In a commentary paper in the Journal of Sport and Health Science,world-renowned physical activity researchers,Barbara Ainsworth and James Sallis,discussed the opportunities arising from the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter...In a commentary paper in the Journal of Sport and Health Science,world-renowned physical activity researchers,Barbara Ainsworth and James Sallis,discussed the opportunities arising from the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games for increasing physical activity in youth.1 Moreover,a clarion call from the Asia-Pacific Society for Physical Activity has been made concerning the physical activity legacy that could arise from the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Brisbane,Australia(see:ASPA vision for Olympic legacy-ASPA(aspactivity.org)).展开更多
Objectives:Positive family functioning(FF)is critical for adolescent development,yet only a few studies have examined this developmental trajectory pathway.This study aimed to identify different types of FF developmen...Objectives:Positive family functioning(FF)is critical for adolescent development,yet only a few studies have examined this developmental trajectory pathway.This study aimed to identify different types of FF development trajectories during junior high school students,investigate their influence on social avoidance(SA),and further examine the mediating role of preference for solitude(PS)between them.Methods:A three-wave longitudinal study was used with six-month intervals.Questionnaire data were collected from 436 junior high school students in Jiangxi Province,China.Participants ranged in age from 11 to 14 years old(Mean=12.89 years,SD=1.08;50.2%male).Results:Four heterogeneous types of FF trajectories were identified:(1)a high and increasing group(14.7%);(2)a consistently high group(36.24%);(3)a consistently moderate group(45.86%);and(4)a rapid growth group(3.2%).The developmental trajectories of FF among junior high students significantly varied in their levels of SA(F(3,432)=32.03,p<0.001).Compared to the high and increasing groups,the consistently high,consistently medium,and rapid growth groups exhibited higher levels of SA.PS mediated the association between the developmental trajectory of FF and SA.Conclusion:There was a close relationship between the developmental trajectory of FF and SA.Interventions focusing on family system optimization and solitary preference management could effectively mitigate SA behaviors.These findings are important for promoting healthy socialization in adolescents.展开更多
To systematically review literature addressing three key psychologically-oriented controversies associated with gastroparesis.METHODSA comprehensive search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases was performed to id...To systematically review literature addressing three key psychologically-oriented controversies associated with gastroparesis.METHODSA comprehensive search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases was performed to identify literature addressing the relationship between gastroparesis and psychological factors. Two researchers independently screened all references. Inclusion criteria were: an adult sample of gastroparesis patients, a quantitative methodology, and at least one of the following: (1) evaluation of the prevalence of psychopathology; (2) an outcome measure of anxiety, depression, or quality of life; and (3) evidence of a psychological intervention. Case studies, review articles, and publications in languages other than English were excluded from the current review.RESULTSPrevalence of psychopathology was evaluated by three studies (n = 378), which found that combined anxiety/depression was present in 24% of the gastroparesis cohort, severe anxiety in 12.4%, depression in 21.8%-23%, and somatization in 50%. Level of anxiety and depression was included as an outcome measure in six studies (n = 1408), and while limited research made it difficult to determine the level of anxiety and depression in the cohort, a clear positive relationship with gastroparesis symptom severity was evident. Quality of life was included as an outcome measure in 11 studies (n = 2076), with gastroparesis patients reporting lower quality of life than population norms, and a negative relationship between quality of life and symptom severity. One study assessed the use of a psychological intervention for gastroparesis patients (n = 120) and found that depression and gastric function were improved in patients who received psychological intervention, however the study had considerable methodological limitations.CONCLUSIONGastroparesis is associated with significant psychological distress and poor quality of life. Recommendations for future studies and the development of psychological interventions are provided.展开更多
In recent decades, event-related potentials have been used for the clinical electrophysiological assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness （DOCs）. In this paper, an oddball paradigm with two types of fr...In recent decades, event-related potentials have been used for the clinical electrophysiological assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness （DOCs）. In this paper, an oddball paradigm with two types of frequencydeviant stimulus （standard stimuli were pure tones of 1000 Hz; small deviant stimuli were pure tones of 1050 Hz; large deviant stimuli were pure tones of 1200 Hz） was applied to elicit mismatch negativity （MMN） in 30 patients with DOCs diagnosed using the JFK Coma Recovery Scale- Revised （CRS-R）. The results showed that the peak amplitudes of MMN elicited by both large and small deviant stimuli were significantly different from baseline. In terms of the spatial properties of MMN, a significant interaction effect between conditions （small and large deviant stimuli） and electrode nodes was centered at the frontocentral area. Furthermore, correlation coefficients were calculated between MMN amplitudes and CRS-R scores for each electrode among all participants to generate topographic maps. Meanwhile, a significant negative correlation between the MMN amplitudes elicited by large deviant stimuli and the CRS-R scores was also found at the frontocentral area. In consequence, our results combine the above spatial properties of MMN in patients with DOCs, and provide a more precise location （frontocentral area） at which to evaluate the correlation between clinical electrophysiological assessment and the level of consciousness.展开更多
A common remark among laypeople, and notably also among mental health workers, is that individuals with mental illnesses use drugs as self-medication to allay clinical symptoms and the side effects of drug treatments....A common remark among laypeople, and notably also among mental health workers, is that individuals with mental illnesses use drugs as self-medication to allay clinical symptoms and the side effects of drug treatments. Roots of the self-medication concept in psychiatry date back at least to the 1980 s. Observations that rates of smokers in schizophrenic patients are multiple times the rates for regular smoking in the general population, as well as those with other disorders, proved particularly tempting for a self-medication explanation. Additional evidence came from experiments with animal models exposed to nicotine and the identification of neurobiological mechanisms suggesting self-medication with smoking is a plausible idea. More recently, results from studies comparing smoking and non-smoking schizophrenic patients have led to the questioning of the self-medication hypothesis. Closer examination of the literature points to the possibility that smoking is less beneficial on schizophrenic symptomology than generally assumed while clearly increasing the risk of cancer and other smoking-related diseases responsible for early mortality. It is a good time to examine the evidence for the self-medication concept as it relates to smoking. Our approach is to focus on data addressing direct or implied predictions of the hypothesis in schizophrenic smokers.展开更多
