The purpose of this article is to reveal the historiography and current state of research related to the cult buildings of the Eneolithic period of the Cucuteni-Trypillian cultural community.The article describes the ...The purpose of this article is to reveal the historiography and current state of research related to the cult buildings of the Eneolithic period of the Cucuteni-Trypillian cultural community.The article describes the historical path of archaeological discoveries,from the first Trypillian sanctuaries to the discovery of the largest Nebelivka temple complex in Ukraine in 2012.At the same time,the work partially raises the issue of religious beliefs of the ancient farmers of Central Europe in connection with the discovery of their sacred buildings.Since special scientific works have not comprehensively addressed this issue and are still fragmentary in nature,it is important at the present stage of research to make some coverage and systematization of existing materials on this issue.展开更多
In this article, the author discusses her experiences as an artist in residence in the Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Emphasis is pla...In this article, the author discusses her experiences as an artist in residence in the Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Emphasis is placed on applied aesthetics in palliative care and their implications for addressing communication, spiritual, and health care issues for military service members. Drawing on six vivid case studies, the author examines the various ways in which end of life narratives can shed valuable light on key issues concerning individuals’ life experiences in the Navy, the Army, and the Air Force. These cherished images strengthened people’s spirits at the end of life, and each of the men told their stories with pride.展开更多
Purpose: The use of herbal remedies is gradually increasing worldwide and Zimbabwe is not left behind. This study therefore sought to explore the forces behind the use of herbs during pregnancy by Zimbabwean women. Ma...Purpose: The use of herbal remedies is gradually increasing worldwide and Zimbabwe is not left behind. This study therefore sought to explore the forces behind the use of herbs during pregnancy by Zimbabwean women. Materials and methods: A qualitative approach was chosen using the case study design to evaluate the forces. The study was carried out at three maternity hospitals in Gweru. Thirty (30) women who used herbs during pregnancy were purposefully samples and interviewed using a structured interview schedule. The date was analyzed thematically. Results: It was noted that culture and belief system, previous experience as well as significant people in the woman’s life were the forces behind the use of herbs in pregnancy. Conclusion: The study concluded that these forces promoted the indiscriminate use of herbs which are passed from mother to daughter without considering the safety of the herbs to the mother and baby. Therefore, more research is needed to analyze the safety of these herbs to ensure that the mother and baby are safe.展开更多
Background:Early Hearing Detection and Intervention(EHDI)plays a critical role in improving language,cognitive,and socio-emotional outcomes for infants with hearing loss.In Nigeria,however,EHDI implementation remains ...Background:Early Hearing Detection and Intervention(EHDI)plays a critical role in improving language,cognitive,and socio-emotional outcomes for infants with hearing loss.In Nigeria,however,EHDI implementation remains limited by fragmented service delivery,uneven technological capacity,and sociocultural factors that delay timely diagnosis.This study explored the perspectives of paediatric audiologists and parents to provide a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and challenges influencing early hearing care across diverse Nigerian settings.Methods:A mixed-methods design was employed across audiology facilities selected systematically from four Nigerian geopolitical zones.Twenty-five paediatric audiologists and twenty-three parents of children with congenital hearing loss participated.Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing awareness,diagnostic access,and intervention experiences.Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions.Thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke's six-step framework,with dual coding,external auditing,and member validation to enhance credibility.Results:Quantitative findings demonstrated broad agreement on the diagnostic value of otoacoustic emissions(OAEs)and automated auditory brainstem responses(AABRs),the developmental benefits of early intervention,and the importance of active parental involvement.However,respondents identified persistent barriers including high costs of screening and therapy,poor public awareness of early hearing loss symptoms,and a critical shortage of trained personnel,and unequal distribution of diagnostic tools,particularly in rural and northern regions.Thematic analysis further underscored disparities in diagnostic capacity,sociocultural interpretations of deafness that delay clinical consultation,and economic constraints that hinder continuity of care.While families who accessed early intervention reported improved communication,social engagement,and learning readiness in their children,systemic gaps continue to limit widespread success.Conclusions:Despite growing technological capacity and awareness of EHDI benefits,significant structural,financial,and sociocultural challenges continue to impede timely diagnosis and intervention in Nigeria.Strengthening national policies,ensuring equitable distribution of diagnostic tools,expanding professional training,subsidising services,implementing culturally sensitive awareness campaigns and integration of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening into routine postnatal care are essential to improving outcomes for deaf infants.展开更多
Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis is crucial for consequences for the pursuit of epistemology. A interpreting his views on the development of science and their commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the publication ...Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis is crucial for consequences for the pursuit of epistemology. A interpreting his views on the development of science and their commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the publication of the original version of Kuhn＇s epoch-making book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （henceforth： SSR） should thus provide a thorough reflection on this thesis. However, this thesis is not easy to interpret. It is not only complex in itself but has also undergone a historical development--in Kuhn＇s own hands and in those of his interpreters. In this article, I sort out the different interpretations of it, in particular, in Part A. In Part B, I demonstrate their epistemological consequences. Under closer scrutiny, Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis contains several sub-theses Different senses of ＂incommensurability＂ thus need to be distinguished. However, the way in which those distinctions are drawn in Kuhn-scholarship differs. In paragraph I of Part A, I provide an overview of the reception of the incommensurability-thesis in Kuhn-scholarship. In Paragraph II, I trace its development in Kuhn＇s later writings： given its importance and contested nature, Kuhn later clarifies his original thesis. Those later clarifications＇ main function consists in domesticating the most radically relativistic aspects his original incommensurability-thesis had, at least, in the eyes of his interpreters. The upshot of Part A （Paragraphs I and II） is to provide a coherent interpretation of Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis. To that end, I distinguish in line with much of Kuhn-scholarship a semantic from a methodological sense of incommensurability. In part B, the question is raised： What sort of epistemological consequences follow from both senses of incommensurability？ In particular, what consequences follow for the issues of reference, subjectivity （objectivity）, pluralism, and realism？ The underlying question is to what extent Kuhnian incommensurability caters to a relativistic understanding of those issues. This question is answered in Paragraph Ill with the help of the analyses of a currently leading Kuhn-scholar, C. H. Sankey. His answers are taken as a vantage point for my concluding evaluation of the consequences of Kuhnian incommensurability in Paragraph IV.展开更多
Song-dynasty Chan depended for its place in society and its financial resources on lay patrons. Educated gentleman-officials （shidafu） were the wealthiest and most powerful of men. From the time of Dahui Zonggao in ...Song-dynasty Chan depended for its place in society and its financial resources on lay patrons. Educated gentleman-officials （shidafu） were the wealthiest and most powerful of men. From the time of Dahui Zonggao in the Southern Song, Linji teachers shifted from elaborate comments on gongan in periodic sermons to a new method ofgongan inspection termed ＂critical phrase＂ （kan huatou）. Scholars have argued that Dahui＇s invention of huatou practice was primarily related to internal Chan rivalries for elite patrons. I argue that Dahui＇s motive was also connected to a rivalry with Pure Land Buddhism over the making of appeals to lay followers among scholar-officials. Dahui was aware and tried to communicate the usefulness of huatou in addressing the elite laity＇s doubts about birth and death, and in particular their anxieties about facing the decisive moment of death. Therefore, he developed a gongan discourse that is related to anticipation of dying by harnessing the power of doubt to create an experience of spiritual awakening.展开更多
Chart Buddhism＇s ambivalent relationship with language and literature is perhaps most starkly seen in its practice of gongan meditation. This practice was first instituted by the famous Linji master Dahui and involve...Chart Buddhism＇s ambivalent relationship with language and literature is perhaps most starkly seen in its practice of gongan meditation. This practice was first instituted by the famous Linji master Dahui and involves an intense meditational focus on the ＂punch line＂ （huatou） of what is typically a story about an ancient Chan master or an enigmatic question like ＂why did [the legendary founder of Chan] Bodhidharrna come from the West？＂ In the Ming dynasty, a new gongan became widely used in Chart meditation： the phrase ＂who is reciting the name of the Buddha？＂ This was a reference to the widespread practice of chanting homage to the Buddha Amitgbha in hope of getting reborn into his paradise. In using this new gongan, Chan seemingly embraced oral practice in an unprecedented move and appeared to combine the other-power of Amitgbha worship with the self-power of Chan meditation. Scholars have struggled to understand this development, and several have dismissed it as an example of the degeneration of Chan and its later pandering to lay people. I argue that the development of this gongan can best be seen as an attempt to reframe the practice of Buddha-recitation in a Chan meditative framework; and further explore the rationale for the practice as given by the influential Buddhist thinker Yunqi Zhuhong, who was a staunch advocate of Buddha-recitation.展开更多
