BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression(PSD)is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis dysfunction and neurotransmitter deficits.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)are commonly used,but their effi...BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression(PSD)is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis dysfunction and neurotransmitter deficits.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)are commonly used,but their efficacy is limited.This study investigated whether combining SSRIs with traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Free San could enhance their therapeutic effects.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combining SSRIs with Free San in treating PSD,and to assess its impact on HPA axis function.METHODS Ninety-two patients with PSD were enrolled and randomly divided into control groups(n=46)and study groups(n=46).The control group received the SSRI paroxetine alone,whereas the study group received paroxetine combined with Free San for 4 weeks.Hamilton Depression Scale and TCM syndrome scores were assessed before and after treatment.Serum serotonin,norepinephrine,cortisol,cor-ticotropin-releasing hormone,and adrenocorticotropic hormone were measured.The treatment responses and adverse reactions were recorded.RESULTS After treatment,the Hamilton Depression Scale and TCM syndrome scores were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group(P<0.05).Serum serotonin and norepinephrine levels were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group,whereas cortisol,corticotropin-releasing hormone,and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were significantly lower(P<0.05).The total efficacy rates were 84.78%and 65.22%in the study and control groups,respectively(P<0.05).No significant differences in adverse reactions were observed between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Combining SSRIs with Free San can enhance therapeutic efficacy,improve depressive symptoms,and regulate HPA axis function in patients with PSD with good safety and clinical application value.展开更多
The current status of the “Biopsychosocial” Model in health psychology is contested and arguably exists in a stage of infancy. Despite original goals, medical researchers have developed theoretical and empirical int...The current status of the “Biopsychosocial” Model in health psychology is contested and arguably exists in a stage of infancy. Despite original goals, medical researchers have developed theoretical and empirical integrations across bio-psycho-social domains only to a limited extent. This review article addresses this issue by making connections across research findings in health psychology and related medical fields in order to strengthen the associations across bio-psycho-social domains. In particular, research in sociosomatics, neuroplasticity and psychosocial genomics are introduced and explored. The role of “culture” as conceived of within the Biopsychosocial Model is also ambiguous and somewhat problematic. Arthur Klienman’s conceptions of culture as what is at stake for individuals in their local social and moral worlds is adopted to offer a critique of previous perspectives of culture and question its role amidst bio-psycho-social domains. Overall, a multilevel integrative or ‘holistic’ perspective is advanced to strengthen the Biopsychosocial Model for use within health psychology and biomedical research. In the end, some clinical implications are discussed.展开更多
Infected necrotizing pancreatitis(INP)remains a life-threatening complication of acute pancreatitis.Despite advancements such as endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided drainage,lumen-apposing metal stents,and protocolized ...Infected necrotizing pancreatitis(INP)remains a life-threatening complication of acute pancreatitis.Despite advancements such as endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided drainage,lumen-apposing metal stents,and protocolized step-up strate-gies,the clinical practice remains heterogeneous,with variability in endoscopic strategies,procedural timing,device selection,and adjunctive techniques contri-buting to inconsistent outcomes.This review synthesizes current evidence to contribute to a structured framework integrating multidisciplinary team decision-making,advanced imaging(three-dimensional reconstruction,contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging),EUS assessment,and biomarker-driven risk stratification(C-reactive protein,procalcitonin)to optimize patient selection,intervention timing,and complication management.Key stan-dardization components include endoscopic assessment and procedural strate-gies,optimal timing of intervention,personalized approaches for complex pan-creatic collections,and techniques to reduce the number of endoscopic debride-ments and mitigate complications.This work aims to enhance clinical outcomes,minimize practice heterogeneity,and establish a foundation for future research and guideline development in endoscopic management of INP.展开更多
The Himalayan monal(Lophophorus impejanus),Nepal’s national bird,is a protected species facing significant conservation challenges.Understanding the distribution and habitat preferences of the Himalayan monal(HM)is c...The Himalayan monal(Lophophorus impejanus),Nepal’s national bird,is a protected species facing significant conservation challenges.Understanding the distribution and habitat preferences of the Himalayan monal(HM)is crucial for its conservation.This study was conducted in the Langtang National Park(LNP),Nepal using the route census method during both winter(November/December 2022)and summer(June 2023)seasons to examine the seasonal variation in HM’s elevational distribution and habitat preference.Further,we assessed their conservation threats by conducting a semi-structured questionnaire survey with the local residents.During the winter period,the HMs preferred grassland habitats,while in the summer,their preference shifted to shrubland and barren area.HM abundance was negatively associated with the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the shortest distance from the survey trails in the winter.The HMs actively avoided areas with high anthropogenic pressure.In the summer,they showed a wider elevational range up to 4400 m above sea level(a.s.l.),with a higher sighting frequency between 3600 and 3900 m a.s.l.The questionnaire survey of the local residents revealed that anthropogenic pressure such as poaching and free-ranging livestock grazing are the major threats to the species in the study area.This study provides valuable insight into the complex habitat preferences and critical threats faced by the HMs in LNP and underscores the urgent need for targeted conservation action.展开更多
BACKGROUND Family caregivers of cirrhosis patients(CPs)often experience burden,stress,and depression.Investigating whether these conditions improve following the patient undergoing liver transplantation(LT)is crucial,...BACKGROUND Family caregivers of cirrhosis patients(CPs)often experience burden,stress,and depression.Investigating whether these conditions improve following the patient undergoing liver transplantation(LT)is crucial,as it would elucidate the compre-hensive benefits of the procedure and demonstrate the positive impacts not only on the patients but also on their caregivers and society.AIM To compare the levels of burden,stress and depression among family caregivers of cirrhotic and liver transplant patients.METHODS This cross-sectional observational study evaluated caregivers of CPs and LT recipients at a quaternary Brazilian hospital.Instruments included identification cards,interview scripts,the caregiver burden scale Inventory,Lipp’s Stress Symptom Inventory,and the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition.Psychometric analyses involved confirmatory factor analysis and calculation of McDonald’s omega and composite reliability.Factor scores were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test,with effect size as the rank-biserial correlation coefficient(r).Statistical analysis was performed with R software(P<0.05).RESULTS Seventy-seven CP caregivers and 65 LT recipient caregivers were included.Most were female(CP:85.7%vs LT:84.6%)and the patients’spouses(76.6%vs 63.1%).The median age and caregiving duration were 55.4(23.3-76.3)vs 54.6(25.7-82.1)and 3.9(1-20)vs 8(1.5-24)years,respectively(P=0.001).LT caregivers were less likely to be at risk of overload(21.5%vs 49.4%),to be under stress(33.8%vs 36.4%)and to show symptoms of depression(15.4%vs 35.1%).Compared with LT caregivers,CP caregivers had greater median factor scores for burden(general tension,P=0.012;isolation,P=0.014;disappointment,P=0.004),depression(P=0.008),and stress(P=0.047),with small to moderate effect sizes.The disappointment(r=0.240)and depression(r=0.225)dimensions had the largest effect sizes.CONCLUSION Family caregivers of LT recipients are less likely to exhibit symptoms of burden,stress,and depression,suggesting that the benefits of LT extend to the patients’family members.展开更多
