at 1 A/g).These results surpass the performance of most manganese-based and vanadium-based cathode materials reported to date.This dual-modulation strategy,combining interlayer engineering and interface optimization,offers a straightforward and scalable approach,potentially advancing the commercial viability of low-cost,high-performance AZIBs.展开更多
1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent m...1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent metamaterials extend this concept by integrating stimulus-responsive materials with programmable architectures,thereby creating functional matter that blurs the conventional boundary between materials and structures and enables dynamic,adaptive,and reconfigurable functionalities.These systems can respond to diverse stimuli such as thermal,electrical,optical,magnetic,and mechanical inputs,and convert them into tunable shape change,adaptive mechanical/optical responses,and other reconfigurable functionalities[1–5].Through this synergy,they acquire lifelike and emergent behaviors,making them attractive platforms for next-generation applications in soft robotics,bioengineering,information encryption,and mechanical computation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52122408 and 52474397)the High-level Talent Research Start-up Project Funding of Henan Academy of Sciences(No.242017127)+1 种基金the financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(University of Science and Technology Beijing(USTB),Nos.FRF-TP-2021-04C1 and 06500135)supported by USTB MatCom of Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering。
文摘High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by the alloy interface structures.Despite substantial efforts,a comprehensive overview of interface engineering of high-performance alloys has not been presented so far.In this study,the interfaces in high-performance alloys,particularly grain and phase boundaries,were systematically examined,with emphasis on their crystallographic characteristics and chemical element segregations.The effects of the interfaces on the electrical conductivity,mechanical strength,toughness,hydrogen embrittlement resistance,and thermal stability of the alloys were elucidated.Moreover,correlations among various types of interfaces and advanced experimental and computational techniques were examined using big data analytics,enabling robust design strategies.Challenges currently faced in the field of interface engineering and emerging opportunities in the field are also discussed.The study results would guide the development of next-generation high-performance alloys.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2022R1C1C100923512)by the Yonsei University Research Fund of 2023-22-0076supported by the POSCO Science Fellowship from POSCO TJ Park Foundation。
文摘Mid-wavelength infrared(MWIR)and long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)detectors,which operate within the 3-14µm wavelength range,have been extensively employed in various fields,including military,space exploration,environmental monitoring,biomedicine,and chemical analysis.While thermal detectors are commonly used,their limitations in sensitivity and response time render them less suitable for next-generation MWIR and LWIR applications.These advanced applications necessitate the use of narrow bandgap semiconductor-based photodetectors,which offer tunable optoelectronic properties and higher specific detectivity compared to thermal detectors.In this review,we provide a detailed analysis of the operational principles and manufacturing strategies of infrared photodetectors based on narrow bandgap semiconductors,which enable high-performance detection in the MWIR and LWIR regions.Our focus is specifically on scalable fabrication of MWIR and LWIR photodetectors,emphasizing devices with active areas ranging from millimeters to centimeters.Researches on large-scale fabrication of infrared photodetectors using quantum dots,two-dimensional(2D)van der Waals(vdW)materials,and three-dimensional(3D)bulk semiconductors are investigated.Finally,we summarize the remaining challenges in developing scalable narrow bandgap semiconductor-based MWIR and LWIR photodetectors for commercialization.By addressing the obstacles such as the difficulty in large-scale unform film synthesis,the requirement for cryogenic device operation,and the introduction of high-density of defect states during the hybridization processes,MWIR and LWIR photodetectors based on narrow bandgap semiconductors will pave the way for designing new sensory systems and applications in a wavelength regime that has been less developed compared to the visible and near-infrared(NIR)ranges.