The prevalence of pediatric obesity continues to increase worldwide,bringing with it various metabolic,functional,social,and psychological complications.1 Both the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity must be...The prevalence of pediatric obesity continues to increase worldwide,bringing with it various metabolic,functional,social,and psychological complications.1 Both the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity must be based on multidisciplinary approaches combining nutrition,physical activity(PA),and psychological support.2 As an essential element of these multicomponent strategies,regular physical activity has been acknowledged as having beneficial effects on children's and adolescents,body composition,physical fitness,and metabolic profile,as well as on their health-related quality of life,social and psychological health,and academic achievement.3,4 Given that only a relatively small proportion of children and adolescents meet the public health recommendations for PA,5 and given that weight loss exercise-based interventions suffer from a high attrition rate,there is a clear need for appropriate PAs.展开更多
This study examined the influence of Big Five personality traits on Facebook usage and examined the interactions of traits in this context based on Torgersen’s (1995) typological approach. The effect of self-esteem, ...This study examined the influence of Big Five personality traits on Facebook usage and examined the interactions of traits in this context based on Torgersen’s (1995) typological approach. The effect of self-esteem, narcissism, loneliness, shyness and boredom proneness on Facebook usage was also investigated. The sample included both student (N = 190) and (N = 184) non-student samples. Narcissism was the strongest predictor of time spent on Facebook per day for both students and non-students. Narcissism was also the strongest predictor of number of daily logins for non-students, however, agreeableness was the strongest predictor of logins for students. Extraversion was the strongest predictor of number of Facebook friends for both students and non- students, however the interaction of Extraversion and Neuroticism was also a predictor of Facebook friends for students, and the interaction of Extraversion and Conscientiousness for non-students. Future research should consider the combined effect of personality traits on overall Facebook use.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance is a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD).Given the relationship between sleep disturbance and PTSD,there has been a relative paucity of studies examining the potential the...BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance is a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD).Given the relationship between sleep disturbance and PTSD,there has been a relative paucity of studies examining the potential therapeutic impact of using pharmacotherapy to target sleep disturbance in patients with PTSD.Eszopiclone(ESZ)is a non-benzodiazepine y-aminobutyric acid-A receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of sleep and may affect sleep in patients with PTSD.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of ESZ vs placebo(PBO)for patients with PTSD and insomnia.METHODS The study was a 12-wk,double blind,randomized controlled trial with 3 mg of ESZ(n=13)or PBO(n=12).RESULTS Patients in both arms experienced significant improvement in PTSD symptoms as assessed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV(CAPS):ESZ(t11=-3.12,P=0.005)and PBO(t11=-3.5,P=0.002)and by self-report with the Short PTSD Rating Interview(ESZ t11=-3.38,P=0.003 and PBO t11=-4.48,P=0.0005).There were no significant differences between treatments on the CAPS(t22=-0.13,P=0.70)or the Short PTSD Rating Interview(t22=-0.58,P=0.56).Similarly,both treated groups improved on sleep measures as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index with PTSD Addendum(PSQI)and on total sleep time(TST)and sleep latency assessed by actigraphy with no significant differences between groups(PSQI t22=-0.24,P=0.81;total sleep time t10=0.13,P=0.90 and sleep latency t10=0.68,P=0.50).There was a significant correlation between improvement in sleep and overall improvement in PTSD as measured by change scores on the PSQI and CAPS,r(8)=0.79,P=0.01 for ESZ treated subjects,but not for those treated with PBO r(9)=0.16,P=0.69.Adverse events of ESZ were consistent with the known profile of the medication including dysgeusia(30%,mild),sedation(20%,mild)and headache(20%,moderate to severe).CONCLUSION Results do not support the hypothesis of a specific positive effect of ESZ compared to PBO for measures of PTSD and associated sleep disturbance.展开更多
The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy in clinical symptoms, anger control and emotional regulation of bully children. This research is a pretest-posttest quasi-experim...The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy in clinical symptoms, anger control and emotional regulation of bully children. This research is a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study design with a nonequivalent control group. The research sample comprises 24 bully children who were purposefully selected from among the students who had responded positively to the researcher’s call. The participants were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Group therapy intervention was conducted on the experimental group during ten sessions. The tools applied in this study consisted of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski et al., State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory by Spielberger and Bullying Scale by Illinois, Espelage and Holt and the subjects answered to their questions in the stage of pretest and posttest. In this research, the data was analyzed based on the analysis of covariance test and with the aid of SPSS software. The findings demonstrated that dialectical behavior therapy has a significant impact on clinical symptoms, anger control and its components and emotional regulation and its components (P < 0.01).展开更多
The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy in marital adjustment of incompatible women. This research is a pretest-posttest quasi-experimen...The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy in marital adjustment of incompatible women. This research is a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study design with a nonequivalent control group. The statistical population comprises all the incompatible women who referred to the counseling clinics of Neyshabour in May 2016 (1500 admission per month). The research sample consists of 24 incompatible women who were selected through Randomand available sampling method. For data collection, Marital Adjustment Scale by Spinner was applied. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test and with the aid of SPSS-22 software. The findings demonstrated that the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy is significantly effective in marital adjustment of incompatible women (P < 0.05). Thus, it can be stated that the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy can help to promote adjustment among incompatible women.展开更多
The current study used the structural components of Facebook games to select predictors of Problematic Video Game Play (PVGP) in relation to Facebook games. Based upon how game design and structure may interact with p...The current study used the structural components of Facebook games to select predictors of Problematic Video Game Play (PVGP) in relation to Facebook games. Based upon how game design and structure may interact with personality characteristics, the current study examined the effects of hypercompetitiveness, narcissism, reward responsiveness and psychological absorption on PVGP for a group of Facebook gamers. Moreover, the present study also observed how results may differ between Facebook gamers (n = 102), and a group of other (non-Facebook) gamers (n = 132). The Facebook group comprised 84% of females with an average age of 40.39 (SD = 14.00), whereas the other group of gamers consisted of 61% of males with an average age of 24.70 (SD = 7.86). Participants completed an online survey. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that an interaction between hypercompetitiveness and narcissism was the only significant predictor of PVGP for Facebook gamers. In contrast, a second structural model revealed that both hypercompetitiveness and psychological absorption were significant predictors of PVGP for other types of gamers. The findings from this study had important implications regarding the structure of video games and demographic differences between Facebook Gamers and other types of gamers.展开更多