Epilepsy affects over 50 million people worldwide.Drug-resistant epilepsy(DRE)accounts for up to a third of these cases,and neuro-inflammation is thought to play a role in such cases.Despite being a long-debated issue...Epilepsy affects over 50 million people worldwide.Drug-resistant epilepsy(DRE)accounts for up to a third of these cases,and neuro-inflammation is thought to play a role in such cases.Despite being a long-debated issue in the field of DRE,the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation have yet to be fully elucidated.The pro-inflammatory microenvironment within the brain tissue of people with DRE has been probed using single-cell multimodal transcriptomics.Evidence suggests that inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the nervous system can lead to extensive biochemical changes,such as connexin hemichannel excitability and disruption of neurotransmitter homeostasis.The presence of inflammation may give rise to neuronal network abnormalities that suppress endogenous antiepileptic systems.We focus on the role of neuroinflammation and brain network anomalies in DRE from multiple perspectives to identify critical points for clinical application.We hope to provide an insightful overview to advance the quest for better DRE treatments.展开更多
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a crit...The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a critical question remains:do these sophisticated models,much like humans,exhibit susceptibility to cognitive biases?Understanding the presence and nature of such biases in AI is paramount for assessing their reliability,enhancing their performance,and predicting their societal impact.This research specifically investigates the susceptibility of Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek,two prominent LLMs,to framing effects and confirmation bias.The study meticulously designed a series of experimental trials,systematically manipulating information proportions and presentation orders to evaluate these biases.In the framing effect experiment,a genetic testing decision-making scenario was constructed.The proportion of positive and negative information(e.g.,20%,50%,or 80%positive)and their presentation order were varied.The models’inclination towards undergoing genetic testing was recorded.For the confirmation bias experiment,two reports-one positive and one negative-about“RoboTaxi”autonomous vehicles were provided.The proportion of erroneous information within these reports(10%,30%,and 50%)and their presentation order were systematically altered,and the models’support for each report was assessed.The findings demonstrate that both Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek are susceptible to framing effects.In the genetic testing scenario,their decision-making was primarily influenced by the proportion of positive and negative information presented.When the proportion of positive information was higher,both models showed a greater inclination to recommend or proceed with genetic testing.Conversely,a higher proportion of negative information led to greater caution or a tendency not to recommend the testing.Importantly,the order in which this information was presented did not significantly influence their decisions in the framing effect scenarios.Regarding confirmation bias,the two models exhibited distinct behaviors.Gemini 1.5 Pro did not show an overall preference for either positive or negative reports.However,its judgments were significantly influenced by the order of information presentation,demonstrating a“recency effect,”meaning it tended to support the report presented later.The proportion of erroneous information within the reports had no significant impact on Gemini 1.5 Pro’s decisions.In contrast,DeepSeek exhibited an overall confirmation bias,showing a clear preference for positive reports.Similar to Gemini 1.5 Pro,DeepSeek’s decisions were also significantly affected by the order of information presentation,while the proportion of misinformation had no significant effect.These results reveal human-like cognitive vulnerabilities in advanced LLMs,highlighting critical challenges to their reliability and objectivity in decision-making processes.Gemini 1.5 Pro’s sensitivity to presentation order and DeepSeek’s general preference for positive information,coupled with its sensitivity to order,underscore the need for careful evaluation of potential cognitive biases during the development and application of AI.The study suggests that effective measures are necessary to mitigate these biases and prevent potential negative societal impacts.Future research should include a broader range of models for comparative analysis and explore more complex interactive scenarios to further understand and address these phenomena.The findings contribute significantly to understanding the limitations and capabilities of current AI systems,guiding their responsible development,and anticipating their potential societal implications.展开更多
This review explores the use of agent-based modeling(ABM)within the framework of study human emotion and cognition in the context of its ability to simulate complex social interactions,adaptive changes,and evolutionar...This review explores the use of agent-based modeling(ABM)within the framework of study human emotion and cognition in the context of its ability to simulate complex social interactions,adaptive changes,and evolutionary processes.By representing agents and their defined environments with probabilistic interactions,ABM allows the assessment of the effects of individual behavior at the micro level on the greater social phenomena at the macro level.The review looks into the applications of ABM in portraying some of the key components of emotions and cognition-empathy,cooperation,decision making,and emotional transmission-and analyzes the problems including scalability,empirical validation,and description of sensitive emotional states.The most important conclusion is that merging ABM with information neurobiological data and artificial intelligence(AI)techniques would allow for deepening the interactions within the system and enhancing its responsiveness to stimuli.This review highlights approaches that aim to exploit the ABM methodology more fully and integrates methods from biology,neuroscience,and engineering.This integration could contribute to our understanding of the human behavior evolution and adaptation within systems relevant to policymaking,healthcare,and education.展开更多
Mental healthcare in Ethiopia is underutilized due to a lack of resources and skilled practitioners.Psychological counselling offers unique intervention possibilities because of its focus on a wide range of mental hea...Mental healthcare in Ethiopia is underutilized due to a lack of resources and skilled practitioners.Psychological counselling offers unique intervention possibilities because of its focus on a wide range of mental health and social justice issues.This literature review tracks the historical development of the profession of psychological counselling in Ethiopia to establish what has been achieved to date and the development challenges.Key achievements include recognition of the profession by the Ministry of Education,growing public awareness,and increasing capacity of practitioners skilled in psychological counselling.Challenges include limited contextually relevant training,poor representation of the profession within Ministry of Health policies,poor public and government mental health literacy,and a lack of regulatory frameworks.Postgraduate training would benefit from more culturally,contextually,and linguistically appropriate evidence-based,indigenous psychology practices.The profession would benefit from engagement in government policy development that promotes mental health,and professional regulatory bodies to hold practitioners accountable to professional standards and ethical practice.展开更多
This psychobiographical study on Bessie Head,a bi-racial writer from the South African apartheid period,explored early experiences that defined her identity,personality development and prominence in post-colonial Afri...This psychobiographical study on Bessie Head,a bi-racial writer from the South African apartheid period,explored early experiences that defined her identity,personality development and prominence in post-colonial African literature.For the case conceptual framing,we integrate Donald W.Winnicott’s object relations theory with intersectional feminism to explore her identity by the complex interactions between her psychological experiences and socio-political contexts.Our mixed-methodological approach that combines du Plessis’(2017)structured framework and Knight’s(2019)Phenomenological-hermeneutic Life-narrative Analysis.The analysis revealed three central findings.First,Bessie’s identity development was shaped by early abandonment and racial liminality,resulting in a fragmented sense of self.Second,her emotional and psychological instability was compounded by intersecting experiences of racism,sexism,and exile.Third,her writing and relationships functioned as coping mechanisms and transitional phenomena,offering potential spaces of psychological resilience.From this psychobiographical study framed on intersectional research,the evidence suggests that marginalized identities and a commitment to social justice are revealed by exploring the relationships between individual psychology and systemic influences.展开更多
