This study examines the performance of integration methods for hybrid simulation of large and complex structural systems in the context of structural collapse due to seismic excitations. The target application is not ...This study examines the performance of integration methods for hybrid simulation of large and complex structural systems in the context of structural collapse due to seismic excitations. The target application is not necessarily for real-time testing, but rather for models that involve large-scale physical sub-structures and highly nonlinear numerical models. Four case studies are presented and discussed. In the first case study, the accuracy of integration schemes including two widely used methods, namely, modified version of the implicit Newmark with fixed-number of iteration （iterative） and the operator-splitting （non-iterative） is examined through pure numerical simulations. The second case study presents the results of 10 hybrid simulations repeated with the two aforementioned integration methods considering various time steps and fixed-number of iterations for the iterative integration method. The physical sub-structure in these tests consists of a single-degree-of-freedom （SDOF） cantilever column with replaceable steel coupons that provides repeatable highly- nonlinear behavior including fracture-type strength and stiffness degradations. In case study three, the implicit Newmark with fixed-number of iterations is applied for hybrid simulations of a 1：2 scale steel moment frame that includes a relatively complex nonlinear numerical substructure. Lastly, a more complex numerical substructure is considered by constructing a nonlinear computational model of a moment frame coupled to a hybrid model ofa 1：2 scale steel gravity frame. The last two case studies are conducted on the same porotype structure and the selection of time steps and fixed number of iterations are closely examined in pre-test simulations. The generated unbalance forces is used as an index to track the equilibrium error and predict the accuracy and stability of the simulations.展开更多
Structural Health Monitoring(SHM)systems play a key role in managing buildings and infrastructure by delivering vital insights into their strength and structural integrity.There is a need for more efficient techniques...Structural Health Monitoring(SHM)systems play a key role in managing buildings and infrastructure by delivering vital insights into their strength and structural integrity.There is a need for more efficient techniques to detect defects,as traditional methods are often prone to human error,and this issue is also addressed through image processing(IP).In addition to IP,automated,accurate,and real-time detection of structural defects,such as cracks,corrosion,and material degradation that conventional inspection techniques may miss,is made possible by Artificial Intelligence(AI)technologies like Machine Learning(ML)and Deep Learning(DL).This review examines the integration of computer vision and AI techniques in Structural Health Monitoring(SHM),investigating their effectiveness in detecting various forms of structural deterioration.Also,it evaluates ML and DL models in SHM for their accuracy in identifying and assessing structural damage,ultimately enhancing safety,durability,and maintenance practices in the field.Key findings reveal that AI-powered approaches,especially those utilizing IP and DL models like CNNs,significantly improve detection efficiency and accuracy,with reported accuracies in various SHM tasks.However,significant research gaps remain,including challenges with the consistency,quality,and environmental resilience of image data,a notable lack of standardized models and datasets for training across diverse structures,and concerns regarding computational costs,model interpretability,and seamless integration with existing systems.Future work should focus on developing more robust models through data augmentation,transfer learning,and hybrid approaches,standardizing protocols,and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome these limitations and achieve more reliable,scalable,and affordable SHM systems.展开更多
Inverse design of advanced materials represents a pivotal challenge in materials science.Leveraging the latent space of Variational Autoencoders(VAEs)for material optimization has emerged as a significant advancement ...Inverse design of advanced materials represents a pivotal challenge in materials science.Leveraging the latent space of Variational Autoencoders(VAEs)for material optimization has emerged as a significant advancement in the field of material inverse design.However,VAEs are inherently prone to generating blurred images,posing challenges for precise inverse design and microstructure manufacturing.While increasing the dimensionality of the VAE latent space can mitigate reconstruction blurriness to some extent,it simultaneously imposes a substantial burden on target optimization due to an excessively high search space.To address these limitations,this study adopts a Variational Autoencoder guided Conditional Diffusion Generative Model(VAE-CDGM)framework integrated with Bayesian optimization to achieve the inverse design of composite materials with targeted mechanical properties.The VAE-CDGM model synergizes the strengths of VAEs and Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models(DDPM),enabling the generation of high-quality,sharp images while preserving a manipulable latent space.To accommodate varying dimensional requirements of the latent space,two optimization strategies are proposed.When the latent space dimensionality is excessively high,SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)sensitivity analysis is employed to identify critical latent features for optimization within a reduced subspace.Conversely,direct optimization is performed in the low-dimensional latent space of VAE-CDGM when dimensionality is modest.The results demonstrate that both strategies accurately achieve the targeted design of composite materials while circumventing the blurred reconstruction flaws of VAEs,which offers a novel pathway for the precise design of advanced materials.展开更多
The biological stabilization of soil using microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP)employs ureolytic bacteria to precipitate calcium carbonate(CaCO3),which binds soil particles,enhancing strength,stiffness,an...The biological stabilization of soil using microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP)employs ureolytic bacteria to precipitate calcium carbonate(CaCO3),which binds soil particles,enhancing strength,stiffness,and erosion resistance.The unconfinedcompressive strength(UCS),a key measure of soil strength,is critical in geotechnical engineering as it directly reflectsthe mechanical stability of treated soils.This study integrates explainable artificialintelligence(XAI)with geotechnical insights to model the UCS of MICP-treated sands.Using 517 experimental data points and a combination of various input variables—including median grain size(D50),coefficientof uniformity(Cu),void ratio(e),urea concentration(Mu),calcium concentration(Mc),optical density(OD)of bacterial solution,pH,and total injection volume(Vt)—fivemachine learning(ML)models,including eXtreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),Light gradient boosting machine(LightGBM),random forest(RF),gene expression programming(GEP),and multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS),were developed and optimized.The ensemble models(XGBoost,LightGBM,and RF)were optimized using the Chernobyl disaster optimizer(CDO),a recently developed metaheuristic algorithm.Of these,LightGBM-CDO achieved the highest accuracy for UCS prediction.XAI techniques like feature importance analysis(FIA),SHapley additive exPlanations(SHAP),and partial dependence plots(PDPs)were also used to investigate the complex non-linear relationships between the input and output variables.The results obtained have demonstrated that the XAI-driven models can enhance the predictive accuracy and interpretability of MICP processes,offering a sustainable pathway for optimizing geotechnical applications.展开更多
