Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile fla...Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile flavors of tomatoes is still not clear.Here,we integrated the metabolome and transcriptome of the volatile flavors in tomato fruit to explore the regulatory mechanism of volatile flavor formation,using wild and cultivated tomatoes with significant differences in flavors.A total of 35 volatile flavor compounds were identified,based on the solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS).The content of the volatiles,affecting fruit flavor,significantly increased in the transition from breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Moreover,the total content of the volatiles in wild tomatoes was much higher than that in the cultivated tomatoes.The content variations of all volatile flavors were clustered into 10 groups by hierarchical cluster and Pearson coefficient correlation(PCC)analysis.The fruit transcriptome was also patterned into 10 groups,with significant variations both from the mature green to breaker fruit stage and from the breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Combining the metabolome and the transcriptome of the same developmental stage of fruits by co-expression analysis,we found that the expression level of 1182 genes was highly correlated with the content of volatile flavor compounds,thereby constructing two regulatory pathways of important volatile flavors.One pathway is tetrahydrothiazolidine N-hydroxylase(SlTNH1)-dependent,which is regulated by two transcription factors(TFs)from the bHLH and AP2/ERF families,controlling the synthesis of 2-isobutylthiazole in amino acid metabolism.The other is lipoxygenase(Sl LOX)-dependent,which is regulated by one TF from the HD-Zip family,controlling the synthesis of hexanal and(Z)-2-heptenal in fatty acid metabolism.Dual-luciferase assay confirmed the binding of b HLH and AP2/ERF to their structural genes.The findings of this study provide new insights into volatile flavor formation in tomato fruit,which can be useful for tomato flavor improvement.展开更多
Male sterile lines serve as a pivotal tool in plant breeding,offering an effective strategy for developing hybrid cultivars.In cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),the creation of male sterile lines,most of which exhibit abno...Male sterile lines serve as a pivotal tool in plant breeding,offering an effective strategy for developing hybrid cultivars.In cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),the creation of male sterile lines,most of which exhibit abnormal pollen development,is essential for harnessing heterosis.Accumulating evidence suggests that male sterility in plants is linked to the overaccumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS),which causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and cellular structures,ultimately leading to aberrant anther development(Li et al.,2004).展开更多
The present study investigated the genetic diversity of 24 germplasms of Polianthes tuberosa L.via 16 inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR)marker techniques.The research findings revealed that the ISSR markers presented ...The present study investigated the genetic diversity of 24 germplasms of Polianthes tuberosa L.via 16 inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR)marker techniques.The research findings revealed that the ISSR markers presented higher levels of band reproducibility andweremore efficient at clustering germplasms.Among the 16markers examined in this study,12 had a complete polymorphism rate of 100%.Themolecular analysis revealed a PICranging from0.079 to 0.373,with amean value of 0.30,whereas the range of themarker index was from0.0001 to 0.409,with an average value of 0.03,and the primer resolving power ranged from 0.173 to 4.173,with a mean value of 2.02.The UPGMA clustering dendrogram indicated that all 24 germplasms were grouped into three main clusters.The study revealed a variable range of tree distances between 0.185 and 0.621,with the highest tree distance(0.621)detected between germplasms BR-24 and BR-1.Through these studies,the dissimilarity among the germplasms was evaluated,and diverse parents were identified for further crop improvement programs.展开更多
Root border cells （RBCs） originate from the root tip epidermis and surround the root apices. In this study, we evaluated the developmental characteristics and the roles of RBCs in protection of root apices of cucumb...Root border cells （RBCs） originate from the root tip epidermis and surround the root apices. In this study, we evaluated the developmental characteristics and the roles of RBCs in protection of root apices of cucumber and ifgleaf gourd seedlings from CA toxicity. The formation of RBCs and the emergence of the root tip occurred almost simultaneously in root apices of cucumber and ifgleaf gourd seedlings. CA ranging from 0 to 0.25 mol L-1 inhibited root elongation and decreased root cell viability in the root tip, moreover the inhibitory effects of CA were more signiifcant in the CA-sensitive cucumber than in the CA-tolerant ifgleaf gourd. Removal of RBCs from root tips led to more severe CA induced inhibition of root elongation and decline in root cell viability. Increasing CA levels and treatment time decreased the relative viability of attached and detached RBCs. CA also induced a thicker mucilage layer surrounding attached RBCs of both species. Additionally, a signiifcantly higher relative cell viability of attached RBCs and thicker mucilage layers were observed in ifgleaf gourd. These results suggest that RBCs play an important role in protecting root tips from CA toxicity.展开更多
The resistance in tomato plants to bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is triggered by the interactions between the plant resistance protein Pto and the pathogen avirulence proteins AvrPto or Avr...The resistance in tomato plants to bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is triggered by the interactions between the plant resistance protein Pto and the pathogen avirulence proteins AvrPto or AvrPtoB. Fen is a gene encoding closely related functional protein kinases as the Pto gene. To investigate the status of resistance to the pathogen and natural variation of Pto and Fen genes in tomato, 67 lines including 29 growing in China were subject to disease resistance evaluation and fenthion-sensitivity test. Alleles of Pto and Fen were amplified from genomic DNA of 25 tomato lines using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and sequences were determined by sequencing the PCR products. The results indicated that none of the 29 cultivars/hybrids growing in China were resistant to bacterial speck race 0 strain DC3000. Seven of eight tomato lines resistant to DC3000 were also fenthion-sensitive. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences identified three novel residue substitutions between Pto and pto, and one new substitution identified between Fen and fen. A PCR-based marker was developed and successfully used to select plants with resistance to DC3000.展开更多
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most serious disease of tomato production in China. Studies on the genetics of resistance and identification of molecular markers are very useful for breeding late b...Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most serious disease of tomato production in China. Studies on the genetics of resistance and identification of molecular markers are very useful for breeding late blight resistant varieties. The objective of this paper was to study the inheritance of late blight resistance and identify simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers associated with resistance allele in tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）. The results came from an F2 progeny of 241 plants derived from a cross between 5~ inbred line that is susceptible to late blight and a resistant accession CLN2037E. The late blight responses of F2 plants were tested by artificially inoculation of detached-leaflets in plate and natural infection assayed under greenhouse conditions. Both methods showed that the resistance is dominant and inherited as monogenic trait. Genetic mapping and linkage analysis showed that the late blight resistance gene Ph-ROL was located on chromosome 9 with a genetic distance of 5.7 cM to the SSR marker TOM236.展开更多
