Pesticide resistance greatly limits control efficacy after the long-term application of pesticides.The two-spottedspider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch,is a notorious agricultural pest worldwide that is resistant to va...Pesticide resistance greatly limits control efficacy after the long-term application of pesticides.The two-spottedspider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch,is a notorious agricultural pest worldwide that is resistant to various pesticides,including abamectin.While some studies of abamectin resistance have investigated target resistance related toglutamate-gated chloride channels(GluCls),studies on the metabolic resistance mechanisms are still limited.In this study,we identified an ABCC subfamily gene,Tu ABCC4,that was overexpressed in resistant populations of T.urticae,based on the analysis of previously obtained transcriptomic and RNA-seq data.No consistent nonsynonymousmutations in the Tu ABCC4 gene were found between the susceptible and resistant populations,although Tu ABCC4expression was significantly increased in all the resistant populations that were studied.Synergistic experiments withthe inhibitor verapamil and gene expression analysis of the susceptible and resistant populations confirmed the key roleof Tu ABCC4 in abamectin resistance.In addition,an increase in the expression of the Tu ABCC4 gene was shown byRNA interference and genetic association analysis to be closely related to the resistance of T.urticae to abamectin.Inconclusion,overexpression of Tu ABCC4 was shown to be involved in abamectin resistance in T.urticae.These resultscan help us to better understand the molecular basis of pest resistance to abamectin.展开更多
This study investigates the compatibility and efficacy of combining ammonium molybdate(AM)with antagonistic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10W10 and Pseudomonas sp.B11W11 for brown rot control(Monilinia laxa).In...This study investigates the compatibility and efficacy of combining ammonium molybdate(AM)with antagonistic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10W10 and Pseudomonas sp.B11W11 for brown rot control(Monilinia laxa).In vitro experiments reveal variable mycelial growth inhibition rates compared to untreated controls,with B11W11+0.5%AM and B10W10+2%AM displaying the highest inhibition rates after 5 days.After 10 days,the 2%AM+B10W10 combination exhibits the highest inhibition rate.Microscopic observations show structural alterations in mycelium within inhibition zones,marked by vacuolization.The antagonistic bacteria,alone or with different ammonium molybdate concentrations,significantly impact M.laxa spore germination,with the B10W10 cell filtrate+2%ammonium molybdate combination achieving the most substantial inhibition.Conversely,the 0.5%ammonium molybdate treatment has the lowest inhibition rate while the combination of AM and bacteria is giving better results compared to the use of bacteria alone.Fruits treated with various antagonistic bacteria and ammonium molybdate combinations demonstrate a significant reduction in disease severity.The 0.5%AM+B10W10 combination exhibits the lowest severity.FT-IR spectra analysis identifies shifts in fungal biomass functional groups,with reduced lignin-related bands and increased phenols,lipids,polysaccharides,and carbohydrates.This highlights the structural modifications caused by the biological treatments.The study also evaluates the effects on fruit quality parameters.The 2%ammonium molybdate treatment yields the lowest weight loss.TSS levels are affected by salt concentration,while acid content remains consistent across treatments.All treatments influence fruit firmness compared to controls.These findings emphasize the potential of combining ammonium molybdate and antagonistic bacteria for effective brown rot control,highlighting their compatibility and effects on disease severity,fungal biomass,spore germination,and fruit quality.展开更多
Background Plant tissue culture has emerged as a tool for improving cotton propagation and genetics,but recalcitrance nature of cotton makes it difficult to develop in vitro regeneration.Cotton’s recalcitrance is inf...Background Plant tissue culture has emerged as a tool for improving cotton propagation and genetics,but recalcitrance nature of cotton makes it difficult to develop in vitro regeneration.Cotton’s recalcitrance is influenced by genotype,explant type,and environmental conditions.To overcome these issues,this study uses different machine learning-based predictive models by employing multiple input factors.Cotyledonary node explants of two commercial cotton cultivars(STN-468 and GSN-12)were isolated from 7–8 days old seedlings,preconditioned with 5,10,and 20 mg·L^(-1) kinetin(KIN)for 10 days.Thereafter,explants were postconditioned on full Murashige and Skoog(MS),1/2MS,1/4MS,and full MS+0.05 mg·L^(-1) KIN,cultured in growth room enlightened with red and blue light-emitting diodes(LED)combination.Statistical analysis(analysis of variance,regression analysis)was employed to assess the impact of different treatments on shoot regeneration,with artificial intelligence(AI)models used for confirming the findings.Results GSN-12 exhibited superior shoot regeneration potential compared with STN-468,with an average of 4.99 shoots per explant versus 3.97.Optimal results were achieved with 5 mg·L^(-1) KIN preconditioning,1/4MS postconditioning,and 80%red LED,with maximum of 7.75 shoot count for GSN-12 under these conditions;while STN-468 reached 6.00 shoots under the conditions of 10 mg·L^(-1) KIN preconditioning,MS with 0.05 mg·L^(-1) KIN(postconditioning)and 75.0%red LED.Rooting was successfully achieved with naphthalene acetic acid and activated charcoal.Additionally,three different powerful AI-based models,namely,extreme gradient boost(XGBoost),random forest(RF),and the artificial neural network-based multilayer perceptron(MLP)regression models validated the findings.Conclusion GSN-12 outperformed STN-468 with optimal results from 5 mg·L^(-1) KIN+1/4MS+80%red LED.Application of machine learning-based prediction models to optimize cotton tissue culture protocols for shoot regeneration is helpful to improve cotton regeneration efficiency.展开更多
A new Cecidomyiinae species,Brachineura diplatypa sp.nov.collected from Mao’er Mountain in Heilongjiang of China,is described and illustrated.It is the second record of the mycophagous genus Brachineura Rondani,1840 ...A new Cecidomyiinae species,Brachineura diplatypa sp.nov.collected from Mao’er Mountain in Heilongjiang of China,is described and illustrated.It is the second record of the mycophagous genus Brachineura Rondani,1840 from Northeast China.This new species is characterized by the unique sub-tapered aedeagus with the apex and the distal 1/3 both distinctly swollen.A newly revised generic diagnosis is given to distinguish Brachineura from all the other genera in the tribe Brachineurini.An updated key to all known Brachineura species in China is provided.展开更多
In this review research,the full bio-medical potential and application of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV-2 viruses are discussed in detail with the aim of discovering innovative treatment strategies i...In this review research,the full bio-medical potential and application of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV-2 viruses are discussed in detail with the aim of discovering innovative treatment strategies in virology and medicine.The SARS-CoV-2 which caused an international health crisis also unraveled an opportunity to gain from its pathogenic effects to treat the affected people.The study aims at testing whether the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 can be used for therapeutic and clinical purposes.With in-depth analytics,this investigation issue endeavors to unearth new ways of fighting infectious diseases and to improve existing medical interventions.Beside scientific and practical significance the role of this work is vital.By learning the biologic and molecular mysteries of SARS-CoV-2,the researchers can create precise medicines and vaccines not only against COVID-19 but also the other infectious diseases as well.Furthermore,this recommendation may open the door to the future development of gene therapy and vaccine technology.In this sense,it combines multiple approaches,such as viral studies,immunology,and molecular biology.Laboratory experiments,computer program modeling and clinical trials are applied to detection of the SARS-COV-2 in therapeutic implementation.The principal conclusion and analysis of this research put forth the fact that SARS-CoV-2 can be utilized in anti-viral treatment,cancer therapy,and vaccine programs.The study results confirm the inherent adaptability of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and emphasis on the development of specific therapeutic measures.It is valuable because of its potential to add to virology and medication,showing new ways for virus-based treatment.In addition,the impact of these results on treatments would be revolutionary,with potential to invent superior and flexible interventions against infectious disease.In short,the therapeutic use of SARS-CoV-2 can be regarded as a bold innovation with tremendous consequences for general health,and ultimately for medical science.展开更多