Optimization is the key to obtaining efficient utilization of resources in structural design.Due to the complex nature of truss systems,this study presents a method based on metaheuristic modelling that minimises stru...Optimization is the key to obtaining efficient utilization of resources in structural design.Due to the complex nature of truss systems,this study presents a method based on metaheuristic modelling that minimises structural weight under stress and frequency constraints.Two new algorithms,the Red Kite Optimization Algorithm(ROA)and Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm(SBOA),are utilized on five benchmark trusses with 10,18,37,72,and 200-bar trusses.Both algorithms are evaluated against benchmarks in the literature.The results indicate that SBOA always reaches a lighter optimal.Designs with reducing structural weight ranging from 0.02%to 0.15%compared to ROA,and up to 6%–8%as compared to conventional algorithms.In addition,SBOA can achieve 15%–20%faster convergence speed and 10%–18%reduction in computational time with a smaller standard deviation over independent runs,which demonstrates its robustness and reliability.It is indicated that the adaptive exploration mechanism of SBOA,especially its Levy flight–based search strategy,can obviously improve optimization performance for low-and high-dimensional trusses.The research has implications in the context of promoting bio-inspired optimization techniques by demonstrating the viability of SBOA,a reliable model for large-scale structural design that provides significant enhancements in performance and convergence behavior.展开更多
Cemented and mechanically clamped types of end fittings(fitting-C and fitting-M)are commonly used in transformer bushings.During the Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake that occurred in China on September 5,2022,all transformer ...Cemented and mechanically clamped types of end fittings(fitting-C and fitting-M)are commonly used in transformer bushings.During the Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake that occurred in China on September 5,2022,all transformer bushings with the two types of end fittings in a 500 kV substation were damaged.Post-earthquake field investigations were conducted,and the failures of the two types of bushings were compared.Two elementary simulation models of the transformer-bushing systems were developed to simulate the engineering failures,and further compute their seismic responses for comparison.The results indicate that the hitch lugs of the connection flange are structurally harmful to seismic resistance.Fitting-M can decrease the bending stiffness of the bushing due to the flexible sealing rubber gasket.Since it provides a more flexible connection that dissipates energy,the peak accelerations and relative displacements at the top of the bushing are significantly lower than those of the bushing with fitting-C.Compared with fitting-C,fitting-M transfers the high-stress areas from the connection flange to the root of the porcelain,so the latter becomes the most vulnerable component.Fitting-M increases the failure risk of the low-strength porcelain,indicating the unsuitability of applying it in high-intensity fortification regions.展开更多
The OpenSees computational platform has allowed unprecedented opportunities for conducting seismic nonlinear soil-structure interaction simulations.On the geotechnical side,capabilities such as coupled solid-fluid for...The OpenSees computational platform has allowed unprecedented opportunities for conducting seismic nonlinear soil-structure interaction simulations.On the geotechnical side,capabilities such as coupled solid-fluid formulations and nonlinear incrementalplasticity approaches allow for representation of the involved dynamic/seismic responses.This paper presents recent research that facilitated such endeavors in terms of response of ground-foundation-structure systems using advanced material modeling techniques and high-performance computing resources.Representative numerical results are shown for large-scale soil-structure systems,and ground modification liquefaction countermeasures.In addition,graphical user interface enabling tools for routine usage of such 3D simulation environments are presented,as an important element in support of wider adoption and practical applications.In this context,Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering(PBEE)analysis of bridge-ground systems is highlighted as an important topical application.展开更多
This paper presents a non-contact measurement of the realistic catenary geometry deviation in the Norwegian railway network through a laser rangefinder.The random geometry deviation is included in the catenary model t...This paper presents a non-contact measurement of the realistic catenary geometry deviation in the Norwegian railway network through a laser rangefinder.The random geometry deviation is included in the catenary model to investigate its effect on the pantograph–catenary interaction.The dispersion of the longitudinal deviation is assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution.A power spectrum density represents the vertical deviation in the contact wire.Based on the Monte Carlo method,several geometry deviation samples are generated and included in the catenary model.A lumped mass pantograph with flexible collectors is employed to reproduce the high-frequency behaviours.The stochastic analysis results indicate that the catenary geometry deviation causes a significant dispersion of the pantograph–catenary interaction response.The contact force standard deviations measured by the inspection vehicle are within the scope of the simulation results.A critical cut-off frequency that covers 1/16 of the dropper interval is suggested to fully describe the effect of the catenary geometry deviation on the contact force.The statistical minimum contact force is recommended to be modified according to the tolerant contact loss rate at high frequency.An unpleasant interaction performance of the pantograph–catenary can be expected at the catenary top speed when the random catenary geometry deviation is included.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the systemic action of electroacupuncture and laserpuncture in the repair of excisional cutaneous injuries on the back of adult female Wistar rats.METHODS:Ninety animals were divided into three e...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the systemic action of electroacupuncture and laserpuncture in the repair of excisional cutaneous injuries on the back of adult female Wistar rats.METHODS:Ninety animals were divided into three experimental groups:C-control;E-treated with electroacupuncture[acupoints:Feishu(BL13),Geshu(BL17),Zusanli(ST36)];L-treated with laserpuncture(same acupoints)and euthanized on the 7 th,14 th and 21 st days for tissue removal and preparation for histomorphometric and biochemical(dosages,zymography and Western blotting)analysis.RESULTS:The number of fibroblasts in the E and L groups presented higher values than the C on the14 th and 21 st days.The number of granulocytes was lower than C on the 21 st day in groups E and L.The total number of newly formed vessels increased on the 21 st day and was higher in both treatments when compared to C.The birefringent collagen fibers detected on the 21 st day was lower in groups E and L than group C.The glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline amount was similar among groups throughout the experimental period.The active isoform of matrixmetallo proteinase(MMP)-2 and the latent isoform of MMP-9 did not show any differences among all groups and experimental periods.The amount of collagenⅠpresented higher values in the L group on the 14 th day and in the E and L groups on the 21 st day.For typeⅢcollagen,groups E and L presented values lower than C in all experimental periods.The amount of transforming growth factor-β1 in the E and L groups showed higher amounts than C on the 7 th day and lower on the 14 th and 21 st days.For vascular endothelial growth factor,E and L groups presented similar and lower values than C on the 7 th and 14 th days,respectively,and similar on the 21 st day.CONCLUSION:The therapies evaluated in this article stimulated fibroblast proliferation,neoangiogenesis and altered the reorganization of collagen fibers in the repair of excisional injuries in female adult rats.展开更多