Recently,botanical extracts are gaining popularity as biostimulants in vegetable production.In present study,the effect of aqueous garlic bulb extract(AGE)was studied on the growth and physiology of eggplant grown in ...Recently,botanical extracts are gaining popularity as biostimulants in vegetable production.In present study,the effect of aqueous garlic bulb extract(AGE)was studied on the growth and physiology of eggplant grown in plastic tunnel.AGE was foliage sprayed with various frequencies,i.e.,0,S1(once),S2(twice)and S3(three times)at two independent growth stages,pre-and post-transplant.The results showed that the treated plants exhibited stimulatory responses in growth and physiology in accord with the repetition of AGE spray and growth stages of the plants,respectively.A single foliage sprayed pre-transplant resulted in improved growth,i.e.,plant morphology and biomass,and enhanced antioxidants enzymes(superoxide dismutase,SOD;peroxidase,POD),photosynthesis and chlorophyll abundance observed at vegetative,first flowering and fruit setting stages,respectively.However,thrice application inhibited the plant growth and development and resulted in lipid peroxidation,i.e.,increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content.In addition,the post-transplant application also showed growth stimulation and interestingly,an overall positive influence was observed with respect to the AGE application and no significant increase in the MDA content indicated the post-transplant seedlings responded well.Our findings demonstrate that AGE can act as a biostimulant to enhance the eggplant growth in plastic tunnel production.展开更多
The effect of diazotrophs and chemical fertilizers on yield attributing characters and economics of okra cultivation was evaluated. Application of highest dose of NPK @100% in combination with vermicompost (5 t ha-1) ...The effect of diazotrophs and chemical fertilizers on yield attributing characters and economics of okra cultivation was evaluated. Application of highest dose of NPK @100% in combination with vermicompost (5 t ha-1) and biofertilizers with FYM increased the fruit yield of okra (cultivar Mahyco-10) considerably with yield varying between 80.00 q ha-1 to 227.13 q ha-1 and 80.49 q ha-1 to 229.62 q ha-1 during 2010 and 2011 respectively. In okra cv. Utkal Gaurav the fruit yield varied from 47.68 q ha-1 to 129.84 q ha-1 in 2010 and 47.27 q ha-1 to 131.35 q ha-1 in 2011. As regards the net return, highest net profit of Rs 87,630 and Rs. 89,370 ha-1 from the okra was realized over an investment of Rs. 71,360 ha-1 during both the years with a benefit cost ratio of 2.23 and 2.25 when 100% NPK integrated with vermicompost @5t ha-1 and biofertilizers with FYM applied in okra cv.Mahyco-10. The highest net return of Rs. 14,350 in 2010 and Rs. 15,260 in 2011 with an investment of Rs. 63,550 each year was found in cultivar Utkal Gaurav under highest level of nutrient application.展开更多
Lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.),which belongs to the large Asteraceae(Compositae)family,breeds by sexual reproduction and produces seeds.Actually,lettuce seeds are achenes,which are defined as fruits.However,few studies ha...Lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.),which belongs to the large Asteraceae(Compositae)family,breeds by sexual reproduction and produces seeds.Actually,lettuce seeds are achenes,which are defined as fruits.However,few studies have described the morphological characteristics of the lettuce achenes,and genes essential for achene development are largely unknown in lettuce.To investigate the gene activity during achene development and determine the possible mechanisms that influence achene development in lettuce,we performed a time-course transcriptome analysis of lettuce achenes.A total of 27,390 expressed genes were detected at the five achene development stages.We investigated the gene expression patterns during achene development and identified the enriched biological processes at the corresponding stages.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses revealed a variety of transcriptomic similarities and differences at different achene development stages.Further,transcription factors and phytohormones were found to play important roles during achene development.Finally,we proposed a working model to illustrate the gene expression modules and possible molecular mechanisms underlying achene development.Our time-course transcriptome data also provide a foundation for future functional studies to reveal the genetic control of achene development in lettuce.展开更多
Betula L.(birch)is a pioneer hardwood tree species with ecological,economic,and evolutionary importance in the Northern Hemisphere.We sequenced the Betula platyphylla genome and assembled the sequences into 14 chromos...Betula L.(birch)is a pioneer hardwood tree species with ecological,economic,and evolutionary importance in the Northern Hemisphere.We sequenced the Betula platyphylla genome and assembled the sequences into 14 chromosomes.The Betula genome lacks evidence of recent whole-genome duplication and has the same paleoploidy level as Vitis vinifera and Prunus mume.Phylogenetic analysis of lignin pathway genes coupled with tissue-specific expression patterns provided clues for understanding the formation of higher ratios of syringyl to guaiacyl lignin observed in Betula species.Our transcriptome analysis of leaf tissues under a time-series cold stress experiment revealed the presence of the MEKK1–MKK2–MPK4 cascade and six additional mitogen-activated protein kinases that can be linked to a gene regulatory network involving many transcription factors and cold tolerance genes.Our genomic and transcriptome analyses provide insight into the structures,features,and evolution of the B.platyphylla genome.The chromosome-level genome and gene resources of B.platyphylla obtained in this study will facilitate the identification of important and essential genes governing important traits of trees and genetic improvement of B.platyphylla.展开更多
Fertility restoration of cytoplasmic male-sterility in pepper （Capsicum annuum L.） is useful for commercial production of hybrid seeds. However, the mechanism of fertility restoration has not been determined. We pre...Fertility restoration of cytoplasmic male-sterility in pepper （Capsicum annuum L.） is useful for commercial production of hybrid seeds. However, the mechanism of fertility restoration has not been determined. We previously constructed a cDNA library and identified some genes related to fertility restoration in pepper using suppression subtractive hybridization technology. In this study, the expression patterns of 20 genes were investigated using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Three genes expressed only in restorer lines, but not in sterility lines. Four genes expressed only in anther, but not in other organs. Among these 7 genes, the clone TG31 was observed to specifically express in anther of restorer lines. The work described here provides a comprehensive overview on the expression pattern of the genes that are induced by restorer alleles in pepper. It will also contribute to the current understanding of molecular networks for the regulation of fertility restoration.展开更多