We evaluated the effects of rice black streak dwarf virus （RBSDV）-infested rice plants on the ecological parameters and its relevant defensive and detoxification enzymes of white-backed planthopper （WBPH） in labor...We evaluated the effects of rice black streak dwarf virus （RBSDV）-infested rice plants on the ecological parameters and its relevant defensive and detoxification enzymes of white-backed planthopper （WBPH） in laboratory for exploring the relationship between RBSDV and the non-vector planthopper. The results showed that nymph survival rate, female adult weight and fecundity, and egg hatchability of WBPH fed on RBSDV-infested rice plants did not markedly differ from those on healthy plants, whereas the female adult longevity and egg duration significantly shortened on diseased plants. Furthermore, significantly higher activities of defensive enzymes （dismutase, catalase and peroxidase） and detoxification enzymes （acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase） were found in WBPH adults fed on infected plants. Results implied that infestation by RBSDV increased the ecological fitness of non-vector planthopper population.展开更多
Biostimulators combined with pesticides can reduce the need for chemical crop protection to yield healthy wheat with high grain quality and nutritional value.The goal of this four-year field study was an assessment of...Biostimulators combined with pesticides can reduce the need for chemical crop protection to yield healthy wheat with high grain quality and nutritional value.The goal of this four-year field study was an assessment of the effects of seven levels of sulfonylurea herbicide,morpholine and triazole fungicides,and humic biostimulator protection on concentrations of 20 amino acids(AAs)and on yield parameters under diverse climatic conditions.Application of pesticides and biostimulators reduced amino acid concentrations.Sulfonylurea applied alone reduced AAs least.Chemical(herbicide+fungicide)protection or its combination with humic biostimulator were the most effective strategies for increasing yield,thousand-kernel weight,spike number,grain surface area,and wet gluten.Reduced dosages of fungicides showed effects on AA content and crop parameter values similar to those of the recommended dosages of fungicides and are in line with the European Commission’s “From Farm to Fork”strategy.Humic biostimulators as agents supporting pesticide protection should be optimized for wheat growth stage to achieve the most desirable wheat parameters and implemented in agricultural practice.展开更多
Citrus yellow mottle-associated virus(CiYMaV)belonging to the subgenus Mandarivirus within the genus Potexvirus,was first identified in 2018 from Pakistan(CiYMaV-PK),where it is endemic in several regions.Here,three f...Citrus yellow mottle-associated virus(CiYMaV)belonging to the subgenus Mandarivirus within the genus Potexvirus,was first identified in 2018 from Pakistan(CiYMaV-PK),where it is endemic in several regions.Here,three full-length cDNA clones(pCiYMaV-FL-1,pCiYMaV-FL-18,and pCiYMaV-FL-22)corresponding to the genomic RNA of CiYMaV were constructed and then agroinfiltrated on Chandler pummelo(Citrus grandis)seedlings using the vacuum infiltration method.All the inoculated plants developed severe vein yellowing,leaf mottling,and dwarfing symptoms by 40 days post-infiltration(dpi).The results of a direct tissue blot immunoassay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection showed 94.7–100%infection rates of pCiYMaV-FL at 60 dpi.Despite there being no observed difference among the three clones in the severity of symptom,pCiYMaV-FL-22 showed the highest accumulation levels of viral RNA and coat proteins.Moreover,pCiYMaV-FL-22 successfully infected seven other citrus varieties and induced symptoms in five of them.Transmission electron microscopy identified the presence of filamentous virus particles in extracts from systemic leaves of the plants infected with pCiYMaV-FL-22 at 6-months post-infiltration.Taken together,the results indicate that Koch's postulates were fulfilled for CiYMaV in citrus plants.This is the first report of full-length infectious cDNA clones of CiYMaV,and thus,the data provide a basis for further study of the molecular mechanisms of virus infection and the development of a viral vector to express foreign genes in citrus plants.展开更多
Forty-four V.dahliae isolates were collected from symptomatic vascular tissues of okra plants each from a different field in eight provinces located in the eastern Mediterranean and western Anatolia regions of Turkey ...Forty-four V.dahliae isolates were collected from symptomatic vascular tissues of okra plants each from a different field in eight provinces located in the eastern Mediterranean and western Anatolia regions of Turkey during 2006-2009.Nitrate-nonutilizing(nit)mutants of V.dahliae from okra were used to determine heterokaryosis and genetic relatedness among isolates.All isolates from okra plants were grouped into two vegetative compatibility groups(VCGs)(1 and 2)and three subgroups as 1A(13.6%,6/44),2A(20.5%,9/44)and 2B(65.9%,29/44)according to international criteria.Pathogenicity tests were performed on a susceptible local okra(A.esculentus)landrace in greenhouse conditions.All isolates from VCG1A and VCG2B induced defoliation(D)and partial defoliation(PD)symptoms,respectively.Other isolates from VCG2A gave rise to typical leaf chlorosis symptoms without defoliation.The obtained data showed that the virulence level of V.dahliae isolates from okra was related to their VCG belongings.Eighteen okra landraces from diverse geographical origins were screened for resistance to VCG2B and VCG1A of V.dahliae.The results indicated that all landraces were more susceptible to highly virulent VCG1A-D pathotype displaying D or PD symptoms depending on their susceptibility levels with a mean disease severity index of 3.52 than to less virulent VCG2B-PD pathotype of V.dahliae displaying PD and ND symptoms with a mean disease severity index of 2.52.Significant differences were observed among the landraces;however,none of them exhibited a level of resistance.Okra landraces;Çorum,Hatay Has and Sanlıurfa displayed the lowest level of susceptibility or little tolerance to both D and PD pathotypes.VCG2B of PD was prevailing in the surveyed areas and VCG1A of D was the most virulent of the VCGs identified.Introduction of resistant genotypes to Turkish okra germplasm from different sources and breeding new resistant okra cultivars are critical for the sustainability of okra production.展开更多
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the city of Meknès over a period of two years, from 2009 to 2011 with 1000 people (615 women, 385 men). Through the questionnaire, schedules were established to collect i...An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the city of Meknès over a period of two years, from 2009 to 2011 with 1000 people (615 women, 385 men). Through the questionnaire, schedules were established to collect information on the use of therapeutic medicinal plants by the local population. This research has focused primarily on the general population, herbalists and healers. The present investigation has enumerated 194 species distributed in 165 genera and 72 families. The most represented families are Lamiaceae (18%), the Aseraceae, (17%), the Apiaceae (14%) and the Fabaceae (10%). The results of the survey show that 54% of individuals use both herbal medicine and modern medicine, 26% of individuals use herbs and 20% use modern medicine. We are interested in the use of plants in different ages and sexes. We report that 31% of the population is aged between 51 and 60 years, 29% between 41 and 50 years, 23% between 31 and 40 years, 10% between 21 and 30 years, 3% less than 20 years and 4 % > 60 years. We note the predominance of women over men. Women use up to 61% against 39% of men. The analysis of our results shows that herbal medicine takes a place in the self-medication of the population studied. However, we emphasize an important point: Ignorance of toxic plants, in fact, only 19% of the target population recognizes these plants.展开更多