There are many structural lateral systems used in tall buildings： rigid frames, braced frames, shear walls, tubular structures and core structures. The outrigger and belt truss systems are efficient structures for dr...There are many structural lateral systems used in tall buildings： rigid frames, braced frames, shear walls, tubular structures and core structures. The outrigger and belt truss systems are efficient structures for drift control and base moment reduction in tall buildings where the core alone is not rigid enough to resist lateral loads. Perimeter columns are mobilized for increasing the effective width of the structure, and they developed tension in the windward columns and compression in the leeward columns. Optimum locations for the outriggers have been studied because of the influence on the top displacement and base moment in the core. It was analyzed the optimal position for two to seven outriggers and belt trusses, aiming to achieve minimum bending moment and minimum drift.展开更多
Accurate prediction of ductile fracture requires determining the material properties,including the parameters of the constitutive and ductile fracture model,which represent the true material response.Conventional cali...Accurate prediction of ductile fracture requires determining the material properties,including the parameters of the constitutive and ductile fracture model,which represent the true material response.Conventional calibration of material parameters often relies on a trial-and-error approach,in which the parameters are manually adjusted until the corresponding finite element model results in a response matching the experimental global response.The parameter estimates are often subjective.To address this issue,in this paper we treat the identification of material parameters as an optimization problem and introduce the particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm as the optimization approach.We provide material parameters of two uncoupled ductile fracture models—the Rice and Tracey void growth model(RT-VGM)and the micro-mechanical void growth model(MM-VGM),and a coupled model—the gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)model for ASTM A36,A572 Gr.50,and A992 structural steels using an automated PSO method.By minimizing the difference between the experimental results and finite element simulations of the load-displacement curves for a set of tests of circumferentially notched tensile(CNT)bars,the calibration procedure automatically determines the parameters of the strain hardening law as well as the uncoupled models and the coupled GTN constitutive model.Validation studies show accurate prediction of the load-displacement response and ductile fracture initiation in V-notch specimens,and confirm the PSO algorithm as an effective and robust algorithm for seeking ductile fracture model parameters.PSO has excellent potential for identifying other fracture models(e.g.,shear modified GTN)with many parameters that can give rise to more accurate predictions of ductile fracture.Limitations of the PSO algorithm and the current calibrated ductile fracture models are also discussed in this paper.展开更多
In a global dynamic analysis,the coexisting attractors and their basins are the main tools to understand the system behavior and safety.However,both basins and attractors can be drastically influenced by uncertainties...In a global dynamic analysis,the coexisting attractors and their basins are the main tools to understand the system behavior and safety.However,both basins and attractors can be drastically influenced by uncertainties.The aim of this work is to illustrate a methodology for the global dynamic analysis of nondeterministic dynamical systems with competing attractors.Accordingly,analytical and numerical tools for calculation of nondeterministic global structures,namely attractors and basins,are proposed.First,based on the definition of the Perron-Frobenius,Koopman and Foias linear operators,a global dynamic description through phase-space operators is presented for both deterministic and nondeterministic cases.In this context,the stochastic basins of attraction and attractors’distributions replace the usual basin and attractor concepts.Then,numerical implementation of these concepts is accomplished via an adaptative phase-space discretization strategy based on the classical Ulam method.Sample results of the methodology are presented for a canonical dynamical system.展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> Arches are employed for bridges. This particular type of structures, characterized by a very old use tradition, is nowadays, widely exploited because of its strength, ...<div style="text-align:justify;"> Arches are employed for bridges. This particular type of structures, characterized by a very old use tradition, is nowadays, widely exploited because of its strength, resilience, cost-effectiveness and charm. In recent years, a more conscious design approach that focuses on a more proper use of the building materials combined with the increasing of the computational capability of the modern computers, has led the research in the civil engineering field to the study of optimization algorithms applications aimed at the definition of the best design parameters. In this paper, a differential formulation and a MATLAB code for the calculation of the internal stresses in the arch structure are proposed. Then, the application of a machine learning algorithm, the genetic algorithm, for the calculation of the geometrical parameters, that allows to minimize the quantity of material that constitute the arch structures, is implemented. In this phase, the method used to calculate the stresses has been considered as a constraint function to reduce the range of the solutions to the only ones able to bear the design loads with the smallest volume. In particular, some case studies with different cross-sections are reported to prove the validity of the method and to compare the obtained results in terms of optimization effectiveness. </div>展开更多
There is great interest in the use of natural fibers as reinforcement to obtain new construction materials due to its low cost, high availability and reduced energy consumption for its production. This paper evaluates...There is great interest in the use of natural fibers as reinforcement to obtain new construction materials due to its low cost, high availability and reduced energy consumption for its production. This paper evaluates the incorporation of sisal fibers of 20 mm and 40 mm in length and volume fraction of 0.5% and 1% for concrete masonry structural blocks, and determines the use of these units to build prisms and mini-walls. Laboratory tests were carried out to characterize the physical of blocks and mortar, in addition to the axial compression tests of the units, prisms, and mini-walls. The sisal had low apparent density and high water absorption, which is a common feature of such material due to the high incidence of permeable pores. The physical properties of the blocks with and without addition complied with the standard requirements established to validate their use. The obtained results showed that the fiber-reinforced mini-walls obtained values very close to or even higher than those obtained for the mini-walls without fibers, demonstrating better performance than the blocks and prisms.展开更多
