Duplicate bug reporting is a critical problem in the software repositories’mining area.Duplicate bug reports can lead to redundant efforts,wasted resources,and delayed software releases.Thus,their accurate identifica...Duplicate bug reporting is a critical problem in the software repositories’mining area.Duplicate bug reports can lead to redundant efforts,wasted resources,and delayed software releases.Thus,their accurate identification is essential for streamlining the bug triage process mining area.Several researchers have explored classical information retrieval,natural language processing,text and data mining,and machine learning approaches.The emergence of large language models(LLMs)(ChatGPT and Huggingface)has presented a new line of models for semantic textual similarity(STS).Although LLMs have shown remarkable advancements,there remains a need for longitudinal studies to determine whether performance improvements are due to the scale of the models or the unique embeddings they produce compared to classical encoding models.This study systematically investigates this issue by comparing classical word embedding techniques against LLM-based embeddings for duplicate bug detection.In this study,we have proposed an amalgamation of models to detect duplicate bug reports using textual and non-textual information about bug reports.The empirical evaluation has been performed on the open-source datasets and evaluated based on established metrics using the mean reciprocal rank(MRR),mean average precision(MAP),and recall rate.The experimental results have shown that combined LLMs can outperform(recall-rate@k 68%–74%)other individual=models for duplicate bug detection.These findings highlight the effectiveness of amalgamating multiple techniques in improving the duplicate bug report detection accuracy.展开更多
This study characterizes the black carbon in Agra, India home to the Taj Mahal--and situated in the lndo-Gangetic basin. The mean black carbon concentration is 9.5 μg m-3 and, owing to excessive biomass/fossil fuel c...This study characterizes the black carbon in Agra, India home to the Taj Mahal--and situated in the lndo-Gangetic basin. The mean black carbon concentration is 9.5 μg m-3 and, owing to excessive biomass/fossil fuel combustion and automobile emissions, the concentration varies considerably. Seasonally, the black carbon mass concentration is highest in winter, probably due to the increased fossil fuel consumption for heating and cooking, apart from a low boundary layer. The nocturnal peak rises prominently in winter, when the use of domestic heating is excessive. Meanwhile, the concentration is lowest during the monsoon season because of the turbulent atmospheric conditions and the process of washout by precipitation. The ratio of black carbon to brown carbon is less than unity during the entire study period, except in winter （December）. This may be because that biomass combustion and diesel exhaust are major black carbon contributors in this region, while a higher ratio in winter may be due to the increased consumption of fossil fuel and wood for heating purposes. ANOVA reveals significant monthly variation in the concentration of black carbon; plus, it is negatively correlated with wind speed and temperature. A high black carbon mass concentration is observed at moderate （1-2 m s-1） wind speed, as compared to calm or turbulent atmospheric conditions.展开更多
An assessment of the emission of combustible gases in developing countries requires reliable analytical realtime monitors that can rapidly screen them with minimal handling. Considering the expensive nature of monitor...An assessment of the emission of combustible gases in developing countries requires reliable analytical realtime monitors that can rapidly screen them with minimal handling. Considering the expensive nature of monitoring environmental pollutants, chemical sensors are expected to play a pivotal role in measuring and recording environmental data. The Drager X am 5000 was used to report emission levels of combustible gases in this study, namely;nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) at traffic and practising waste dumpsite in Freetown, the main city of Sierra Leone. Hourly average values for the three pollutants were recorded in the morning, afternoon and evening periods, respectively. The range of values were 18 - 76 ppb for NO2, 211 - 506 ppb for SO2 and 11 - 14 ppm for CO at traffic site;and 6 - 16 ppb for NO2, 118 - 276 ppb for SO2 and 8 - 15 ppm for CO at the dumpsite, respectively. There were significantly high hourly variations for NO2 and SO2 at the traffic site and for CO and SO2 at the dumpsite. Evidence of peak values showed emission levels that were considered dangerous for human exposure. This pilot study revealed that combustible gases released in certain areas of the capital city are a concern for both public health officials and environmental advocates.展开更多
Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030 is Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Since developing countries especially in Africa would struggle to meet th...Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030 is Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Since developing countries especially in Africa would struggle to meet this target, this study was conceived. Hence, the study was designed to assess the water quality for physiochemical parameters around a mined out site in southern Sierra Leone with the view to determine their levels, determine related associations among indicators and explore environmental forensic options. A finite population correction factor was used to identify fifty (50) groundwater sources from one hundred and fifty two (152) in nine (9) sections of Moriba Town, in Moyamba District, Sierra Leone which constitute the sample size. The study assessed sixteen (16) physical and chemical indicators across the defined boundary of the sample size. Results indicated that almost 80% of all the indicators were in good agreement with water quality standards with the exception of three. Turbidity correlated strongly with , Al and ?and almost all other indicators did not show meaningful association. High values with significant variance of water quality indicators of physical to chemical ratio were observed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) but no such observation was noted for turbidity. On the whole, the water quality was judged to be good, although more pro active actions were encouraged by the local people and the mining company so as to reduce contamination in some areas.展开更多
There is a growing need for web-based geographic information systems for easy and fast dissemination, sharing, displaying and processing of spatial information. The tremendous growth in the use of web and open-source ...There is a growing need for web-based geographic information systems for easy and fast dissemination, sharing, displaying and processing of spatial information. The tremendous growth in the use of web and open-source geospatial resources has sparked development of web-based spatial applications to address multidisciplinary issues with spatial dimensions. This paper presents the integration of open-source geospatial tools and web technology to visualize and interact with spatial data using web browser. The goal of this paper is to implement a prototype system for web-based mapping by providing step-by-step instructions in order to encourage the eager developers and interested readers to publish their maps on the web with no prior technical experience in map servers. The implementation of mapping prototype shows the utilization of open-source geospatial tools which results in a rapid implementation with minimal or no software input cost.展开更多
This paper is an extended research for a novel technique used in the pose error compensations of the robot and manipulator calibration process based on an IT2FEI （interval type-2 fuzzy error interpolation） method. R...This paper is an extended research for a novel technique used in the pose error compensations of the robot and manipulator calibration process based on an IT2FEI （interval type-2 fuzzy error interpolation） method. Robot calibrations can be classified into model-based and modeless methods. A model-based calibration method normally requires that the practitioners understand the kinematics of the robot therefore may pose a challenger for field engineers. An alternative yet effective means for robot calibration is to use a modeless method; however with such a method there is a conflict between the calibration accuracy of the robot and the number of grid points used in the calibration task. In this paper, an interval type-2 fuzzy interpolation system is applied to improve the compensation accuracy of the robot in its 3D workspace. An on-line type-2 fuzzy inference system is implemented to meet the needs of on-line robot trajectory planning and control. The simulated results given in this paper show that not only robot compensation accuracy can be greatly improved, but also the calibration process can be significantly simplified, and it is more suitable for practical applications.展开更多
Hyperentanglement is a promising resource in quantum information processing with its high capacity character, defined as the entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom(DOFs) of a quantum system, such as polarization,...Hyperentanglement is a promising resource in quantum information processing with its high capacity character, defined as the entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom(DOFs) of a quantum system, such as polarization, spatial-mode, orbit-angular-momentum, time-bin and frequency DOFs of photons.Recently, hyperentanglement attracts much attention as all the multiple DOFs can be used to carry information in quantum information processing fully. In this review, we present an overview of the progress achieved so far in the field of hyperentanglement in photon systems and some of its important applications in quantum information processing, including hyperentanglement generation, complete hyperentangled-Bell-state analysis, hyperentanglement concentration, and hyperentanglement purification for high-capacity long-distance quantum communication. Also, a scheme for hyper-controlled-not gate is introduced for hyperparallel photonic quantum computation, which can perform two controlled-not gate operations on both the polarization and spatial-mode DOFs and depress the resources consumed and the photonic dissipation.展开更多