文摘Laser-induced graphene(LIG)has emerged as a versatile,sustainable material for advanced energy technologies,offering a scalable,catalyst-free,and programmable method to directly convert carbon-rich substrates into porous,conductive graphene.This single-step laser writing approach enables flexible,patternable electrodes without complex post-processing.With its high conductivity,large surface area,and tunable chemistry,LIG is well-suited for diverse applications including batteries,supercapacitors,dyesensitized solar cells(DSSCs),dual cells,water-splitting electrocatalysis,and triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs).In energy storage,LIG improves charge transport,buffer volume changes,and provides a robust framework,enhancing capacitance,cycling stability,and rate capability.Its catalytic activity is further boosted through heteroatom doping or transition-metal incorporation,achieving HER/OER performance comparable to noble metals.In DSSCs,LIG functions as a flexible,low-cost alternative to platinum counter electrodes,while in TENGs,its strong triboelectric response and mechanical durability enable integration into self-powered,wearable systems.Despite the immense recent progress in this field,challenges remain regarding the scalability,long-term operational stability,and interfacial engineering of LIGbased composites.Further exploration into multi-laser systems,substrate diversity,and synergistic composite architectures will be crucial to optimizing device performance and reliability.Nevertheless,the green,cost-efficient,rapid,and programmable synthesis of LIG poses it as a cornerstone potential building block material in the development of future sustainable and multifunctional energy systems.Throughout the review we compare fabrication strategies,summarize performance metrics against relevant benchmarks,and identifying common mechanistic advantages conferred by the laser writing process.Remaining challenges-such as scale-up,precursor diversity,long-term environmental stability,and integration into complex device architectures-are outlined alongside prospective research directions.Collectively,this review article provides an in-depth perspective on the multifunctional nature of LIG,underscoring its promise in next-generation energy storage,conversion,harvesting applications,and laying the groundwork for future research directions.
基金funding support from General Research Fund[Project No.14300525]from the Research Grants Council(RGC)of Hong Kong SAR,Chinafunding support from Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Young Scientists Fund(Project No.22305203)+2 种基金NSFC Projects Nos.22309123,22422303,22303011,22033002,92261112 and U21A20328support from the Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center(NPMM)at City University of Hong Kongsupport from Young Collaborative Research Grant[Project No.C1003-23Y]support from RGC of Hong Kong SAR,China.
文摘Electrocatalytic nitric oxide(NO)reduction reaction(NORR)is a promising and sustainable process that can simultaneously realize green ammonia(NH3)synthesis and hazardous NO removal.However,current NORR performances are far from practical needs due to the lack of efficient electrocatalysts.Engineering the lattice of metal-based nanomaterials via phase control has emerged as an effective strategy to modulate their intrinsic electrocatalytic properties.Herein,we realize boron(B)-insertion-induced phase regulation of rhodium(Rh)nanocrystals to obtain amorphous Rh_(4)B nanoparticles(NPs)and hexagonal close-packed(hcp)RhB NPs through a facile wet-chemical method.A high Faradaic efficiency(92.1±1.2%)and NH_(3) yield rate(629.5±11.0μmol h^(−1) cm^(−2))are achieved over hcp RhB NPs,far superior to those of most reported NORR nanocatalysts.In situ spectro-electrochemical analysis and density functional theory simulations reveal that the excellent electrocatalytic performances of hcp RhB NPs are attributed to the upshift of d-band center,enhanced NO adsorption/activation profile,and greatly reduced energy barrier of the rate-determining step.A demonstrative Zn-NO battery is assembled using hcp RhB NPs as the cathode and delivers a peak power density of 4.33 mW cm−2,realizing simultaneous NO removal,NH3 synthesis,and electricity output.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52404378 and 52371019)the Basic Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Education Department(No.JYTQN2023009)the Dalian Science&Technology Innovation Foundation Project(No.2024JJ11PT003)。
文摘W-CoFeNi WHAs(tungsten heavy alloys)were fabricated by powder metallurgy with sintering temperatures ranging from 1480 to 1560℃.The influence of sintering temperatures on microstructure evolutions and mechanical properties of W-CoFeNi WHAs was investigated.The experimental results show that near-spherical W grains are distributed in CoFeNi ternary multi-principal-elements alloy(MPEA)with the formation of W-richμphase in all W-CoFeNi WHAs.The volume fractions ofμphase and average W grain size increase with sintering temperatures changing from 1480 to 1560℃.The activation energy for W grain growth is significantly higher than that of traditional W-Ni-Fe and W-Ni-Co WHAs,which indicates grain coarsening behavior in CoFeNi MPEA became more difficult compared to the conventional binder alloys.W-CoFeNi sintered at 1480℃exhibits the highest yield strength of 698 MPa among all WHAs due to finer W grain size.The compressive strength and fracture strain of W-CoFeNi reduce when sintering temperatures rise from 1480 to 1560℃.
基金supported by Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute(KERI)Primary research program through the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)(No.25A01015)by the Technology Innovation Program(20019091)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)by the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant from the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL24012-000).