An examination of how a focus on the reading of traditional Confucian texts as a spiritual exercise can enable us to deal productively with modem understandings of the divergences among different ideals of human excel...An examination of how a focus on the reading of traditional Confucian texts as a spiritual exercise can enable us to deal productively with modem understandings of the divergences among different ideals of human excellence. An investigation of such ideals has often focused on virtue discourse, but that discourse generates understandable suspicions in many people. A productive approach to these suspicions is to examine both the idea that new virtues （such as spiritual regret） are needed, and the notion that three distinctive modem emphases must play a central role in any contemporary consideration of the relationships among diverse ideals. After considering two kinds of principled opposition to this approach, we turn to Walter Benjamin＇s exemplary account of the huge gulf between modern and traditional understandings, and the possible aid some texts may offer in bridging it. Focusing on the distinctive operation of specific forms of presentation in the Confucian tradition, we conclude by investigating the idea that reading Confucian texts can be seen even today as an illuminating kind of spiritual exercise.展开更多
The rise in religious extremism is highly documented,but not well understood.The most frequently cited explanations are economic and sociological.However,the specific role of religion has received far less attention a...The rise in religious extremism is highly documented,but not well understood.The most frequently cited explanations are economic and sociological.However,the specific role of religion has received far less attention and is often glossed within social-scientific analysis.The aim of this paper is to elucidate the rise of religious ideology in pre-modern Indian Muslim thought and to draw attention to the importance of religious narratives in causing and possibly resolving violent religious extremism in Southwest Asia.This historic setting,more than any other,informs the trajectory of competing religious expressions of Islam.Two positions are considered because of their polar responses to similar phenomenon.These proceed from the same school of thought,and overlap considerably in the use of interpretative methodologies,yet they articulate radically different visions for fidelity to Islam.One has been used to legitimize and mobilize extremist violence in order to establish a righteous society,the other to advocate for a pluralistic participation with the secular state.Their shared roots allow for a juxtaposition that allows for a cursory description of the challenges faced within the Muslim community to retain fidelity to some most cherished values.It is argued that within the Muslim religious intellectual tradition there are ample resources to support a dynamic and pluralistic society.The identification and promotion of these values is essential to halting the spread of violent extremism.Interventions need to promote proponents of this narrative and avoid practices that further alienate and limit the natural outworking of this dialogue within Muslim communities.展开更多
This special issue discusses the interactions between imported religions and Chinese civilization and society. It is widely accepted that Judeo-Christian culture and ancient Greek culture constitute the two major sour...This special issue discusses the interactions between imported religions and Chinese civilization and society. It is widely accepted that Judeo-Christian culture and ancient Greek culture constitute the two major sources of Western civilization. If the latter laid the philosophical foundations of Western civilization, the former served as its religious core.展开更多
Objective Severe grief adversely affects the health of bereaved families,potentially burdening medical and community health services.Interventions for effective community health maintenance must identify the people li...Objective Severe grief adversely affects the health of bereaved families,potentially burdening medical and community health services.Interventions for effective community health maintenance must identify the people likely to face severe effects of bereavement.The present study identified characteristics of mourners who experience severe grief within a year of bereavement to confirm whether this grief increased their reliance on Japanese medical and social services.Design We conducted a nationwide postal survey of Japanese bereaved within the previous year,to compare those reporting daily or overwhelming‘heavy’grief to those with less heavy grief,in terms of demographic and socioeconomic details,daily work and non-work activity,frequency of medical and social service use.Setting/participants In 2019,with the support of the Ministry of Education and the All Japan Funeral Co-Operation,we distributed approximately 5500 questionnaires to Japanese who had presided at funerals within the past year for anonymous return.By January of 2020,we received 1078 complete voluntary responses from bereaved Japanese.Results Half of the‘heavy grief’group(n=143)reported adverse effects on health and daily life,including needs for pharmacological,medical or welfare support.Losses of husbands or children were particularly connected to severe grief;‘unexpected’death from cancer caused the greatest shock.Employment(even part-time)buffered against severe grief;grief was greater for the unemployed and substantially worse for those who lost significant income at the same time as they lost loved ones.Conclusion These findings suggest that prior counselling should reduce the shock of bereavement and economic loss,which increases subsequent medical dependence.Medical professionals and community health workers can use the above factors to target in advance the family members in greatest danger of heavy grief,to intervene lest grief adversely affect their physical and psychological health after bereavement.展开更多