Isogeometric analysis(IGA),which aims at integrating CAD and CAE models,is one of the most active research topics in both computational mechanics and computer-aided geometric design.The rapidly growing interests in IG...Isogeometric analysis(IGA),which aims at integrating CAD and CAE models,is one of the most active research topics in both computational mechanics and computer-aided geometric design.The rapidly growing interests in IGA has led to profound developments of relevant theories and applications,one of which being structural optimization.With the rapid growth of researches in IGA,this special issue contributes to highlight recent developments,challenges and opportunities of IGA and IGA-based structural design optimization,with focuses on theory development,numerical implementations and potential applications.展开更多
The main goal of this study is analysis the mechanical behavior, failure mode and deflections of masonry beams lintels when subjected to concentrated loading. Walls were built using hollow clay blocks, using horizonta...The main goal of this study is analysis the mechanical behavior, failure mode and deflections of masonry beams lintels when subjected to concentrated loading. Walls were built using hollow clay blocks, using horizontal reinforcement on bed joint, and using of Murfor steel reinforcement. The conclusions of this work was： at middle of span, the load and displacement results present a linear behavior until failure; there two regions of failure, the region ＂A＂ presents the association of crushing and the region ＂B＂ shows the shear stress between block and mortar; the visual analysis of experimental tests shows the lost of adhesion between the mortar joint and blocks. It was not observed cracks on the mid-span produced by bending; it is possible to detach that the use of plane truss in Brazil as technological alternative is feasible and makes the masonry walls execution more rational, increasing the velocity of production.展开更多
Increasing buildings’ resistance to earthquake forces is not always a desirable solution especially for the building contents that are irreplaceable or simply more valuable than the actual primary structure (e.g. mus...Increasing buildings’ resistance to earthquake forces is not always a desirable solution especially for the building contents that are irreplaceable or simply more valuable than the actual primary structure (e.g. museums, data storage Centre’s, etc.). Base isolation and seismic dampers can be employed to minimize inter-story drifts and floor accelerations via specially designed isolation and dampers system at the structural base, or at higher levels of the superstructure. In this research, we’ll examine the response of buildings isolated using isolation system hybrid consisting of Lead-Rubber Bearings (LRB), Flat Sliding Bearings (FSB), with the addition of Rotation Fiction Damper (FD) at the base, then compare the results with buildings that have traditional foundation, in terms of the (period, displacement and distribution shear force and height of the building). It conducts TIME HISTORY seismic analysis for some varying height buildings (eight, twelve, sixteen, and twenty stories), with help of SAP2000 using an earthquake acceleration-time history for (El- Centro). The results show that the use of insulation system Hybrid has had a significant impact on improving the performance of origin in terms of reducing displacements and base shear with in-creasing height of the building, but has had a negative impact on the drift, which leads to an in-crease in drift with the increased flexibility of the building.展开更多
A newly developed P-doped CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy(MEA)provides both higher yield strength and larger uniform elongation than the conventional CrCoNi MEA,even superior tensile ductility to the other-element-doped C...A newly developed P-doped CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy(MEA)provides both higher yield strength and larger uniform elongation than the conventional CrCoNi MEA,even superior tensile ductility to the other-element-doped CrCoNi MEAs at similar yield strength levels.P segregation at grain boundaries(GBs)and dissolution inside grain interiors,together with the related lower stacking fault energy(SFE)are found in the P-doped CrCoNi MEA.Higher hetero-deformation-induced(HDI)hardening rate is observed in the P-doped CrCoNi MEA due to the grain-to-grain plastic deformation and the dynamic structural refinement by high-density stacking fault-walls(SFWs).The enhanced yield strength in the P-doped CoCrNi MEA can be attributed to the strong substitutional solid-solution strengthening by severer lattice distortion and the GB strengthening by phosphorus segregation at GBs.During the tensile deformation,the multiple SFW frames inundated with massive multi-orientational tiny planar stacking faults(SFs)between them,rather than deformation twins,are observed to induce dynamic structural refinement for forming par-allelepiped domains in the P-doped CoCrNi MEA,due to the lower SFE and even lower atomically-local SFE.These nano-sized domains with domain boundary spacing at tens of nanometers can block disloca-tion movement for strengthening on one hand,and can accumulate defects in the interiors of domains for exceptionally high hardening rate on the other hand.展开更多
This study numerically investigates the seismic response of a nine-story self-centering concentrically braced frame building incorporating force-limiting connections between the floor system and the lateral force-resi...This study numerically investigates the seismic response of a nine-story self-centering concentrically braced frame building incorporating force-limiting connections between the floor system and the lateral force-resisting system.Nonlinear earthquake simulations are conducted under design basis earthquake ground motions,and the results are compared against a baseline model with rigid-elastic connections.The study discusses connection design considerations and evaluates the effectiveness of force-limiting connections in mitigating higher-mode effects.The findings show that force-limiting connections significantly reduce the magnitude and variability of floor accelerations,brace forces,and connection forces,while maintaining comparable story drifts.limiting Force-connections primarily reduce the contribution of higher-mode responses,while the controlled rocking base mechanism modifies the first-mode response.Overall,the reduced dispersion in structural response improves the reliability of seismic design and enhances resilience by minimizing damage to both structural components and acceleration-sensitive nonstructural elements.展开更多
Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall pose a serious threat globally, endangering infrastructure and lives. Many previous landslide studies lack comprehensiveness and site specificity. Thus, a comprehensive investiga...Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall pose a serious threat globally, endangering infrastructure and lives. Many previous landslide studies lack comprehensiveness and site specificity. Thus, a comprehensive investigation is essential to understand the failure mechanisms and contributing factors for assessing potential future hazards. This study aims to investigate the debris flow landslide that occurred in Kavalappara, Kerala, India, on August 8, 2019, through an integrated approach combining geophysical test, weathering characterization, geotechnical, and numerical analyses. Shear wave velocity(V_s) was determined using the Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves(MASW) test to obtain the substrata of the slope. Residual and unsaturated soil properties were obtained through ring shear and dew point potentiometer tests. The mineralogical composition of the soil was identified using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive XRay Analysis(EDAX), and X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) patterns. These investigation results focused on slope stability during rainfall infiltration using Limit Equilibrium(LEM) and Finite Element Analysis(FEM) for both low and high-intensity rainfall. Finally, the progressive failure mechanism of the landslide was analysed using the Finite Difference program(FDM). The soil profile showed a variation from loose to dense, with a V_(s) range of 172.85 m/s to 440.53 m/s. No rock layers were identified down to a depth of 15 m. The landslide area consists of migmatite as a parent rock, and the soil was identified as silty clay, comprising quartz and clay minerals. The FEM and LEM analyses reveal that the factor of safety was reduced to 0.83 due to increased pore water pressure and the degree of saturation. The pore water pressure ratio(r_(u)), estimated at 0.32, was used in the FDM. The landslide, initiated at r_u of 0.35, reached maximum velocities of 15.4 m/s horizontally and 12.4 m/s vertically. This study helps disaster management to analyse debris flow and find effective mitigation strategies for hilly areas.展开更多
