This study investigated possible effective treatments for cervical pregnancy, a rare form of ectopic pregnancy. The clinical records of 11 cases of ectopic pregnancy admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Ya...This study investigated possible effective treatments for cervical pregnancy, a rare form of ectopic pregnancy. The clinical records of 11 cases of ectopic pregnancy admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from 1998 to 2010 were analyzed. All patients were treated with intermuscular injection of methotrexate （MTX, 50 mg）, and oral mifepristone （25 mg, bid）. All cases were successfully cured by conservative treatments using methotrexate plus mifepristone. Cervical pregnancy is a contributive factor to mutiple abortions and curettages. Methotrexate plus mifepristone, curettage through hysteroscopy and intracervical obturation with gauze are effective treatments of cervical pregnancy without the need for surgical intervention.展开更多
Purpose: To retrospectively review uteroovarian anastomosis (UOA) visualization during uterine artery embolization (UAE) in patients with or without uterine fibroids (UFs). Material and Methods: 43 patients underwent ...Purpose: To retrospectively review uteroovarian anastomosis (UOA) visualization during uterine artery embolization (UAE) in patients with or without uterine fibroids (UFs). Material and Methods: 43 patients underwent UAE for uterine fibroids (n = 23) and gynecological hemorrhage (n = 20). The frequency of angiographic visualization of UOAs was compared between the two groups and analyzed by the Fisher’s exact test. Results: Except for one patient with no right uterine artery, 85 uterine arteries were evaluated. Of these 85 uterine arteries, 23 UOA were recognized: 14 UOAs (58%) (right: 5 [21.7%], left: 9 [37.5%]) were visualized in 23 patients with UFs, and 9 UOAs (47.4%) (right: 4 [21%], left: 5 [26.3%]) were visualized in 20 patients with gynecological hemorrhage. In both groups, UOA was observed after UAE in one patient. Statistically significant difference was not observed for UOAs visualized between patients with or without UFs except a group of left UAE in patients with UFs (P = 0.036). Conclusion: The frequency of UOAs visualized during angiography was similar between patients with or without UFs. Therefore, UOA should be visualized carefully during UAE in patients with gynecological hemorrhage.展开更多
This study aimed to assess the measurement uncertainty of a new method for determination of allura redin food by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The uncertainty of mathematical model of allura red is ...This study aimed to assess the measurement uncertainty of a new method for determination of allura redin food by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The uncertainty of mathematical model of allura red is based on Europe for Analytical Chemistry（EURACHEM） guidelines. The sources and components of uncertainty were calculated, including recovery, working solution, sample mass, final volume, response of standard solution, response of sample solution. The expanded uncertainty was 0.0024 （k=2）. Uncertainty of working solution was the most significant factor contributing to the total uncertainty, accounting for 86.2%. The uncertainty of volume accounted for the minimum at 0.025%. The developed method is simple and accurate, which can be used for the determination of allura redin puffed samples.展开更多
Objective:The present study is to compare pharmacokinetics difference of carboplatin by using ultraselection uterine artery with by using peripheral vein in cervical cancer.Methods:Thirteen patients with locally advan...Objective:The present study is to compare pharmacokinetics difference of carboplatin by using ultraselection uterine artery with by using peripheral vein in cervical cancer.Methods:Thirteen patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who had been proved by pathobiology were randomly divided into two groups:the ultraselection uterine artery group(group A, n = 6) and the peripheral vein(group B, n = 7).Carboplatin was administered by infusing into artery or vein in both groups at the dosage of 300 mg/m2.Tissues from the cervical tumor were collected at different times after infusion in both groups and then analyzed.Results:The peak concentration of platinum in tumor tissue was about 2.79 times higher in group A than that of group B(P < 0.05).The platinum concentrations in tumor in group A reached its peak levels immediately after infusion.But, group B had delayed time.While, for the time point of 0 min, when the administration finished immediately, the platinum concentration in tumor was significantly higher when compared with group B(P < 0.05).The tumor tissue area under the concentration(AUC) of carboplatin was about 2 times higher in group A than that of group B(P < 0.05).Conclusion:We observed the pharmacological advantages of chemotherapy by using ultraselection uterine artery administration of chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin in tumor tissue which provided theoretical basis and laboratory parameters of the intra-arterial chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancy.展开更多
Aim:To report a birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of ejaculated spermatozoa from a man with mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis.Methods:A ...Aim:To report a birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of ejaculated spermatozoa from a man with mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis.Methods:A 35-year- old man with a normal appearance consulted our hospital because of sterility over a 5-year period.Chromosome analysis showed low-incidence mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome.Using FISH,96 % hyperploidy of the lymphocytes was found.We examined the sex chromosome of the ejaculated spermatozoa.Using FISH,we examined 200 ejacu- lated spermatozoa and no hyperploidy was found.Results:The 33-year-old female partner of the male patient underwent an uncomplicated controlled ovarian hyperstimulation sequence using a combined recombinant-follicle stimulating hormone (rec-FSH) + human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) protocol,following late luteal phase pituitary down regulation.This culminated in the retrieval of seven oocytes,six of which were fertilized with ICSI. One ICSI attempt led to clinical pregnancy with a healthy baby girl.Conclusion:We report a male patient with low- incidence mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome whose ejaculated spermatozoa were identified as being haploid by FISH before ICSI,leading to the successful pregnancy of his wife and the birth of a healthy baby girl.展开更多