This study was conducted under Laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid in Sudan, during March-June 2015 to assess the effect o...This study was conducted under Laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid in Sudan, during March-June 2015 to assess the effect of six treatments on germination of cowpea seeds infested by Callosobruchus chinensis Linn., a serious Coleoptera pest which damages cowpea seeds. The agents used were groundnut oil, wood ash, sand, neem leaves powder, Rabal leaves powder and hot pepper powder. In the lab bioassay, the results obtained due to the infestation by C. chinensis showed that there were highly significant differences （P 〉 0.01） in the number of holes per 100 cowpea seeds between the different treatments at intervals of one month, and up to the end of the storage period, the numbers of holes per 100 cowpea seeds were 44, 740, 859, 856, 841 and 892 holes in the treatments, respectively. The germination of seeds treated with groundnut oil was 60%, while it was zero for the other treatments. It was concluded that the groundnut oil made creamy coat on the seeds and prevented the development of eowpea beetle infestation. Hence, it can be used by farmers at local levels to protect seeds for cultivation.展开更多
An attempt has been made in this article to accumulate and elucidate the literatures about the allelopathic potentiality of medicinal plants, and its role on the development of bio-herbicides for eco-friendly weed man...An attempt has been made in this article to accumulate and elucidate the literatures about the allelopathic potentiality of medicinal plants, and its role on the development of bio-herbicides for eco-friendly weed management strategies to conserve bio-diversity and ecological balance. This review paper has been prepared by comprehensive studies of various published research articles, books and proceedings available in the world literature. The farmers of different countries use several weed management techniques in order to minimize the deleterious effect of weeds. Among them most commonly used practice is application of herbicides due to its high efficacy and cost effectiveness, less time-consuming nature, flexibility and easy accessibility, and more rapid out return. Although use of synthetic herbicides in the crop fields has increased the crop production as well as the productivity by reducing the weed infestation, over time it causes a number of environmental hazards. Hence, to avoid these detrimental effects of synthetic herbicide, a lot of efforts have been dedicated by the researchers to search the novel natural plant products mainly allelochemicals and try to apply them as a tool for the development of bio-degradable natural herbicides. This paper intended to reflect the current state of allelopathic medicinal plants and their potentiality to develop eco-friendly and natural product-based herbicides for sustainable agriculture, and to invite further debate on this issue.展开更多
Since the 19th century to date,the fungal pathogens have been involved in causing devastating diseases in plants.All types of fungal pathogens have been observed in important agricultural crops that lead to significan...Since the 19th century to date,the fungal pathogens have been involved in causing devastating diseases in plants.All types of fungal pathogens have been observed in important agricultural crops that lead to significant pre and postharvest losses.The application of synthetic fungicide against the fungal plant pathogens(FPP)is a traditional management practice but at the same time these fungicides kill other beneficial microbes,insects,animal,and humans and are harmful to environment.The antagonistic microorganism such as bacteria are being used as an alternate strategy to control the FPP.These antagonistic species are cost-effective and eco-friendly in nature.These biocontrol bacteria have a broad mechanism against fungal pathogens present in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the plant.The antagonistic bacteria have different strategies against the FPP,by producing siderophore,biofilm,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),through parasitism,antibiosis,competition for limited resources and induce systemic resistance(ISR)in the host plant by activating the immune systems.The commercial bio-products synthesized by the major bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae,Burkholderia cepacia,Streptomyces griseoviridis,Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis are used to control Fusarium,Pythium,Rhizoctonia,Penicillium,Alternaria,and Geotrichum.The commercial bio-formulations of bacteria act as both antifungal and plant growth regulators.The Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)played a significant role in improving plant health by nitrogen-fixing,phosphorus solubilization,phytohormones production,minimizing soil metal contamination,and by ACC deaminase antifungal activities.Different articles are available on the specific antifungal activity of bacteria in plant diseases.Therefore,this review article has summarized the information on biocontrol activity of bacteria against the FPP and the role of PGPR in plant growth promotion.This review also provided a complete picture of scattered information regarding antifungal activities of bacteria and the role of PGPR.展开更多
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the city of Meknès over a period of two years, from 2009 to 2011 with 1000 people (615 women, 385 men). Through the questionnaire, schedules were established to collect i...An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the city of Meknès over a period of two years, from 2009 to 2011 with 1000 people (615 women, 385 men). Through the questionnaire, schedules were established to collect information on the use of therapeutic medicinal plants by the local population. This research has focused primarily on the general population, herbalists and healers. The present investigation has enumerated 194 species distributed in 165 genera and 72 families. The most represented families are Lamiaceae (18%), the Aseraceae, (17%), the Apiaceae (14%) and the Fabaceae (10%). The results of the survey show that 54% of individuals use both herbal medicine and modern medicine, 26% of individuals use herbs and 20% use modern medicine. We are interested in the use of plants in different ages and sexes. We report that 31% of the population is aged between 51 and 60 years, 29% between 41 and 50 years, 23% between 31 and 40 years, 10% between 21 and 30 years, 3% less than 20 years and 4 % > 60 years. We note the predominance of women over men. Women use up to 61% against 39% of men. The analysis of our results shows that herbal medicine takes a place in the self-medication of the population studied. However, we emphasize an important point: Ignorance of toxic plants, in fact, only 19% of the target population recognizes these plants.展开更多
The beet armyworm(BAW),Spodoptera exigua(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is a highly destructive pest of vegetables and field crops.Management of beet armyworm primarily relies on synthetic pesticides,which is threatening the b...The beet armyworm(BAW),Spodoptera exigua(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is a highly destructive pest of vegetables and field crops.Management of beet armyworm primarily relies on synthetic pesticides,which is threatening the beneficial community and environment.Most importantly,the BAW developed resistance to synthetic pesticides with making it difficult to manage.Therefore,alternative and environment-friendly pest management tactics are urgently required.The use of pesticidal plant extracts provides an effective way for a sustainable pest management program.To evaluate the use of pesticidal plant extracts against BAW,we selected six plant species(Lantana camara,Aloe vera,Azadirachta indica,Cymbopogon citratus,Nicotiana tabacum,and Ocimum basilicum)for initial screening experiment.Four out of six plant species such as A.indica,N.tabacum,C.citratus and O.basilicum showed promising mortality of more than 50%.Therefore,we selected these four plant extracts for the subsequent experiments.Through contact bioassay,A.indica showed high mortality 66.63%,followed by the N.tabacum 53.33%,at 10%w/v concentration.Similarly,N.tabacum showed the highest mortality rate,66%at 10%w/v concentration,followed by the A.indica 46%through feeding bioassay.Furthermore,the feeding deterrence assay showed that C.citratus had a high antifeedant index(−50)followed by A.indica(−39),and N.tabacum(−28).In living plant assay,the N.tabacum extract showed a low mean damage score 3.6 on living cotton plant followed by C.citratus 4.5 and A.indica 5.5.Hence,extracts of three plant species provided promising results against the BAW,which can minimize the use of synthetic chemicals,particularly for small landholding farmers.Further studies are also required to evaluate the effects of these plant extract against BAW on cotton plants under field conditions to optimize the further use.展开更多