This case study explores the efficacy of school-based intervention to address psychosocial challenges faced by an 11-year-old adolescent. The case study aimed to decrease the agression and acting out behavior as resul...This case study explores the efficacy of school-based intervention to address psychosocial challenges faced by an 11-year-old adolescent. The case study aimed to decrease the agression and acting out behavior as result of being victimized at school by the peers. The aim was to assess and manage the child’s aggressive behavior and academic underperformance which played a significant role in the child’s low self-esteem and emotional regulation. A comprehensive assessment was conducted to rule out the difficulties and a multi-faceted intervention strategy was utilized including anger management and structured activity scheduling that helped that child to improve his academic performance as well as to learn to manage his emotional expression. Throughout 16 sessions, the intervention targeted key behavioural indicators such as emotional expression, and aggression;post-assessment results demonstrated a 22% improvement in the child’s behavioral and academic challenges. The findings suggest that a multi-faceted therapeutic approach can be effective in addressing complex issues of aggression and academic underperformance in children, highlighting the importance of integrated psychological and educational interventions.展开更多
Background:Restrained eating,often motivated by the desire to control weight,is prevalent among young female college students and is considered a risk factor for eating disorders.Negative evaluation fear,exacerbated b...Background:Restrained eating,often motivated by the desire to control weight,is prevalent among young female college students and is considered a risk factor for eating disorders.Negative evaluation fear,exacerbated by social pressure,peer comparison,and academic stress,has been identified as a potential contributor to restrained eating behavior.However,research exploring the relationship between negative evaluation fear and restrained eating,particularly in the context of self-esteem and physical appearance perfectionism,remains limited.This study aims to investigate these relationships and design an intervention program to reduce restrained eating behaviors in female college students.Methods:Study 1 involved 617 female college students,using the Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale,Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale,and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire to measure key variables.We examined the relationships between physical appearance perfectionism,self-esteem,fear of negative evaluation,and restrained eating.In Study 2,a 4-week group psychological intervention based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy(ACT)was implemented with 45 students,divided into experimental,control,and placebo groups.The intervention’s effectiveness was assessed in reducing restrained eating and negative evaluation fear.Results:The study found that fear of negative evaluation significantly predicted restrained eating and physical appearance perfectionism.Physical appearance perfectionism,in turn,positively predicted restrained eating and partially mediated the relationship between negative evaluation fear and restrained eating.Self-esteem moderated this mediation effect.Additionally,the ACT-based intervention significantly reduced fear of negative evaluation and restrained eating behavior in the experimental group.Conclusion:This study identifies fear of negative evaluation and physical appearance perfectionism as key predictors of restrained eating in female college students.Fear of negative evaluation significantly predicted restrained eating,with physical appearance perfectionism partially mediating this relationship.The ACT-based intervention effectively reduced both fear of negative evaluation and restrained eating.These findings highlight the importance of addressing negative evaluation fear and appearance perfectionism in interventions for restrained eating.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to look into how reliable and valid the Persian version of the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R-Pr) is. It will also compare the screening features of the CUDIT-R...The purpose of this paper is to look into how reliable and valid the Persian version of the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R-Pr) is. It will also compare the screening features of the CUDIT-R with those of the DSM-5 criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD) based on the SCID-5-CT in a group of university students in Tehran, Iran. The study used the stratified random sampling technique to collect data from 541 students (19 to 24 years old) who used cannabis in Tehran universities in 2024. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the uni-dimensionality of the CUDIT-R-Pr. We checked the reliability of the CUDIT-R-Pr using Cronbach Alpha, split-half, inter-rater, test-retest stability over time, and parallel testing equivalence. The results indicated that CUDIT-R-Pr is reliable, reproducible, and responsive, with substantial agreement and adequate interpretability. The CUDIT-R shows that it can tell the difference between different levels of cannabis use severity, which is known as discriminant validity. Receiver operating characteristic analyses confirmed this, using an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC = 0.95) at a cutoff of ten or less. This allowed CUDIT-R-Pr to accurately predict any DSM-5 based on the highest correctly classified value (0.89), demonstrating high levels of sensitivity (0.96), specificity (0.69), and Youden value (0.65). The exact maximum Youden index (0.72) showed that CUDIT-R-Pr could also predict moderate DSM-5 with a cutoff of twelve or less. To validate and generalize the CUDIT-R-Pr for use among Iranian cannabis users, we need more research.展开更多
Despite the increasing investigation into misophonia,its classification remains debated due to symptom overlap with audiological and psychological conditions,as well as methodological limitations in existing studies.I...Despite the increasing investigation into misophonia,its classification remains debated due to symptom overlap with audiological and psychological conditions,as well as methodological limitations in existing studies.In the present study,we compared a clinical sample of adults seeking treatment for misophonia with a non-treatment-seeking sample of age-and gender-matched healthy controls.In these two samples,we examined the psychological and audiological features of misophonia by assessing key psychological processes(anger,disgust,OCD symptoms,anxiety,depression,stress,wellbeing,and psychological inflexibility)and audiological features(hearing,hyperacusis,and tinnitus).We found that individuals with misophonia exhibit higher levels of psychological inflexibility and stress compared to healthy controls.Audiological comparisons indicated that hyperacusis is more prevalent in the misophonia group,with significantly more impairment in social and occupational functioning.There were no differences between groups on an objective assessment of hearing,although self-report measures indicated that individuals with misophonia may have greater difficulty with auditory processing.These findings suggest that misophonia is a complex disorder marked by transdiagnostic psychological characteristics and sound sensitivities.Our results underscore the need for interdisciplinary assessment and treatment approaches that incorporate psychosocial and audiological perspectives.展开更多
Background Paranoia exists in the general population,both in adults and in children,and is a key feature of schizotypy and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.Attempts to develop child-appropriate tools to assess childho...Background Paranoia exists in the general population,both in adults and in children,and is a key feature of schizotypy and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.Attempts to develop child-appropriate tools to assess childhood suspiciousness and its correlation with developmental psychopathology are underdeveloped but crucial.Aims This study examines the prevalence and structure of childhood mistrust and its correlations with internalising and externalising problems in non-clinical and clinical samples using a newly validated Italian Social Mistrust Scale(SMS).Methods Children aged 8-14 years old from a nonclinical(n=242)and a clinical sample with anxiety and/or mood disorder(n=44)were recruited.All children completed the SMS and a standardised battery of tests measuring schizotypal traits,anxiety,depression and internalising/externalising problems.Results The total Mistrust Score was positively skewed,with 50%of children scoring≤3 points and 15%scoring≥7 points.Factor analyses revealed a threefactor model(ie,General Mistrust,Home Mistrust and School Mistrust)replicating the original English SMS.As expected,childhood mistrust was positively correlated with schizotypal traits,anxiety and depression in the nonclinical sample(r=0.49,0.42 and 0.54,respectively)and in the clinical sample(r=0.75,0.51 and 0.85,respectively).Finally,the SMS showed an overall moderate internal reliability(α)in the non-clinical sample(α=0.74),and a good internal reliability in the clinical sample(α=0.83).Conclusions Consistent with previous studies,childhood mistrust—as measured by the newly translated Italian SMS—exists on a continuum of severity and is associated with higher levels of childhood psychopathology.Exploring social mistrust and suspiciousness in childhood can support clinicians and researchers,and could help develop preventive interventions during early development,particularly for children at risk of specific emotional and behavioural challenges.展开更多
