We have entered the age of renewable energy revolution.Hence,energy-dense all-solid-state lithium metal batteries are now being actively researched as one of the most promising energy storage systems.However,they have...We have entered the age of renewable energy revolution.Hence,energy-dense all-solid-state lithium metal batteries are now being actively researched as one of the most promising energy storage systems.However,they have not yet been a silver bullet due to the dendrite formation and interfacial issue.Here,we introduce the hybrid polymer electrolyte via a novel solvent-free strategy as well as utilize a polymerization and gelation effect of cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol to achieve superior electrochemical performance.The hybrid polymer electrolyte,using cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol,demonstrates a stable artificial solid electrolyte interface layer,which suppresses the continuous decomposition of Li salts.Importantly,we also present the lithium-graphite composite anode to reach the super-highenergy-density anode materials.Taken together,these advancements represent a significant stride toward addressing the challenges associated with all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.展开更多
Arising from the increasing demand for electric vehicles(EVs),Ni-rich LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM,x+y+z=1,x≥0.8)cathode with greatly increased energy density are being researched and commercialized for lithium-ion ...Arising from the increasing demand for electric vehicles(EVs),Ni-rich LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM,x+y+z=1,x≥0.8)cathode with greatly increased energy density are being researched and commercialized for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,parasitic crack formation during the discharge–charge cycling process remains as a major degradation mechanism.Cracking leads to increase in the specific surface area,loss of electrical contact between the primary particles,and facilitates liquid electrolyte infiltration into the cathode active material,accelerating capacity fading and decrease in lifetime.In contrast,Ni-rich NCM when used as a single crystal exhibits superior cycling performances due to its rigid mechanical property that resists cracking during long charge–discharge process even under harsh conditions.In this paper,we present comparative investigation between single crystal Ni-rich LiNi_(0.92)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.04)O_(2)(SC)and polycrystalline Ni-rich LiNi_(0.92)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.04)O_(2)(PC).The relatively improved cycling performances of SC are attributed to smaller anisotropic volume change,higher reversibility of phase transition,and resistance to crack formation.The superior properties of SC are demonstrated by in situ characterization and battery tests.Consequently,it is inferred from the results obtained that optimization of preparation conditions can be regarded as a key approach to obtain well crystallized and superior electrochemical performances.展开更多
This study demonstrates the fabrication of mesoporous tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))-decorated flexible polyimide(PI)electrodes for the highly sensitive detection of catechol(CC)and hydroquinone(HQ),two environmental pollu...This study demonstrates the fabrication of mesoporous tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))-decorated flexible polyimide(PI)electrodes for the highly sensitive detection of catechol(CC)and hydroquinone(HQ),two environmental pollutants.Organic-inorganic composite dots are formed on flexible PI electrodes using evaporation-induced self-assembly(EISA)and electrospray methods.The EISA process is induced by a temperature gradient during electrospray,and the heated substrate partially decomposes the organic parts etched by O_(2) plasma,creating mesoporous structures.Differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry demonstrate a linear correlation between analyte concentration and the electrochemical response.Computational studies support the spontaneous adsorption of CC and HQ molecules on model WO_(3) surfaces.The proposed sensor shows high sensitivity,a wide linear range,and a low detection limit for both individual and simultaneous determination of CC and HQ.Real sample analysis on river water confirms practical applicability.The WO_(3)-decorated PI electrode presents an efficient and reliable approach for detecting these pollutants,contributing to environmental safety measures.展开更多
The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has sparked much interest in applying nanoscale perovskite materials for photodetection applications.These materials are promising candidates for next-generation photodetectors(...The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has sparked much interest in applying nanoscale perovskite materials for photodetection applications.These materials are promising candidates for next-generation photodetectors(PDs)due to their unique optoelectronic properties and flexible synthesis routes.This review explores the approaches used in the development and use of optoelectronic devices made of different nanoscale perovskite architectures,including quantum dots,nanosheets,nanorods,nanowires,and nanocrystals.Through a thorough analysis of recent literature,the review also addresses common issues like the mechanisms underlying the degradation of perovskite PDs and offers perspectives on potential solutions to improve stability and scalability that impede widespread implementation.In addition,it highlights that photodetection encompasses the detection of light fields in dimensions other than light intensity and suggests potential avenues for future research to overcome these obstacles and fully realize the potential of nanoscale perovskite materials in state-of-the-art photodetection systems.This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanoscale perovskite PDs and guides future research efforts towards improved performance and wider applicability,making it a valuable resource for researchers.展开更多
To emulate the functionality of the human retina and achieve a neuromorphic visual system,the development of a photonic synapse capable of multispectral color discrimination is of paramount importance.However,attainin...To emulate the functionality of the human retina and achieve a neuromorphic visual system,the development of a photonic synapse capable of multispectral color discrimination is of paramount importance.However,attaining robust color discrimination across a wide intensity range,even irrespective of medium limitations in the channel layer,poses a significant challenge.Here,we propose an approach that can bestow the color-discriminating synaptic functionality upon a three-terminal transistor flash memory even with enhanced discriminating capabilities.By incorporating the strong induced dipole moment effect at the excitation,modulated by the wavelength of the incident light,into the floating gate,we achieve outstanding RGB color-discriminating synaptic functionality within a remarkable intensity range spanning from 0.05 to 40 mW cm^(-2).This approach is not restricted to a specific medium in the channel layer,thereby enhancing its applicability.The effectiveness of this color-discriminating synaptic functionality is demonstrated through visual pre-processing of a photonic synapse array,involving the differentiation of RGB channels and the enhancement of image contrast with noise reduction.Consequently,a convolutional neural network can achieve an impressive inference accuracy of over 94%for Canadian-Institute-For-Advanced-Research-10 colorful image recognition task after the pre-processing.Our proposed approach offers a promising solution for achieving robust and versatile RGB color discrimination in photonic synapses,enabling significant advancements in artificial visual systems.展开更多