The potential of Garcinia mangostana as a biological control agent against plant pathogenic bacteria which decrease the quality and volume of crop production worldwide was assessed. Mangosteen leaves were extracted by...The potential of Garcinia mangostana as a biological control agent against plant pathogenic bacteria which decrease the quality and volume of crop production worldwide was assessed. Mangosteen leaves were extracted by maceration using chloroform, n-hexane, and methanol. For the in vitro antibacterial activity, two dissimilar species of plant pathogenic bacteria: Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were acquired. Four different concentrations, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml were obtained through the cup-plate agar diffusion technique. Streptomycin sulphate at 30 μg/ml concentration was set as the positive control, whereas every respective solvent used in the leaf extraction was set as the negative control. The results have shown that, only methanol extract demonstrated antibacterial activity when tested on the plant pathogenic bacteria. The highest diameter of inhibition zones was observed in X. oryzae pv. oryzae, at all range of concentrations, followed by P. syringae pv. tomato. The least methanol extract concentration utilised in determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was at 1.562 mg/ml, inhibiting X. oryzae pv. oryzae, followed by P. syringe pv. tomato at a concentration 3.125 mg/ml. Antibacterial impacts of the most effectual extract of mangosteen crude were supported by the existence of chemical components identified by GC-MS. Cycloartenol, Caryophyllene, Docosane, Phenol, 4,4-Methylenebis (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) and Chromium were noted as key compounds in the mangosteen leaf extract, which were perhaps causing the antibacterial activity.展开更多
Applying organic waste and inorganic additives during composting can be an effective and easy-to-control strategy for optimizing humification,maturation,and the availability of essential mineral elements in compost.In...Applying organic waste and inorganic additives during composting can be an effective and easy-to-control strategy for optimizing humification,maturation,and the availability of essential mineral elements in compost.In this respect,this study aims to evaluate the effect of organic(olive-mill waste and horse manure)and inorganic(phosphogypsum)additives on the evolution of maturity indices,aromatic compounds,and nutrient availability during composting.Four mixtures[horse manure+green waste(M1),olive-mill+green waste(M2),sewage-sludge+phos-phogypsum+green waste(M3),and green waste(M4)]were carried out.Physicochemical(temperature,pH,phosphorus,nitrogen,and carbon-to-nitrogen(C/N)ratio),infrared-spectroscopic,and phytotoxicity were monitored.The results showed that(in)organic additives have a positive effect on maturity and humification indices,pH stability,and the phosphorus and nitrogen availability in the composts produced.The horse manure additive reduced the carbon and increased the nitrogen,reducing the C/N ratio.Phosphogypsum and olive-mill reduced phytotoxicity,boosting the nitrogen and phosphorus availability of in composts.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis revealed that phosphogypsum and olive-mill addition improved the aromatic compounds and reduced the aliphatic ones in M3 and M4 com-posts.These results suggest new approaches to promoting maturity and stability,as well as phosphorus and nitrogen availability in composts,through better use of organic waste and inorganic additives in composting.展开更多
Stomatal closure,which serves to limit water loss,represents one of the most rapid and critical reactions of plants,occurring not only in response to drought but also to a range of other stressors,including salinity,e...Stomatal closure,which serves to limit water loss,represents one of the most rapid and critical reactions of plants,occurring not only in response to drought but also to a range of other stressors,including salinity,extreme temperatures,heavy metals,gaseous toxicants,and pathogen infection.ABA is considered to be the main regulator of stomatal movements in plants under abiotic stress.In the last two decades,however,the list of plant hormones and other physiologically active substances that affect stomatal status has expanded considerably.It is believed that stomata are regulated by a complex multicomponent network of compounds consisting of hormones and signaling mediators.A special place among them is occupied by gasotransmitters,endogenously synthesized gaseous compounds with signaling functions.The most studied of them are nitrogen monoxide(NO),hydrogen sulfide(H2S),and carbon monoxide(CO).Carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),not yet classified as a classical gasotransmitter,is also considered an important gaseous regulatory molecule.Information has been obtained on the ability of each of these gases to induce stomatal responses in plants.Gasotransmitters are also involved as mediators in stomatal responses induced by various plant hormones and other compounds,particularly ABA,jasmonic and salicylic acids,brassinosteroids,and polyamines.This review examines the functional interactions between gasotransmitters at the level of influencing each other’s synthesis and interactions with other mediators,especially ROS and calcium ions,in their involvement in providing stomatal responses.The latest information on proteins involved in stomatal regulation and undergoing post-translational modification under the action of gasotransmitters,including protein kinases,ion channel proteins,aquaporins,pro-and antioxidant enzymes,is also summarized.The possibilities of practical use of gasotransmitter donors as stress protective agents contributing to the normalization of plant water metabolism are considered.展开更多
Drought stress(DS)and overuse of chemical fertilizers cause considerable losses in the agro-physiological as well as biochemical performance of plants.In this context,considerable effort will be required to replace ch...Drought stress(DS)and overuse of chemical fertilizers cause considerable losses in the agro-physiological as well as biochemical performance of plants.In this context,considerable effort will be required to replace chemical fertilizers(NPK)with biostimulants as an important approach to enhance the productivity and sustainability of agriculture.Here,we evaluated the effect of separating and/or combining arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)with compost(C)in comparison to the use of NPK on the growth,physiological and biochemical of tomatoes under DS.The findings showed that DS significantly reduced the growth and physiological attributes of tomatoes.Furthermore,the treatment of AMF and C showed better results in agro-physiological and fruit quality compared to the NPK and control under DS.The combination of AMF and C(C+AMF)increased leaf water potential by 18.8%,stomatal conductance by 14.1%,fresh fruit weight by 25.0%,shoot dry matter by 104%and root dry matter by 56.1%compared to the control under DS.The study revealed that C+AMF caused a significant increase in sugar,protein and activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in leaves and fruits,and an opposite trend was observed in the case of malonaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide compared to NPK and control under DS.In conclusion,it is recommended to utilize the combination of AMF with compost to enhance the growth,yield,osmotic adjustment,and antioxidant capacity of tomato plants.This approach can boost their resilience to water stress and improve overall fruit quality.展开更多
Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa)has recently gained popularity as a pseudo-cereal cultivated in various countries due to the nutritional and antioxidant benefits of its seeds,and its capacity to persist in water-stressed en...Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa)has recently gained popularity as a pseudo-cereal cultivated in various countries due to the nutritional and antioxidant benefits of its seeds,and its capacity to persist in water-stressed environments.Our study aimed to assess the effects of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and local organic amendments on the metabolic responses and antioxidant activity of quinoa seeds under water-stressed conditions.To this end,quinoa plants were grown in soils inoculated with an indigenous mycorrhizal consortium AMF and amended with two types of compost from horse manure(HM)and green waste(GW)under two water regimes:well-watered(WW)75%and 25%field capacity(FC).The primary metabolite contents(sugars and total protein)of quinoa seeds were measured.Additionally,the study involved identifying and quantifying secondary metabolites,particularly phenolic compounds(quercetin,vanillic acid,rutin,coumaric acid,kaempferol,and tetraterpenoids carotenoids)in quinoa seeds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The individual application of AMF and HM increased the total protein content in quinoa seeds by 8%and 6%,respectively,in contrast to the water-stressed control plants(WS).Conversely,the combined application of AMF,GW,and HM led to a 21%increase in sugar content compared to the control seeds under water-stressed conditions.Additionally,HPLC analysis identified five phenolic compounds,namely quercetin,kaempferol,vanillic acid,coumaric acid,and rutin.Under WS conditions,the application of biostimulants,whether used individually or in combination,brought about a rise in the identified phenolic compounds,except rutin,compared to controls.Consequently,these findings suggest that using AMF,either alone or in combination with HM and/or GW,can enhance the total protein content of quinoa seeds,help sustain higher levels of both primary and secondary metabolites under water stress conditions,thereby enhancing tolerance and reducing the detrimental impact of water stress on quinoa plants.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072458 and 32221004)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD1602403)+2 种基金the Beijing Agriculture Innovation Consortium,China(BAIC04-2024)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-23)the Beijing Key Laboratory for Pest Control and Sustainable Cultivation of Vegetables,China。
文摘Pesticide resistance greatly limits control efficacy after the long-term application of pesticides.The two-spottedspider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch,is a notorious agricultural pest worldwide that is resistant to various pesticides,including abamectin.While some studies of abamectin resistance have investigated target resistance related toglutamate-gated chloride channels(GluCls),studies on the metabolic resistance mechanisms are still limited.In this study,we identified an ABCC subfamily gene,Tu ABCC4,that was overexpressed in resistant populations of T.urticae,based on the analysis of previously obtained transcriptomic and RNA-seq data.No consistent nonsynonymousmutations in the Tu ABCC4 gene were found between the susceptible and resistant populations,although Tu ABCC4expression was significantly increased in all the resistant populations that were studied.Synergistic experiments withthe inhibitor verapamil and gene expression analysis of the susceptible and resistant populations confirmed the key roleof Tu ABCC4 in abamectin resistance.In addition,an increase in the expression of the Tu ABCC4 gene was shown byRNA interference and genetic association analysis to be closely related to the resistance of T.urticae to abamectin.Inconclusion,overexpression of Tu ABCC4 was shown to be involved in abamectin resistance in T.urticae.These resultscan help us to better understand the molecular basis of pest resistance to abamectin.
基金supported by the Phytopathology Unit of the Department of Plant Protection(ENA-Meknes,Morocco).
文摘This study investigates the compatibility and efficacy of combining ammonium molybdate(AM)with antagonistic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B10W10 and Pseudomonas sp.B11W11 for brown rot control(Monilinia laxa).In vitro experiments reveal variable mycelial growth inhibition rates compared to untreated controls,with B11W11+0.5%AM and B10W10+2%AM displaying the highest inhibition rates after 5 days.After 10 days,the 2%AM+B10W10 combination exhibits the highest inhibition rate.Microscopic observations show structural alterations in mycelium within inhibition zones,marked by vacuolization.The antagonistic bacteria,alone or with different ammonium molybdate concentrations,significantly impact M.laxa spore germination,with the B10W10 cell filtrate+2%ammonium molybdate combination achieving the most substantial inhibition.Conversely,the 0.5%ammonium molybdate treatment has the lowest inhibition rate while the combination of AM and bacteria is giving better results compared to the use of bacteria alone.Fruits treated with various antagonistic bacteria and ammonium molybdate combinations demonstrate a significant reduction in disease severity.The 0.5%AM+B10W10 combination exhibits the lowest severity.FT-IR spectra analysis identifies shifts in fungal biomass functional groups,with reduced lignin-related bands and increased phenols,lipids,polysaccharides,and carbohydrates.This highlights the structural modifications caused by the biological treatments.The study also evaluates the effects on fruit quality parameters.The 2%ammonium molybdate treatment yields the lowest weight loss.TSS levels are affected by salt concentration,while acid content remains consistent across treatments.All treatments influence fruit firmness compared to controls.These findings emphasize the potential of combining ammonium molybdate and antagonistic bacteria for effective brown rot control,highlighting their compatibility and effects on disease severity,fungal biomass,spore germination,and fruit quality.
文摘Background Plant tissue culture has emerged as a tool for improving cotton propagation and genetics,but recalcitrance nature of cotton makes it difficult to develop in vitro regeneration.Cotton’s recalcitrance is influenced by genotype,explant type,and environmental conditions.To overcome these issues,this study uses different machine learning-based predictive models by employing multiple input factors.Cotyledonary node explants of two commercial cotton cultivars(STN-468 and GSN-12)were isolated from 7–8 days old seedlings,preconditioned with 5,10,and 20 mg·L^(-1) kinetin(KIN)for 10 days.Thereafter,explants were postconditioned on full Murashige and Skoog(MS),1/2MS,1/4MS,and full MS+0.05 mg·L^(-1) KIN,cultured in growth room enlightened with red and blue light-emitting diodes(LED)combination.Statistical analysis(analysis of variance,regression analysis)was employed to assess the impact of different treatments on shoot regeneration,with artificial intelligence(AI)models used for confirming the findings.Results GSN-12 exhibited superior shoot regeneration potential compared with STN-468,with an average of 4.99 shoots per explant versus 3.97.Optimal results were achieved with 5 mg·L^(-1) KIN preconditioning,1/4MS postconditioning,and 80%red LED,with maximum of 7.75 shoot count for GSN-12 under these conditions;while STN-468 reached 6.00 shoots under the conditions of 10 mg·L^(-1) KIN preconditioning,MS with 0.05 mg·L^(-1) KIN(postconditioning)and 75.0%red LED.Rooting was successfully achieved with naphthalene acetic acid and activated charcoal.Additionally,three different powerful AI-based models,namely,extreme gradient boost(XGBoost),random forest(RF),and the artificial neural network-based multilayer perceptron(MLP)regression models validated the findings.Conclusion GSN-12 outperformed STN-468 with optimal results from 5 mg·L^(-1) KIN+1/4MS+80%red LED.Application of machine learning-based prediction models to optimize cotton tissue culture protocols for shoot regeneration is helpful to improve cotton regeneration efficiency.
基金supported by the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410061106)the Natural Science Foundation of China(31820103013).
文摘A new Cecidomyiinae species,Brachineura diplatypa sp.nov.collected from Mao’er Mountain in Heilongjiang of China,is described and illustrated.It is the second record of the mycophagous genus Brachineura Rondani,1840 from Northeast China.This new species is characterized by the unique sub-tapered aedeagus with the apex and the distal 1/3 both distinctly swollen.A newly revised generic diagnosis is given to distinguish Brachineura from all the other genera in the tribe Brachineurini.An updated key to all known Brachineura species in China is provided.