Selfishness,understood as excessive focus on the self,appears to be a predominant feature of contemporary culture.While the degree of self-focus is adaptive for survival and decision-making,self-rigidity has been asso...Selfishness,understood as excessive focus on the self,appears to be a predominant feature of contemporary culture.While the degree of self-focus is adaptive for survival and decision-making,self-rigidity has been associated with significant psychological,interpersonal,and social costs.Throughout history,philosophers,religious leaders,and social activists have promoted a“hypo-egoic”way of being,characterized by reduced self-fixation and greater openness to others.However,a key question arises:How can one cultivate a more flexible and interdependent perspective on the self?Deconstructive meditations are a group of contemplative practices that aim to dismantle self-rigidity by exploring perception,cognition,and emotion.Their central mechanism is self-inquiry,an experiential process that involves directly observing patterns of the self,questioning the solidity of identity,and developing new ways to relate to experience.From the perspective of contemplative neuroscience,these practices have been shown to reduce selfnarrative identification and promote psychological flexibility.Despite their potential,empirical research on deconstructive meditations remains limited and requires further investigation.This article reviews the essential findings on practices,their connection to psychotherapy,and their potential therapeutic applications.Finally,their clinical implications are discussed along with future research directions to validate their impact on mental health.展开更多
Pancreatic cystic neoplasms(PCNs)represent a spectrum of heterogeneous lesions with diverse biological behaviors and malignant potential.This category encompasses relatively common subtypes,such as intraductal papilla...Pancreatic cystic neoplasms(PCNs)represent a spectrum of heterogeneous lesions with diverse biological behaviors and malignant potential.This category encompasses relatively common subtypes,such as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms,serous cystic neoplasms,and mucinous cystic neoplasms,alongside relatively rarer entities,including cystic degeneration of solid pancreatic tumors.The widespread use of cross-sectional imaging has led to increased incidental detection of PCNs,subsequently driving a surge in PCN-related medical consultations and interventions;thus,standardized management of PCNs demands heightened attention.Continuous advancements in endoscopic techno-logies,particularly endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)and EUS-guided procedures,now offer diversified diagnostic and therapeutic options,establishing EUS as a pivotal tool for diagnosing,surveillance,and treating PCNs.This review synthesizes current evidence and evolving clinical practices in the endoscopic management of PCNs,emphasizing optimizing preoperative diagnostic accuracy,standardizing endoscopic protocols,implementing subtype-specific risk strati-fication,promoting multidisciplinary team approaches,and addressing challenges in emerging technologies.展开更多
Background Pain sensitivity is critical for preventing non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI)behaviours;however,individuals engaging in such behaviours often exhibit decreased pain sensitivity,which may undermine this natural...Background Pain sensitivity is critical for preventing non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI)behaviours;however,individuals engaging in such behaviours often exhibit decreased pain sensitivity,which may undermine this natural safeguard.The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC)is a key region involved in pain regulation,and recent approaches using transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)to target the DLPFC have shown potential for modulating pain processing and restoring normal pain perception for individuals engaging in NSSI behaviours.Aims This study aimed to explore the immediate and short-term effects of a single session of tDCS on pain sensitivity in individuals with NSSI,as well as its secondary effects on mood and NSSI-related factors.Methods In this randomised,double-blind,parallel,sham-controlled clinical trial,participants with a history of NSSI were randomly assigned to receive either active or sham tDCS.The intervention consisted of a single 20 min tDCS session targeting the left DLPFC.The primary outcome was pain sensitivity,measured by the pressure pain threshold(PPT)and heat pain score(HPS).Secondary and additional outcomes included NSSI urges,NSSI resistance,self-efficacy in resisting NSSI,mood-related variables and exploratory cognitive-affective processes such as rumination,self-criticism and self-perceived pain sensitivity,assessed at baseline,immediately post-intervention,and at 24 hours,1 week and 2 weeks follow-ups.Results For the primary outcomes,no significant differences between groups were observed for pain sensitivity(PPT,padj=0.812;HPS,padj=0.608).However,an exploratory sensitivity analysis treating each trial as an individual observation revealed a significant effect on HPS(padj=0.036).For the secondary and additional outcomes,although there were initial improvements in joyful feelings and reductions in negative affect at 2 weeks post-intervention,these effects did not remain significant after multiple comparison corrections.Notably,reductions in rumination were statistically significant at both 1-week and 2-week follow-ups(1 week,p_(adj)=0.040;2 weeks,p_(adj)=0.042).There were no significant effects on NSSI urges,NSSI resistance,self-efficacy in resisting NSSI or self-criticism.Conclusions A single session of tDCS over the left DLPFC did not produce significant changes in pain sensitivity in individuals with NSSI.A sensitivity analysis indicated an effect on heat pain sensitivity,possibly reflecting changes in brain activity,warranting confirmation through neuroimaging.These findings suggest that tDCS warrants further investigation for its potential to influence pain-related cognitive-affective processes in individuals with NSSI.展开更多
This study investigated the relationship between parental cognitive ability and child logical reasoning ability,and the role of academic expectation and family environment in that relationship.Based on the 2020 China ...This study investigated the relationship between parental cognitive ability and child logical reasoning ability,and the role of academic expectation and family environment in that relationship.Based on the 2020 China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)data,1491 children(girls ratio=53.78%;average grade=6.023 years,school grade standard deviation=1.825 years).Results following multiple regression model(OLS)show that the higher the parental cognitive ability,the higher the children’s logical reasoning ability.Secondly,parental academic expectation serves as a mediator between their cognitive ability and children’s logical reasoning ability for higher logical reasoning by children.Third,a possible family environment acts as a mediator in the relationship between parents’cognitive ability and children’s logical reasoning ability to be higher.We conclude from thesefindings that parents with high cognitive abilities can enhance their children’s logical reasoning skills not only by setting higher academic expectations,but also by cultivating a supportive family environment.Thesefindings imply a need for intervention to improve family quality of life to enhance children’s thinking abilities to optimize their academic learning.展开更多
Background:Understanding the factors that influence adolescent psychological resilience is critical for promoting mental health.This study explores the impact and mechanism of labor values on adolescent psychological ...Background:Understanding the factors that influence adolescent psychological resilience is critical for promoting mental health.This study explores the impact and mechanism of labor values on adolescent psychological resilience from the perspective of emotion regulation theory.Methods:This study conducted an in-depth analysis using the Labor Value Scale on 2691 elementary school upper-grade students,middle school students,and high school students.Results:The results show that:(1)labor values can positively predict adolescents’mental resilience;(2)cognitive reappraisal and expression inhibition play a partial mediating role in the relationship between labor values and adolescents’psychological resilience.Among them,labor values can positively predict adolescents’mental resilience through positive cognitive reappraisal,and labor values can also predict adolescents’mental resilience through expression inhibition.Conclusion:Based on the theory of emotion regulation,this study explores the direct effect of labor values on mental resilience and the mediating effect of different strategies of emotion regulation.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for improving the mental resilience of adolescents.展开更多
基金Supported by Open Project of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases,No.202232.