A mixed-methods research design was employed to investigate the association between depression and Facebook use. An online questionnaire was completed by 135 participants from a medium-sized Australian university. Fol...A mixed-methods research design was employed to investigate the association between depression and Facebook use. An online questionnaire was completed by 135 participants from a medium-sized Australian university. Follow-up semi-structured interviews were conducted with 4 of 10 participants who volunteered to be interviewed. Although 25% of students were identified as at-risk for depression, quantitative analyses revealed no significant differences in Facebook use for at-risk versus not at-risk participants. None of the 5 at-risk students who volunteered to be interviewed actually responded to repeated attempts to make an interview time, whereas 4/5 not-at-risk students were interviewed. Notably, discrepancies in Facebook use reported in self- report questionnaire and interview data were revealed, which have implications for researchers when interpreting self-report Facebook usage data.展开更多
Introduction: This research is a descriptive and correlational research which has been done with the purpose of surveying the relationship between mental disorders and the amount of time that people spend on Facebook....Introduction: This research is a descriptive and correlational research which has been done with the purpose of surveying the relationship between mental disorders and the amount of time that people spend on Facebook. 147 members out of Facebook active users were chosen randomly. Then epidemiology questionnaire of mental disorders (SCL-90-R) was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The results showed that there was a significant relation between characters such as aggression, obsession, psychosis, paranoia, depression and using Facebook (p < 0.05), but this relation was not significant in anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, physical complaints and phobia. Furthermore, this relationship was significant regarding to subjects’ gender and marital status (p < 0.05), but there was no relationship regarding to their age.展开更多
Affective exercise experience as an emerging theoretical concept has great potential to provide a more nuanced understanding of individual factors that influence exercise behavior.However,concerning the Affective Exer...Affective exercise experience as an emerging theoretical concept has great potential to provide a more nuanced understanding of individual factors that influence exercise behavior.However,concerning the Affective Exercise Experiences(AFFEXX)questionnaire,it has not been examined yet whether the structural score of the AFFEXX is a useful index to predict physical activity(refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure).Furthermore,there is currently a gap in knowledge regarding the psychological mechanisms that can explain the relationship between affective exercise experiences and the level of physical activity(PA).In order to adress these gaps in the literature,we conducted two studies among Chinese collge students that aimed(i)to investigated whether the total score of the three AFFEXX-C constructs(antecedent appraisals,core affective exercise experiences,and attraction-antipathy towards exercise)is a relaible indicator that can be utilized in research and pratical settings and(ii)to evalute the specific psychological mechanisms that can explain the relationship between affective exercise experience and PA.In Study 1,we recruited 801 voluntary Chinese college students for bifactor and correlational analyses.In Study 2,875 Chinese college students were enrolled to verify our findings from Study 1 and to explore the aforementioned mechanism.Results from the bifactor analyses supported our hypothesis that the total scores of the three AFFEXX-C constructs can be used among Chinese college students to establish a link with PA.Additionally,our results suggested that core affective exercise experiences and attraction-antipathy mediated the relationship between antecedent appraisals and the level of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA.Therefore,measuring affective exercise experiences using the AFFEXX-C,specifically the total scores of each individual construct may be a useful approach to predict future PA levels.展开更多
The aim of this mixed-methods exploratory study was to examine the relationship between narcissism, self-esteem and Instagram usage and was motivated by unsubstantiated media claims of increasing narcissism due to exc...The aim of this mixed-methods exploratory study was to examine the relationship between narcissism, self-esteem and Instagram usage and was motivated by unsubstantiated media claims of increasing narcissism due to excessive use of social networks. A sample of 200 participants responded to an online survey which consisted of the Five Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, and the Instagram Usage, Behaviours, and Affective Responses Questionnaire (IUBARQ) constructed specifically for the purposes of this study. There was only weak evidence for any relationship between narcissism and Instagram usage, suggesting that media concerns are somewhat exaggerated. However the negative correlation between vulnerable narcissism and self-esteem warrants further examination.展开更多
Background:Professional health organizations are not currently recommending Tai Ji Quan alongside aerobic exercise to treat hypertension.We aimed to examine the efficacy of Tai Ji Quan as antihypertensive lifestyle th...Background:Professional health organizations are not currently recommending Tai Ji Quan alongside aerobic exercise to treat hypertension.We aimed to examine the efficacy of Tai Ji Quan as antihypertensive lifestyle therapy.Methods:Tai Ji Quan interventions published in English and Chinese were included when they involved healthy adults,reported pre-and postintervention blood pressure(BP),and had a non-exercise/non-diet control group.We systematically searched 11 electronic databases for studies published through July 31,2018,yielding 31 qualifying controlled trials.We(1)evaluated the risk of bias and methodological study quality,(2)performed meta-regression analyses following random-effects assumptions,and(3)generated additive models representing the largest possible clinically relevant BP reductions.Results:Participants(n=3223)were middle-aged(56.6±15.1 years of age,mean±SD)adults with prehypertension(systolic BP(SBP)=136.9±15.2 mmHg,diastolic BP(DBP)=83.4±8.7 mmHg).Tai Ji Quan was practiced 4.0±1.4 sessions/week for 54.0§10.6 min/session for 22.3±20.2 weeks.Overall,Tai Ji Quan elicited significant reductions in SBP(-11.3 mmHg,95%CI:-14.6 to-8.0;d+=-0.75)and DBP(-4.8 mmHg,95%CI:-6.4 to-3.1;d+=-0.53)vs.control(p<0.001).Controlling for publication bias among samples with hypertension,Tai Ji Quan trials published in English elicited SBP reductions of 10.4 mmHg and DBP reductions of 4.0 mmHg,which was half the magnitude of trials published in Chinese(SBP reductions of 18.6 mmHg and DBP reductions of 8.8 mmHg).Conclusion:Our results indicate that Tai Ji Quan is a viable antihypertensive lifestyle therapy that produces clinically meaningful BP reductions(i.e.,10.4 mmHg and 4.0 mmHg of SBP and DBP reductions,respectively)among individuals with hypertension.Such magnitude of BP reductions can lower the incidence of cardiovascular disease by up to 40%.展开更多