基金National Science Foundation(NSF)under grant No.CMMI-0748111
文摘This study examines the performance of integration methods for hybrid simulation of large and complex structural systems in the context of structural collapse due to seismic excitations. The target application is not necessarily for real-time testing, but rather for models that involve large-scale physical sub-structures and highly nonlinear numerical models. Four case studies are presented and discussed. In the first case study, the accuracy of integration schemes including two widely used methods, namely, modified version of the implicit Newmark with fixed-number of iteration （iterative） and the operator-splitting （non-iterative） is examined through pure numerical simulations. The second case study presents the results of 10 hybrid simulations repeated with the two aforementioned integration methods considering various time steps and fixed-number of iterations for the iterative integration method. The physical sub-structure in these tests consists of a single-degree-of-freedom （SDOF） cantilever column with replaceable steel coupons that provides repeatable highly- nonlinear behavior including fracture-type strength and stiffness degradations. In case study three, the implicit Newmark with fixed-number of iterations is applied for hybrid simulations of a 1：2 scale steel moment frame that includes a relatively complex nonlinear numerical substructure. Lastly, a more complex numerical substructure is considered by constructing a nonlinear computational model of a moment frame coupled to a hybrid model ofa 1：2 scale steel gravity frame. The last two case studies are conducted on the same porotype structure and the selection of time steps and fixed number of iterations are closely examined in pre-test simulations. The generated unbalance forces is used as an index to track the equilibrium error and predict the accuracy and stability of the simulations.
文摘Structural Health Monitoring(SHM)systems play a key role in managing buildings and infrastructure by delivering vital insights into their strength and structural integrity.There is a need for more efficient techniques to detect defects,as traditional methods are often prone to human error,and this issue is also addressed through image processing(IP).In addition to IP,automated,accurate,and real-time detection of structural defects,such as cracks,corrosion,and material degradation that conventional inspection techniques may miss,is made possible by Artificial Intelligence(AI)technologies like Machine Learning(ML)and Deep Learning(DL).This review examines the integration of computer vision and AI techniques in Structural Health Monitoring(SHM),investigating their effectiveness in detecting various forms of structural deterioration.Also,it evaluates ML and DL models in SHM for their accuracy in identifying and assessing structural damage,ultimately enhancing safety,durability,and maintenance practices in the field.Key findings reveal that AI-powered approaches,especially those utilizing IP and DL models like CNNs,significantly improve detection efficiency and accuracy,with reported accuracies in various SHM tasks.However,significant research gaps remain,including challenges with the consistency,quality,and environmental resilience of image data,a notable lack of standardized models and datasets for training across diverse structures,and concerns regarding computational costs,model interpretability,and seamless integration with existing systems.Future work should focus on developing more robust models through data augmentation,transfer learning,and hybrid approaches,standardizing protocols,and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome these limitations and achieve more reliable,scalable,and affordable SHM systems.
文摘Inverse design of advanced materials represents a pivotal challenge in materials science.Leveraging the latent space of Variational Autoencoders(VAEs)for material optimization has emerged as a significant advancement in the field of material inverse design.However,VAEs are inherently prone to generating blurred images,posing challenges for precise inverse design and microstructure manufacturing.While increasing the dimensionality of the VAE latent space can mitigate reconstruction blurriness to some extent,it simultaneously imposes a substantial burden on target optimization due to an excessively high search space.To address these limitations,this study adopts a Variational Autoencoder guided Conditional Diffusion Generative Model(VAE-CDGM)framework integrated with Bayesian optimization to achieve the inverse design of composite materials with targeted mechanical properties.The VAE-CDGM model synergizes the strengths of VAEs and Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models(DDPM),enabling the generation of high-quality,sharp images while preserving a manipulable latent space.To accommodate varying dimensional requirements of the latent space,two optimization strategies are proposed.When the latent space dimensionality is excessively high,SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)sensitivity analysis is employed to identify critical latent features for optimization within a reduced subspace.Conversely,direct optimization is performed in the low-dimensional latent space of VAE-CDGM when dimensionality is modest.The results demonstrate that both strategies accurately achieve the targeted design of composite materials while circumventing the blurred reconstruction flaws of VAEs,which offers a novel pathway for the precise design of advanced materials.
文摘The biological stabilization of soil using microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP)employs ureolytic bacteria to precipitate calcium carbonate(CaCO3),which binds soil particles,enhancing strength,stiffness,and erosion resistance.The unconfinedcompressive strength(UCS),a key measure of soil strength,is critical in geotechnical engineering as it directly reflectsthe mechanical stability of treated soils.This study integrates explainable artificialintelligence(XAI)with geotechnical insights to model the UCS of MICP-treated sands.Using 517 experimental data points and a combination of various input variables—including median grain size(D50),coefficientof uniformity(Cu),void ratio(e),urea concentration(Mu),calcium concentration(Mc),optical density(OD)of bacterial solution,pH,and total injection volume(Vt)—fivemachine learning(ML)models,including eXtreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),Light gradient boosting machine(LightGBM),random forest(RF),gene expression programming(GEP),and multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS),were developed and optimized.The ensemble models(XGBoost,LightGBM,and RF)were optimized using the Chernobyl disaster optimizer(CDO),a recently developed metaheuristic algorithm.Of these,LightGBM-CDO achieved the highest accuracy for UCS prediction.XAI techniques like feature importance analysis(FIA),SHapley additive exPlanations(SHAP),and partial dependence plots(PDPs)were also used to investigate the complex non-linear relationships between the input and output variables.The results obtained have demonstrated that the XAI-driven models can enhance the predictive accuracy and interpretability of MICP processes,offering a sustainable pathway for optimizing geotechnical applications.