This article uses Syria and Saudi Arabia as contrasting examples of how different Arab states interacted with United States aviation technology,involving aviation technology companies,airline corporations,and governme...This article uses Syria and Saudi Arabia as contrasting examples of how different Arab states interacted with United States aviation technology,involving aviation technology companies,airline corporations,and government officials as they worked to develop civil and military aviation capabilities after World War II.It considers the role played by airline companies like TWA,the impact of the shift from military to commercial aviation technology among companies like Boeing,and the fallout from regional political developments like the Iranian Revolution.These factors all placed varying constraints on the two countries’ability to draw upon American sources for airplanes and other aviation technology,channeling but not preventing Syrian and Saudi efforts toward aviation development.It suggests that the US government acted as gatekeeper in terms of access to US aviation technology,but that unless strategic concerns prompted its involvement,states like Saudi Arabia primarily interacted with US airline and aviation technology corporations.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this article is to reveal the historiography and current state of research related to the cult buildings of the Eneolithic period of the Cucuteni-Trypillian cultural community.The article describes the historical path of archaeological discoveries,from the first Trypillian sanctuaries to the discovery of the largest Nebelivka temple complex in Ukraine in 2012.At the same time,the work partially raises the issue of religious beliefs of the ancient farmers of Central Europe in connection with the discovery of their sacred buildings.Since special scientific works have not comprehensively addressed this issue and are still fragmentary in nature,it is important at the present stage of research to make some coverage and systematization of existing materials on this issue.
文摘In this article, the author discusses her experiences as an artist in residence in the Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Emphasis is placed on applied aesthetics in palliative care and their implications for addressing communication, spiritual, and health care issues for military service members. Drawing on six vivid case studies, the author examines the various ways in which end of life narratives can shed valuable light on key issues concerning individuals’ life experiences in the Navy, the Army, and the Air Force. These cherished images strengthened people’s spirits at the end of life, and each of the men told their stories with pride.
文摘Purpose: The use of herbal remedies is gradually increasing worldwide and Zimbabwe is not left behind. This study therefore sought to explore the forces behind the use of herbs during pregnancy by Zimbabwean women. Materials and methods: A qualitative approach was chosen using the case study design to evaluate the forces. The study was carried out at three maternity hospitals in Gweru. Thirty (30) women who used herbs during pregnancy were purposefully samples and interviewed using a structured interview schedule. The date was analyzed thematically. Results: It was noted that culture and belief system, previous experience as well as significant people in the woman’s life were the forces behind the use of herbs in pregnancy. Conclusion: The study concluded that these forces promoted the indiscriminate use of herbs which are passed from mother to daughter without considering the safety of the herbs to the mother and baby. Therefore, more research is needed to analyze the safety of these herbs to ensure that the mother and baby are safe.
文摘Background:Early Hearing Detection and Intervention(EHDI)plays a critical role in improving language,cognitive,and socio-emotional outcomes for infants with hearing loss.In Nigeria,however,EHDI implementation remains limited by fragmented service delivery,uneven technological capacity,and sociocultural factors that delay timely diagnosis.This study explored the perspectives of paediatric audiologists and parents to provide a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and challenges influencing early hearing care across diverse Nigerian settings.Methods:A mixed-methods design was employed across audiology facilities selected systematically from four Nigerian geopolitical zones.Twenty-five paediatric audiologists and twenty-three parents of children with congenital hearing loss participated.Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing awareness,diagnostic access,and intervention experiences.Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions.Thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke's six-step framework,with dual coding,external auditing,and member validation to enhance credibility.Results:Quantitative findings demonstrated broad agreement on the diagnostic value of otoacoustic emissions(OAEs)and automated auditory brainstem responses(AABRs),the developmental benefits of early intervention,and the importance of active parental involvement.However,respondents identified persistent barriers including high costs of screening and therapy,poor public awareness of early hearing loss symptoms,and a critical shortage of trained personnel,and unequal distribution of diagnostic tools,particularly in rural and northern regions.Thematic analysis further underscored disparities in diagnostic capacity,sociocultural interpretations of deafness that delay clinical consultation,and economic constraints that hinder continuity of care.While families who accessed early intervention reported improved communication,social engagement,and learning readiness in their children,systemic gaps continue to limit widespread success.Conclusions:Despite growing technological capacity and awareness of EHDI benefits,significant structural,financial,and sociocultural challenges continue to impede timely diagnosis and intervention in Nigeria.Strengthening national policies,ensuring equitable distribution of diagnostic tools,expanding professional training,subsidising services,implementing culturally sensitive awareness campaigns and integration of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening into routine postnatal care are essential to improving outcomes for deaf infants.