Soybean is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil.The oil content and fatty acid ratio have attracted significant attention due to their impacts on the shelf-life of soybean oil products and consumer healt...Soybean is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil.The oil content and fatty acid ratio have attracted significant attention due to their impacts on the shelf-life of soybean oil products and consumer health.In this study,a high-density genetic map derived from Guizao 1 and Brazil 13 was used to analyze the quantitative trait loci of palmitic acid(PA),stearic acid(SA),oleic acid(OA),linoleic acid(LA),linolenic acid(LNA),and oil content(OC).A total of 54 stable QTLs were detected in the genetic map linkage analysis,which shared six bin intervals.Among them,the bin interval on chromosome 13(bin106-bin118 and bin123-bin125)was found to include stable QTLs in multiple environments that were linked to OA,LA,and LNA.Eight differentially expressed genes(DEGs)within these QTL intervals were determined as candidate genes according to the combination of parental resequencing,bioinformatics and RNA sequencing data.All these results are conducive to breeding soybean with the ideal fatty acid ratio for food,and provide the genetic basis for mining genes related to the fatty acid and oil content traits in soybean.展开更多
Cucurbita pepo contains two cultivated subspecies,each of which encompasses four fruit-shape morphotypes(cultivar groups).The Pumpkin,Vegetable Marrow,Cocozelle,and Zucchini Groups are of subsp.pepo and the Acorn,Croo...Cucurbita pepo contains two cultivated subspecies,each of which encompasses four fruit-shape morphotypes(cultivar groups).The Pumpkin,Vegetable Marrow,Cocozelle,and Zucchini Groups are of subsp.pepo and the Acorn,Crookneck,Scallop,and Straightneck Groups are of subsp.ovifera.Recently,a de novo assembly of the C.pepo subsp.pepo Zucchini genome was published,providing insights into its evolution.To expand our knowledge of evolutionary processes within C.pepo and to identify variants associated with particular morphotypes,we performed wholegenome resequencing of seven of these eight C.pepo morphotypes.We report for the first time whole-genome resequencing of the four subsp.pepo(Pumpkin,Vegetable Marrow,Cocozelle,green Zucchini,and yellow Zucchini)morphotypes and three of the subsp.ovifera(Acorn,Crookneck,and Scallop)morphotypes.A high-depth resequencing approach was followed,using the BGISEQ-500 platform that enables the identification of rare variants,with an average of 33.5X.Approximately 94.5%of the clean reads were mapped against the reference Zucchini genome.In total,3,823,977 high confidence single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified.Within each accession,SNPs varied from 636,918 in green Zucchini to 2,656,513 in Crookneck,and were distributed homogeneously along the chromosomes.Clear differences between subspecies pepo and ovifera in genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium are highlighted.In fact,comparison between subspecies pepo and ovifera indicated 5710 genes(22.5%)with Fst>0.80 and 1059 genes(4.1%)with Fst=1.00 as potential candidate genes that were fixed during the independent evolution and domestication of the two subspecies.Linkage disequilibrium was greater in subsp.ovifera than in subsp.pepo,perhaps reflective of the earlier differentiation of morphotypes within subsp.ovifera.Some morphotype-specific genes have been localized.Our results offer new clues that may provide an improved understanding of the underlying genomic regions involved in the independent evolution and domestication of the two subspecies.Comparisons among SNPs unique to particular subspecies or morphotypes may provide candidate genes responsible for traits of high economic importance.展开更多
Water insufficiency is the hampering feature of crop sustainability,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.So,the effectual usage of all water resources especially underground brackish water represents the core prio...Water insufficiency is the hampering feature of crop sustainability,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.So,the effectual usage of all water resources especially underground brackish water represents the core priority in Saudi Arabia.The present study aimed to recognize the influence of different types of water irrigation(tap water as a control,salinized well water,and magnetized salinized well water)with or without soil amendments(soil without any amendment as a control,peat-moss,ferrous sulfate,and peat-moss plus ferrous sulfate)on petunia plant growth and flowering as well as ion content.Irrigating Petunia plants with saline well water adversely affected growth and flowering as compared to tap water and magnetized saline well water.Additionally,plants irrigated with magnetized water showed a significant enhancement in all the studied vegetative and flowering growth parameters as compared to those irrigated with salinized well water.Furthermore,mineral contents and survival of Petunia plants irrigated with magnetized well water were higher than those irrigated with tap water.Irrigation with magnetized well water significantly reduced levels of Na+and Cl−ions in leaves of Petunia plants indicating the role of magnetization in alleviating harmful effects of salinity.In conclusion,we recommend the utilization of magnetized saline well water for irrigating Petunia plants either alone or in combination with soil amendments(peat moss plus ferrous sulfate).展开更多
The cwp(cuticular water permeability)gene controls the development of cuticular microfissuring and subsequent fruit dehydration in tomato.The gene underwent silencing in the evolution of the fleshy cultivated tomato b...The cwp(cuticular water permeability)gene controls the development of cuticular microfissuring and subsequent fruit dehydration in tomato.The gene underwent silencing in the evolution of the fleshy cultivated tomato but is expressed in the primitive wild tomato relatives.The introgression of the expressed allele from the wild S.habrochaites(cwph)into the cultivated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)leads to the phenotype of fruit water loss during and following ripening.In this report,we show that low temperature impacts on the severity of the cuticular microfissure phenotype via a combination of effects on both expression and alternative splicing of cwph.The cwp gene,comprising four exons and three introns,undergoes post-transcriptional alternative splicing processes,leading to seven alternative transcripts that differ in reading-frame lengths.Transgenic plants expressing each of the alternative transcripts identified the longest reading frame(VAR1)as the functional splice variant.Low temperature led to a strong upregulation of cwph expression,compounded by an increase in the relative proportion of the functional VAR1 transcript,leading to increased severity of microfissuring of the cuticle.In summary,we demonstrate the molecular mechanism behind the horticultural phenomenon of the low-temperature effect on cuticular microfissures in the dehydrating tomato.展开更多