Real-time sensory signal monitoring systems are crucial for continuous health tracking and enhancing human-interface technologies in virtual reality/augmented reality applications.Recent advancements in micro/nanofabr...Real-time sensory signal monitoring systems are crucial for continuous health tracking and enhancing human-interface technologies in virtual reality/augmented reality applications.Recent advancements in micro/nanofabrication technologies have enabled wearable and implantable sensors to achieve sufficient sensitivity for measuring subtle sensory signals,while integration with wireless communication technologies allows for real-time monitoring and closed-loop user feedback.However,highly sensitive sensing materials face challenges,as their detection results can easily be altered by external factors such as bending,temperature,and humidity.This review discusses methods for decoupling various stimuli and their applications in human interfaces.We cover the latest advancements in decoupled systems,including the design of sensing materials using micro/nanostructured materials,3-dimensional(3D)sensory system architectures,and Artificial intelligence(AI)-based signal decoupling processing techniques.Additionally,we highlight key applications in robotics,wearable,and implantable health monitoring made possible by these decoupled systems.Finally,we suggest future research directions to address the remaining challenges of developing decoupled artificial sensory systems that are resilient to external stimuli.展开更多
The piezocatalytic characteristic of bismuth oxyhalides(BiOX,X=Cl,Br,and I) has been increasingly capturing interest for its potential in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) through water splitting process.The performanc...The piezocatalytic characteristic of bismuth oxyhalides(BiOX,X=Cl,Br,and I) has been increasingly capturing interest for its potential in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) through water splitting process.The performance regarding these piezocatalysts is closely related to the halogen element present in BiOX;yet,the specific influence mechanisms remain unclear.In this study,we prepared BiOX catalysts via a hydrothermal process and explored their piezocatalytic HER activities.Owing to the layered bismuth s tructure,the resulting sheet-like piezocatalysts can efficiently capture the mechanic stimulus and allow the robust piezoelectric field,contributing to the piezocatalytic operation.It demonstrates that the BiOBr achieves a remarkable piezocatalytic HER efficiency of 813 μmol g^(-1)h^(-1),outperforming BiOCl and BiOI.The density functional theory(DFT)calculation results reveal that the BiOBr with moderate halogen atom size and lattice layer spacing possesses the strongest piezoelectricity,which enhances the separation and transfer of electron-hole pairs.Meanwhile,the exposed Br atom layer facilitates a large Bader charge and a low surface Gibbs free energy(ΔG_(H)),enhancing charge transfer for hydrogen reduction at the solid-liquid surface,thereby increasing the HER efficiency.This research sheds light on the halogen-dependent piezocatalytic activity of BiOX catalysts,offering valuable insights for the development of high-performance piezocatalysts.展开更多
This work presents a systematic analysis of proton-induced total ionizing dose(TID)effects in 1.2 k V silicon carbide(SiC)power devices with various edge termination structures.Three edge terminations including ring-a...This work presents a systematic analysis of proton-induced total ionizing dose(TID)effects in 1.2 k V silicon carbide(SiC)power devices with various edge termination structures.Three edge terminations including ring-assisted junction termination extension(RA-JTE),multiple floating zone JTE(MFZ-JTE),and field limiting rings(FLR)were fabricated and irradiated with45 Me V protons at fluences ranging from 1×10^(12) to 1×10^(14) cm^(-2).Experimental results,supported by TCAD simulations,show that the RA-JTE structure maintained stable breakdown performance with less than 1%variation due to its effective electric field redistribution by multiple P+rings.In contrast,MFZ-JTE and FLR exhibit breakdown voltage shifts of 6.1%and 15.2%,respectively,under the highest fluence.These results demonstrate the superior radiation tolerance of the RA-JTE structure under TID conditions and provide practical design guidance for radiation-hardened Si C power devices in space and other highradiation environments.展开更多
In this work,W/β-Ga_(2)O_(3)Schottky barrier diodes,prepared using a confined magnetic field-based sputtering method,were analyzed at different operation temperatures.Firstly,Schottky barrier height increased with in...In this work,W/β-Ga_(2)O_(3)Schottky barrier diodes,prepared using a confined magnetic field-based sputtering method,were analyzed at different operation temperatures.Firstly,Schottky barrier height increased with increasing temperature from 100 to 300 K and reached 1.03 eV at room temperature.The ideality factor decreased with increasing temperature and it was higher than 2 at 100 K.This apparent high value was related to the tunneling effect.Secondly,the series and on-resistances decreased with increasing operation temperature.Finally,the interfacial dislocation was extracted from the tunneling current.A high dislocation density was found,which indicates the domination of tunneling through dislocation in the transport mecha-nism.These findings are evidently helpful in designing better performance devices.展开更多
MXene has garnered widespread recognition in the scientific com-munity due to its remarkable properties,including excellent thermal stability,high conductivity,good hydrophilicity and dispersibility,easy processabilit...MXene has garnered widespread recognition in the scientific com-munity due to its remarkable properties,including excellent thermal stability,high conductivity,good hydrophilicity and dispersibility,easy processability,tunable surface properties,and admirable flexibility.MXenes have been categorized into different families based on the number of M and X layers in M_(n+1)X_(n),such as M_(2)X,M_(3)X_(2),M_(4)X_(3),and,recently,M_(5)X_(4).Among these families,M_(2)X and M_(3)X_(2),par-ticularly Ti_(3)C_(2),have been greatly explored while limited studies have been given to M_(5)X_(4)MXene synthesis.Meanwhile,studies on the M_(4)X_(3)MXene family have developed recently,hence,demanding a compilation of evaluated studies.Herein,this review provides a systematic overview of the latest advancements in M_(4)X_(3)MXenes,focusing on their properties and applications in energy storage devices.The objective of this review is to provide guidance to researchers on fostering M_(4)X_(3)MXene-based nanomaterials,not only for energy storage devices but also for broader applications.展开更多