文摘BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression(PSD)is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis dysfunction and neurotransmitter deficits.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)are commonly used,but their efficacy is limited.This study investigated whether combining SSRIs with traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Free San could enhance their therapeutic effects.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combining SSRIs with Free San in treating PSD,and to assess its impact on HPA axis function.METHODS Ninety-two patients with PSD were enrolled and randomly divided into control groups(n=46)and study groups(n=46).The control group received the SSRI paroxetine alone,whereas the study group received paroxetine combined with Free San for 4 weeks.Hamilton Depression Scale and TCM syndrome scores were assessed before and after treatment.Serum serotonin,norepinephrine,cortisol,cor-ticotropin-releasing hormone,and adrenocorticotropic hormone were measured.The treatment responses and adverse reactions were recorded.RESULTS After treatment,the Hamilton Depression Scale and TCM syndrome scores were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group(P<0.05).Serum serotonin and norepinephrine levels were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group,whereas cortisol,corticotropin-releasing hormone,and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were significantly lower(P<0.05).The total efficacy rates were 84.78%and 65.22%in the study and control groups,respectively(P<0.05).No significant differences in adverse reactions were observed between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Combining SSRIs with Free San can enhance therapeutic efficacy,improve depressive symptoms,and regulate HPA axis function in patients with PSD with good safety and clinical application value.
文摘The current status of the “Biopsychosocial” Model in health psychology is contested and arguably exists in a stage of infancy. Despite original goals, medical researchers have developed theoretical and empirical integrations across bio-psycho-social domains only to a limited extent. This review article addresses this issue by making connections across research findings in health psychology and related medical fields in order to strengthen the associations across bio-psycho-social domains. In particular, research in sociosomatics, neuroplasticity and psychosocial genomics are introduced and explored. The role of “culture” as conceived of within the Biopsychosocial Model is also ambiguous and somewhat problematic. Arthur Klienman’s conceptions of culture as what is at stake for individuals in their local social and moral worlds is adopted to offer a critique of previous perspectives of culture and question its role amidst bio-psycho-social domains. Overall, a multilevel integrative or ‘holistic’ perspective is advanced to strengthen the Biopsychosocial Model for use within health psychology and biomedical research. In the end, some clinical implications are discussed.
基金Supported by the Education and Teaching Reform Project of the First Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University,No.CMER202305Natural Science Foundation of Xizang Autonomous Region,No.XZ2024ZR-ZY100(Z)Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine,Chongqing Medical University,China,No.W0138.
文摘Infected necrotizing pancreatitis(INP)remains a life-threatening complication of acute pancreatitis.Despite advancements such as endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided drainage,lumen-apposing metal stents,and protocolized step-up strate-gies,the clinical practice remains heterogeneous,with variability in endoscopic strategies,procedural timing,device selection,and adjunctive techniques contri-buting to inconsistent outcomes.This review synthesizes current evidence to contribute to a structured framework integrating multidisciplinary team decision-making,advanced imaging(three-dimensional reconstruction,contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging),EUS assessment,and biomarker-driven risk stratification(C-reactive protein,procalcitonin)to optimize patient selection,intervention timing,and complication management.Key stan-dardization components include endoscopic assessment and procedural strate-gies,optimal timing of intervention,personalized approaches for complex pan-creatic collections,and techniques to reduce the number of endoscopic debride-ments and mitigate complications.This work aims to enhance clinical outcomes,minimize practice heterogeneity,and establish a foundation for future research and guideline development in endoscopic management of INP.
基金an MSc thesis research grant from the Zoological Society of London(ZSL)Nepal.RCK’s effort was supported in part by the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs(ORIP)of the National Institutes of Health through grant number P51OD010425 to the Washington National Primate Research Center,USA。
文摘The Himalayan monal(Lophophorus impejanus),Nepal’s national bird,is a protected species facing significant conservation challenges.Understanding the distribution and habitat preferences of the Himalayan monal(HM)is crucial for its conservation.This study was conducted in the Langtang National Park(LNP),Nepal using the route census method during both winter(November/December 2022)and summer(June 2023)seasons to examine the seasonal variation in HM’s elevational distribution and habitat preference.Further,we assessed their conservation threats by conducting a semi-structured questionnaire survey with the local residents.During the winter period,the HMs preferred grassland habitats,while in the summer,their preference shifted to shrubland and barren area.HM abundance was negatively associated with the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the shortest distance from the survey trails in the winter.The HMs actively avoided areas with high anthropogenic pressure.In the summer,they showed a wider elevational range up to 4400 m above sea level(a.s.l.),with a higher sighting frequency between 3600 and 3900 m a.s.l.The questionnaire survey of the local residents revealed that anthropogenic pressure such as poaching and free-ranging livestock grazing are the major threats to the species in the study area.This study provides valuable insight into the complex habitat preferences and critical threats faced by the HMs in LNP and underscores the urgent need for targeted conservation action.
文摘BACKGROUND Family caregivers of cirrhosis patients(CPs)often experience burden,stress,and depression.Investigating whether these conditions improve following the patient undergoing liver transplantation(LT)is crucial,as it would elucidate the compre-hensive benefits of the procedure and demonstrate the positive impacts not only on the patients but also on their caregivers and society.AIM To compare the levels of burden,stress and depression among family caregivers of cirrhotic and liver transplant patients.METHODS This cross-sectional observational study evaluated caregivers of CPs and LT recipients at a quaternary Brazilian hospital.Instruments included identification cards,interview scripts,the caregiver burden scale Inventory,Lipp’s Stress Symptom Inventory,and the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition.Psychometric analyses involved confirmatory factor analysis and calculation of McDonald’s omega and composite reliability.Factor scores were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test,with effect size as the rank-biserial correlation coefficient(r).Statistical analysis was performed with R software(P<0.05).RESULTS Seventy-seven CP caregivers and 65 LT recipient caregivers were included.Most were female(CP:85.7%vs LT:84.6%)and the patients’spouses(76.6%vs 63.1%).The median age and caregiving duration were 55.4(23.3-76.3)vs 54.6(25.7-82.1)and 3.9(1-20)vs 8(1.5-24)years,respectively(P=0.001).LT caregivers were less likely to be at risk of overload(21.5%vs 49.4%),to be under stress(33.8%vs 36.4%)and to show symptoms of depression(15.4%vs 35.1%).Compared with LT caregivers,CP caregivers had greater median factor scores for burden(general tension,P=0.012;isolation,P=0.014;disappointment,P=0.004),depression(P=0.008),and stress(P=0.047),with small to moderate effect sizes.The disappointment(r=0.240)and depression(r=0.225)dimensions had the largest effect sizes.CONCLUSION Family caregivers of LT recipients are less likely to exhibit symptoms of burden,stress,and depression,suggesting that the benefits of LT extend to the patients’family members.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82030037)the Translational and Application Project of Brain-inspired and Network Neuroscience on Brain Disorders(11000023T000002036286).