文摘Carbon coatings for silicon(Si)-based anode materials are essential for designing high-performance Li-ion batteries(LIBs).The coatings prevent direct contact with the electrolyte and enhance anode performance.However,conventional carbon coatings are limited by their volume expansion and structural degradation,which lead to capacity fading and reduced durability.This study introduces a scalable and practical one-step carbon-coating strategy for directly coating silicon suboxide(SiO_(x))-based materials using aqueous quasi-defect-free reduced graphene oxide(QrGO)without post-treatment,unlike conventional graphene oxide(GO)-based coating methods.This simple process enables uniform encapsulation with QrGO for a highly adhesive and conductive coating.The QrGO-based composite anode material has several advantages,including reduced cracking due to volume expansion and enhanced charge carrier transport,as well as an increased Si content of 20 wt.%compared to the 5 wt.%in typical commercial Si-based active materials.In particular,the capacity retention of the QrGO-coated Si electrodes dramatically increases at high C-rate.The full cell exhibited long-term stability and capacity that were twice that of commercial SiO_(x)-based cells.Therefore,the QrGO-based one-step coating process represents a scalable,transformative,and commercially viable strategy for developing high-performance LIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China(Nos.52371007 and 51831007).
文摘Enhancing the oxidation resistance of Co-based superalloys by adding a high content of Cr,while simultaneously ensuring the stability of theγ/γ′phases,presents a significant challenge.This study evaluated the alloying potential of Co–30Ni–10Al–5V–4Ta using the CALPHAD method,revealing promising characteristics.The developed Co–30Ni–10Al–5V–4Ta–12Cr alloy characterized by high Cr content andγ/γ′two-phase structure,demonstrating highγ′solvus temperature of 1139℃,low density of 8.48 g/cm^(3),minimalγ/γ′lattice misfit of +0.28%,high compressive yield strength of 651 MPa at 800℃,and excellent oxidation resistance with a weight gain of 6.5 mg/cm^(3)after 200 h at 1000℃.Examination of the oxidation behavior at 1000℃ revealed an oxide layer consisting of a porous outer CoO,NiO,and V_(3)O_(4)(CNV)oxide and a denser inner mixed oxide layer comprising CoO,NiO,and V_(3)O_(4)(CNV)oxide,Al_(2)O_(3),Cr_(2)O_(3),CoO,and NiO(CNAC)oxide,and TaO_(2),CoO,and NiO(CNT)oxide.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51971148)the Key Project Foundation of Hanjiang Normal University,China(No.XJ2024A09)+1 种基金the Excellent Young and Middle-aged Science and Technology Innovation Team Project in Higher Education Institutions of Hubei Province,China(No.T2020024)the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of High-Performance Medical Device Materials,China(No.20DZ2255500)。
文摘The dependence of interface structure and mechanical properties on the modulation layer thickness of VN/TiN−Ni nano-multilayered films deposited on Si substrates using a reactive magnetron sputtering technique was systematically investigated. The films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. The results show that the TiN−Ni layer grows epitaxially on the VN layer, forming a coherent interface between the two sublayers. When the deposition time ratio of the two sublayers (TTiN−Ni꞉TVN) is 10꞉12, the films exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, with hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness values of 25.9 GPa, 317 GPa, and 1.88 MPa·m^(1/2), respectively. Meanwhile, fracture toughness is improved by approximately 50% compared to the VN monolithic film. This enhancement is attributed to the coherent interface between the sublayers and the phase separation in the TiN−Ni layer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472093,52176185)the Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province of China(2022CFA069,2022BAA086).
文摘The sluggish Li^(+)migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,an artificial protective layer is constructed using zwitterionic covalent organic framework(Z-COF)simultaneously containing sulfonate and ethidium groups,aiming to facilitate rapid,uniform Li^(+)transport and stabilize anode interface.The sulfonate groups with high lithiophilicity provide abundant hopping sites for fast Li^(+)diffusion.The ethidium cations immobilize TFSI-and solvent molecules by ion-dipole interactions,which accelerate the dissociation of LiTFSI and Li^(+)desolvation.Moreover,the monodispersed zwitterionic units coupling with ordered micropore structures in Z-COF create exclusive Li^(+)migration channels,modulate homogeneous space charge distribution,kinetically facilitating uniform Li^(+)deposition.Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that C-F and S-N bonds of TFSI-exhibit enhanced cleavage susceptibility driven by electrostatic attraction,realizing a LiF/Li_(3)N-rich electrolyte/electrode interface.The designed Z-COF protection layer enables Li|Li symmetrical cells stable cycling over 6300 h at 2 mA cm^(-2)/2 mAh cm^(-2).The Z-COF@Li|LiFePO_(4)(LFP)full cells deliver high-capacity retention of 85.2%after 1000 cycles at 8 C.The assembled Z-COF@Li|LFP pouch cells demonstrate a lifespan of more than 240 cycles.This work provides fresh insights into the practical application of zwitterionic COF in next-generation LMBs.