Brain integrity and cognitive aptitude are often impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus, presumably a result of the metabolic complications inherent to the disease. However, an increasing body of evidence has dem...Brain integrity and cognitive aptitude are often impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus, presumably a result of the metabolic complications inherent to the disease. However, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated the central role of insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1) and its relation to sex hormones in many neuroprotective processes. Both male and female patients with diabetes display abnormal IGF1 and sexhormone levels but the comparison of these fluctuations is seldom a topic of interest. It is interesting to note that both IGF1 and sex hormones have the ability to regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases-extracellular signal-related kinasesignaling cascades in animal and cell culture models of neuroprotection. Additionally, there is considerable evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective coupling of IGF1 and estrogen. Androgens have also been implicated in many neuroprotective processes that operate on similar signaling cascades as the estrogen-IGF1 relation. Yet, androgens have not been directly linked to the brain IGF1 system and neuroprotection. Despite the sex-specific variations in brain integrity and hormone levels observed in diabetic patients, the IGF1-sex hormone relation in neuroprotection has yet to be fully substantiated in experimental models of diabetes. Taken together, there is a clear need for the comprehensive analysis of sex differences on brain integrity of diabetic patients and the relationship between IGF1 and sex hormones that may influence brain-health outcomes. As such, this review will briefly outline the basic relation of diabetes and IGF1 and its role in neuroprotection. We will also consider the findings on sex hormones and diabetes as a basis for separately analyzing males and females to identify possible hormone-induced brain abnormalities. Finally, we will introduce the neuroprotective interplay of IGF1 and estrogen and how androgen-derived neuroprotection operates through similar signaling cascades. Future research on both neuroprotection and diabetes should include androgens into the interplay of IGF1 and sex hormones.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between learning styles and identity styles Students. The study consisted of all high school students and community solidarity (second period) in the 2014-2015...The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between learning styles and identity styles Students. The study consisted of all high school students and community solidarity (second period) in the 2014-2015 school year resident of the city of Sabzevar that 100 people were selected by multistage random cluster sampling. Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory Tool questionnaire identity styles Bennion-Adams used the results showed that successful identity styles between style concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation students have a significant relationship. Among the components of a successful style only concrete experience, reflective observation and active experimentation to predict and successful identity and disoriented style of abstract conceptualization learning style to predict. Also a significant relationship between the identities of the student field does not exist. Among the students, there is significant gender identity style making.展开更多
This study examines pragmatic language production deficits in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Participants (PD and non-PD) were interviewed and their responses coded for degree of informativeness. PD participan...This study examines pragmatic language production deficits in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Participants (PD and non-PD) were interviewed and their responses coded for degree of informativeness. PD participants weremore under-informative than non-PD participants. Response underinformativeness was associated with decreased executive control, mental status, and speech act comprehension measures. However, both speech act priming and utterance informativeness were strongly related to a measure of executive control, and when this variable (i.e., Stroop performance) was controlled, the correlation between speech act priming and utterance underinformativeness was no longer significant. It appears, then, that executive control deficits are related to the ability to comprehend and produce conversational utterances.展开更多
AIM: To compare adherence, response, and remission with light treatment in African-American and Caucasian patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.METHODS: Seventy-eight study participants, agerange 18-64(51 African-...AIM: To compare adherence, response, and remission with light treatment in African-American and Caucasian patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.METHODS: Seventy-eight study participants, agerange 18-64(51 African-Americans and 27 Caucasians)recruited from the Greater Baltimore Metropolitan area, with diagnoses of recurrent mood disorder with seasonal pattern, and confirmed by a Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Ⅳ, were enrolled in an open label study of daily bright light treatment. The trial lasted6 wk with flexible dosing of light starting with 10000 lux bright light for 60 min daily in the morning. At the end of six weeks there were 65 completers. Three patients had Bipolar Ⅱ disorder and the remainder had Major depressive disorder. Outcome measures were remission(score ≤ 8) and response(50% reduction)in symptoms on the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(SIGH-SAD)as well as symptomatic improvement on SIGH-SAD and Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ. Adherence was measured using participant daily log. Participant groups were compared using t-tests, chi square, linear and logistic regressions. RESULTS: The study did not find any significant group difference between African-Americans and their Caucasian counterparts in adherence with light treatment as well as in symptomatic improvement.While symptomatic improvement and rate of treatment response were not different between the two groups,African-Americans, after adjustment for age, gender and adherence, achieved a significantly lower remission rate(African-Americans 46.3%; Caucasians 75%; P =0.02).CONCLUSION: This is the first study of light treatment in African-Americans, continuing our previous work reporting a similar frequency but a lower awareness of SAD and its treatment in African-Americans. Similar rates of adherence, symptomatic improvement and treatment response suggest that light treatment is a feasible, acceptable, and beneficial treatment for SAD in African-American patients. These results should lead to intensifying education initiatives to increase awareness of SAD and its treatment in African-American communities to increased SAD treatment engagement.In African-American vs Caucasian SAD patients a remission gap was identified, as reported before with antidepressant medications for non-seasonal depression, demanding sustained efforts to investigate and then address its causes.展开更多
文摘In a commentary paper in the Journal of Sport and Health Science,world-renowned physical activity researchers,Barbara Ainsworth and James Sallis,discussed the opportunities arising from the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games for increasing physical activity in youth.1 Moreover,a clarion call from the Asia-Pacific Society for Physical Activity has been made concerning the physical activity legacy that could arise from the 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Brisbane,Australia(see:ASPA vision for Olympic legacy-ASPA(aspactivity.org)).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72164018)National Social Science Fund Project(BFA200065)Jiangxi Social Science Foundation Project(21JY13).