Mycelial growth and yield of two strains ofA. aegerita on different substrates was investigated. Mycelial growth on agar media （PDA, standard, wheat, MEA, CYM, PCA, sawdust extracts： alder and mixture of beech and b...Mycelial growth and yield of two strains ofA. aegerita on different substrates was investigated. Mycelial growth on agar media （PDA, standard, wheat, MEA, CYM, PCA, sawdust extracts： alder and mixture of beech and birch （1：1）） and sawdust substrates （birch, beech, oak, maple, alder） was investigated. Petri dishes （Ф 9 cm） for agar media and biological tubes （18 cm long and Ф 2.5 cm） for sawdust substrates were used. Yield and morphological features were studied on birch, beech and mixture of beech and alder （1：1） sawdust substrates. The temperature of inoculation for agar media and sawdust substrates was 25 ℃. For yielding, when mycelium has completely overgrown the substrate the temperature was decreased to 15-17 ℃ to initiate primordia formation. The cultivation was enlightened 10 h/d with daylight lamps （500 Ix）. One crop was harvested after five weeks. The carpophores of black poplar mushrooms were picked up in clusters. There was no statistically important difference between the mycelial growths of the investigated strains. The best growing agar media were PDA （7.3 cm）, MEA （7.2 cm） and wheat （7.1 cm）, both strains showed the slowest mycelium growth on CYM （5.2 cm）. The mycelial growth on sawdust was the best on the beech （7.1 cm） and birch （6.8 cm） sawdust. The best substrate for cultivation ofA. aegerita was mixture of beech and alder sawdust （39.5 g/100 substrate DM）. The dry yield of carpophores were the highest on beech and alder substrate （3.2 g/100 substrate DM）, but dry matter content was the highest on beech sawdust （15.7%）. The heaviest carpophores were harvested from birch sawdust （3.7 g）; the biggest caps from beech and alder sawdust （3.3 cm）. There were no statistically important differences between the mycelium growth and yielding between both investigated strains.展开更多
Drip irrigation provides an efficient method of fertilizer delivery and allows precise timing and uniform distribution of applied nutrients. Fertilizer application through drip irrigation (fertigation) can reduce fert...Drip irrigation provides an efficient method of fertilizer delivery and allows precise timing and uniform distribution of applied nutrients. Fertilizer application through drip irrigation (fertigation) can reduce fertilizer usage and minimize groundwater pollution due to fertilizer leaching from excessive irrigation. For this purpose, field experiments were carried out in the farmers’ field at Thoppur, Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, during 2010-2012 to study the effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on the flowering, pod yield and economic viability of Bhendi Hybrid (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) under drip fertigation system. The treatments consisted of two spacings (M1—60 × 45 cm and M2— 60 × 30 cm) and eight drip fertigation levels (S1—Drip fertigation with WSF at 125 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S2—Drip fertigation with WSF at 100 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S3—Drip fertigation with WSF at 75 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S4—Drip fertigation with WSF at 100 per cent RDF, S5—Drip fertigation with SF at 125 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S6—Drip fertigation with SF at 100 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S7—Drip fertigation with SF at 75 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S8—Drip fertigation with SF at 100 per cent RDF), and were replicated thrice in a split plot design. Results showed that the earliest flowering (26.21 days), 50% flowering (51.31), number of flowers per plant (25.33) and highest pod yield of 596.70 g/plant, 24.91 t/ha was registered in drip fertigation at 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers as water soluble fertilizer combination with Azophosmet and humic acid under wider spacing. The economics of the study clearly showed that drip fertigation at 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers as water soluble fertilizer along with Azophosmet and humic acid under wider spacing was found to record higher BCR of 2.99.展开更多
The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of the VIUSID Vet(powder and solution)nutritional supplement on the productive performance of growing-finishing pigs.Two experiments were conducted,each using ...The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of the VIUSID Vet(powder and solution)nutritional supplement on the productive performance of growing-finishing pigs.Two experiments were conducted,each using 210 pigs at an average age of 40 d—70 per treatment—which were distributed into 15 pens(five per group).The experiments lasted 170 d.The treatments consisted in:Experiment 1,Group I control group;Group II received from the start 1.5 g of VIUSID Vet powder per kilogram of feed daily for 90 d;Group III same as the former,but instead given 2.0 g.Experiment 2,Group I control;Group II received from the start 1.5 g of VIUSID Vet powder per kilogram of feed daily for 90 d;Group III same as the former,but instead given 1.5 mL of VIUSID Vet solution per kilogram of feed.VIUSID Vet(powder or solution)significantly improved weight gain and feed conversion as well as reduced deaths when given doses of 2.0 g and 1.5 g or 1.5 mL per kilogram of feed during the first 90 d of the growing-finishing phase,giving rise to financial benefits.展开更多
With the objective of evaluating the effect of VIUSID agro on the morphophysiological and productive performance of tobacco seedlings,a randomised block experiment was designed with five treatments and three replicati...With the objective of evaluating the effect of VIUSID agro on the morphophysiological and productive performance of tobacco seedlings,a randomised block experiment was designed with five treatments and three replications.The variants were:dosage of 0.2,0.5,0.7 and 1.0 L/ha and one control.The variables are recorded at three points of the cultivation cycle 10th,20th and 30th days after planting(DAP).Among the indicators evaluated were the fresh and dry mass of the plants,the leaves per plant,foliar area,the length and diameter of the stalk as well as the characteristics of the root.The rates of physiological growth and agricultural yield were also evaluated.The results showed a significant increase(p≤0.05)in the fresh and dry mass of the plants when VIUSID was used.Regarding the length of the stalk,the average increases of those treated in comparison to the control in the final evaluation were 28.42%,30.51%,41.17%and 38.43%.In terms of the diameter of the stalk and the foliar area in all evaluations,the treatments with VIUSID significantly exceeded the control.The absolute growth rate and net assimilation was significantly higher when the product was used.In the relative growth rate,the most favourable behaviour was the dosage of 0.5 L/ha,in final evaluation.With regard to yield,the best performance with significant differences(p≤0.05)to the other treatments was the dosage of 0.5,0.7 and 1.0 L/ha.Therefore,VIUSID agro had a positive influence on the morphophysiological and productive indicators of the tobacco seedlings.展开更多
In wine production, the typical characteristics of variety, defined by its place of their origin, contribute to the development of distinctive and unique wines. In the current study, we analyzed the effect of the envi...In wine production, the typical characteristics of variety, defined by its place of their origin, contribute to the development of distinctive and unique wines. In the current study, we analyzed the effect of the environment using vine response and grape composition as indicators. Four cv. Tannat vineyards in three different climatic regions of Uruguay with similar soil conditions were studied in 2008 and 2009. Vines grafted onto SO4 （Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia） rootstock and were trained on a trellis system. Weather information was obtained from weather stations （MMO standards）. At each vineyard, we recorded： yield per plant, pruning weight, leaf area and pre-dawn leaf water potential. We analyzed sugars, total acidity and pH, polyphenolic potential, organic acids and berry weight. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlations and discriminant analysis were carried out. The climate factors with the highest discriminant weight were water balance, degree days （〉 10 ℃） of maturation and rainfall during the vegetative growth period. Plant response allowed us to discriminate between vineyards regardless of the year and was consistent with climate. Exposed leaf area and length of maturation period were the indexes with the highest values, followed by leaf water potential and grape yield. The total anthocyanin content, sugar contents and their daily accumulation, and acid composition statistically separate regions regardless of the year. We concluded that plant response and grape composition were strongly influenced by water supply and thermal conditions during ripening.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32120103010,32002050)Beijing Joint Research Program for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding(Grant No.G20220628003-03)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Tomato is an important economic crop all over the world.Volatile flavors in tomato fruit are key factors influencing consumer liking and commercial quality.However,the regulatory mechanism controlling the volatile flavors of tomatoes is still not clear.Here,we integrated the metabolome and transcriptome of the volatile flavors in tomato fruit to explore the regulatory mechanism of volatile flavor formation,using wild and cultivated tomatoes with significant differences in flavors.A total of 35 volatile flavor compounds were identified,based on the solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS).The content of the volatiles,affecting fruit flavor,significantly increased in the transition from breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Moreover,the total content of the volatiles in wild tomatoes was much higher than that in the cultivated tomatoes.The content variations of all volatile flavors were clustered into 10 groups by hierarchical cluster and Pearson coefficient correlation(PCC)analysis.The fruit transcriptome was also patterned into 10 groups,with significant variations both from the mature green to breaker fruit stage and from the breaker to red ripe fruit stage.Combining the metabolome and the transcriptome of the same developmental stage of fruits by co-expression analysis,we found that the expression level of 1182 genes was highly correlated with the content of volatile flavor compounds,thereby constructing two regulatory pathways of important volatile flavors.One pathway is tetrahydrothiazolidine N-hydroxylase(SlTNH1)-dependent,which is regulated by two transcription factors(TFs)from the bHLH and AP2/ERF families,controlling the synthesis of 2-isobutylthiazole in amino acid metabolism.The other is lipoxygenase(Sl LOX)-dependent,which is regulated by one TF from the HD-Zip family,controlling the synthesis of hexanal and(Z)-2-heptenal in fatty acid metabolism.Dual-luciferase assay confirmed the binding of b HLH and AP2/ERF to their structural genes.The findings of this study provide new insights into volatile flavor formation in tomato fruit,which can be useful for tomato flavor improvement.
基金supported by the Project of National Key Research and Development Program‘Strategic Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation’Key Special Project(Grant No.2023YFE0206900)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University,the 111 project(B17043)the Project of Yazhouwan Scientific,Technological Administration of Sanya.
文摘Male sterile lines serve as a pivotal tool in plant breeding,offering an effective strategy for developing hybrid cultivars.In cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.),the creation of male sterile lines,most of which exhibit abnormal pollen development,is essential for harnessing heterosis.Accumulating evidence suggests that male sterility in plants is linked to the overaccumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS),which causes oxidative damage to biomolecules and cellular structures,ultimately leading to aberrant anther development(Li et al.,2004).
基金funded by Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,IndiaBangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute,Dinajpur 5200,Bangladeshfunded by Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.(TU-DSPP-2025-30).
文摘The present study investigated the genetic diversity of 24 germplasms of Polianthes tuberosa L.via 16 inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR)marker techniques.The research findings revealed that the ISSR markers presented higher levels of band reproducibility andweremore efficient at clustering germplasms.Among the 16markers examined in this study,12 had a complete polymorphism rate of 100%.Themolecular analysis revealed a PICranging from0.079 to 0.373,with amean value of 0.30,whereas the range of themarker index was from0.0001 to 0.409,with an average value of 0.03,and the primer resolving power ranged from 0.173 to 4.173,with a mean value of 2.02.The UPGMA clustering dendrogram indicated that all 24 germplasms were grouped into three main clusters.The study revealed a variable range of tree distances between 0.185 and 0.621,with the highest tree distance(0.621)detected between germplasms BR-24 and BR-1.Through these studies,the dissimilarity among the germplasms was evaluated,and diverse parents were identified for further crop improvement programs.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program2009CB1190002)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2011BAD12B01)
文摘Root border cells （RBCs） originate from the root tip epidermis and surround the root apices. In this study, we evaluated the developmental characteristics and the roles of RBCs in protection of root apices of cucumber and ifgleaf gourd seedlings from CA toxicity. The formation of RBCs and the emergence of the root tip occurred almost simultaneously in root apices of cucumber and ifgleaf gourd seedlings. CA ranging from 0 to 0.25 mol L-1 inhibited root elongation and decreased root cell viability in the root tip, moreover the inhibitory effects of CA were more signiifcant in the CA-sensitive cucumber than in the CA-tolerant ifgleaf gourd. Removal of RBCs from root tips led to more severe CA induced inhibition of root elongation and decline in root cell viability. Increasing CA levels and treatment time decreased the relative viability of attached and detached RBCs. CA also induced a thicker mucilage layer surrounding attached RBCs of both species. Additionally, a signiifcantly higher relative cell viability of attached RBCs and thicker mucilage layers were observed in ifgleaf gourd. These results suggest that RBCs play an important role in protecting root tips from CA toxicity.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2006AA10Z1A6)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, China (NCET-08-0531)
文摘The resistance in tomato plants to bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is triggered by the interactions between the plant resistance protein Pto and the pathogen avirulence proteins AvrPto or AvrPtoB. Fen is a gene encoding closely related functional protein kinases as the Pto gene. To investigate the status of resistance to the pathogen and natural variation of Pto and Fen genes in tomato, 67 lines including 29 growing in China were subject to disease resistance evaluation and fenthion-sensitivity test. Alleles of Pto and Fen were amplified from genomic DNA of 25 tomato lines using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and sequences were determined by sequencing the PCR products. The results indicated that none of the 29 cultivars/hybrids growing in China were resistant to bacterial speck race 0 strain DC3000. Seven of eight tomato lines resistant to DC3000 were also fenthion-sensitive. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences identified three novel residue substitutions between Pto and pto, and one new substitution identified between Fen and fen. A PCR-based marker was developed and successfully used to select plants with resistance to DC3000.