文摘In this review research,the full bio-medical potential and application of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)-CoV-2 viruses are discussed in detail with the aim of discovering innovative treatment strategies in virology and medicine.The SARS-CoV-2 which caused an international health crisis also unraveled an opportunity to gain from its pathogenic effects to treat the affected people.The study aims at testing whether the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 can be used for therapeutic and clinical purposes.With in-depth analytics,this investigation issue endeavors to unearth new ways of fighting infectious diseases and to improve existing medical interventions.Beside scientific and practical significance the role of this work is vital.By learning the biologic and molecular mysteries of SARS-CoV-2,the researchers can create precise medicines and vaccines not only against COVID-19 but also the other infectious diseases as well.Furthermore,this recommendation may open the door to the future development of gene therapy and vaccine technology.In this sense,it combines multiple approaches,such as viral studies,immunology,and molecular biology.Laboratory experiments,computer program modeling and clinical trials are applied to detection of the SARS-COV-2 in therapeutic implementation.The principal conclusion and analysis of this research put forth the fact that SARS-CoV-2 can be utilized in anti-viral treatment,cancer therapy,and vaccine programs.The study results confirm the inherent adaptability of viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and emphasis on the development of specific therapeutic measures.It is valuable because of its potential to add to virology and medication,showing new ways for virus-based treatment.In addition,the impact of these results on treatments would be revolutionary,with potential to invent superior and flexible interventions against infectious disease.In short,the therapeutic use of SARS-CoV-2 can be regarded as a bold innovation with tremendous consequences for general health,and ultimately for medical science.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2010CB126200)the AgroIndustry R&D Special Fund of China(Grant Nos.200903051 and 201003031)
文摘We evaluated the effects of rice black streak dwarf virus （RBSDV）-infested rice plants on the ecological parameters and its relevant defensive and detoxification enzymes of white-backed planthopper （WBPH） in laboratory for exploring the relationship between RBSDV and the non-vector planthopper. The results showed that nymph survival rate, female adult weight and fecundity, and egg hatchability of WBPH fed on RBSDV-infested rice plants did not markedly differ from those on healthy plants, whereas the female adult longevity and egg duration significantly shortened on diseased plants. Furthermore, significantly higher activities of defensive enzymes （dismutase, catalase and peroxidase） and detoxification enzymes （acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase） were found in WBPH adults fed on infected plants. Results implied that infestation by RBSDV increased the ecological fitness of non-vector planthopper population.
基金funded by the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland in terms of designated subsidy among statutory activities(SIB-01,SIB-03).
文摘Biostimulators combined with pesticides can reduce the need for chemical crop protection to yield healthy wheat with high grain quality and nutritional value.The goal of this four-year field study was an assessment of the effects of seven levels of sulfonylurea herbicide,morpholine and triazole fungicides,and humic biostimulator protection on concentrations of 20 amino acids(AAs)and on yield parameters under diverse climatic conditions.Application of pesticides and biostimulators reduced amino acid concentrations.Sulfonylurea applied alone reduced AAs least.Chemical(herbicide+fungicide)protection or its combination with humic biostimulator were the most effective strategies for increasing yield,thousand-kernel weight,spike number,grain surface area,and wet gluten.Reduced dosages of fungicides showed effects on AA content and crop parameter values similar to those of the recommended dosages of fungicides and are in line with the European Commission’s “From Farm to Fork”strategy.Humic biostimulators as agents supporting pesticide protection should be optimized for wheat growth stage to achieve the most desirable wheat parameters and implemented in agricultural practice.
基金the Chongqing Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists,China(CSTB2022NSCQJQX0027)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(SWU-XDPY22002)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072389,32370005)the Chongqing Talents of Exceptional Young Talents Project,China(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0143)。
文摘Citrus yellow mottle-associated virus(CiYMaV)belonging to the subgenus Mandarivirus within the genus Potexvirus,was first identified in 2018 from Pakistan(CiYMaV-PK),where it is endemic in several regions.Here,three full-length cDNA clones(pCiYMaV-FL-1,pCiYMaV-FL-18,and pCiYMaV-FL-22)corresponding to the genomic RNA of CiYMaV were constructed and then agroinfiltrated on Chandler pummelo(Citrus grandis)seedlings using the vacuum infiltration method.All the inoculated plants developed severe vein yellowing,leaf mottling,and dwarfing symptoms by 40 days post-infiltration(dpi).The results of a direct tissue blot immunoassay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection showed 94.7–100%infection rates of pCiYMaV-FL at 60 dpi.Despite there being no observed difference among the three clones in the severity of symptom,pCiYMaV-FL-22 showed the highest accumulation levels of viral RNA and coat proteins.Moreover,pCiYMaV-FL-22 successfully infected seven other citrus varieties and induced symptoms in five of them.Transmission electron microscopy identified the presence of filamentous virus particles in extracts from systemic leaves of the plants infected with pCiYMaV-FL-22 at 6-months post-infiltration.Taken together,the results indicate that Koch's postulates were fulfilled for CiYMaV in citrus plants.This is the first report of full-length infectious cDNA clones of CiYMaV,and thus,the data provide a basis for further study of the molecular mechanisms of virus infection and the development of a viral vector to express foreign genes in citrus plants.
基金This work was partially supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey(TUBITAK Project TOVAG 104-O-578).
文摘Forty-four V.dahliae isolates were collected from symptomatic vascular tissues of okra plants each from a different field in eight provinces located in the eastern Mediterranean and western Anatolia regions of Turkey during 2006-2009.Nitrate-nonutilizing(nit)mutants of V.dahliae from okra were used to determine heterokaryosis and genetic relatedness among isolates.All isolates from okra plants were grouped into two vegetative compatibility groups(VCGs)(1 and 2)and three subgroups as 1A(13.6%,6/44),2A(20.5%,9/44)and 2B(65.9%,29/44)according to international criteria.Pathogenicity tests were performed on a susceptible local okra(A.esculentus)landrace in greenhouse conditions.All isolates from VCG1A and VCG2B induced defoliation(D)and partial defoliation(PD)symptoms,respectively.Other isolates from VCG2A gave rise to typical leaf chlorosis symptoms without defoliation.The obtained data showed that the virulence level of V.dahliae isolates from okra was related to their VCG belongings.Eighteen okra landraces from diverse geographical origins were screened for resistance to VCG2B and VCG1A of V.dahliae.The results indicated that all landraces were more susceptible to highly virulent VCG1A-D pathotype displaying D or PD symptoms depending on their susceptibility levels with a mean disease severity index of 3.52 than to less virulent VCG2B-PD pathotype of V.dahliae displaying PD and ND symptoms with a mean disease severity index of 2.52.Significant differences were observed among the landraces;however,none of them exhibited a level of resistance.Okra landraces;Çorum,Hatay Has and Sanlıurfa displayed the lowest level of susceptibility or little tolerance to both D and PD pathotypes.VCG2B of PD was prevailing in the surveyed areas and VCG1A of D was the most virulent of the VCGs identified.Introduction of resistant genotypes to Turkish okra germplasm from different sources and breeding new resistant okra cultivars are critical for the sustainability of okra production.
文摘An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the city of Meknès over a period of two years, from 2009 to 2011 with 1000 people (615 women, 385 men). Through the questionnaire, schedules were established to collect information on the use of therapeutic medicinal plants by the local population. This research has focused primarily on the general population, herbalists and healers. The present investigation has enumerated 194 species distributed in 165 genera and 72 families. The most represented families are Lamiaceae (18%), the Aseraceae, (17%), the Apiaceae (14%) and the Fabaceae (10%). The results of the survey show that 54% of individuals use both herbal medicine and modern medicine, 26% of individuals use herbs and 20% use modern medicine. We are interested in the use of plants in different ages and sexes. We report that 31% of the population is aged between 51 and 60 years, 29% between 41 and 50 years, 23% between 31 and 40 years, 10% between 21 and 30 years, 3% less than 20 years and 4 % > 60 years. We note the predominance of women over men. Women use up to 61% against 39% of men. The analysis of our results shows that herbal medicine takes a place in the self-medication of the population studied. However, we emphasize an important point: Ignorance of toxic plants, in fact, only 19% of the target population recognizes these plants.