文摘Epilepsy affects over 50 million people worldwide.Drug-resistant epilepsy(DRE)accounts for up to a third of these cases,and neuro-inflammation is thought to play a role in such cases.Despite being a long-debated issue in the field of DRE,the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation have yet to be fully elucidated.The pro-inflammatory microenvironment within the brain tissue of people with DRE has been probed using single-cell multimodal transcriptomics.Evidence suggests that inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the nervous system can lead to extensive biochemical changes,such as connexin hemichannel excitability and disruption of neurotransmitter homeostasis.The presence of inflammation may give rise to neuronal network abnormalities that suppress endogenous antiepileptic systems.We focus on the role of neuroinflammation and brain network anomalies in DRE from multiple perspectives to identify critical points for clinical application.We hope to provide an insightful overview to advance the quest for better DRE treatments.
文摘The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a critical question remains:do these sophisticated models,much like humans,exhibit susceptibility to cognitive biases?Understanding the presence and nature of such biases in AI is paramount for assessing their reliability,enhancing their performance,and predicting their societal impact.This research specifically investigates the susceptibility of Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek,two prominent LLMs,to framing effects and confirmation bias.The study meticulously designed a series of experimental trials,systematically manipulating information proportions and presentation orders to evaluate these biases.In the framing effect experiment,a genetic testing decision-making scenario was constructed.The proportion of positive and negative information(e.g.,20%,50%,or 80%positive)and their presentation order were varied.The models’inclination towards undergoing genetic testing was recorded.For the confirmation bias experiment,two reports-one positive and one negative-about“RoboTaxi”autonomous vehicles were provided.The proportion of erroneous information within these reports(10%,30%,and 50%)and their presentation order were systematically altered,and the models’support for each report was assessed.The findings demonstrate that both Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek are susceptible to framing effects.In the genetic testing scenario,their decision-making was primarily influenced by the proportion of positive and negative information presented.When the proportion of positive information was higher,both models showed a greater inclination to recommend or proceed with genetic testing.Conversely,a higher proportion of negative information led to greater caution or a tendency not to recommend the testing.Importantly,the order in which this information was presented did not significantly influence their decisions in the framing effect scenarios.Regarding confirmation bias,the two models exhibited distinct behaviors.Gemini 1.5 Pro did not show an overall preference for either positive or negative reports.However,its judgments were significantly influenced by the order of information presentation,demonstrating a“recency effect,”meaning it tended to support the report presented later.The proportion of erroneous information within the reports had no significant impact on Gemini 1.5 Pro’s decisions.In contrast,DeepSeek exhibited an overall confirmation bias,showing a clear preference for positive reports.Similar to Gemini 1.5 Pro,DeepSeek’s decisions were also significantly affected by the order of information presentation,while the proportion of misinformation had no significant effect.These results reveal human-like cognitive vulnerabilities in advanced LLMs,highlighting critical challenges to their reliability and objectivity in decision-making processes.Gemini 1.5 Pro’s sensitivity to presentation order and DeepSeek’s general preference for positive information,coupled with its sensitivity to order,underscore the need for careful evaluation of potential cognitive biases during the development and application of AI.The study suggests that effective measures are necessary to mitigate these biases and prevent potential negative societal impacts.Future research should include a broader range of models for comparative analysis and explore more complex interactive scenarios to further understand and address these phenomena.The findings contribute significantly to understanding the limitations and capabilities of current AI systems,guiding their responsible development,and anticipating their potential societal implications.
文摘This review explores the use of agent-based modeling(ABM)within the framework of study human emotion and cognition in the context of its ability to simulate complex social interactions,adaptive changes,and evolutionary processes.By representing agents and their defined environments with probabilistic interactions,ABM allows the assessment of the effects of individual behavior at the micro level on the greater social phenomena at the macro level.The review looks into the applications of ABM in portraying some of the key components of emotions and cognition-empathy,cooperation,decision making,and emotional transmission-and analyzes the problems including scalability,empirical validation,and description of sensitive emotional states.The most important conclusion is that merging ABM with information neurobiological data and artificial intelligence(AI)techniques would allow for deepening the interactions within the system and enhancing its responsiveness to stimuli.This review highlights approaches that aim to exploit the ABM methodology more fully and integrates methods from biology,neuroscience,and engineering.This integration could contribute to our understanding of the human behavior evolution and adaptation within systems relevant to policymaking,healthcare,and education.
文摘Mental healthcare in Ethiopia is underutilized due to a lack of resources and skilled practitioners.Psychological counselling offers unique intervention possibilities because of its focus on a wide range of mental health and social justice issues.This literature review tracks the historical development of the profession of psychological counselling in Ethiopia to establish what has been achieved to date and the development challenges.Key achievements include recognition of the profession by the Ministry of Education,growing public awareness,and increasing capacity of practitioners skilled in psychological counselling.Challenges include limited contextually relevant training,poor representation of the profession within Ministry of Health policies,poor public and government mental health literacy,and a lack of regulatory frameworks.Postgraduate training would benefit from more culturally,contextually,and linguistically appropriate evidence-based,indigenous psychology practices.The profession would benefit from engagement in government policy development that promotes mental health,and professional regulatory bodies to hold practitioners accountable to professional standards and ethical practice.
文摘This psychobiographical study on Bessie Head,a bi-racial writer from the South African apartheid period,explored early experiences that defined her identity,personality development and prominence in post-colonial African literature.For the case conceptual framing,we integrate Donald W.Winnicott’s object relations theory with intersectional feminism to explore her identity by the complex interactions between her psychological experiences and socio-political contexts.Our mixed-methodological approach that combines du Plessis’(2017)structured framework and Knight’s(2019)Phenomenological-hermeneutic Life-narrative Analysis.The analysis revealed three central findings.First,Bessie’s identity development was shaped by early abandonment and racial liminality,resulting in a fragmented sense of self.Second,her emotional and psychological instability was compounded by intersecting experiences of racism,sexism,and exile.Third,her writing and relationships functioned as coping mechanisms and transitional phenomena,offering potential spaces of psychological resilience.From this psychobiographical study framed on intersectional research,the evidence suggests that marginalized identities and a commitment to social justice are revealed by exploring the relationships between individual psychology and systemic influences.