文摘Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most serious disease of tomato production in China. Studies on the genetics of resistance and identification of molecular markers are very useful for breeding late blight resistant varieties. The objective of this paper was to study the inheritance of late blight resistance and identify simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers associated with resistance allele in tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）. The results came from an F2 progeny of 241 plants derived from a cross between 5~ inbred line that is susceptible to late blight and a resistant accession CLN2037E. The late blight responses of F2 plants were tested by artificially inoculation of detached-leaflets in plate and natural infection assayed under greenhouse conditions. Both methods showed that the resistance is dominant and inherited as monogenic trait. Genetic mapping and linkage analysis showed that the late blight resistance gene Ph-ROL was located on chromosome 9 with a genetic distance of 5.7 cM to the SSR marker TOM236.
基金funded by the Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Project of China(2016KTCL02-01)
文摘Recently,botanical extracts are gaining popularity as biostimulants in vegetable production.In present study,the effect of aqueous garlic bulb extract(AGE)was studied on the growth and physiology of eggplant grown in plastic tunnel.AGE was foliage sprayed with various frequencies,i.e.,0,S1(once),S2(twice)and S3(three times)at two independent growth stages,pre-and post-transplant.The results showed that the treated plants exhibited stimulatory responses in growth and physiology in accord with the repetition of AGE spray and growth stages of the plants,respectively.A single foliage sprayed pre-transplant resulted in improved growth,i.e.,plant morphology and biomass,and enhanced antioxidants enzymes(superoxide dismutase,SOD;peroxidase,POD),photosynthesis and chlorophyll abundance observed at vegetative,first flowering and fruit setting stages,respectively.However,thrice application inhibited the plant growth and development and resulted in lipid peroxidation,i.e.,increased malondialdehyde(MDA)content.In addition,the post-transplant application also showed growth stimulation and interestingly,an overall positive influence was observed with respect to the AGE application and no significant increase in the MDA content indicated the post-transplant seedlings responded well.Our findings demonstrate that AGE can act as a biostimulant to enhance the eggplant growth in plastic tunnel production.
文摘The effect of diazotrophs and chemical fertilizers on yield attributing characters and economics of okra cultivation was evaluated. Application of highest dose of NPK @100% in combination with vermicompost (5 t ha-1) and biofertilizers with FYM increased the fruit yield of okra (cultivar Mahyco-10) considerably with yield varying between 80.00 q ha-1 to 227.13 q ha-1 and 80.49 q ha-1 to 229.62 q ha-1 during 2010 and 2011 respectively. In okra cv. Utkal Gaurav the fruit yield varied from 47.68 q ha-1 to 129.84 q ha-1 in 2010 and 47.27 q ha-1 to 131.35 q ha-1 in 2011. As regards the net return, highest net profit of Rs 87,630 and Rs. 89,370 ha-1 from the okra was realized over an investment of Rs. 71,360 ha-1 during both the years with a benefit cost ratio of 2.23 and 2.25 when 100% NPK integrated with vermicompost @5t ha-1 and biofertilizers with FYM applied in okra cv.Mahyco-10. The highest net return of Rs. 14,350 in 2010 and Rs. 15,260 in 2011 with an investment of Rs. 63,550 each year was found in cultivar Utkal Gaurav under highest level of nutrient application.
基金supported by grants from the Beijing Leafy Vegetables Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Grant no.BAIC07-2020)the Construction of Beijing Science and Technology Innovation and Service Capacity in Top Subjects(Grant no.CEFF-PXM2019_014207_000032)。
文摘Lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.),which belongs to the large Asteraceae(Compositae)family,breeds by sexual reproduction and produces seeds.Actually,lettuce seeds are achenes,which are defined as fruits.However,few studies have described the morphological characteristics of the lettuce achenes,and genes essential for achene development are largely unknown in lettuce.To investigate the gene activity during achene development and determine the possible mechanisms that influence achene development in lettuce,we performed a time-course transcriptome analysis of lettuce achenes.A total of 27,390 expressed genes were detected at the five achene development stages.We investigated the gene expression patterns during achene development and identified the enriched biological processes at the corresponding stages.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analyses revealed a variety of transcriptomic similarities and differences at different achene development stages.Further,transcription factors and phytohormones were found to play important roles during achene development.Finally,we proposed a working model to illustrate the gene expression modules and possible molecular mechanisms underlying achene development.Our time-course transcriptome data also provide a foundation for future functional studies to reveal the genetic control of achene development in lettuce.
基金Forestry Industry Research Special Funds for Public Welfare Projects(No.201004046)the National High Technology Research and Development Program(“863”Program)of China(2011AA100202)+1 种基金Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program(Tree Genetics and Breeding Innovation Team)the 111 Project(B16010).
文摘Betula L.(birch)is a pioneer hardwood tree species with ecological,economic,and evolutionary importance in the Northern Hemisphere.We sequenced the Betula platyphylla genome and assembled the sequences into 14 chromosomes.The Betula genome lacks evidence of recent whole-genome duplication and has the same paleoploidy level as Vitis vinifera and Prunus mume.Phylogenetic analysis of lignin pathway genes coupled with tissue-specific expression patterns provided clues for understanding the formation of higher ratios of syringyl to guaiacyl lignin observed in Betula species.Our transcriptome analysis of leaf tissues under a time-series cold stress experiment revealed the presence of the MEKK1–MKK2–MPK4 cascade and six additional mitogen-activated protein kinases that can be linked to a gene regulatory network involving many transcription factors and cold tolerance genes.Our genomic and transcriptome analyses provide insight into the structures,features,and evolution of the B.platyphylla genome.The chromosome-level genome and gene resources of B.platyphylla obtained in this study will facilitate the identification of important and essential genes governing important traits of trees and genetic improvement of B.platyphylla.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2006BAD01A7 and 2008BADB1B04)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2009-2-06)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071806)
文摘Fertility restoration of cytoplasmic male-sterility in pepper （Capsicum annuum L.） is useful for commercial production of hybrid seeds. However, the mechanism of fertility restoration has not been determined. We previously constructed a cDNA library and identified some genes related to fertility restoration in pepper using suppression subtractive hybridization technology. In this study, the expression patterns of 20 genes were investigated using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Three genes expressed only in restorer lines, but not in sterility lines. Four genes expressed only in anther, but not in other organs. Among these 7 genes, the clone TG31 was observed to specifically express in anther of restorer lines. The work described here provides a comprehensive overview on the expression pattern of the genes that are induced by restorer alleles in pepper. It will also contribute to the current understanding of molecular networks for the regulation of fertility restoration.