基金supported by startup funding from Huazhong University of Science and Technology.
文摘Zinc oxide(ZnO)films,as representative piezoelectric semiconductors,have garnered considerable interest in ultrasonic testing.Current research challenges include maintaining the consistency of continuous c-axis orientation and determining the fundamental link between the electrical structure and piezoelectric response.Accordingly,we have proposed ZnO films incorporated with an orientation-inducing layer(OIL),utilizing orientation induction and rapid deposition technology to regulate the growth structure of the ZnO films.Furthermore,the influence of the competitive mechanism between the film growth and lateral diffusion on the film's growth structure has been investigated.Piezoelectric force microscopy(PFM)analysis demonstrated the regulation and enhancement of ZnO piezoelectric polarization by the OIL.The enhancement mechanism of OIL on film performance was revealed via experimental examination of the film structure,morphology,crystallization orientation,oxygen vacancies,carrier concentration,band structure,and density of states based on density functional theory(DFT).Benefiting from the superior electromechanical response of the ZnO OIL sensor,characterized by fast response recovery times of 2.4 ms/7.7 ms and a sensitivity of 1.09 V/N,the device has successfully demonstrated practical applications in both motion pressure detection and bolt axial force measurement.These findings provide new insights into the ultrasonic detection for aerospace applications of ZnO OIL piezoelectric devices and demonstrate significant potential for health monitoring in connection systems.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Lithium Resources Comprehensive Utilization and New Lithium Based Materials for Advanced Battery Technology(LRMKF202405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52402226)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC1016).
文摘Coal-derived hard carbon(HC)represents a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries owing to its cost-effectiveness and high carbon yield.However,conventional carbonization induces excessive graphitization,yielding insufficient interlayer spacing(d_(002)<0.37 nm)and underdeveloped closed pores.Herein,we propose a dynamic crystallization control strategy through carbothermal shock treatment(1300°C,30 s)that decouples thermodynamic and kinetic constraints.This method precisely modulates graphite domain ordering kinetics,producing short-range ordered structures with expanded interlayer spacing(d_(002)=0.385 nm)and homogeneously distributed closed nanopores.Through combined in situ characterization and first-principles calculations,we elucidate a three-stage crystallization mechanism:(i)amorphous carbon transformation,(ii)open-pore collapse,and(iii)pseudo-graphitic ordering.The optimized HC achieves record performance with 88.6%initial Coulombic efficiency and 204 mA h g^(−1)plateau capacity,while its optimal interlayer spacing lowers Na+diffusion barriers to enable exceptional rate capability(221 mA h g^(−1)at 0.5C after 300 cycles).Practical pouch cells maintain 85%capacity retention after 100 cycles at−20°C and deliver 284 Wh kg^(−1)energy density.This work establishes a kinetic regulation paradigm for graphitization-prone precursors,advancing the rational design of high-performance HC anodes.