文摘Objectives:Positive family functioning(FF)is critical for adolescent development,yet only a few studies have examined this developmental trajectory pathway.This study aimed to identify different types of FF development trajectories during junior high school students,investigate their influence on social avoidance(SA),and further examine the mediating role of preference for solitude(PS)between them.Methods:A three-wave longitudinal study was used with six-month intervals.Questionnaire data were collected from 436 junior high school students in Jiangxi Province,China.Participants ranged in age from 11 to 14 years old(Mean=12.89 years,SD=1.08;50.2%male).Results:Four heterogeneous types of FF trajectories were identified:(1)a high and increasing group(14.7%);(2)a consistently high group(36.24%);(3)a consistently moderate group(45.86%);and(4)a rapid growth group(3.2%).The developmental trajectories of FF among junior high students significantly varied in their levels of SA(F(3,432)=32.03,p<0.001).Compared to the high and increasing groups,the consistently high,consistently medium,and rapid growth groups exhibited higher levels of SA.PS mediated the association between the developmental trajectory of FF and SA.Conclusion:There was a close relationship between the developmental trajectory of FF and SA.Interventions focusing on family system optimization and solitary preference management could effectively mitigate SA behaviors.These findings are important for promoting healthy socialization in adolescents.
文摘To systematically review literature addressing three key psychologically-oriented controversies associated with gastroparesis.METHODSA comprehensive search of PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases was performed to identify literature addressing the relationship between gastroparesis and psychological factors. Two researchers independently screened all references. Inclusion criteria were: an adult sample of gastroparesis patients, a quantitative methodology, and at least one of the following: (1) evaluation of the prevalence of psychopathology; (2) an outcome measure of anxiety, depression, or quality of life; and (3) evidence of a psychological intervention. Case studies, review articles, and publications in languages other than English were excluded from the current review.RESULTSPrevalence of psychopathology was evaluated by three studies (n = 378), which found that combined anxiety/depression was present in 24% of the gastroparesis cohort, severe anxiety in 12.4%, depression in 21.8%-23%, and somatization in 50%. Level of anxiety and depression was included as an outcome measure in six studies (n = 1408), and while limited research made it difficult to determine the level of anxiety and depression in the cohort, a clear positive relationship with gastroparesis symptom severity was evident. Quality of life was included as an outcome measure in 11 studies (n = 2076), with gastroparesis patients reporting lower quality of life than population norms, and a negative relationship between quality of life and symptom severity. One study assessed the use of a psychological intervention for gastroparesis patients (n = 120) and found that depression and gastric function were improved in patients who received psychological intervention, however the study had considerable methodological limitations.CONCLUSIONGastroparesis is associated with significant psychological distress and poor quality of life. Recommendations for future studies and the development of psychological interventions are provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81471742, 91748105)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [DUT16JJ(G)03] in Dalian University of Technology, China
文摘In recent decades, event-related potentials have been used for the clinical electrophysiological assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness （DOCs）. In this paper, an oddball paradigm with two types of frequencydeviant stimulus （standard stimuli were pure tones of 1000 Hz; small deviant stimuli were pure tones of 1050 Hz; large deviant stimuli were pure tones of 1200 Hz） was applied to elicit mismatch negativity （MMN） in 30 patients with DOCs diagnosed using the JFK Coma Recovery Scale- Revised （CRS-R）. The results showed that the peak amplitudes of MMN elicited by both large and small deviant stimuli were significantly different from baseline. In terms of the spatial properties of MMN, a significant interaction effect between conditions （small and large deviant stimuli） and electrode nodes was centered at the frontocentral area. Furthermore, correlation coefficients were calculated between MMN amplitudes and CRS-R scores for each electrode among all participants to generate topographic maps. Meanwhile, a significant negative correlation between the MMN amplitudes elicited by large deviant stimuli and the CRS-R scores was also found at the frontocentral area. In consequence, our results combine the above spatial properties of MMN in patients with DOCs, and provide a more precise location （frontocentral area） at which to evaluate the correlation between clinical electrophysiological assessment and the level of consciousness.