We introduce a novel stretchable photodetector with enhanced multi-light source detection,capable of discriminating light sources using artificial intelligence(AI).These features highlight the application potential of...We introduce a novel stretchable photodetector with enhanced multi-light source detection,capable of discriminating light sources using artificial intelligence(AI).These features highlight the application potential of deep learning enhanced photodetectors in applications that require accurate for visual light communication(VLC).Experimental results showcased its excellent potential in real-world traffic system.This photodetector,fabricated using a composite structure of silver nanowires(AgNWs)/zinc sulfide(ZnS)-polyurethane acrylate(PUA)/AgNWs,maintained stable performance under 25%tensile strain and 2 mm bending radius.It shows high sensitivity at both 448 and 505 nm wavelengths,detecting light sources under mechanical deformations,different wavelengths and frequencies.By integrating a one-dimensional convolutional neural network(1D-CNN)model,we classified the light source power level with 96.52%accuracy even the light of two wavelengths is mixed.The model’s performance remains consistent across flat,bent,and stretched states,setting a precedent for flexible electronics combined with AI in dynamic environments.展开更多
Dramatic fluorescence enhancement in two-dimensional(2D)van der Waals materials(vdWMs)coupled to plasmonic nanostructures has the potential to enable ultrathin,flexible,and high-brightness illumination devices.However...Dramatic fluorescence enhancement in two-dimensional(2D)van der Waals materials(vdWMs)coupled to plasmonic nanostructures has the potential to enable ultrathin,flexible,and high-brightness illumination devices.However,addressing the limitation of locally scattered small plasmon-enhanced areas remains challenging.Here,we present a 2D plasmonic enhancement of photoluminescence(PL)spanning nearly 800μm^(2),enabled by surface lattice resonance(SLR)in a 2D vdWM-Au slot lattice hybrid.The Au slot lattice is designed and fabricated using Babinet’s principle and Rayleigh’s anomaly to maximize radiative decay rate and induce non-local photo-excitation in a MoSe_(2)monolayer.For emitted PL coupled with SLR,enhanced by up to 32-fold,we investigate its in-plane directivity and long-range propagation using angle-and space-resolved spectroscopic PL measurements.Our experiment reveals that a nearly 800μm^(2)2D luminescent sheet can be achieved regardless of the size of the MoSe_(2)crystal,even with a sub-μm^(2)flake.This work provides a new type of ultrabright,large-area 2D luminescent material,suitable for a range of optical illumination,communication,and sensing devices.展开更多
We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrosp...We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrospinning and electroplating methods.Percolative non-woven structure and high flexibility of the NF mats and MF electrodes allowed us to achieve highly transparent and flexible piezocomposites.A viscoelastic solution,mixed with P(VDF-TrFE)and BaTiO_(3),was electrospun into piezoelectric NFs with a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 21.2 pC/N.In addition,the combination of electrospinning and elec-troplating techniques enabled the fabrication of Ni-plated MF-based transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs),contributing to the high transparency of the resulting piezocomposite.The energy-harvesting efficiencies of the BaTiO_(3)-embedded NF-based PENGs with transmittances of 86%and 80%were 200 and 240 V/MPa,respectively,marking the highest values in their class.Moreover,the output voltage driven by the coupling effect of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity during finger tapping was 25.7 V.These highly efficient energy-harvesting performances,along with the transparent and flexible features of the PENGs,hold great promise for body-attachable energy-harvesting and sensing devices,as demonstrated in this study.展开更多
Variations in parameters associated with the ambient environment can introduce noise in soft,body-worn sensors.For example,many piezoresistive pressure sensors exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to fluctuations in t...Variations in parameters associated with the ambient environment can introduce noise in soft,body-worn sensors.For example,many piezoresistive pressure sensors exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to fluctuations in temperature,thereby requiring active compensation strategies.The research presented here addresses this challenge with a multilayered 3D microsystem design that integrates four piezoresistive sensors in a full-Wheatstone bridge configuration.An optimized layout of the sensors relative to the neutral mechanical plane leads to both an insensitivity to temperature and an increased sensitivity to pressure,relative to previously reported devices that rely on similar operating principles.Integrating this 3D pressure sensor into a soft,flexible electronics platform yields a system capable of real-time,wireless measurements from the surface of the skin.Placement above the radial and carotid arteries yields high-quality waveforms associated with pulsatile blood flow,with quantitative correlations to blood pressure.The results establish the materials and engineering aspects of a technology with broad potential in remote health monitoring.展开更多
Ultrafast tip-based microscopy has evolved to meet three critical parameters in optical characterization:spatial,spectral,and temporal resolution.This advancement provides deep insights into light-matter interactions ...Ultrafast tip-based microscopy has evolved to meet three critical parameters in optical characterization:spatial,spectral,and temporal resolution.This advancement provides deep insights into light-matter interactions in both real time and real space.In particular,it allows direct observation of polaritons,quantum states,and nonequilibrium dynamics,especially in low-dimensional quantum materials.展开更多