基金economically supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62474102)Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2024CXGC010302)。
文摘Back-contacted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been demonstrated with merits of low material cost and weak ion migration,while the inferior buried surface restricts their performance and bifacial response.Herein,polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with similar thermal expansion coefficient to perovskites and low tensile modulus is introduced at the substrate/crystal interface to release interface lattice strain and enhance crystallinity.Besides,PVDF can release free fluoride ions to interact with bare Pb^(2+)ions,reducing interface charge trap density and nonradiative recombination.As a result,an impressive efficiency of 13.37%is obtained,setting a new efficiency benchmark for back-contacted PSCs.Moreover,the PVDF-modified devices retain 100%of their initial efficiency after 1,200 h of maximum power point tracking at 60℃.Finally,a high bifaciality factor of 0.96 is obtained,leading to obvious increase of power output under simulated circumstance with reflected light.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),South Korea(RS-2024-00421181)financially supported in part by National R&D Program(2021M3H4A3A02086430)through NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT+2 种基金the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL25021-210)The Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center,Institute of Engineering Research,and Soft Foundry Institute at Seoul National University provided research facilities for this workhe grant by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NSF)supported by the Korea government(MIST)(RS-2025-16903034)。
文摘As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFC3904800)the National Outstanding Young Scientists Fund(No.52125002)+6 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(No.22476073 and U24A20194)the Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Research and Development Program(Nos.20223BBG74006and 20243BBI91001)the Jiangsu Special Fund on Technology Innovation of Carbon Dioxide Peaking and Carbon Neutrality(No.BT2024011)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2024M751282 and 2025T180353)the“Thousand Talents Program”of Jiangxi Province(S2021GDQN2161)the Key Project of Ganzhou City Research and Development Program(No.2023PGX17350)the Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Functional Biology and Pollution Control in Red Soil Regions(No.2023SSY02051)。
文摘Recovering LiFePO_(4) extraction slag(LES)-the FePO_(4)-rich residue formed after Li leaching from spent LiFePO_(4)-has become pivotal to minimizing resource losses,mitigating environmental risks,and advancing circularity in lithium-ion battery value chains.However,integrative frameworks that link closed-loop routes(returning to battery precursors/cathodes)with non-closed-loop upcycling are still limited,constraining process optimization and scale-up.This review synthesizes current progress in LES recycling with emphasis on maximizing recovery efficiency and product value.In closed-loop pathways,hydrometallurgical purification removes impurities to yield battery-grade FePO_(4) as an LiFePO_(4) precursor,while direct relithiation(e.g.,solid-state sintering aided by Li sources and reductants)restores Li and reduces Fe^(3+)to Fe^(2+),thereby regenerating LiFePO_(4) cathodes from LES.In non-closed-loop pathways,compositionally guided upcycling converts LES into advanced materials(e.g.,high-performance electrodes,highcapacity adsorbents),thereby broadening the techno-economic value propositions.We also distill lessons from early industrial practice,identifying constraints arising from feedstock variability,energy-cost coupling(thermal/chemical utilities),and product-quality assurance(battery-grade specifications).Finally,we map research directions-including data-driven feed characterization and process control,defecthealing relithiation strategies and interfacial engineering,quality grading and market pathways,and multi-scenario deployment-to enhance the technical and economic sustainability of LES recycling and accelerate its contribution to a circular battery economy.
基金the research grant from the Youth Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62305340)the financial support from the Hong Kong Research Grant Council via STEM Postdoctoral Fellowship(Project no.9446002)+6 种基金the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the support during his stay in Christoph J.Brabec’s group at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg(HI ERN)the research grant from KAUST global fellowship postdocfinancial support from the Innovation and Technology Commission(Grant no.MHP/104/21)Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(JCYJ20210324125612035,R-IND12303,and R-IND12304)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(no.2021YFA1500900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.52071174)the support from the Hong Kong Jockey Club under the research work Hong Kong JC STEM Lab for Circular Bio-economy(Project No.2023-0078)。
文摘Sustainability and scalability remain critical hurdles for the commercialization of organic solar cells(OSCs).However,addressing both poses challenge.Herein,we introduce a simple yet effective strategy utilizing 3,5-dichloropyridine(PDCC)as a solid additive to fine-tune the self-assembly behavior of Y-series non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)to tackle the upscaling limitations in green-solvent-processed OSCs.PDCC predominantly interacts with Y-series NFAs,facilitating molecular crystallization and thereby driving the self-assembly of Y-series NFAs during film-forming dynamics,leading to more uniform active layers with improved molecular packing and reduced charge recombination.As a result,PDCC-driven self-assembly strategy enables high-performance OSCs with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 20.47%.When translated to sustainable fabrication,this strategy significantly boosts the PCE of large-area green-solvent-processed OSC modules(19.3 cm^(2))from 13.87%to 15.79%,ranking it among the best-performing green-solvent-processed large-area OSC modules(>18 cm^(2)).Beyond its impact on PCE enhancement,PDCC serves as a multifunctional additive to improve long-term stability and exhibits strong universality across multiple material systems.This work establishes a promising approach for advancing sustainable and scalable OSCs,paving the way for their commercialization.