文摘Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis is crucial for consequences for the pursuit of epistemology. A interpreting his views on the development of science and their commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the publication of the original version of Kuhn＇s epoch-making book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （henceforth： SSR） should thus provide a thorough reflection on this thesis. However, this thesis is not easy to interpret. It is not only complex in itself but has also undergone a historical development--in Kuhn＇s own hands and in those of his interpreters. In this article, I sort out the different interpretations of it, in particular, in Part A. In Part B, I demonstrate their epistemological consequences. Under closer scrutiny, Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis contains several sub-theses Different senses of ＂incommensurability＂ thus need to be distinguished. However, the way in which those distinctions are drawn in Kuhn-scholarship differs. In paragraph I of Part A, I provide an overview of the reception of the incommensurability-thesis in Kuhn-scholarship. In Paragraph II, I trace its development in Kuhn＇s later writings： given its importance and contested nature, Kuhn later clarifies his original thesis. Those later clarifications＇ main function consists in domesticating the most radically relativistic aspects his original incommensurability-thesis had, at least, in the eyes of his interpreters. The upshot of Part A （Paragraphs I and II） is to provide a coherent interpretation of Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis. To that end, I distinguish in line with much of Kuhn-scholarship a semantic from a methodological sense of incommensurability. In part B, the question is raised： What sort of epistemological consequences follow from both senses of incommensurability？ In particular, what consequences follow for the issues of reference, subjectivity （objectivity）, pluralism, and realism？ The underlying question is to what extent Kuhnian incommensurability caters to a relativistic understanding of those issues. This question is answered in Paragraph Ill with the help of the analyses of a currently leading Kuhn-scholar, C. H. Sankey. His answers are taken as a vantage point for my concluding evaluation of the consequences of Kuhnian incommensurability in Paragraph IV.
文摘Song-dynasty Chan depended for its place in society and its financial resources on lay patrons. Educated gentleman-officials （shidafu） were the wealthiest and most powerful of men. From the time of Dahui Zonggao in the Southern Song, Linji teachers shifted from elaborate comments on gongan in periodic sermons to a new method ofgongan inspection termed ＂critical phrase＂ （kan huatou）. Scholars have argued that Dahui＇s invention of huatou practice was primarily related to internal Chan rivalries for elite patrons. I argue that Dahui＇s motive was also connected to a rivalry with Pure Land Buddhism over the making of appeals to lay followers among scholar-officials. Dahui was aware and tried to communicate the usefulness of huatou in addressing the elite laity＇s doubts about birth and death, and in particular their anxieties about facing the decisive moment of death. Therefore, he developed a gongan discourse that is related to anticipation of dying by harnessing the power of doubt to create an experience of spiritual awakening.
文摘Chart Buddhism＇s ambivalent relationship with language and literature is perhaps most starkly seen in its practice of gongan meditation. This practice was first instituted by the famous Linji master Dahui and involves an intense meditational focus on the ＂punch line＂ （huatou） of what is typically a story about an ancient Chan master or an enigmatic question like ＂why did [the legendary founder of Chan] Bodhidharrna come from the West？＂ In the Ming dynasty, a new gongan became widely used in Chart meditation： the phrase ＂who is reciting the name of the Buddha？＂ This was a reference to the widespread practice of chanting homage to the Buddha Amitgbha in hope of getting reborn into his paradise. In using this new gongan, Chan seemingly embraced oral practice in an unprecedented move and appeared to combine the other-power of Amitgbha worship with the self-power of Chan meditation. Scholars have struggled to understand this development, and several have dismissed it as an example of the degeneration of Chan and its later pandering to lay people. I argue that the development of this gongan can best be seen as an attempt to reframe the practice of Buddha-recitation in a Chan meditative framework; and further explore the rationale for the practice as given by the influential Buddhist thinker Yunqi Zhuhong, who was a staunch advocate of Buddha-recitation.