Stretchable organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)are emerging as a key technology for next-generation wearable devices due to their uniform light emission,stable performance under stretching conditions,and various flex...Stretchable organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)are emerging as a key technology for next-generation wearable devices due to their uniform light emission,stable performance under stretching conditions,and various flexible substrates.This paper introduces stretchable OLEDs fabricated with laser-cut kirigami patterns and a multifunctional encapsulation multilayer(MEM)barrier.These OLEDs were subsequently transferred onto textiles.These stretchable OLEDs achieved a remarkable stretchability of up to 150%through optimized kirigami pattern and maintained 100%stretchability when integrated with textiles,preserving the flexibility of a textile substrate.Additionally,the MEM barrier provided ultraviolet(UV)reflection and waterproof properties,ensuring reliable performance in harsh environments.Stretchable OLEDs and stretchable fabric OLEDs demonstrated a high luminance of 18,983 cd/m^(2) and 10,205 cd/m^(2),with minimal emission variation under stretched conditions.Furthermore,the potential of stretchable fabric OLEDs for wearable healthcare applications was evaluated by measuring photoplethysmography(PPG)signals.Stable PPG signals were successfully obtained at a 20%stretched state.Adjusting light source intensity effectively compensated for signal quality degradation caused by stretching.These findings highlight the significant potential of stretchable fabric OLEDs for wearable devices and photodiagnostic platforms,offering broad applicability across diverse fields.展开更多
Wearable therapeutic systems must integrate with the body,operate reliably under strain,and deliver sustained stimuli.Textile-based electronics meet these needs with softness,breathability,and scalability.This review ...Wearable therapeutic systems must integrate with the body,operate reliably under strain,and deliver sustained stimuli.Textile-based electronics meet these needs with softness,breathability,and scalability.This review outlines materials,structural design,functionalization,and system integration for therapeutic e-textiles.We examine electrical,thermal,chemical,optical,and mechanical modalities across clinical uses,highlight energy solutions,and discuss challenges in durability,performance,and manufacturing needed for translation to practical,personalized therapies.展开更多
In contemporary society,personal vehicles are indispensable for enhancing everyday convenience,and numerous advanced technological solutions for safe driving are being proposed,including autonomous emergency braking s...In contemporary society,personal vehicles are indispensable for enhancing everyday convenience,and numerous advanced technological solutions for safe driving are being proposed,including autonomous emergency braking systems and lane departure warning systems.However,traditional sensors aimed at preventing incapacitated driving due to drowsiness,alcohol consumption,or sudden health issues often require additional power and may infringe upon driver privacy.A self-powered,nonintrusive motion recording system utilizing a triboelectric nanogenerator with an arch and cantilever structure(AC-TENG)as a sensor to track driver motions is introduced.Motion patterns of users are captured in real time by imaging the waveforms generated by the AC-TENG.To discern the peaks of the AC-TENG waveforms with greater precision and clarity,the roughness of the contact surface is enhanced using the reactive ion etching(RIE)technique,thereby amplifying the voltage by a factor of 2.1.The resulting output power of 2.77 mW and a corresponding power density of 3.08 W/m^(2)are demonstrated.Energy harvesting is facilitated by the proposed AC-TENG sensor,coupled with a power management integrated circuit(PMIC).Additionally,continuous wireless data transmission is enabled by using it as an input source alongside a solar cell.Motion data captured by the sensor are classified via deep transfer learning,enabling real-time monitoring of safe driving.Upon detection of any abnormal signals,the driver is promptly alerted by this system,and its application can be extended to functionalities such as transitioning the vehicle to autonomous driving mode.展开更多
As social networks and related data processes have grown exponentially in complexity,the efficient resolution of combinatorial optimization problems has become increasingly crucial.Recent advancements in probabilistic...As social networks and related data processes have grown exponentially in complexity,the efficient resolution of combinatorial optimization problems has become increasingly crucial.Recent advancements in probabilistic computing approaches have demonstrated significant potential for addressing these problems more efficiently than conventional deterministic computing methods.In this study,we demonstrate a highly durable probabilistic bit(pbit)device utilizing two-dimensional materials,specifically hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN)and tin disulfide(SnS2)nanosheets.By leveraging the inherently stochastic nature of electron trapping and detrapping at the h-BN/SnS2 interface,the device achieves durable probabilistic fluctuations over 108 cycles with minimal energy consumption.To mitigate the static power consumption,we integrated an active switch in series with a p-bit device,replacing conventional resistors.Furthermore,employing the pulse width as the control variable for probabilistic switching significantly enhances noise immunity.We demonstrate the practical application of the proposed p-bit device in implementing invertible Boolean logic gates and subsequent integer factorization,highlighting its potential for solving complex combinatorial optimization problems and extending its applicability to real-world scenarios such as cryptographic systems.展开更多
基金supported by the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2023-00256202,Development of MLCB design and manufacturing process technology for board mounting)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea).
文摘We have entered the age of renewable energy revolution.Hence,energy-dense all-solid-state lithium metal batteries are now being actively researched as one of the most promising energy storage systems.However,they have not yet been a silver bullet due to the dendrite formation and interfacial issue.Here,we introduce the hybrid polymer electrolyte via a novel solvent-free strategy as well as utilize a polymerization and gelation effect of cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol to achieve superior electrochemical performance.The hybrid polymer electrolyte,using cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol,demonstrates a stable artificial solid electrolyte interface layer,which suppresses the continuous decomposition of Li salts.Importantly,we also present the lithium-graphite composite anode to reach the super-highenergy-density anode materials.Taken together,these advancements represent a significant stride toward addressing the challenges associated with all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.
基金supported by the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2023-00256202Development of MLCB design and manufacturing process technology for board mounting)funded By the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)+2 种基金supported by the Technology Innovation Program(or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program-Public-private joint investment semiconductor R&D program(K-CHIPS)to foster high-quality human resources)(RS-2023-00237003,High selectivity etching technology using cryoetch)funded By the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)supported by 2022 Research Grant from Kangwon National University(No.202203080001)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00280367).