基金supported by funding from the Seed Industry Revitalization Plan of Guangdong Province,China(2022-NPY-00-007)the Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory,China(B21HJ0901 and B23C1000416)+5 种基金the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province,China(2020B020220008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971966and 31971965)the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-04-PS09)the National Key Research and Development Projects,China(2018YFE0116900-06)Guangdong Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Promotion Project,China(2019KJ136-03)the Sanya Science and Technology Innovation Special Project,China(2022KJCX11)。
文摘Soybean is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil.The oil content and fatty acid ratio have attracted significant attention due to their impacts on the shelf-life of soybean oil products and consumer health.In this study,a high-density genetic map derived from Guizao 1 and Brazil 13 was used to analyze the quantitative trait loci of palmitic acid(PA),stearic acid(SA),oleic acid(OA),linoleic acid(LA),linolenic acid(LNA),and oil content(OC).A total of 54 stable QTLs were detected in the genetic map linkage analysis,which shared six bin intervals.Among them,the bin interval on chromosome 13(bin106-bin118 and bin123-bin125)was found to include stable QTLs in multiple environments that were linked to OA,LA,and LNA.Eight differentially expressed genes(DEGs)within these QTL intervals were determined as candidate genes according to the combination of parental resequencing,bioinformatics and RNA sequencing data.All these results are conducive to breeding soybean with the ideal fatty acid ratio for food,and provide the genetic basis for mining genes related to the fatty acid and oil content traits in soybean.
基金supported by Hellenic Agricultural Organization(ELGO)Demeter.
文摘Cucurbita pepo contains two cultivated subspecies,each of which encompasses four fruit-shape morphotypes(cultivar groups).The Pumpkin,Vegetable Marrow,Cocozelle,and Zucchini Groups are of subsp.pepo and the Acorn,Crookneck,Scallop,and Straightneck Groups are of subsp.ovifera.Recently,a de novo assembly of the C.pepo subsp.pepo Zucchini genome was published,providing insights into its evolution.To expand our knowledge of evolutionary processes within C.pepo and to identify variants associated with particular morphotypes,we performed wholegenome resequencing of seven of these eight C.pepo morphotypes.We report for the first time whole-genome resequencing of the four subsp.pepo(Pumpkin,Vegetable Marrow,Cocozelle,green Zucchini,and yellow Zucchini)morphotypes and three of the subsp.ovifera(Acorn,Crookneck,and Scallop)morphotypes.A high-depth resequencing approach was followed,using the BGISEQ-500 platform that enables the identification of rare variants,with an average of 33.5X.Approximately 94.5%of the clean reads were mapped against the reference Zucchini genome.In total,3,823,977 high confidence single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified.Within each accession,SNPs varied from 636,918 in green Zucchini to 2,656,513 in Crookneck,and were distributed homogeneously along the chromosomes.Clear differences between subspecies pepo and ovifera in genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium are highlighted.In fact,comparison between subspecies pepo and ovifera indicated 5710 genes(22.5%)with Fst>0.80 and 1059 genes(4.1%)with Fst=1.00 as potential candidate genes that were fixed during the independent evolution and domestication of the two subspecies.Linkage disequilibrium was greater in subsp.ovifera than in subsp.pepo,perhaps reflective of the earlier differentiation of morphotypes within subsp.ovifera.Some morphotype-specific genes have been localized.Our results offer new clues that may provide an improved understanding of the underlying genomic regions involved in the independent evolution and domestication of the two subspecies.Comparisons among SNPs unique to particular subspecies or morphotypes may provide candidate genes responsible for traits of high economic importance.
基金funded by Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology,Saudi Arabia(Grant Research No.1-17-04-001-0021).
文摘Water insufficiency is the hampering feature of crop sustainability,especially in arid and semi-arid regions.So,the effectual usage of all water resources especially underground brackish water represents the core priority in Saudi Arabia.The present study aimed to recognize the influence of different types of water irrigation(tap water as a control,salinized well water,and magnetized salinized well water)with or without soil amendments(soil without any amendment as a control,peat-moss,ferrous sulfate,and peat-moss plus ferrous sulfate)on petunia plant growth and flowering as well as ion content.Irrigating Petunia plants with saline well water adversely affected growth and flowering as compared to tap water and magnetized saline well water.Additionally,plants irrigated with magnetized water showed a significant enhancement in all the studied vegetative and flowering growth parameters as compared to those irrigated with salinized well water.Furthermore,mineral contents and survival of Petunia plants irrigated with magnetized well water were higher than those irrigated with tap water.Irrigation with magnetized well water significantly reduced levels of Na+and Cl−ions in leaves of Petunia plants indicating the role of magnetization in alleviating harmful effects of salinity.In conclusion,we recommend the utilization of magnetized saline well water for irrigating Petunia plants either alone or in combination with soil amendments(peat moss plus ferrous sulfate).
文摘The cwp(cuticular water permeability)gene controls the development of cuticular microfissuring and subsequent fruit dehydration in tomato.The gene underwent silencing in the evolution of the fleshy cultivated tomato but is expressed in the primitive wild tomato relatives.The introgression of the expressed allele from the wild S.habrochaites(cwph)into the cultivated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)leads to the phenotype of fruit water loss during and following ripening.In this report,we show that low temperature impacts on the severity of the cuticular microfissure phenotype via a combination of effects on both expression and alternative splicing of cwph.The cwp gene,comprising four exons and three introns,undergoes post-transcriptional alternative splicing processes,leading to seven alternative transcripts that differ in reading-frame lengths.Transgenic plants expressing each of the alternative transcripts identified the longest reading frame(VAR1)as the functional splice variant.Low temperature led to a strong upregulation of cwph expression,compounded by an increase in the relative proportion of the functional VAR1 transcript,leading to increased severity of microfissuring of the cuticle.In summary,we demonstrate the molecular mechanism behind the horticultural phenomenon of the low-temperature effect on cuticular microfissures in the dehydrating tomato.