文摘This study was conducted under Laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid in Sudan, during March-June 2015 to assess the effect of six treatments on germination of cowpea seeds infested by Callosobruchus chinensis Linn., a serious Coleoptera pest which damages cowpea seeds. The agents used were groundnut oil, wood ash, sand, neem leaves powder, Rabal leaves powder and hot pepper powder. In the lab bioassay, the results obtained due to the infestation by C. chinensis showed that there were highly significant differences （P 〉 0.01） in the number of holes per 100 cowpea seeds between the different treatments at intervals of one month, and up to the end of the storage period, the numbers of holes per 100 cowpea seeds were 44, 740, 859, 856, 841 and 892 holes in the treatments, respectively. The germination of seeds treated with groundnut oil was 60%, while it was zero for the other treatments. It was concluded that the groundnut oil made creamy coat on the seeds and prevented the development of eowpea beetle infestation. Hence, it can be used by farmers at local levels to protect seeds for cultivation.
文摘An attempt has been made in this article to accumulate and elucidate the literatures about the allelopathic potentiality of medicinal plants, and its role on the development of bio-herbicides for eco-friendly weed management strategies to conserve bio-diversity and ecological balance. This review paper has been prepared by comprehensive studies of various published research articles, books and proceedings available in the world literature. The farmers of different countries use several weed management techniques in order to minimize the deleterious effect of weeds. Among them most commonly used practice is application of herbicides due to its high efficacy and cost effectiveness, less time-consuming nature, flexibility and easy accessibility, and more rapid out return. Although use of synthetic herbicides in the crop fields has increased the crop production as well as the productivity by reducing the weed infestation, over time it causes a number of environmental hazards. Hence, to avoid these detrimental effects of synthetic herbicide, a lot of efforts have been dedicated by the researchers to search the novel natural plant products mainly allelochemicals and try to apply them as a tool for the development of bio-degradable natural herbicides. This paper intended to reflect the current state of allelopathic medicinal plants and their potentiality to develop eco-friendly and natural product-based herbicides for sustainable agriculture, and to invite further debate on this issue.
文摘Since the 19th century to date,the fungal pathogens have been involved in causing devastating diseases in plants.All types of fungal pathogens have been observed in important agricultural crops that lead to significant pre and postharvest losses.The application of synthetic fungicide against the fungal plant pathogens(FPP)is a traditional management practice but at the same time these fungicides kill other beneficial microbes,insects,animal,and humans and are harmful to environment.The antagonistic microorganism such as bacteria are being used as an alternate strategy to control the FPP.These antagonistic species are cost-effective and eco-friendly in nature.These biocontrol bacteria have a broad mechanism against fungal pathogens present in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the plant.The antagonistic bacteria have different strategies against the FPP,by producing siderophore,biofilm,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),through parasitism,antibiosis,competition for limited resources and induce systemic resistance(ISR)in the host plant by activating the immune systems.The commercial bio-products synthesized by the major bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae,Burkholderia cepacia,Streptomyces griseoviridis,Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis are used to control Fusarium,Pythium,Rhizoctonia,Penicillium,Alternaria,and Geotrichum.The commercial bio-formulations of bacteria act as both antifungal and plant growth regulators.The Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)played a significant role in improving plant health by nitrogen-fixing,phosphorus solubilization,phytohormones production,minimizing soil metal contamination,and by ACC deaminase antifungal activities.Different articles are available on the specific antifungal activity of bacteria in plant diseases.Therefore,this review article has summarized the information on biocontrol activity of bacteria against the FPP and the role of PGPR in plant growth promotion.This review also provided a complete picture of scattered information regarding antifungal activities of bacteria and the role of PGPR.
文摘An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the city of Meknès over a period of two years, from 2009 to 2011 with 1000 people (615 women, 385 men). Through the questionnaire, schedules were established to collect information on the use of therapeutic medicinal plants by the local population. This research has focused primarily on the general population, herbalists and healers. The present investigation has enumerated 194 species distributed in 165 genera and 72 families. The most represented families are Lamiaceae (18%), the Aseraceae, (17%), the Apiaceae (14%) and the Fabaceae (10%). The results of the survey show that 54% of individuals use both herbal medicine and modern medicine, 26% of individuals use herbs and 20% use modern medicine. We are interested in the use of plants in different ages and sexes. We report that 31% of the population is aged between 51 and 60 years, 29% between 41 and 50 years, 23% between 31 and 40 years, 10% between 21 and 30 years, 3% less than 20 years and 4 % > 60 years. We note the predominance of women over men. Women use up to 61% against 39% of men. The analysis of our results shows that herbal medicine takes a place in the self-medication of the population studied. However, we emphasize an important point: Ignorance of toxic plants, in fact, only 19% of the target population recognizes these plants.
文摘The beet armyworm(BAW),Spodoptera exigua(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)is a highly destructive pest of vegetables and field crops.Management of beet armyworm primarily relies on synthetic pesticides,which is threatening the beneficial community and environment.Most importantly,the BAW developed resistance to synthetic pesticides with making it difficult to manage.Therefore,alternative and environment-friendly pest management tactics are urgently required.The use of pesticidal plant extracts provides an effective way for a sustainable pest management program.To evaluate the use of pesticidal plant extracts against BAW,we selected six plant species(Lantana camara,Aloe vera,Azadirachta indica,Cymbopogon citratus,Nicotiana tabacum,and Ocimum basilicum)for initial screening experiment.Four out of six plant species such as A.indica,N.tabacum,C.citratus and O.basilicum showed promising mortality of more than 50%.Therefore,we selected these four plant extracts for the subsequent experiments.Through contact bioassay,A.indica showed high mortality 66.63%,followed by the N.tabacum 53.33%,at 10%w/v concentration.Similarly,N.tabacum showed the highest mortality rate,66%at 10%w/v concentration,followed by the A.indica 46%through feeding bioassay.Furthermore,the feeding deterrence assay showed that C.citratus had a high antifeedant index(−50)followed by A.indica(−39),and N.tabacum(−28).In living plant assay,the N.tabacum extract showed a low mean damage score 3.6 on living cotton plant followed by C.citratus 4.5 and A.indica 5.5.Hence,extracts of three plant species provided promising results against the BAW,which can minimize the use of synthetic chemicals,particularly for small landholding farmers.Further studies are also required to evaluate the effects of these plant extract against BAW on cotton plants under field conditions to optimize the further use.