文摘Arising from the increasing demand for electric vehicles(EVs),Ni-rich LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(z)O_(2)(NCM,x+y+z=1,x≥0.8)cathode with greatly increased energy density are being researched and commercialized for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,parasitic crack formation during the discharge–charge cycling process remains as a major degradation mechanism.Cracking leads to increase in the specific surface area,loss of electrical contact between the primary particles,and facilitates liquid electrolyte infiltration into the cathode active material,accelerating capacity fading and decrease in lifetime.In contrast,Ni-rich NCM when used as a single crystal exhibits superior cycling performances due to its rigid mechanical property that resists cracking during long charge–discharge process even under harsh conditions.In this paper,we present comparative investigation between single crystal Ni-rich LiNi_(0.92)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.04)O_(2)(SC)and polycrystalline Ni-rich LiNi_(0.92)Co_(0.04)Mn_(0.04)O_(2)(PC).The relatively improved cycling performances of SC are attributed to smaller anisotropic volume change,higher reversibility of phase transition,and resistance to crack formation.The superior properties of SC are demonstrated by in situ characterization and battery tests.Consequently,it is inferred from the results obtained that optimization of preparation conditions can be regarded as a key approach to obtain well crystallized and superior electrochemical performances.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Education(RS-202300243390 and 2020R1A5A1018052)supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea,funded by the Ministry of Education(2022R1A3B1078163)supported by the Technology Innovation Program(Publicprivate joint investment semiconductor R&D program[K-CHIPS])to foster high-quality human resources(RS-2023-00235484)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)(1415187770)。
文摘This study demonstrates the fabrication of mesoporous tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))-decorated flexible polyimide(PI)electrodes for the highly sensitive detection of catechol(CC)and hydroquinone(HQ),two environmental pollutants.Organic-inorganic composite dots are formed on flexible PI electrodes using evaporation-induced self-assembly(EISA)and electrospray methods.The EISA process is induced by a temperature gradient during electrospray,and the heated substrate partially decomposes the organic parts etched by O_(2) plasma,creating mesoporous structures.Differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry demonstrate a linear correlation between analyte concentration and the electrochemical response.Computational studies support the spontaneous adsorption of CC and HQ molecules on model WO_(3) surfaces.The proposed sensor shows high sensitivity,a wide linear range,and a low detection limit for both individual and simultaneous determination of CC and HQ.Real sample analysis on river water confirms practical applicability.The WO_(3)-decorated PI electrode presents an efficient and reliable approach for detecting these pollutants,contributing to environmental safety measures.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2022–00165798)Anhui Natural Science Foundation(No.2308085MF211)The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Research Project under Grant Number(R.G.P.2/491/45).
文摘The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has sparked much interest in applying nanoscale perovskite materials for photodetection applications.These materials are promising candidates for next-generation photodetectors(PDs)due to their unique optoelectronic properties and flexible synthesis routes.This review explores the approaches used in the development and use of optoelectronic devices made of different nanoscale perovskite architectures,including quantum dots,nanosheets,nanorods,nanowires,and nanocrystals.Through a thorough analysis of recent literature,the review also addresses common issues like the mechanisms underlying the degradation of perovskite PDs and offers perspectives on potential solutions to improve stability and scalability that impede widespread implementation.In addition,it highlights that photodetection encompasses the detection of light fields in dimensions other than light intensity and suggests potential avenues for future research to overcome these obstacles and fully realize the potential of nanoscale perovskite materials in state-of-the-art photodetection systems.This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanoscale perovskite PDs and guides future research efforts towards improved performance and wider applicability,making it a valuable resource for researchers.
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)[RS-2024-00350701 and RS-2023-00207828].
文摘To emulate the functionality of the human retina and achieve a neuromorphic visual system,the development of a photonic synapse capable of multispectral color discrimination is of paramount importance.However,attaining robust color discrimination across a wide intensity range,even irrespective of medium limitations in the channel layer,poses a significant challenge.Here,we propose an approach that can bestow the color-discriminating synaptic functionality upon a three-terminal transistor flash memory even with enhanced discriminating capabilities.By incorporating the strong induced dipole moment effect at the excitation,modulated by the wavelength of the incident light,into the floating gate,we achieve outstanding RGB color-discriminating synaptic functionality within a remarkable intensity range spanning from 0.05 to 40 mW cm^(-2).This approach is not restricted to a specific medium in the channel layer,thereby enhancing its applicability.The effectiveness of this color-discriminating synaptic functionality is demonstrated through visual pre-processing of a photonic synapse array,involving the differentiation of RGB channels and the enhancement of image contrast with noise reduction.Consequently,a convolutional neural network can achieve an impressive inference accuracy of over 94%for Canadian-Institute-For-Advanced-Research-10 colorful image recognition task after the pre-processing.Our proposed approach offers a promising solution for achieving robust and versatile RGB color discrimination in photonic synapses,enabling significant advancements in artificial visual systems.
基金funding from the Alchemist Project Program(Grant No.RS-2024-00422269)Technology Innovation Program(Grant No.RS-2024-00443121)+1 种基金supported by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)support by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP,Ministry of Science,ICT&Future Planning,Grant Nos.NRF-2022R1A4A3032913 and RS-2024-00411904).