文摘Mycelial growth and yield of two strains ofA. aegerita on different substrates was investigated. Mycelial growth on agar media （PDA, standard, wheat, MEA, CYM, PCA, sawdust extracts： alder and mixture of beech and birch （1：1）） and sawdust substrates （birch, beech, oak, maple, alder） was investigated. Petri dishes （Ф 9 cm） for agar media and biological tubes （18 cm long and Ф 2.5 cm） for sawdust substrates were used. Yield and morphological features were studied on birch, beech and mixture of beech and alder （1：1） sawdust substrates. The temperature of inoculation for agar media and sawdust substrates was 25 ℃. For yielding, when mycelium has completely overgrown the substrate the temperature was decreased to 15-17 ℃ to initiate primordia formation. The cultivation was enlightened 10 h/d with daylight lamps （500 Ix）. One crop was harvested after five weeks. The carpophores of black poplar mushrooms were picked up in clusters. There was no statistically important difference between the mycelial growths of the investigated strains. The best growing agar media were PDA （7.3 cm）, MEA （7.2 cm） and wheat （7.1 cm）, both strains showed the slowest mycelium growth on CYM （5.2 cm）. The mycelial growth on sawdust was the best on the beech （7.1 cm） and birch （6.8 cm） sawdust. The best substrate for cultivation ofA. aegerita was mixture of beech and alder sawdust （39.5 g/100 substrate DM）. The dry yield of carpophores were the highest on beech and alder substrate （3.2 g/100 substrate DM）, but dry matter content was the highest on beech sawdust （15.7%）. The heaviest carpophores were harvested from birch sawdust （3.7 g）; the biggest caps from beech and alder sawdust （3.3 cm）. There were no statistically important differences between the mycelium growth and yielding between both investigated strains.
文摘Drip irrigation provides an efficient method of fertilizer delivery and allows precise timing and uniform distribution of applied nutrients. Fertilizer application through drip irrigation (fertigation) can reduce fertilizer usage and minimize groundwater pollution due to fertilizer leaching from excessive irrigation. For this purpose, field experiments were carried out in the farmers’ field at Thoppur, Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, during 2010-2012 to study the effect of spacing and fertilizer levels on the flowering, pod yield and economic viability of Bhendi Hybrid (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) under drip fertigation system. The treatments consisted of two spacings (M1—60 × 45 cm and M2— 60 × 30 cm) and eight drip fertigation levels (S1—Drip fertigation with WSF at 125 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S2—Drip fertigation with WSF at 100 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S3—Drip fertigation with WSF at 75 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S4—Drip fertigation with WSF at 100 per cent RDF, S5—Drip fertigation with SF at 125 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S6—Drip fertigation with SF at 100 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S7—Drip fertigation with SF at 75 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid, S8—Drip fertigation with SF at 100 per cent RDF), and were replicated thrice in a split plot design. Results showed that the earliest flowering (26.21 days), 50% flowering (51.31), number of flowers per plant (25.33) and highest pod yield of 596.70 g/plant, 24.91 t/ha was registered in drip fertigation at 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers as water soluble fertilizer combination with Azophosmet and humic acid under wider spacing. The economics of the study clearly showed that drip fertigation at 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers as water soluble fertilizer along with Azophosmet and humic acid under wider spacing was found to record higher BCR of 2.99.
文摘The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of the VIUSID Vet(powder and solution)nutritional supplement on the productive performance of growing-finishing pigs.Two experiments were conducted,each using 210 pigs at an average age of 40 d—70 per treatment—which were distributed into 15 pens(five per group).The experiments lasted 170 d.The treatments consisted in:Experiment 1,Group I control group;Group II received from the start 1.5 g of VIUSID Vet powder per kilogram of feed daily for 90 d;Group III same as the former,but instead given 2.0 g.Experiment 2,Group I control;Group II received from the start 1.5 g of VIUSID Vet powder per kilogram of feed daily for 90 d;Group III same as the former,but instead given 1.5 mL of VIUSID Vet solution per kilogram of feed.VIUSID Vet(powder or solution)significantly improved weight gain and feed conversion as well as reduced deaths when given doses of 2.0 g and 1.5 g or 1.5 mL per kilogram of feed during the first 90 d of the growing-finishing phase,giving rise to financial benefits.
文摘With the objective of evaluating the effect of VIUSID agro on the morphophysiological and productive performance of tobacco seedlings,a randomised block experiment was designed with five treatments and three replications.The variants were:dosage of 0.2,0.5,0.7 and 1.0 L/ha and one control.The variables are recorded at three points of the cultivation cycle 10th,20th and 30th days after planting(DAP).Among the indicators evaluated were the fresh and dry mass of the plants,the leaves per plant,foliar area,the length and diameter of the stalk as well as the characteristics of the root.The rates of physiological growth and agricultural yield were also evaluated.The results showed a significant increase(p≤0.05)in the fresh and dry mass of the plants when VIUSID was used.Regarding the length of the stalk,the average increases of those treated in comparison to the control in the final evaluation were 28.42%,30.51%,41.17%and 38.43%.In terms of the diameter of the stalk and the foliar area in all evaluations,the treatments with VIUSID significantly exceeded the control.The absolute growth rate and net assimilation was significantly higher when the product was used.In the relative growth rate,the most favourable behaviour was the dosage of 0.5 L/ha,in final evaluation.With regard to yield,the best performance with significant differences(p≤0.05)to the other treatments was the dosage of 0.5,0.7 and 1.0 L/ha.Therefore,VIUSID agro had a positive influence on the morphophysiological and productive indicators of the tobacco seedlings.
文摘In wine production, the typical characteristics of variety, defined by its place of their origin, contribute to the development of distinctive and unique wines. In the current study, we analyzed the effect of the environment using vine response and grape composition as indicators. Four cv. Tannat vineyards in three different climatic regions of Uruguay with similar soil conditions were studied in 2008 and 2009. Vines grafted onto SO4 （Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia） rootstock and were trained on a trellis system. Weather information was obtained from weather stations （MMO standards）. At each vineyard, we recorded： yield per plant, pruning weight, leaf area and pre-dawn leaf water potential. We analyzed sugars, total acidity and pH, polyphenolic potential, organic acids and berry weight. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlations and discriminant analysis were carried out. The climate factors with the highest discriminant weight were water balance, degree days （〉 10 ℃） of maturation and rainfall during the vegetative growth period. Plant response allowed us to discriminate between vineyards regardless of the year and was consistent with climate. Exposed leaf area and length of maturation period were the indexes with the highest values, followed by leaf water potential and grape yield. The total anthocyanin content, sugar contents and their daily accumulation, and acid composition statistically separate regions regardless of the year. We concluded that plant response and grape composition were strongly influenced by water supply and thermal conditions during ripening.