A 2-graph is a hypergraph with edge sizes of at most two.A regular 2-graph is said to be minimal if it does not contain a proper regular factor.Let f2(n)be the maximum value of degrees over all minimal regular 2-graph...A 2-graph is a hypergraph with edge sizes of at most two.A regular 2-graph is said to be minimal if it does not contain a proper regular factor.Let f2(n)be the maximum value of degrees over all minimal regular 2-graphs of n vertices.In this paper,we provide a structure property of minimal regular 2-graphs,and consequently,prove that f2(n)=n+3-i/3,where 1≤i≤6,i≡n(mod 6)and n≥7,which solves a conjecture posed by Fan,Liu,Wu and Wong.As applications in graph theory,we are able to characterize unfactorable regular graphs and provide the best possible factor existence theorem on degree conditions.Moreover,fa(n)and the minimal 2-graphs can be used in the universal switch box designs,which originally motivated this study.展开更多
文摘Duplicate bug reporting is a critical problem in the software repositories’mining area.Duplicate bug reports can lead to redundant efforts,wasted resources,and delayed software releases.Thus,their accurate identification is essential for streamlining the bug triage process mining area.Several researchers have explored classical information retrieval,natural language processing,text and data mining,and machine learning approaches.The emergence of large language models(LLMs)(ChatGPT and Huggingface)has presented a new line of models for semantic textual similarity(STS).Although LLMs have shown remarkable advancements,there remains a need for longitudinal studies to determine whether performance improvements are due to the scale of the models or the unique embeddings they produce compared to classical encoding models.This study systematically investigates this issue by comparing classical word embedding techniques against LLM-based embeddings for duplicate bug detection.In this study,we have proposed an amalgamation of models to detect duplicate bug reports using textual and non-textual information about bug reports.The empirical evaluation has been performed on the open-source datasets and evaluated based on established metrics using the mean reciprocal rank(MRR),mean average precision(MAP),and recall rate.The experimental results have shown that combined LLMs can outperform(recall-rate@k 68%–74%)other individual=models for duplicate bug detection.These findings highlight the effectiveness of amalgamating multiple techniques in improving the duplicate bug report detection accuracy.
基金a part of the Aerosol Radiative Forcing over India project of the Indian Space Research Organization’s Geosphere Biosphere Programme
文摘This study characterizes the black carbon in Agra, India home to the Taj Mahal--and situated in the lndo-Gangetic basin. The mean black carbon concentration is 9.5 μg m-3 and, owing to excessive biomass/fossil fuel combustion and automobile emissions, the concentration varies considerably. Seasonally, the black carbon mass concentration is highest in winter, probably due to the increased fossil fuel consumption for heating and cooking, apart from a low boundary layer. The nocturnal peak rises prominently in winter, when the use of domestic heating is excessive. Meanwhile, the concentration is lowest during the monsoon season because of the turbulent atmospheric conditions and the process of washout by precipitation. The ratio of black carbon to brown carbon is less than unity during the entire study period, except in winter （December）. This may be because that biomass combustion and diesel exhaust are major black carbon contributors in this region, while a higher ratio in winter may be due to the increased consumption of fossil fuel and wood for heating purposes. ANOVA reveals significant monthly variation in the concentration of black carbon; plus, it is negatively correlated with wind speed and temperature. A high black carbon mass concentration is observed at moderate （1-2 m s-1） wind speed, as compared to calm or turbulent atmospheric conditions.
文摘An assessment of the emission of combustible gases in developing countries requires reliable analytical realtime monitors that can rapidly screen them with minimal handling. Considering the expensive nature of monitoring environmental pollutants, chemical sensors are expected to play a pivotal role in measuring and recording environmental data. The Drager X am 5000 was used to report emission levels of combustible gases in this study, namely;nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) at traffic and practising waste dumpsite in Freetown, the main city of Sierra Leone. Hourly average values for the three pollutants were recorded in the morning, afternoon and evening periods, respectively. The range of values were 18 - 76 ppb for NO2, 211 - 506 ppb for SO2 and 11 - 14 ppm for CO at traffic site;and 6 - 16 ppb for NO2, 118 - 276 ppb for SO2 and 8 - 15 ppm for CO at the dumpsite, respectively. There were significantly high hourly variations for NO2 and SO2 at the traffic site and for CO and SO2 at the dumpsite. Evidence of peak values showed emission levels that were considered dangerous for human exposure. This pilot study revealed that combustible gases released in certain areas of the capital city are a concern for both public health officials and environmental advocates.