基金Supported by In part by grants from the University of Missouri System,including the UM-Research Board and the Interdisciplinary Intercampus Research Program to GTTfrom the W.M. Keck Foundation to SEM
文摘A common remark among laypeople, and notably also among mental health workers, is that individuals with mental illnesses use drugs as self-medication to allay clinical symptoms and the side effects of drug treatments. Roots of the self-medication concept in psychiatry date back at least to the 1980 s. Observations that rates of smokers in schizophrenic patients are multiple times the rates for regular smoking in the general population, as well as those with other disorders, proved particularly tempting for a self-medication explanation. Additional evidence came from experiments with animal models exposed to nicotine and the identification of neurobiological mechanisms suggesting self-medication with smoking is a plausible idea. More recently, results from studies comparing smoking and non-smoking schizophrenic patients have led to the questioning of the self-medication hypothesis. Closer examination of the literature points to the possibility that smoking is less beneficial on schizophrenic symptomology than generally assumed while clearly increasing the risk of cancer and other smoking-related diseases responsible for early mortality. It is a good time to examine the evidence for the self-medication concept as it relates to smoking. Our approach is to focus on data addressing direct or implied predictions of the hypothesis in schizophrenic smokers.
文摘The prevalence of pediatric obesity continues to increase worldwide,bringing with it various metabolic,functional,social,and psychological complications.1 Both the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity must be based on multidisciplinary approaches combining nutrition,physical activity(PA),and psychological support.2 As an essential element of these multicomponent strategies,regular physical activity has been acknowledged as having beneficial effects on children's and adolescents,body composition,physical fitness,and metabolic profile,as well as on their health-related quality of life,social and psychological health,and academic achievement.3,4 Given that only a relatively small proportion of children and adolescents meet the public health recommendations for PA,5 and given that weight loss exercise-based interventions suffer from a high attrition rate,there is a clear need for appropriate PAs.
文摘This study examined the influence of Big Five personality traits on Facebook usage and examined the interactions of traits in this context based on Torgersen’s (1995) typological approach. The effect of self-esteem, narcissism, loneliness, shyness and boredom proneness on Facebook usage was also investigated. The sample included both student (N = 190) and (N = 184) non-student samples. Narcissism was the strongest predictor of time spent on Facebook per day for both students and non-students. Narcissism was also the strongest predictor of number of daily logins for non-students, however, agreeableness was the strongest predictor of logins for students. Extraversion was the strongest predictor of number of Facebook friends for both students and non- students, however the interaction of Extraversion and Neuroticism was also a predictor of Facebook friends for students, and the interaction of Extraversion and Conscientiousness for non-students. Future research should consider the combined effect of personality traits on overall Facebook use.
基金Supported by National Institute of Mental Health,No.5R34MH91338-03 and No.K23 MH103394(to Zalta AK)
文摘BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance is a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD).Given the relationship between sleep disturbance and PTSD,there has been a relative paucity of studies examining the potential therapeutic impact of using pharmacotherapy to target sleep disturbance in patients with PTSD.Eszopiclone(ESZ)is a non-benzodiazepine y-aminobutyric acid-A receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of sleep and may affect sleep in patients with PTSD.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of ESZ vs placebo(PBO)for patients with PTSD and insomnia.METHODS The study was a 12-wk,double blind,randomized controlled trial with 3 mg of ESZ(n=13)or PBO(n=12).RESULTS Patients in both arms experienced significant improvement in PTSD symptoms as assessed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV(CAPS):ESZ(t11=-3.12,P=0.005)and PBO(t11=-3.5,P=0.002)and by self-report with the Short PTSD Rating Interview(ESZ t11=-3.38,P=0.003 and PBO t11=-4.48,P=0.0005).There were no significant differences between treatments on the CAPS(t22=-0.13,P=0.70)or the Short PTSD Rating Interview(t22=-0.58,P=0.56).Similarly,both treated groups improved on sleep measures as assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index with PTSD Addendum(PSQI)and on total sleep time(TST)and sleep latency assessed by actigraphy with no significant differences between groups(PSQI t22=-0.24,P=0.81;total sleep time t10=0.13,P=0.90 and sleep latency t10=0.68,P=0.50).There was a significant correlation between improvement in sleep and overall improvement in PTSD as measured by change scores on the PSQI and CAPS,r(8)=0.79,P=0.01 for ESZ treated subjects,but not for those treated with PBO r(9)=0.16,P=0.69.Adverse events of ESZ were consistent with the known profile of the medication including dysgeusia(30%,mild),sedation(20%,mild)and headache(20%,moderate to severe).CONCLUSION Results do not support the hypothesis of a specific positive effect of ESZ compared to PBO for measures of PTSD and associated sleep disturbance.
文摘The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy in clinical symptoms, anger control and emotional regulation of bully children. This research is a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study design with a nonequivalent control group. The research sample comprises 24 bully children who were purposefully selected from among the students who had responded positively to the researcher’s call. The participants were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. Group therapy intervention was conducted on the experimental group during ten sessions. The tools applied in this study consisted of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski et al., State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory by Spielberger and Bullying Scale by Illinois, Espelage and Holt and the subjects answered to their questions in the stage of pretest and posttest. In this research, the data was analyzed based on the analysis of covariance test and with the aid of SPSS software. The findings demonstrated that dialectical behavior therapy has a significant impact on clinical symptoms, anger control and its components and emotional regulation and its components (P < 0.01).
文摘The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy in marital adjustment of incompatible women. This research is a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study design with a nonequivalent control group. The statistical population comprises all the incompatible women who referred to the counseling clinics of Neyshabour in May 2016 (1500 admission per month). The research sample consists of 24 incompatible women who were selected through Randomand available sampling method. For data collection, Marital Adjustment Scale by Spinner was applied. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test and with the aid of SPSS-22 software. The findings demonstrated that the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy is significantly effective in marital adjustment of incompatible women (P < 0.05). Thus, it can be stated that the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy can help to promote adjustment among incompatible women.