文摘Optimization is the key to obtaining efficient utilization of resources in structural design.Due to the complex nature of truss systems,this study presents a method based on metaheuristic modelling that minimises structural weight under stress and frequency constraints.Two new algorithms,the Red Kite Optimization Algorithm(ROA)and Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm(SBOA),are utilized on five benchmark trusses with 10,18,37,72,and 200-bar trusses.Both algorithms are evaluated against benchmarks in the literature.The results indicate that SBOA always reaches a lighter optimal.Designs with reducing structural weight ranging from 0.02%to 0.15%compared to ROA,and up to 6%–8%as compared to conventional algorithms.In addition,SBOA can achieve 15%–20%faster convergence speed and 10%–18%reduction in computational time with a smaller standard deviation over independent runs,which demonstrates its robustness and reliability.It is indicated that the adaptive exploration mechanism of SBOA,especially its Levy flight–based search strategy,can obviously improve optimization performance for low-and high-dimensional trusses.The research has implications in the context of promoting bio-inspired optimization techniques by demonstrating the viability of SBOA,a reliable model for large-scale structural design that provides significant enhancements in performance and convergence behavior.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51878508。
文摘Cemented and mechanically clamped types of end fittings(fitting-C and fitting-M)are commonly used in transformer bushings.During the Luding Ms 6.8 earthquake that occurred in China on September 5,2022,all transformer bushings with the two types of end fittings in a 500 kV substation were damaged.Post-earthquake field investigations were conducted,and the failures of the two types of bushings were compared.Two elementary simulation models of the transformer-bushing systems were developed to simulate the engineering failures,and further compute their seismic responses for comparison.The results indicate that the hitch lugs of the connection flange are structurally harmful to seismic resistance.Fitting-M can decrease the bending stiffness of the bushing due to the flexible sealing rubber gasket.Since it provides a more flexible connection that dissipates energy,the peak accelerations and relative displacements at the top of the bushing are significantly lower than those of the bushing with fitting-C.Compared with fitting-C,fitting-M transfers the high-stress areas from the connection flange to the root of the porcelain,so the latter becomes the most vulnerable component.Fitting-M increases the failure risk of the low-strength porcelain,indicating the unsuitability of applying it in high-intensity fortification regions.
基金This research was supported by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research(PEER)Center,Caltrans,and the National Science Foundation(Grant CMMI-1201195,OISE-1445712).Additional support was provided by National Science Foundation(NSF)through computing resources provided by San Diego Supercomputer Center(SDSC)and Texas Advanced Computing Center(TACC).The Wharf layout information was provided by Dr.Arul K.Arulmoli,Principal,Earth Mechanics,Inc.
文摘The OpenSees computational platform has allowed unprecedented opportunities for conducting seismic nonlinear soil-structure interaction simulations.On the geotechnical side,capabilities such as coupled solid-fluid formulations and nonlinear incrementalplasticity approaches allow for representation of the involved dynamic/seismic responses.This paper presents recent research that facilitated such endeavors in terms of response of ground-foundation-structure systems using advanced material modeling techniques and high-performance computing resources.Representative numerical results are shown for large-scale soil-structure systems,and ground modification liquefaction countermeasures.In addition,graphical user interface enabling tools for routine usage of such 3D simulation environments are presented,as an important element in support of wider adoption and practical applications.In this context,Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering(PBEE)analysis of bridge-ground systems is highlighted as an important topical application.
文摘This paper presents a non-contact measurement of the realistic catenary geometry deviation in the Norwegian railway network through a laser rangefinder.The random geometry deviation is included in the catenary model to investigate its effect on the pantograph–catenary interaction.The dispersion of the longitudinal deviation is assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution.A power spectrum density represents the vertical deviation in the contact wire.Based on the Monte Carlo method,several geometry deviation samples are generated and included in the catenary model.A lumped mass pantograph with flexible collectors is employed to reproduce the high-frequency behaviours.The stochastic analysis results indicate that the catenary geometry deviation causes a significant dispersion of the pantograph–catenary interaction response.The contact force standard deviations measured by the inspection vehicle are within the scope of the simulation results.A critical cut-off frequency that covers 1/16 of the dropper interval is suggested to fully describe the effect of the catenary geometry deviation on the contact force.The statistical minimum contact force is recommended to be modified according to the tolerant contact loss rate at high frequency.An unpleasant interaction performance of the pantograph–catenary can be expected at the catenary top speed when the random catenary geometry deviation is included.
基金Supported by Hermínio Omettto Foundation.Grant number 2015/029。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the systemic action of electroacupuncture and laserpuncture in the repair of excisional cutaneous injuries on the back of adult female Wistar rats.METHODS:Ninety animals were divided into three experimental groups:C-control;E-treated with electroacupuncture[acupoints:Feishu(BL13),Geshu(BL17),Zusanli(ST36)];L-treated with laserpuncture(same acupoints)and euthanized on the 7 th,14 th and 21 st days for tissue removal and preparation for histomorphometric and biochemical(dosages,zymography and Western blotting)analysis.RESULTS:The number of fibroblasts in the E and L groups presented higher values than the C on the14 th and 21 st days.The number of granulocytes was lower than C on the 21 st day in groups E and L.The total number of newly formed vessels increased on the 21 st day and was higher in both treatments when compared to C.The birefringent collagen fibers detected on the 21 st day was lower in groups E and L than group C.The glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline amount was similar among groups throughout the experimental period.The active isoform of matrixmetallo proteinase(MMP)-2 and the latent isoform of MMP-9 did not show any differences among all groups and experimental periods.The amount of collagenⅠpresented higher values in the L group on the 14 th day and in the E and L groups on the 21 st day.For typeⅢcollagen,groups E and L presented values lower than C in all experimental periods.The amount of transforming growth factor-β1 in the E and L groups showed higher amounts than C on the 7 th day and lower on the 14 th and 21 st days.For vascular endothelial growth factor,E and L groups presented similar and lower values than C on the 7 th and 14 th days,respectively,and similar on the 21 st day.CONCLUSION:The therapies evaluated in this article stimulated fibroblast proliferation,neoangiogenesis and altered the reorganization of collagen fibers in the repair of excisional injuries in female adult rats.