文摘Real-time sensory signal monitoring systems are crucial for continuous health tracking and enhancing human-interface technologies in virtual reality/augmented reality applications.Recent advancements in micro/nanofabrication technologies have enabled wearable and implantable sensors to achieve sufficient sensitivity for measuring subtle sensory signals,while integration with wireless communication technologies allows for real-time monitoring and closed-loop user feedback.However,highly sensitive sensing materials face challenges,as their detection results can easily be altered by external factors such as bending,temperature,and humidity.This review discusses methods for decoupling various stimuli and their applications in human interfaces.We cover the latest advancements in decoupled systems,including the design of sensing materials using micro/nanostructured materials,3-dimensional(3D)sensory system architectures,and Artificial intelligence(AI)-based signal decoupling processing techniques.Additionally,we highlight key applications in robotics,wearable,and implantable health monitoring made possible by these decoupled systems.Finally,we suggest future research directions to address the remaining challenges of developing decoupled artificial sensory systems that are resilient to external stimuli.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2023MB151)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province for Excellent Young Scholars(No.ZR2022YQ13)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Special Project of Qingdao(No.24-1-8-xdny-18nsh)the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202211159)
文摘The piezocatalytic characteristic of bismuth oxyhalides(BiOX,X=Cl,Br,and I) has been increasingly capturing interest for its potential in hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) through water splitting process.The performance regarding these piezocatalysts is closely related to the halogen element present in BiOX;yet,the specific influence mechanisms remain unclear.In this study,we prepared BiOX catalysts via a hydrothermal process and explored their piezocatalytic HER activities.Owing to the layered bismuth s tructure,the resulting sheet-like piezocatalysts can efficiently capture the mechanic stimulus and allow the robust piezoelectric field,contributing to the piezocatalytic operation.It demonstrates that the BiOBr achieves a remarkable piezocatalytic HER efficiency of 813 μmol g^(-1)h^(-1),outperforming BiOCl and BiOI.The density functional theory(DFT)calculation results reveal that the BiOBr with moderate halogen atom size and lattice layer spacing possesses the strongest piezoelectricity,which enhances the separation and transfer of electron-hole pairs.Meanwhile,the exposed Br atom layer facilitates a large Bader charge and a low surface Gibbs free energy(ΔG_(H)),enhancing charge transfer for hydrogen reduction at the solid-liquid surface,thereby increasing the HER efficiency.This research sheds light on the halogen-dependent piezocatalytic activity of BiOX catalysts,offering valuable insights for the development of high-performance piezocatalysts.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute for Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation)under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(IITP-2025-RS-2024-00438288)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)+1 种基金National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the MSIT(Aerospace Semiconductor Strategy Research Project No.GTL25051-000)supported by the IC Design Education Center(IDEC),Korea。
文摘This work presents a systematic analysis of proton-induced total ionizing dose(TID)effects in 1.2 k V silicon carbide(SiC)power devices with various edge termination structures.Three edge terminations including ring-assisted junction termination extension(RA-JTE),multiple floating zone JTE(MFZ-JTE),and field limiting rings(FLR)were fabricated and irradiated with45 Me V protons at fluences ranging from 1×10^(12) to 1×10^(14) cm^(-2).Experimental results,supported by TCAD simulations,show that the RA-JTE structure maintained stable breakdown performance with less than 1%variation due to its effective electric field redistribution by multiple P+rings.In contrast,MFZ-JTE and FLR exhibit breakdown voltage shifts of 6.1%and 15.2%,respectively,under the highest fluence.These results demonstrate the superior radiation tolerance of the RA-JTE structure under TID conditions and provide practical design guidance for radiation-hardened Si C power devices in space and other highradiation environments.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2020R1A2C1013693)the Technology Innovation Program(20016102,Development of 1.2k V Gallium oxide power semiconductor devices technology and RS2022-00144027,Development of 1.2k V-class low-loss gallium oxide transistor)by the Ministry of Trade,Industry,and Energy(MOTIE,Korea)
文摘In this work,W/β-Ga_(2)O_(3)Schottky barrier diodes,prepared using a confined magnetic field-based sputtering method,were analyzed at different operation temperatures.Firstly,Schottky barrier height increased with increasing temperature from 100 to 300 K and reached 1.03 eV at room temperature.The ideality factor decreased with increasing temperature and it was higher than 2 at 100 K.This apparent high value was related to the tunneling effect.Secondly,the series and on-resistances decreased with increasing operation temperature.Finally,the interfacial dislocation was extracted from the tunneling current.A high dislocation density was found,which indicates the domination of tunneling through dislocation in the transport mecha-nism.These findings are evidently helpful in designing better performance devices.
基金supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council(Project Number CityU 11218420)the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University Saudi Arabia for funding through research groups program under Grant Number R.G.P.2/593/44.
文摘MXene has garnered widespread recognition in the scientific com-munity due to its remarkable properties,including excellent thermal stability,high conductivity,good hydrophilicity and dispersibility,easy processability,tunable surface properties,and admirable flexibility.MXenes have been categorized into different families based on the number of M and X layers in M_(n+1)X_(n),such as M_(2)X,M_(3)X_(2),M_(4)X_(3),and,recently,M_(5)X_(4).Among these families,M_(2)X and M_(3)X_(2),par-ticularly Ti_(3)C_(2),have been greatly explored while limited studies have been given to M_(5)X_(4)MXene synthesis.Meanwhile,studies on the M_(4)X_(3)MXene family have developed recently,hence,demanding a compilation of evaluated studies.Herein,this review provides a systematic overview of the latest advancements in M_(4)X_(3)MXenes,focusing on their properties and applications in energy storage devices.The objective of this review is to provide guidance to researchers on fostering M_(4)X_(3)MXene-based nanomaterials,not only for energy storage devices but also for broader applications.
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants(Number RS-2023-00247545)funded by the Korean government(MSIP)funded and conducted under the Competency Development Program for Industry Specialists of the Korean Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE),operated by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT)(No.P0023704,SemiconductorTrack Graduate School(SKKU)).
文摘We introduce a novel stretchable photodetector with enhanced multi-light source detection,capable of discriminating light sources using artificial intelligence(AI).These features highlight the application potential of deep learning enhanced photodetectors in applications that require accurate for visual light communication(VLC).Experimental results showcased its excellent potential in real-world traffic system.This photodetector,fabricated using a composite structure of silver nanowires(AgNWs)/zinc sulfide(ZnS)-polyurethane acrylate(PUA)/AgNWs,maintained stable performance under 25%tensile strain and 2 mm bending radius.It shows high sensitivity at both 448 and 505 nm wavelengths,detecting light sources under mechanical deformations,different wavelengths and frequencies.By integrating a one-dimensional convolutional neural network(1D-CNN)model,we classified the light source power level with 96.52%accuracy even the light of two wavelengths is mixed.The model’s performance remains consistent across flat,bent,and stretched states,setting a precedent for flexible electronics combined with AI in dynamic environments.