文摘The current study used the structural components of Facebook games to select predictors of Problematic Video Game Play (PVGP) in relation to Facebook games. Based upon how game design and structure may interact with personality characteristics, the current study examined the effects of hypercompetitiveness, narcissism, reward responsiveness and psychological absorption on PVGP for a group of Facebook gamers. Moreover, the present study also observed how results may differ between Facebook gamers (n = 102), and a group of other (non-Facebook) gamers (n = 132). The Facebook group comprised 84% of females with an average age of 40.39 (SD = 14.00), whereas the other group of gamers consisted of 61% of males with an average age of 24.70 (SD = 7.86). Participants completed an online survey. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that an interaction between hypercompetitiveness and narcissism was the only significant predictor of PVGP for Facebook gamers. In contrast, a second structural model revealed that both hypercompetitiveness and psychological absorption were significant predictors of PVGP for other types of gamers. The findings from this study had important implications regarding the structure of video games and demographic differences between Facebook Gamers and other types of gamers.
文摘A mixed-methods research design was employed to investigate the association between depression and Facebook use. An online questionnaire was completed by 135 participants from a medium-sized Australian university. Follow-up semi-structured interviews were conducted with 4 of 10 participants who volunteered to be interviewed. Although 25% of students were identified as at-risk for depression, quantitative analyses revealed no significant differences in Facebook use for at-risk versus not at-risk participants. None of the 5 at-risk students who volunteered to be interviewed actually responded to repeated attempts to make an interview time, whereas 4/5 not-at-risk students were interviewed. Notably, discrepancies in Facebook use reported in self- report questionnaire and interview data were revealed, which have implications for researchers when interpreting self-report Facebook usage data.
文摘Introduction: This research is a descriptive and correlational research which has been done with the purpose of surveying the relationship between mental disorders and the amount of time that people spend on Facebook. 147 members out of Facebook active users were chosen randomly. Then epidemiology questionnaire of mental disorders (SCL-90-R) was used to collect data. Data analysis was done using Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The results showed that there was a significant relation between characters such as aggression, obsession, psychosis, paranoia, depression and using Facebook (p < 0.05), but this relation was not significant in anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, physical complaints and phobia. Furthermore, this relationship was significant regarding to subjects’ gender and marital status (p < 0.05), but there was no relationship regarding to their age.
基金This study was supported by the Start-Up Research Grant of Shenzhen University[20200807163056003]the Start-Up Research Grant[Peacock Plan:20191105534C]。
文摘Affective exercise experience as an emerging theoretical concept has great potential to provide a more nuanced understanding of individual factors that influence exercise behavior.However,concerning the Affective Exercise Experiences(AFFEXX)questionnaire,it has not been examined yet whether the structural score of the AFFEXX is a useful index to predict physical activity(refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure).Furthermore,there is currently a gap in knowledge regarding the psychological mechanisms that can explain the relationship between affective exercise experiences and the level of physical activity(PA).In order to adress these gaps in the literature,we conducted two studies among Chinese collge students that aimed(i)to investigated whether the total score of the three AFFEXX-C constructs(antecedent appraisals,core affective exercise experiences,and attraction-antipathy towards exercise)is a relaible indicator that can be utilized in research and pratical settings and(ii)to evalute the specific psychological mechanisms that can explain the relationship between affective exercise experience and PA.In Study 1,we recruited 801 voluntary Chinese college students for bifactor and correlational analyses.In Study 2,875 Chinese college students were enrolled to verify our findings from Study 1 and to explore the aforementioned mechanism.Results from the bifactor analyses supported our hypothesis that the total scores of the three AFFEXX-C constructs can be used among Chinese college students to establish a link with PA.Additionally,our results suggested that core affective exercise experiences and attraction-antipathy mediated the relationship between antecedent appraisals and the level of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA.Therefore,measuring affective exercise experiences using the AFFEXX-C,specifically the total scores of each individual construct may be a useful approach to predict future PA levels.
文摘The aim of this mixed-methods exploratory study was to examine the relationship between narcissism, self-esteem and Instagram usage and was motivated by unsubstantiated media claims of increasing narcissism due to excessive use of social networks. A sample of 200 participants responded to an online survey which consisted of the Five Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, and the Instagram Usage, Behaviours, and Affective Responses Questionnaire (IUBARQ) constructed specifically for the purposes of this study. There was only weak evidence for any relationship between narcissism and Instagram usage, suggesting that media concerns are somewhat exaggerated. However the negative correlation between vulnerable narcissism and self-esteem warrants further examination.
基金the National Institutes of Health(NIH)Science of Behavior Change Common Fund Program through an award administered by the National Institute on Ageing(5U24AG052175)the University of Connecticut Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning(KFS 4612560).
文摘Background:Professional health organizations are not currently recommending Tai Ji Quan alongside aerobic exercise to treat hypertension.We aimed to examine the efficacy of Tai Ji Quan as antihypertensive lifestyle therapy.Methods:Tai Ji Quan interventions published in English and Chinese were included when they involved healthy adults,reported pre-and postintervention blood pressure(BP),and had a non-exercise/non-diet control group.We systematically searched 11 electronic databases for studies published through July 31,2018,yielding 31 qualifying controlled trials.We(1)evaluated the risk of bias and methodological study quality,(2)performed meta-regression analyses following random-effects assumptions,and(3)generated additive models representing the largest possible clinically relevant BP reductions.Results:Participants(n=3223)were middle-aged(56.6±15.1 years of age,mean±SD)adults with prehypertension(systolic BP(SBP)=136.9±15.2 mmHg,diastolic BP(DBP)=83.4±8.7 mmHg).Tai Ji Quan was practiced 4.0±1.4 sessions/week for 54.0§10.6 min/session for 22.3±20.2 weeks.Overall,Tai Ji Quan elicited significant reductions in SBP(-11.3 mmHg,95%CI:-14.6 to-8.0;d+=-0.75)and DBP(-4.8 mmHg,95%CI:-6.4 to-3.1;d+=-0.53)vs.control(p<0.001).Controlling for publication bias among samples with hypertension,Tai Ji Quan trials published in English elicited SBP reductions of 10.4 mmHg and DBP reductions of 4.0 mmHg,which was half the magnitude of trials published in Chinese(SBP reductions of 18.6 mmHg and DBP reductions of 8.8 mmHg).Conclusion:Our results indicate that Tai Ji Quan is a viable antihypertensive lifestyle therapy that produces clinically meaningful BP reductions(i.e.,10.4 mmHg and 4.0 mmHg of SBP and DBP reductions,respectively)among individuals with hypertension.Such magnitude of BP reductions can lower the incidence of cardiovascular disease by up to 40%.