文摘This case study explores the efficacy of school-based intervention to address psychosocial challenges faced by an 11-year-old adolescent. The case study aimed to decrease the agression and acting out behavior as result of being victimized at school by the peers. The aim was to assess and manage the child’s aggressive behavior and academic underperformance which played a significant role in the child’s low self-esteem and emotional regulation. A comprehensive assessment was conducted to rule out the difficulties and a multi-faceted intervention strategy was utilized including anger management and structured activity scheduling that helped that child to improve his academic performance as well as to learn to manage his emotional expression. Throughout 16 sessions, the intervention targeted key behavioural indicators such as emotional expression, and aggression;post-assessment results demonstrated a 22% improvement in the child’s behavioral and academic challenges. The findings suggest that a multi-faceted therapeutic approach can be effective in addressing complex issues of aggression and academic underperformance in children, highlighting the importance of integrated psychological and educational interventions.
文摘Background:Restrained eating,often motivated by the desire to control weight,is prevalent among young female college students and is considered a risk factor for eating disorders.Negative evaluation fear,exacerbated by social pressure,peer comparison,and academic stress,has been identified as a potential contributor to restrained eating behavior.However,research exploring the relationship between negative evaluation fear and restrained eating,particularly in the context of self-esteem and physical appearance perfectionism,remains limited.This study aims to investigate these relationships and design an intervention program to reduce restrained eating behaviors in female college students.Methods:Study 1 involved 617 female college students,using the Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale,Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale,and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire to measure key variables.We examined the relationships between physical appearance perfectionism,self-esteem,fear of negative evaluation,and restrained eating.In Study 2,a 4-week group psychological intervention based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy(ACT)was implemented with 45 students,divided into experimental,control,and placebo groups.The intervention’s effectiveness was assessed in reducing restrained eating and negative evaluation fear.Results:The study found that fear of negative evaluation significantly predicted restrained eating and physical appearance perfectionism.Physical appearance perfectionism,in turn,positively predicted restrained eating and partially mediated the relationship between negative evaluation fear and restrained eating.Self-esteem moderated this mediation effect.Additionally,the ACT-based intervention significantly reduced fear of negative evaluation and restrained eating behavior in the experimental group.Conclusion:This study identifies fear of negative evaluation and physical appearance perfectionism as key predictors of restrained eating in female college students.Fear of negative evaluation significantly predicted restrained eating,with physical appearance perfectionism partially mediating this relationship.The ACT-based intervention effectively reduced both fear of negative evaluation and restrained eating.These findings highlight the importance of addressing negative evaluation fear and appearance perfectionism in interventions for restrained eating.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to look into how reliable and valid the Persian version of the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R-Pr) is. It will also compare the screening features of the CUDIT-R with those of the DSM-5 criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD) based on the SCID-5-CT in a group of university students in Tehran, Iran. The study used the stratified random sampling technique to collect data from 541 students (19 to 24 years old) who used cannabis in Tehran universities in 2024. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the uni-dimensionality of the CUDIT-R-Pr. We checked the reliability of the CUDIT-R-Pr using Cronbach Alpha, split-half, inter-rater, test-retest stability over time, and parallel testing equivalence. The results indicated that CUDIT-R-Pr is reliable, reproducible, and responsive, with substantial agreement and adequate interpretability. The CUDIT-R shows that it can tell the difference between different levels of cannabis use severity, which is known as discriminant validity. Receiver operating characteristic analyses confirmed this, using an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC = 0.95) at a cutoff of ten or less. This allowed CUDIT-R-Pr to accurately predict any DSM-5 based on the highest correctly classified value (0.89), demonstrating high levels of sensitivity (0.96), specificity (0.69), and Youden value (0.65). The exact maximum Youden index (0.72) showed that CUDIT-R-Pr could also predict moderate DSM-5 with a cutoff of twelve or less. To validate and generalize the CUDIT-R-Pr for use among Iranian cannabis users, we need more research.
基金funded by a grant from the Misophonia Research Fundso Quiet Foundation。
文摘Despite the increasing investigation into misophonia,its classification remains debated due to symptom overlap with audiological and psychological conditions,as well as methodological limitations in existing studies.In the present study,we compared a clinical sample of adults seeking treatment for misophonia with a non-treatment-seeking sample of age-and gender-matched healthy controls.In these two samples,we examined the psychological and audiological features of misophonia by assessing key psychological processes(anger,disgust,OCD symptoms,anxiety,depression,stress,wellbeing,and psychological inflexibility)and audiological features(hearing,hyperacusis,and tinnitus).We found that individuals with misophonia exhibit higher levels of psychological inflexibility and stress compared to healthy controls.Audiological comparisons indicated that hyperacusis is more prevalent in the misophonia group,with significantly more impairment in social and occupational functioning.There were no differences between groups on an objective assessment of hearing,although self-report measures indicated that individuals with misophonia may have greater difficulty with auditory processing.These findings suggest that misophonia is a complex disorder marked by transdiagnostic psychological characteristics and sound sensitivities.Our results underscore the need for interdisciplinary assessment and treatment approaches that incorporate psychosocial and audiological perspectives.
基金supported by the University College London Global Engagement Funds 2022/23 to KK-YW(PI)and IA(Co-I)KK-YW is supported by the ESRC Policy Fellowship(ES/Y004906/1).
文摘Background Paranoia exists in the general population,both in adults and in children,and is a key feature of schizotypy and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.Attempts to develop child-appropriate tools to assess childhood suspiciousness and its correlation with developmental psychopathology are underdeveloped but crucial.Aims This study examines the prevalence and structure of childhood mistrust and its correlations with internalising and externalising problems in non-clinical and clinical samples using a newly validated Italian Social Mistrust Scale(SMS).Methods Children aged 8-14 years old from a nonclinical(n=242)and a clinical sample with anxiety and/or mood disorder(n=44)were recruited.All children completed the SMS and a standardised battery of tests measuring schizotypal traits,anxiety,depression and internalising/externalising problems.Results The total Mistrust Score was positively skewed,with 50%of children scoring≤3 points and 15%scoring≥7 points.Factor analyses revealed a threefactor model(ie,General Mistrust,Home Mistrust and School Mistrust)replicating the original English SMS.As expected,childhood mistrust was positively correlated with schizotypal traits,anxiety and depression in the nonclinical sample(r=0.49,0.42 and 0.54,respectively)and in the clinical sample(r=0.75,0.51 and 0.85,respectively).Finally,the SMS showed an overall moderate internal reliability(α)in the non-clinical sample(α=0.74),and a good internal reliability in the clinical sample(α=0.83).Conclusions Consistent with previous studies,childhood mistrust—as measured by the newly translated Italian SMS—exists on a continuum of severity and is associated with higher levels of childhood psychopathology.Exploring social mistrust and suspiciousness in childhood can support clinicians and researchers,and could help develop preventive interventions during early development,particularly for children at risk of specific emotional and behavioural challenges.