基金supported by IBS-R006-A1 and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2024-00406548 and RS-2025-00559676).
文摘Intrinsically stretchable light-emitting diodes(LEDs)are foundational components for next-generation free-form displays.Here,we present recent advances in electroluminescent materials for intrinsically stretchable LEDs,including molecular plasticizer-light-emitting polymer blends,elastomer-lightemitting polymer integration,thermally activated delayed fluorescence polymers,and inorganic semiconductor nanocrystals-elastomer composites.Critical challenges—improving luminous efficiency,stability,patterning,and developing stretchable electrodes and transport layers—are discussed,providing clear pathways toward practical applications.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants(RS-2023-00283500,RS-2025-00559639,RS-2024-00412690,RS-2023-00254055)the Samsung Science and Technology Foundation(SSTP-BA2102-05)+6 种基金the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT)under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(IITP-2022-RS-2022-00164799)J.R.acknowledges the POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center program funded by POSCO,and the National Research Foundation(NRF)grant(RS-2024-00356928)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)of the Korean government.D.K.O.acknowledges the Hyundai Motor Chung Mong-Koo fellowshipJ.M.acknowledges the Presidential Sejong fellowship(RS-2023-00252778)funded by the MSIT of the Korean governmentY.Kim acknowledges the Hyundai Motor Chung Mong-Koo fellowship and the NRF PhD fellowship(NRF-2022R1A6A3A13066251)funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE)of the Korean government.T.K.and J.K.acknowledge the support from the Institute of Basic Science(IBS-R034-D1)J.K.acknowledges the support from the National Research Foundation of Korea grants(NRF-2023R1A2C2007998)supported by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT),Korea,under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(IITP-2023-RS-2022-00164799)supervised by the IITP(Institute for Information&Communications Technology Planning&EvaluationM.T.,A.N.A.,and V.K.acknowledge support from the Priority 2030 Federal Academic Leadership Program(angle-resolved measurements)and the Russian Science Foundation,project 22-72-10047(sample fabrication).
文摘Dramatic fluorescence enhancement in two-dimensional(2D)van der Waals materials(vdWMs)coupled to plasmonic nanostructures has the potential to enable ultrathin,flexible,and high-brightness illumination devices.However,addressing the limitation of locally scattered small plasmon-enhanced areas remains challenging.Here,we present a 2D plasmonic enhancement of photoluminescence(PL)spanning nearly 800μm^(2),enabled by surface lattice resonance(SLR)in a 2D vdWM-Au slot lattice hybrid.The Au slot lattice is designed and fabricated using Babinet’s principle and Rayleigh’s anomaly to maximize radiative decay rate and induce non-local photo-excitation in a MoSe_(2)monolayer.For emitted PL coupled with SLR,enhanced by up to 32-fold,we investigate its in-plane directivity and long-range propagation using angle-and space-resolved spectroscopic PL measurements.Our experiment reveals that a nearly 800μm^(2)2D luminescent sheet can be achieved regardless of the size of the MoSe_(2)crystal,even with a sub-μm^(2)flake.This work provides a new type of ultrabright,large-area 2D luminescent material,suitable for a range of optical illumination,communication,and sensing devices.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MIST)(RS-2023-00211303)Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT)Grant funded by the Korea Government(MOTIE)(P0023521,HRD Program for Industrial Innovation).
文摘We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrospinning and electroplating methods.Percolative non-woven structure and high flexibility of the NF mats and MF electrodes allowed us to achieve highly transparent and flexible piezocomposites.A viscoelastic solution,mixed with P(VDF-TrFE)and BaTiO_(3),was electrospun into piezoelectric NFs with a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 21.2 pC/N.In addition,the combination of electrospinning and elec-troplating techniques enabled the fabrication of Ni-plated MF-based transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs),contributing to the high transparency of the resulting piezocomposite.The energy-harvesting efficiencies of the BaTiO_(3)-embedded NF-based PENGs with transmittances of 86%and 80%were 200 and 240 V/MPa,respectively,marking the highest values in their class.Moreover,the output voltage driven by the coupling effect of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity during finger tapping was 25.7 V.These highly efficient energy-harvesting performances,along with the transparent and flexible features of the PENGs,hold great promise for body-attachable energy-harvesting and sensing devices,as demonstrated in this study.
基金supported by a grant from Kyung Hee University in 2022(KHU-20220916)。
文摘Variations in parameters associated with the ambient environment can introduce noise in soft,body-worn sensors.For example,many piezoresistive pressure sensors exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to fluctuations in temperature,thereby requiring active compensation strategies.The research presented here addresses this challenge with a multilayered 3D microsystem design that integrates four piezoresistive sensors in a full-Wheatstone bridge configuration.An optimized layout of the sensors relative to the neutral mechanical plane leads to both an insensitivity to temperature and an increased sensitivity to pressure,relative to previously reported devices that rely on similar operating principles.Integrating this 3D pressure sensor into a soft,flexible electronics platform yields a system capable of real-time,wireless measurements from the surface of the skin.Placement above the radial and carotid arteries yields high-quality waveforms associated with pulsatile blood flow,with quantitative correlations to blood pressure.The results establish the materials and engineering aspects of a technology with broad potential in remote health monitoring.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants(RS-2025-00559639)the Samsung Science and Technology Foundation(SSTP-BA2102-05)the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT)under the ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)support program(IITP-2022-RS-2022-00164799).