文摘An examination of how a focus on the reading of traditional Confucian texts as a spiritual exercise can enable us to deal productively with modem understandings of the divergences among different ideals of human excellence. An investigation of such ideals has often focused on virtue discourse, but that discourse generates understandable suspicions in many people. A productive approach to these suspicions is to examine both the idea that new virtues （such as spiritual regret） are needed, and the notion that three distinctive modem emphases must play a central role in any contemporary consideration of the relationships among diverse ideals. After considering two kinds of principled opposition to this approach, we turn to Walter Benjamin＇s exemplary account of the huge gulf between modern and traditional understandings, and the possible aid some texts may offer in bridging it. Focusing on the distinctive operation of specific forms of presentation in the Confucian tradition, we conclude by investigating the idea that reading Confucian texts can be seen even today as an illuminating kind of spiritual exercise.
文摘The rise in religious extremism is highly documented,but not well understood.The most frequently cited explanations are economic and sociological.However,the specific role of religion has received far less attention and is often glossed within social-scientific analysis.The aim of this paper is to elucidate the rise of religious ideology in pre-modern Indian Muslim thought and to draw attention to the importance of religious narratives in causing and possibly resolving violent religious extremism in Southwest Asia.This historic setting,more than any other,informs the trajectory of competing religious expressions of Islam.Two positions are considered because of their polar responses to similar phenomenon.These proceed from the same school of thought,and overlap considerably in the use of interpretative methodologies,yet they articulate radically different visions for fidelity to Islam.One has been used to legitimize and mobilize extremist violence in order to establish a righteous society,the other to advocate for a pluralistic participation with the secular state.Their shared roots allow for a juxtaposition that allows for a cursory description of the challenges faced within the Muslim community to retain fidelity to some most cherished values.It is argued that within the Muslim religious intellectual tradition there are ample resources to support a dynamic and pluralistic society.The identification and promotion of these values is essential to halting the spread of violent extremism.Interventions need to promote proponents of this narrative and avoid practices that further alienate and limit the natural outworking of this dialogue within Muslim communities.
文摘This special issue discusses the interactions between imported religions and Chinese civilization and society. It is widely accepted that Judeo-Christian culture and ancient Greek culture constitute the two major sources of Western civilization. If the latter laid the philosophical foundations of Western civilization, the former served as its religious core.
基金This study was funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education(Research Grant A,number 18H04075).
文摘Objective Severe grief adversely affects the health of bereaved families,potentially burdening medical and community health services.Interventions for effective community health maintenance must identify the people likely to face severe effects of bereavement.The present study identified characteristics of mourners who experience severe grief within a year of bereavement to confirm whether this grief increased their reliance on Japanese medical and social services.Design We conducted a nationwide postal survey of Japanese bereaved within the previous year,to compare those reporting daily or overwhelming‘heavy’grief to those with less heavy grief,in terms of demographic and socioeconomic details,daily work and non-work activity,frequency of medical and social service use.Setting/participants In 2019,with the support of the Ministry of Education and the All Japan Funeral Co-Operation,we distributed approximately 5500 questionnaires to Japanese who had presided at funerals within the past year for anonymous return.By January of 2020,we received 1078 complete voluntary responses from bereaved Japanese.Results Half of the‘heavy grief’group(n=143)reported adverse effects on health and daily life,including needs for pharmacological,medical or welfare support.Losses of husbands or children were particularly connected to severe grief;‘unexpected’death from cancer caused the greatest shock.Employment(even part-time)buffered against severe grief;grief was greater for the unemployed and substantially worse for those who lost significant income at the same time as they lost loved ones.Conclusion These findings suggest that prior counselling should reduce the shock of bereavement and economic loss,which increases subsequent medical dependence.Medical professionals and community health workers can use the above factors to target in advance the family members in greatest danger of heavy grief,to intervene lest grief adversely affect their physical and psychological health after bereavement.
文摘This article uses Syria and Saudi Arabia as contrasting examples of how different Arab states interacted with United States aviation technology,involving aviation technology companies,airline corporations,and government officials as they worked to develop civil and military aviation capabilities after World War II.It considers the role played by airline companies like TWA,the impact of the shift from military to commercial aviation technology among companies like Boeing,and the fallout from regional political developments like the Iranian Revolution.These factors all placed varying constraints on the two countries’ability to draw upon American sources for airplanes and other aviation technology,channeling but not preventing Syrian and Saudi efforts toward aviation development.It suggests that the US government acted as gatekeeper in terms of access to US aviation technology,but that unless strategic concerns prompted its involvement,states like Saudi Arabia primarily interacted with US airline and aviation technology corporations.