文摘The potential of Garcinia mangostana as a biological control agent against plant pathogenic bacteria which decrease the quality and volume of crop production worldwide was assessed. Mangosteen leaves were extracted by maceration using chloroform, n-hexane, and methanol. For the in vitro antibacterial activity, two dissimilar species of plant pathogenic bacteria: Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were acquired. Four different concentrations, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml were obtained through the cup-plate agar diffusion technique. Streptomycin sulphate at 30 μg/ml concentration was set as the positive control, whereas every respective solvent used in the leaf extraction was set as the negative control. The results have shown that, only methanol extract demonstrated antibacterial activity when tested on the plant pathogenic bacteria. The highest diameter of inhibition zones was observed in X. oryzae pv. oryzae, at all range of concentrations, followed by P. syringae pv. tomato. The least methanol extract concentration utilised in determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was at 1.562 mg/ml, inhibiting X. oryzae pv. oryzae, followed by P. syringe pv. tomato at a concentration 3.125 mg/ml. Antibacterial impacts of the most effectual extract of mangosteen crude were supported by the existence of chemical components identified by GC-MS. Cycloartenol, Caryophyllene, Docosane, Phenol, 4,4-Methylenebis (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) and Chromium were noted as key compounds in the mangosteen leaf extract, which were perhaps causing the antibacterial activity.
文摘Applying organic waste and inorganic additives during composting can be an effective and easy-to-control strategy for optimizing humification,maturation,and the availability of essential mineral elements in compost.In this respect,this study aims to evaluate the effect of organic(olive-mill waste and horse manure)and inorganic(phosphogypsum)additives on the evolution of maturity indices,aromatic compounds,and nutrient availability during composting.Four mixtures[horse manure+green waste(M1),olive-mill+green waste(M2),sewage-sludge+phos-phogypsum+green waste(M3),and green waste(M4)]were carried out.Physicochemical(temperature,pH,phosphorus,nitrogen,and carbon-to-nitrogen(C/N)ratio),infrared-spectroscopic,and phytotoxicity were monitored.The results showed that(in)organic additives have a positive effect on maturity and humification indices,pH stability,and the phosphorus and nitrogen availability in the composts produced.The horse manure additive reduced the carbon and increased the nitrogen,reducing the C/N ratio.Phosphogypsum and olive-mill reduced phytotoxicity,boosting the nitrogen and phosphorus availability of in composts.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis revealed that phosphogypsum and olive-mill addition improved the aromatic compounds and reduced the aliphatic ones in M3 and M4 com-posts.These results suggest new approaches to promoting maturity and stability,as well as phosphorus and nitrogen availability in composts,through better use of organic waste and inorganic additives in composting.
基金supported by Projects 14.00.02.06.P“Development of Methods of Seed Priming of Cereal Grains by the Action of Donors of Gasotransmitters and Compounds with Hormonal Activity”(state registration number of work 0124U000126)III-2-23“Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms and Factors of Protective and Adaptive Reactions of Plants”(state registration number of work 0123U101054).
文摘Stomatal closure,which serves to limit water loss,represents one of the most rapid and critical reactions of plants,occurring not only in response to drought but also to a range of other stressors,including salinity,extreme temperatures,heavy metals,gaseous toxicants,and pathogen infection.ABA is considered to be the main regulator of stomatal movements in plants under abiotic stress.In the last two decades,however,the list of plant hormones and other physiologically active substances that affect stomatal status has expanded considerably.It is believed that stomata are regulated by a complex multicomponent network of compounds consisting of hormones and signaling mediators.A special place among them is occupied by gasotransmitters,endogenously synthesized gaseous compounds with signaling functions.The most studied of them are nitrogen monoxide(NO),hydrogen sulfide(H2S),and carbon monoxide(CO).Carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),not yet classified as a classical gasotransmitter,is also considered an important gaseous regulatory molecule.Information has been obtained on the ability of each of these gases to induce stomatal responses in plants.Gasotransmitters are also involved as mediators in stomatal responses induced by various plant hormones and other compounds,particularly ABA,jasmonic and salicylic acids,brassinosteroids,and polyamines.This review examines the functional interactions between gasotransmitters at the level of influencing each other’s synthesis and interactions with other mediators,especially ROS and calcium ions,in their involvement in providing stomatal responses.The latest information on proteins involved in stomatal regulation and undergoing post-translational modification under the action of gasotransmitters,including protein kinases,ion channel proteins,aquaporins,pro-and antioxidant enzymes,is also summarized.The possibilities of practical use of gasotransmitter donors as stress protective agents contributing to the normalization of plant water metabolism are considered.
文摘Drought stress(DS)and overuse of chemical fertilizers cause considerable losses in the agro-physiological as well as biochemical performance of plants.In this context,considerable effort will be required to replace chemical fertilizers(NPK)with biostimulants as an important approach to enhance the productivity and sustainability of agriculture.Here,we evaluated the effect of separating and/or combining arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)with compost(C)in comparison to the use of NPK on the growth,physiological and biochemical of tomatoes under DS.The findings showed that DS significantly reduced the growth and physiological attributes of tomatoes.Furthermore,the treatment of AMF and C showed better results in agro-physiological and fruit quality compared to the NPK and control under DS.The combination of AMF and C(C+AMF)increased leaf water potential by 18.8%,stomatal conductance by 14.1%,fresh fruit weight by 25.0%,shoot dry matter by 104%and root dry matter by 56.1%compared to the control under DS.The study revealed that C+AMF caused a significant increase in sugar,protein and activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in leaves and fruits,and an opposite trend was observed in the case of malonaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide compared to NPK and control under DS.In conclusion,it is recommended to utilize the combination of AMF with compost to enhance the growth,yield,osmotic adjustment,and antioxidant capacity of tomato plants.This approach can boost their resilience to water stress and improve overall fruit quality.
基金funded by the Tuniso-Moroccan Mixed Laboratories(LMTM)of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology and Climate Change LPBV2C(LR11ES09)the FOSC Project(Sus-Agri-CC)from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No.862555.
文摘Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa)has recently gained popularity as a pseudo-cereal cultivated in various countries due to the nutritional and antioxidant benefits of its seeds,and its capacity to persist in water-stressed environments.Our study aimed to assess the effects of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and local organic amendments on the metabolic responses and antioxidant activity of quinoa seeds under water-stressed conditions.To this end,quinoa plants were grown in soils inoculated with an indigenous mycorrhizal consortium AMF and amended with two types of compost from horse manure(HM)and green waste(GW)under two water regimes:well-watered(WW)75%and 25%field capacity(FC).The primary metabolite contents(sugars and total protein)of quinoa seeds were measured.Additionally,the study involved identifying and quantifying secondary metabolites,particularly phenolic compounds(quercetin,vanillic acid,rutin,coumaric acid,kaempferol,and tetraterpenoids carotenoids)in quinoa seeds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The individual application of AMF and HM increased the total protein content in quinoa seeds by 8%and 6%,respectively,in contrast to the water-stressed control plants(WS).Conversely,the combined application of AMF,GW,and HM led to a 21%increase in sugar content compared to the control seeds under water-stressed conditions.Additionally,HPLC analysis identified five phenolic compounds,namely quercetin,kaempferol,vanillic acid,coumaric acid,and rutin.Under WS conditions,the application of biostimulants,whether used individually or in combination,brought about a rise in the identified phenolic compounds,except rutin,compared to controls.Consequently,these findings suggest that using AMF,either alone or in combination with HM and/or GW,can enhance the total protein content of quinoa seeds,help sustain higher levels of both primary and secondary metabolites under water stress conditions,thereby enhancing tolerance and reducing the detrimental impact of water stress on quinoa plants.