文摘Ultrafast tip-based microscopy has evolved to meet three critical parameters in optical characterization:spatial,spectral,and temporal resolution.This advancement provides deep insights into light-matter interactions in both real time and real space.In particular,it allows direct observation of polaritons,quantum states,and nonequilibrium dynamics,especially in low-dimensional quantum materials.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant,funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2022R1F1A1065534)And,this work was supported by the grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(KHIDI),funded by the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(grant number:HI22C0290)Also,this work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program(20018379,Development of high-reliability lightemitting fiber-based woven wearable displays)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea).
文摘Stretchable organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs)are emerging as a key technology for next-generation wearable devices due to their uniform light emission,stable performance under stretching conditions,and various flexible substrates.This paper introduces stretchable OLEDs fabricated with laser-cut kirigami patterns and a multifunctional encapsulation multilayer(MEM)barrier.These OLEDs were subsequently transferred onto textiles.These stretchable OLEDs achieved a remarkable stretchability of up to 150%through optimized kirigami pattern and maintained 100%stretchability when integrated with textiles,preserving the flexibility of a textile substrate.Additionally,the MEM barrier provided ultraviolet(UV)reflection and waterproof properties,ensuring reliable performance in harsh environments.Stretchable OLEDs and stretchable fabric OLEDs demonstrated a high luminance of 18,983 cd/m^(2) and 10,205 cd/m^(2),with minimal emission variation under stretched conditions.Furthermore,the potential of stretchable fabric OLEDs for wearable healthcare applications was evaluated by measuring photoplethysmography(PPG)signals.Stable PPG signals were successfully obtained at a 20%stretched state.Adjusting light source intensity effectively compensated for signal quality degradation caused by stretching.These findings highlight the significant potential of stretchable fabric OLEDs for wearable devices and photodiagnostic platforms,offering broad applicability across diverse fields.
基金support by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP,Ministry ofScience,ICT&Future Planning,Grant Nos.RS-2020-II201821,RS-2024-00411904,and RS-2025-02303342)supported by the Technology Innovation Program(RS-2024-00427006)funded by Korea Planning&Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology+2 种基金the Alchemist Project Program(RS-2024-00422269)supported by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT)(RS-2024-00418086,HRD Program for Industrial Innovation).
文摘Wearable therapeutic systems must integrate with the body,operate reliably under strain,and deliver sustained stimuli.Textile-based electronics meet these needs with softness,breathability,and scalability.This review outlines materials,structural design,functionalization,and system integration for therapeutic e-textiles.We examine electrical,thermal,chemical,optical,and mechanical modalities across clinical uses,highlight energy solutions,and discuss challenges in durability,performance,and manufacturing needed for translation to practical,personalized therapies.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2024-00357072)the NRF and the Commercialization Promotion Agency for R&D Outcomes(COMPA)grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT)(No.RS-2024-00432221)+1 种基金the Technology Innovation Program(No.RS-2022-00154983,Development of Low-Power Sensors and Self-Charging Power Sources for Self-Sustainable Wireless Sensor Platforms)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MI,Korea)supported by Basic Science Research Program through the NRF funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2018R1A6A1A03025708).
文摘In contemporary society,personal vehicles are indispensable for enhancing everyday convenience,and numerous advanced technological solutions for safe driving are being proposed,including autonomous emergency braking systems and lane departure warning systems.However,traditional sensors aimed at preventing incapacitated driving due to drowsiness,alcohol consumption,or sudden health issues often require additional power and may infringe upon driver privacy.A self-powered,nonintrusive motion recording system utilizing a triboelectric nanogenerator with an arch and cantilever structure(AC-TENG)as a sensor to track driver motions is introduced.Motion patterns of users are captured in real time by imaging the waveforms generated by the AC-TENG.To discern the peaks of the AC-TENG waveforms with greater precision and clarity,the roughness of the contact surface is enhanced using the reactive ion etching(RIE)technique,thereby amplifying the voltage by a factor of 2.1.The resulting output power of 2.77 mW and a corresponding power density of 3.08 W/m^(2)are demonstrated.Energy harvesting is facilitated by the proposed AC-TENG sensor,coupled with a power management integrated circuit(PMIC).Additionally,continuous wireless data transmission is enabled by using it as an input source alongside a solar cell.Motion data captured by the sensor are classified via deep transfer learning,enabling real-time monitoring of safe driving.Upon detection of any abnormal signals,the driver is promptly alerted by this system,and its application can be extended to functionalities such as transitioning the vehicle to autonomous driving mode.
基金National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Numbers:RS-2024-00334953,RS-2024-00449412Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation,Grant/Award Number:RS-2024-00466640。
文摘As social networks and related data processes have grown exponentially in complexity,the efficient resolution of combinatorial optimization problems has become increasingly crucial.Recent advancements in probabilistic computing approaches have demonstrated significant potential for addressing these problems more efficiently than conventional deterministic computing methods.In this study,we demonstrate a highly durable probabilistic bit(pbit)device utilizing two-dimensional materials,specifically hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN)and tin disulfide(SnS2)nanosheets.By leveraging the inherently stochastic nature of electron trapping and detrapping at the h-BN/SnS2 interface,the device achieves durable probabilistic fluctuations over 108 cycles with minimal energy consumption.To mitigate the static power consumption,we integrated an active switch in series with a p-bit device,replacing conventional resistors.Furthermore,employing the pulse width as the control variable for probabilistic switching significantly enhances noise immunity.We demonstrate the practical application of the proposed p-bit device in implementing invertible Boolean logic gates and subsequent integer factorization,highlighting its potential for solving complex combinatorial optimization problems and extending its applicability to real-world scenarios such as cryptographic systems.