文摘Brain integrity and cognitive aptitude are often impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus, presumably a result of the metabolic complications inherent to the disease. However, an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated the central role of insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1) and its relation to sex hormones in many neuroprotective processes. Both male and female patients with diabetes display abnormal IGF1 and sexhormone levels but the comparison of these fluctuations is seldom a topic of interest. It is interesting to note that both IGF1 and sex hormones have the ability to regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases-extracellular signal-related kinasesignaling cascades in animal and cell culture models of neuroprotection. Additionally, there is considerable evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective coupling of IGF1 and estrogen. Androgens have also been implicated in many neuroprotective processes that operate on similar signaling cascades as the estrogen-IGF1 relation. Yet, androgens have not been directly linked to the brain IGF1 system and neuroprotection. Despite the sex-specific variations in brain integrity and hormone levels observed in diabetic patients, the IGF1-sex hormone relation in neuroprotection has yet to be fully substantiated in experimental models of diabetes. Taken together, there is a clear need for the comprehensive analysis of sex differences on brain integrity of diabetic patients and the relationship between IGF1 and sex hormones that may influence brain-health outcomes. As such, this review will briefly outline the basic relation of diabetes and IGF1 and its role in neuroprotection. We will also consider the findings on sex hormones and diabetes as a basis for separately analyzing males and females to identify possible hormone-induced brain abnormalities. Finally, we will introduce the neuroprotective interplay of IGF1 and estrogen and how androgen-derived neuroprotection operates through similar signaling cascades. Future research on both neuroprotection and diabetes should include androgens into the interplay of IGF1 and sex hormones.
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between learning styles and identity styles Students. The study consisted of all high school students and community solidarity (second period) in the 2014-2015 school year resident of the city of Sabzevar that 100 people were selected by multistage random cluster sampling. Kolb’s Learning Styles Inventory Tool questionnaire identity styles Bennion-Adams used the results showed that successful identity styles between style concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation students have a significant relationship. Among the components of a successful style only concrete experience, reflective observation and active experimentation to predict and successful identity and disoriented style of abstract conceptualization learning style to predict. Also a significant relationship between the identities of the student field does not exist. Among the students, there is significant gender identity style making.
文摘This study examines pragmatic language production deficits in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Participants (PD and non-PD) were interviewed and their responses coded for degree of informativeness. PD participants weremore under-informative than non-PD participants. Response underinformativeness was associated with decreased executive control, mental status, and speech act comprehension measures. However, both speech act priming and utterance informativeness were strongly related to a measure of executive control, and when this variable (i.e., Stroop performance) was controlled, the correlation between speech act priming and utterance underinformativeness was no longer significant. It appears, then, that executive control deficits are related to the ability to comprehend and produce conversational utterances.
基金Supported by The National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under award No.1R34MH073797-01A2(PI Postolache TT)in part by the National Institutes of Health award No.K12RR023250-01(PI Reeves GM)by the National Center for Research Resources of the National Institutes of Health award No.M01 RR 16500(General Clinical Research Program)
文摘AIM: To compare adherence, response, and remission with light treatment in African-American and Caucasian patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder.METHODS: Seventy-eight study participants, agerange 18-64(51 African-Americans and 27 Caucasians)recruited from the Greater Baltimore Metropolitan area, with diagnoses of recurrent mood disorder with seasonal pattern, and confirmed by a Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Ⅳ, were enrolled in an open label study of daily bright light treatment. The trial lasted6 wk with flexible dosing of light starting with 10000 lux bright light for 60 min daily in the morning. At the end of six weeks there were 65 completers. Three patients had Bipolar Ⅱ disorder and the remainder had Major depressive disorder. Outcome measures were remission(score ≤ 8) and response(50% reduction)in symptoms on the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(SIGH-SAD)as well as symptomatic improvement on SIGH-SAD and Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ. Adherence was measured using participant daily log. Participant groups were compared using t-tests, chi square, linear and logistic regressions. RESULTS: The study did not find any significant group difference between African-Americans and their Caucasian counterparts in adherence with light treatment as well as in symptomatic improvement.While symptomatic improvement and rate of treatment response were not different between the two groups,African-Americans, after adjustment for age, gender and adherence, achieved a significantly lower remission rate(African-Americans 46.3%; Caucasians 75%; P =0.02).CONCLUSION: This is the first study of light treatment in African-Americans, continuing our previous work reporting a similar frequency but a lower awareness of SAD and its treatment in African-Americans. Similar rates of adherence, symptomatic improvement and treatment response suggest that light treatment is a feasible, acceptable, and beneficial treatment for SAD in African-American patients. These results should lead to intensifying education initiatives to increase awareness of SAD and its treatment in African-American communities to increased SAD treatment engagement.In African-American vs Caucasian SAD patients a remission gap was identified, as reported before with antidepressant medications for non-seasonal depression, demanding sustained efforts to investigate and then address its causes.