文摘Selfishness,understood as excessive focus on the self,appears to be a predominant feature of contemporary culture.While the degree of self-focus is adaptive for survival and decision-making,self-rigidity has been associated with significant psychological,interpersonal,and social costs.Throughout history,philosophers,religious leaders,and social activists have promoted a“hypo-egoic”way of being,characterized by reduced self-fixation and greater openness to others.However,a key question arises:How can one cultivate a more flexible and interdependent perspective on the self?Deconstructive meditations are a group of contemplative practices that aim to dismantle self-rigidity by exploring perception,cognition,and emotion.Their central mechanism is self-inquiry,an experiential process that involves directly observing patterns of the self,questioning the solidity of identity,and developing new ways to relate to experience.From the perspective of contemplative neuroscience,these practices have been shown to reduce selfnarrative identification and promote psychological flexibility.Despite their potential,empirical research on deconstructive meditations remains limited and requires further investigation.This article reviews the essential findings on practices,their connection to psychotherapy,and their potential therapeutic applications.Finally,their clinical implications are discussed along with future research directions to validate their impact on mental health.
基金Supported by the Education and Teaching Reform Project of the First Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University,No.CMER202305Natural Science Foundation of Tibet Autonomous Region,No.XZ2024ZR-ZY100(Z)Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine,Chongqing Medical University,No.W0138.
文摘Pancreatic cystic neoplasms(PCNs)represent a spectrum of heterogeneous lesions with diverse biological behaviors and malignant potential.This category encompasses relatively common subtypes,such as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms,serous cystic neoplasms,and mucinous cystic neoplasms,alongside relatively rarer entities,including cystic degeneration of solid pancreatic tumors.The widespread use of cross-sectional imaging has led to increased incidental detection of PCNs,subsequently driving a surge in PCN-related medical consultations and interventions;thus,standardized management of PCNs demands heightened attention.Continuous advancements in endoscopic techno-logies,particularly endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)and EUS-guided procedures,now offer diversified diagnostic and therapeutic options,establishing EUS as a pivotal tool for diagnosing,surveillance,and treating PCNs.This review synthesizes current evidence and evolving clinical practices in the endoscopic management of PCNs,emphasizing optimizing preoperative diagnostic accuracy,standardizing endoscopic protocols,implementing subtype-specific risk strati-fication,promoting multidisciplinary team approaches,and addressing challenges in emerging technologies.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471564)YT is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32322035,32171078).
文摘Background Pain sensitivity is critical for preventing non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI)behaviours;however,individuals engaging in such behaviours often exhibit decreased pain sensitivity,which may undermine this natural safeguard.The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DLPFC)is a key region involved in pain regulation,and recent approaches using transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS)to target the DLPFC have shown potential for modulating pain processing and restoring normal pain perception for individuals engaging in NSSI behaviours.Aims This study aimed to explore the immediate and short-term effects of a single session of tDCS on pain sensitivity in individuals with NSSI,as well as its secondary effects on mood and NSSI-related factors.Methods In this randomised,double-blind,parallel,sham-controlled clinical trial,participants with a history of NSSI were randomly assigned to receive either active or sham tDCS.The intervention consisted of a single 20 min tDCS session targeting the left DLPFC.The primary outcome was pain sensitivity,measured by the pressure pain threshold(PPT)and heat pain score(HPS).Secondary and additional outcomes included NSSI urges,NSSI resistance,self-efficacy in resisting NSSI,mood-related variables and exploratory cognitive-affective processes such as rumination,self-criticism and self-perceived pain sensitivity,assessed at baseline,immediately post-intervention,and at 24 hours,1 week and 2 weeks follow-ups.Results For the primary outcomes,no significant differences between groups were observed for pain sensitivity(PPT,padj=0.812;HPS,padj=0.608).However,an exploratory sensitivity analysis treating each trial as an individual observation revealed a significant effect on HPS(padj=0.036).For the secondary and additional outcomes,although there were initial improvements in joyful feelings and reductions in negative affect at 2 weeks post-intervention,these effects did not remain significant after multiple comparison corrections.Notably,reductions in rumination were statistically significant at both 1-week and 2-week follow-ups(1 week,p_(adj)=0.040;2 weeks,p_(adj)=0.042).There were no significant effects on NSSI urges,NSSI resistance,self-efficacy in resisting NSSI or self-criticism.Conclusions A single session of tDCS over the left DLPFC did not produce significant changes in pain sensitivity in individuals with NSSI.A sensitivity analysis indicated an effect on heat pain sensitivity,possibly reflecting changes in brain activity,warranting confirmation through neuroimaging.These findings suggest that tDCS warrants further investigation for its potential to influence pain-related cognitive-affective processes in individuals with NSSI.
基金supported by scientific research fund of Jiangxi Provincial Social Sciences“14th Five-Year Plan”(No.23SH05).
文摘This study investigated the relationship between parental cognitive ability and child logical reasoning ability,and the role of academic expectation and family environment in that relationship.Based on the 2020 China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)data,1491 children(girls ratio=53.78%;average grade=6.023 years,school grade standard deviation=1.825 years).Results following multiple regression model(OLS)show that the higher the parental cognitive ability,the higher the children’s logical reasoning ability.Secondly,parental academic expectation serves as a mediator between their cognitive ability and children’s logical reasoning ability for higher logical reasoning by children.Third,a possible family environment acts as a mediator in the relationship between parents’cognitive ability and children’s logical reasoning ability to be higher.We conclude from thesefindings that parents with high cognitive abilities can enhance their children’s logical reasoning skills not only by setting higher academic expectations,but also by cultivating a supportive family environment.Thesefindings imply a need for intervention to improve family quality of life to enhance children’s thinking abilities to optimize their academic learning.
基金supported by Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial EducationDepartment(23B1133):How Labor Affects Moral Development:Based on the perspective of mixed research methods.
文摘Background:Understanding the factors that influence adolescent psychological resilience is critical for promoting mental health.This study explores the impact and mechanism of labor values on adolescent psychological resilience from the perspective of emotion regulation theory.Methods:This study conducted an in-depth analysis using the Labor Value Scale on 2691 elementary school upper-grade students,middle school students,and high school students.Results:The results show that:(1)labor values can positively predict adolescents’mental resilience;(2)cognitive reappraisal and expression inhibition play a partial mediating role in the relationship between labor values and adolescents’psychological resilience.Among them,labor values can positively predict adolescents’mental resilience through positive cognitive reappraisal,and labor values can also predict adolescents’mental resilience through expression inhibition.Conclusion:Based on the theory of emotion regulation,this study explores the direct effect of labor values on mental resilience and the mediating effect of different strategies of emotion regulation.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for improving the mental resilience of adolescents.