基金financially supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2020R1A3B2079803 and No.RS-2024-00453815),Republic of Korea。
文摘Localized high-concentration electrolytes(LHCEs)are considered as promising electrolyte candidates to resolve technical issues of metal batteries owing to their unique interfacial properties and solvation structures.Herein,we propose a self-assembly chemical strategy into the LCHEs induced by ordered nanostructure of zwitterionic co-solutes for highly efficient and ultrastable zinc(Zn)metal batteries.Through the systematic screening of six zwitterionic compounds,3-(decyldimethylammonio)propanesulfonate salt(C_(10))with the decyl chain and zwitterions was determined as an optimum to construct quasi-spherical aggregates with a periodic length of 3.77 nm,as confirmed by comprehensive synchronous small-angle X-ray scattering,Guinier,pair distance distribution function,Porod,and other spectroscopic characterizations and molecular dynamic simulation.In particularly,this self-assembled structure in electrolyte environments was attributed to increasing the proportion of both contact and aggregated ion pairs for the formation of LHCEs as well as to providing fast and selective Zn^(2+)conducting channels and uniform solid electrolyte interfaces for facilitated charge transfer kinetics.Moreover,the preferential adsorption of the self-assembled C_(10)on the Zn(002)surface modulated the electrical double layer to suppress hydrogen evolution and corrosion reactions.Consequently,the Zn‖Zn symmetric cells in Zn(OTf)_(2)/C_(10)electrolytes showed long-term plating/stripping behaviors over 2800 h at 1 mA cm^(-2)and 1 mAh cm^(-2)as well as over 1200 h even at 5 mA cm^(-2)and 5 mAh cm^(-2)with a very high depth of discharge of 42.7%.Furthermore,the ZnllVO_(2)/CNT full cells in Zn(OTf)_(2)/C_(10)electrolytes delivered a record-high capacity of 8.10 mAh cm^(-2)at an ultrahigh cathode mass loading of 50 mg cm^(-2)after 150 cycles.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFE0122000)National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52234009,52274383,52222409,and 52201113。
文摘Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5227130161).
文摘High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or more principal elements in nearly equiatom-ic proportions)confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion,and synergistic cocktail effects,the fun-damental understanding of structure-property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies.This review ad-dresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and electrocatalysts.We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’thermodynamic/kinetic stabiliza-tion principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties,integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics.By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassi-um-ion battery components,we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity.Notably,we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces,demonstrating their unique potential in stabil-izing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution.Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven com-position screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges,including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation.This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advan-cing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.
基金supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203303)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(SGDX20211123151002003 and GJHZ20220913142812025)+1 种基金the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(321GJHZ2023189FN)the SIAT International Joint Lab(E5G108).
文摘Layered manganese dioxide(δ-MnO_(2))is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)due to its high theoretical capacity,high operating voltage,and low cost.However,its practical application faces challenges,such as low electronic conductivity,sluggish diffusion kinetics,and severe dissolution of Mn^(2+).In this study,we developed a δ-MnO_(2) coated with a 2-methylimidazole(δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML)hybrid cathode.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations indicate that 2-ML can be integrated into δ-MnO_(2) through both pre-intercalation and surface coating,with thermodynamically favorable outcomes.This modification expands the interlayer spacing of δ-MnO_(2) and generates Mn-N bonds on the surface,enhancing Zn^(2+)accommodation and diffusion kinetics as well as stabilizing surface Mn sites.The experimentally prepared δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML cathode,as predicted by DFT,features both 2-ML pre-intercalation and surface coating,providing more zinc-ion insertion sites and improved structural stability.Furthermore,X-ray diffraction shows the expanded interlayer spacing,which effectively buffers local electrostatic interactions,leading to an enhanced Zn^(2+)diffusion rate.Consequently,the optimized cathode(δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML)presents improved electrochemical performance and stability,and the fabricated AZIBs exhibit a high specific capacity(309.5mAh/g at 0.1 A/g),superior multiplicative performance(137.6mAh/g at 1 A/g),and impressive capacity retention(80%after 1350 cycles at 1 A/g).These results surpass the performance of most manganese-based and vanadium-based cathode materials reported to date.This dual-modulation strategy,combining interlayer engineering and interface optimization,offers a straightforward and scalable approach,potentially advancing the commercial viability of low-cost,high-performance AZIBs.
基金supported by the National University of Singapore Presidential Young Professorship Start-Up Grant.
文摘1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent metamaterials extend this concept by integrating stimulus-responsive materials with programmable architectures,thereby creating functional matter that blurs the conventional boundary between materials and structures and enables dynamic,adaptive,and reconfigurable functionalities.These systems can respond to diverse stimuli such as thermal,electrical,optical,magnetic,and mechanical inputs,and convert them into tunable shape change,adaptive mechanical/optical responses,and other reconfigurable functionalities[1–5].Through this synergy,they acquire lifelike and emergent behaviors,making them attractive platforms for next-generation applications in soft robotics,bioengineering,information encryption,and mechanical computation.