文摘Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030 is Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Since developing countries especially in Africa would struggle to meet this target, this study was conceived. Hence, the study was designed to assess the water quality for physiochemical parameters around a mined out site in southern Sierra Leone with the view to determine their levels, determine related associations among indicators and explore environmental forensic options. A finite population correction factor was used to identify fifty (50) groundwater sources from one hundred and fifty two (152) in nine (9) sections of Moriba Town, in Moyamba District, Sierra Leone which constitute the sample size. The study assessed sixteen (16) physical and chemical indicators across the defined boundary of the sample size. Results indicated that almost 80% of all the indicators were in good agreement with water quality standards with the exception of three. Turbidity correlated strongly with , Al and ?and almost all other indicators did not show meaningful association. High values with significant variance of water quality indicators of physical to chemical ratio were observed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) but no such observation was noted for turbidity. On the whole, the water quality was judged to be good, although more pro active actions were encouraged by the local people and the mining company so as to reduce contamination in some areas.
文摘There is a growing need for web-based geographic information systems for easy and fast dissemination, sharing, displaying and processing of spatial information. The tremendous growth in the use of web and open-source geospatial resources has sparked development of web-based spatial applications to address multidisciplinary issues with spatial dimensions. This paper presents the integration of open-source geospatial tools and web technology to visualize and interact with spatial data using web browser. The goal of this paper is to implement a prototype system for web-based mapping by providing step-by-step instructions in order to encourage the eager developers and interested readers to publish their maps on the web with no prior technical experience in map servers. The implementation of mapping prototype shows the utilization of open-source geospatial tools which results in a rapid implementation with minimal or no software input cost.
文摘This paper is an extended research for a novel technique used in the pose error compensations of the robot and manipulator calibration process based on an IT2FEI （interval type-2 fuzzy error interpolation） method. Robot calibrations can be classified into model-based and modeless methods. A model-based calibration method normally requires that the practitioners understand the kinematics of the robot therefore may pose a challenger for field engineers. An alternative yet effective means for robot calibration is to use a modeless method; however with such a method there is a conflict between the calibration accuracy of the robot and the number of grid points used in the calibration task. In this paper, an interval type-2 fuzzy interpolation system is applied to improve the compensation accuracy of the robot in its 3D workspace. An on-line type-2 fuzzy inference system is implemented to meet the needs of on-line robot trajectory planning and control. The simulated results given in this paper show that not only robot compensation accuracy can be greatly improved, but also the calibration process can be significantly simplified, and it is more suitable for practical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11474026, 11574038, 11547106, 11604226, and 11674033)
文摘Hyperentanglement is a promising resource in quantum information processing with its high capacity character, defined as the entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom(DOFs) of a quantum system, such as polarization, spatial-mode, orbit-angular-momentum, time-bin and frequency DOFs of photons.Recently, hyperentanglement attracts much attention as all the multiple DOFs can be used to carry information in quantum information processing fully. In this review, we present an overview of the progress achieved so far in the field of hyperentanglement in photon systems and some of its important applications in quantum information processing, including hyperentanglement generation, complete hyperentangled-Bell-state analysis, hyperentanglement concentration, and hyperentanglement purification for high-capacity long-distance quantum communication. Also, a scheme for hyper-controlled-not gate is introduced for hyperparallel photonic quantum computation, which can perform two controlled-not gate operations on both the polarization and spatial-mode DOFs and depress the resources consumed and the photonic dissipation.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canadathe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10471078)Specialied Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(Grant No.20040422004)of China.
文摘A 2-graph is a hypergraph with edge sizes of at most two.A regular 2-graph is said to be minimal if it does not contain a proper regular factor.Let f2(n)be the maximum value of degrees over all minimal regular 2-graphs of n vertices.In this paper,we provide a structure property of minimal regular 2-graphs,and consequently,prove that f2(n)=n+3-i/3,where 1≤i≤6,i≡n(mod 6)and n≥7,which solves a conjecture posed by Fan,Liu,Wu and Wong.As applications in graph theory,we are able to characterize unfactorable regular graphs and provide the best possible factor existence theorem on degree conditions.Moreover,fa(n)and the minimal 2-graphs can be used in the universal switch box designs,which originally motivated this study.