文摘There are many structural lateral systems used in tall buildings： rigid frames, braced frames, shear walls, tubular structures and core structures. The outrigger and belt truss systems are efficient structures for drift control and base moment reduction in tall buildings where the core alone is not rigid enough to resist lateral loads. Perimeter columns are mobilized for increasing the effective width of the structure, and they developed tension in the windward columns and compression in the leeward columns. Optimum locations for the outriggers have been studied because of the influence on the top displacement and base moment in the core. It was analyzed the optimal position for two to seven outriggers and belt trusses, aiming to achieve minimum bending moment and minimum drift.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51908416)the Shanghai Pujiang Program(No.19PJ1409500)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘Accurate prediction of ductile fracture requires determining the material properties,including the parameters of the constitutive and ductile fracture model,which represent the true material response.Conventional calibration of material parameters often relies on a trial-and-error approach,in which the parameters are manually adjusted until the corresponding finite element model results in a response matching the experimental global response.The parameter estimates are often subjective.To address this issue,in this paper we treat the identification of material parameters as an optimization problem and introduce the particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm as the optimization approach.We provide material parameters of two uncoupled ductile fracture models—the Rice and Tracey void growth model(RT-VGM)and the micro-mechanical void growth model(MM-VGM),and a coupled model—the gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman(GTN)model for ASTM A36,A572 Gr.50,and A992 structural steels using an automated PSO method.By minimizing the difference between the experimental results and finite element simulations of the load-displacement curves for a set of tests of circumferentially notched tensile(CNT)bars,the calibration procedure automatically determines the parameters of the strain hardening law as well as the uncoupled models and the coupled GTN constitutive model.Validation studies show accurate prediction of the load-displacement response and ductile fracture initiation in V-notch specimens,and confirm the PSO algorithm as an effective and robust algorithm for seeking ductile fracture model parameters.PSO has excellent potential for identifying other fracture models(e.g.,shear modified GTN)with many parameters that can give rise to more accurate predictions of ductile fracture.Limitations of the PSO algorithm and the current calibrated ductile fracture models are also discussed in this paper.
基金support of the Brazil-ian research agencies,the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)(Nos. 301355/2018-5 and 200198/2022-0)FAPERJ-CNE (No. E-26/202.711/2018)+1 种基金FAPERJ Nota 10 (No. E-26/200.357/2020)CAPES (Finance code 001 and 88881.310620/2018-01)。
文摘In a global dynamic analysis,the coexisting attractors and their basins are the main tools to understand the system behavior and safety.However,both basins and attractors can be drastically influenced by uncertainties.The aim of this work is to illustrate a methodology for the global dynamic analysis of nondeterministic dynamical systems with competing attractors.Accordingly,analytical and numerical tools for calculation of nondeterministic global structures,namely attractors and basins,are proposed.First,based on the definition of the Perron-Frobenius,Koopman and Foias linear operators,a global dynamic description through phase-space operators is presented for both deterministic and nondeterministic cases.In this context,the stochastic basins of attraction and attractors’distributions replace the usual basin and attractor concepts.Then,numerical implementation of these concepts is accomplished via an adaptative phase-space discretization strategy based on the classical Ulam method.Sample results of the methodology are presented for a canonical dynamical system.
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> Arches are employed for bridges. This particular type of structures, characterized by a very old use tradition, is nowadays, widely exploited because of its strength, resilience, cost-effectiveness and charm. In recent years, a more conscious design approach that focuses on a more proper use of the building materials combined with the increasing of the computational capability of the modern computers, has led the research in the civil engineering field to the study of optimization algorithms applications aimed at the definition of the best design parameters. In this paper, a differential formulation and a MATLAB code for the calculation of the internal stresses in the arch structure are proposed. Then, the application of a machine learning algorithm, the genetic algorithm, for the calculation of the geometrical parameters, that allows to minimize the quantity of material that constitute the arch structures, is implemented. In this phase, the method used to calculate the stresses has been considered as a constraint function to reduce the range of the solutions to the only ones able to bear the design loads with the smallest volume. In particular, some case studies with different cross-sections are reported to prove the validity of the method and to compare the obtained results in terms of optimization effectiveness. </div>
文摘There is great interest in the use of natural fibers as reinforcement to obtain new construction materials due to its low cost, high availability and reduced energy consumption for its production. This paper evaluates the incorporation of sisal fibers of 20 mm and 40 mm in length and volume fraction of 0.5% and 1% for concrete masonry structural blocks, and determines the use of these units to build prisms and mini-walls. Laboratory tests were carried out to characterize the physical of blocks and mortar, in addition to the axial compression tests of the units, prisms, and mini-walls. The sisal had low apparent density and high water absorption, which is a common feature of such material due to the high incidence of permeable pores. The physical properties of the blocks with and without addition complied with the standard requirements established to validate their use. The obtained results showed that the fiber-reinforced mini-walls obtained values very close to or even higher than those obtained for the mini-walls without fibers, demonstrating better performance than the blocks and prisms.
基金This work has been supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51705158),Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515011783)Guangdong Regular Institutions of Characteristic Innovation Project(2017KTSCX176)KEY Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Equipment of Guangdong Regular Institutions of Higher Education(2017KSYS009).These supports are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Isogeometric analysis(IGA),which aims at integrating CAD and CAE models,is one of the most active research topics in both computational mechanics and computer-aided geometric design.The rapidly growing interests in IGA has led to profound developments of relevant theories and applications,one of which being structural optimization.With the rapid growth of researches in IGA,this special issue contributes to highlight recent developments,challenges and opportunities of IGA and IGA-based structural design optimization,with focuses on theory development,numerical implementations and potential applications.
文摘The main goal of this study is analysis the mechanical behavior, failure mode and deflections of masonry beams lintels when subjected to concentrated loading. Walls were built using hollow clay blocks, using horizontal reinforcement on bed joint, and using of Murfor steel reinforcement. The conclusions of this work was： at middle of span, the load and displacement results present a linear behavior until failure; there two regions of failure, the region ＂A＂ presents the association of crushing and the region ＂B＂ shows the shear stress between block and mortar; the visual analysis of experimental tests shows the lost of adhesion between the mortar joint and blocks. It was not observed cracks on the mid-span produced by bending; it is possible to detach that the use of plane truss in Brazil as technological alternative is feasible and makes the masonry walls execution more rational, increasing the velocity of production.
文摘Increasing buildings’ resistance to earthquake forces is not always a desirable solution especially for the building contents that are irreplaceable or simply more valuable than the actual primary structure (e.g. museums, data storage Centre’s, etc.). Base isolation and seismic dampers can be employed to minimize inter-story drifts and floor accelerations via specially designed isolation and dampers system at the structural base, or at higher levels of the superstructure. In this research, we’ll examine the response of buildings isolated using isolation system hybrid consisting of Lead-Rubber Bearings (LRB), Flat Sliding Bearings (FSB), with the addition of Rotation Fiction Damper (FD) at the base, then compare the results with buildings that have traditional foundation, in terms of the (period, displacement and distribution shear force and height of the building). It conducts TIME HISTORY seismic analysis for some varying height buildings (eight, twelve, sixteen, and twenty stories), with help of SAP2000 using an earthquake acceleration-time history for (El- Centro). The results show that the use of insulation system Hybrid has had a significant impact on improving the performance of origin in terms of reducing displacements and base shear with in-creasing height of the building, but has had a negative impact on the drift, which leads to an in-crease in drift with the increased flexibility of the building.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFA0209902)the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52071326,52192593,51601204)+1 种基金the NSFC Basic Science Center Program for Multiscale Problems in Nonlinear Mechanics(No.11988102)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB22040503).
文摘A newly developed P-doped CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy(MEA)provides both higher yield strength and larger uniform elongation than the conventional CrCoNi MEA,even superior tensile ductility to the other-element-doped CrCoNi MEAs at similar yield strength levels.P segregation at grain boundaries(GBs)and dissolution inside grain interiors,together with the related lower stacking fault energy(SFE)are found in the P-doped CrCoNi MEA.Higher hetero-deformation-induced(HDI)hardening rate is observed in the P-doped CrCoNi MEA due to the grain-to-grain plastic deformation and the dynamic structural refinement by high-density stacking fault-walls(SFWs).The enhanced yield strength in the P-doped CoCrNi MEA can be attributed to the strong substitutional solid-solution strengthening by severer lattice distortion and the GB strengthening by phosphorus segregation at GBs.During the tensile deformation,the multiple SFW frames inundated with massive multi-orientational tiny planar stacking faults(SFs)between them,rather than deformation twins,are observed to induce dynamic structural refinement for forming par-allelepiped domains in the P-doped CoCrNi MEA,due to the lower SFE and even lower atomically-local SFE.These nano-sized domains with domain boundary spacing at tens of nanometers can block disloca-tion movement for strengthening on one hand,and can accumulate defects in the interiors of domains for exceptionally high hardening rate on the other hand.
基金financial support provided by Lehigh University,the Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems(ATLSS)Engineering Research Center,and the Department of Structural Engineering at the University of California,San Diegolarge research team led by Professor Robert B.Fleischman under the project“NEESR:Inertial Force-Limiting Floor Anchorage Systems for Seismic Resistant Building Structures”with the support of grants from the National Science Foundation,award no.CMMI-1135033in the George E.Brown,Jr.Network for Earthquake gineering En-Simulation Research(NEESR)program and award no.CMMI-0402490 for the George E.Brown,Jr.Network for Earthquake ing Engineer-Simulation(NEES)consortium operations.
文摘This study numerically investigates the seismic response of a nine-story self-centering concentrically braced frame building incorporating force-limiting connections between the floor system and the lateral force-resisting system.Nonlinear earthquake simulations are conducted under design basis earthquake ground motions,and the results are compared against a baseline model with rigid-elastic connections.The study discusses connection design considerations and evaluates the effectiveness of force-limiting connections in mitigating higher-mode effects.The findings show that force-limiting connections significantly reduce the magnitude and variability of floor accelerations,brace forces,and connection forces,while maintaining comparable story drifts.limiting Force-connections primarily reduce the contribution of higher-mode responses,while the controlled rocking base mechanism modifies the first-mode response.Overall,the reduced dispersion in structural response improves the reliability of seismic design and enhances resilience by minimizing damage to both structural components and acceleration-sensitive nonstructural elements.
文摘Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall pose a serious threat globally, endangering infrastructure and lives. Many previous landslide studies lack comprehensiveness and site specificity. Thus, a comprehensive investigation is essential to understand the failure mechanisms and contributing factors for assessing potential future hazards. This study aims to investigate the debris flow landslide that occurred in Kavalappara, Kerala, India, on August 8, 2019, through an integrated approach combining geophysical test, weathering characterization, geotechnical, and numerical analyses. Shear wave velocity(V_s) was determined using the Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves(MASW) test to obtain the substrata of the slope. Residual and unsaturated soil properties were obtained through ring shear and dew point potentiometer tests. The mineralogical composition of the soil was identified using Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive XRay Analysis(EDAX), and X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) patterns. These investigation results focused on slope stability during rainfall infiltration using Limit Equilibrium(LEM) and Finite Element Analysis(FEM) for both low and high-intensity rainfall. Finally, the progressive failure mechanism of the landslide was analysed using the Finite Difference program(FDM). The soil profile showed a variation from loose to dense, with a V_(s) range of 172.85 m/s to 440.53 m/s. No rock layers were identified down to a depth of 15 m. The landslide area consists of migmatite as a parent rock, and the soil was identified as silty clay, comprising quartz and clay minerals. The FEM and LEM analyses reveal that the factor of safety was reduced to 0.83 due to increased pore water pressure and the degree of saturation. The pore water pressure ratio(r_(u)), estimated at 0.32, was used in the FDM. The landslide, initiated at r_u of 0.35, reached maximum velocities of 15.4 m/s horizontally and 12.4 m/s vertically. This study helps disaster management to analyse debris flow and find effective mitigation strategies for hilly areas.