Four a-galactosyl phytosphingosine 2,6’-diamide analogs were prepared from 2,6’-diamino a-galactosylphytosphingosine and the aromatic-bearing carboxylic acids. After purification with High Performance Liquid Chromat...Four a-galactosyl phytosphingosine 2,6’-diamide analogs were prepared from 2,6’-diamino a-galactosylphytosphingosine and the aromatic-bearing carboxylic acids. After purification with High Performance Liquid Chromatography, a flowcytometry for the four compounds for stimulation of human Va24+/Vb11+ NKT cell populations was carried out. Additional keto groups on the acyl chains of the 2,6’-diamide compound was associated with the enhanced stimulating effect.展开更多
Introduction: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of maternal death in the world and it is reported to occur in 5% - 8% of pregnancies. Objective: This study aimed to present a single centre’s ex...Introduction: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of maternal death in the world and it is reported to occur in 5% - 8% of pregnancies. Objective: This study aimed to present a single centre’s experience in treating PPH by balloon tamponade. Methods: During the time period between January 2013 and March 2016, 50 patients who had undergone balloon tamponade for postpartum hemorrhage in our clinic were evaluated retrospectively. The patients’ age, parity, type of delivery, birth weight, hemoglobin and platelet values, total blood loss from catheter, balloon’s staying time, blood and platelet transfusion status, the presence of placenta anomalies and the Bakri balloon hemostasis success rate were evaluated. Results: During the study period, there were 27,249 deliveries. The frequency of massive postpartum hemorrhage was 0.61% (n = 168). Among the 168 patients with massive postpartum hemorrhage, there were 50 patients in whom the Bakri balloon catheter was used. Bakri balloons were placed via cesarean section incision in 19 patients and via vagina in 31 patients. The mean staying time of Bakri balloon was 18 hours. In 8 patients, balloon tamponade failed. Two patients underwent hysterectomy;other two patients had surgical ligation of the hypogastric artery. Four cases were referred to a tertiary center. Placental invasion abnormalities were observed in five patients. The overall Bakri balloon hemostasis successful rate was found to be as 84% in all cases. Conclusion: Bakri balloon tamponade is an effective, safe and practical approach in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.展开更多
In 1956, my former Head and Professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology KT LIM, asked me to take the initiative to establish a reproductive endocrinology unit. As China is a developing country, we wer... In 1956, my former Head and Professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology KT LIM, asked me to take the initiative to establish a reproductive endocrinology unit. As China is a developing country, we were then short of diagnostic facilities and therapeutic agents. We can learn basic knowledge and clinical experiences from the literature, but hormonal preparations were expensive and generally most of our patients were poor. We needed to find simpler, inexpensive and yet effective ways to treat our patients. In a word, we had to develop our own way.……展开更多
Background Occult stress urinary incontinence may lead to de novo stress urinary incontinence after pelvic floor repair surgery. A measurement of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency can reflect the integrity of the ...Background Occult stress urinary incontinence may lead to de novo stress urinary incontinence after pelvic floor repair surgery. A measurement of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency can reflect the integrity of the nerves. We aimed to explore the value of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency in the diagnosis of occult stress urinary incontinence in pelvic organ prolapse patients. Methods Ten patients with stress urinary incontinence （SUI group）, 10 with SUI and uterine or vaginal prolapse （POP＋SUI group） and 10 with uncomplicated uterine or vaginal prolapse （POP group） were evaluated for their pudendal nerve terminal motor latency using a keypoint electromyogram. Results The amplitude of positive waves was between 0.1 and 0.2 mV. The nerve terminal motor latency was between 1.44 and 2.38 ms. There was no significant difference in the wave amplitudes of pudendal nerve evoked action potential among the three different groups （P 〉0.05）. The pudendal nerve latency of the SUI group, POP＋SUI group and POP group were （2.9_＋0.7） seconds, （2.8_＋0.7） seconds and （1.9_＋0.5） seconds respectively. The difference between the SUI group and POP＋SUI group was not statistically significant （P 〉0.05）, whereas the difference between the SUI and POP groups and between the POP＋SUI and POP groups were statistically significant （P 〈0.05）. There was a positive correlation between pudendal nerve latency and the severity of SUI; the correlation coefficient was 0.720 （P 〈0.01）. Conclusions Patients with SUI may have some nerve demyelination injuries in the pudendal nerve but the damage might not involve the nerve axons. The measurement of pudendal nerve latency may be useful for the diagnosis of SUI in POP patients.展开更多
Background:Although congenital hypothyroidism(CH)has been widely studied in Western countries,CH incidence at different administrative levels in China during the past decade remains unknown.This study aimed to update ...Background:Although congenital hypothyroidism(CH)has been widely studied in Western countries,CH incidence at different administrative levels in China during the past decade remains unknown.This study aimed to update the incidence and revealed the spatial pattern of CH incidence in the mainland of China,which could be helpful in the planning and implementation of preventative measures.Methods:The data used in our study were derived from 245 newborns screening centers that cover 30 provinces of the Chinese Newborn Screening Information System.Spatial auto-correlation was analyzed by Global Moran I and Getis-Ord Gi statistics at the provincial level.Kriging interpolation methods were applied to estimate a further detailed spatial distribution of CH incidence at city level throughout the mainland of China,and Kulldorff space scanning statistical methods were used to identify the spatial clusters of CH cases at the city level.Results:A total of 91,921,334 neonates were screened from 2013 to 2018 and 42,861 cases of primary CH were identified,yielding an incidence of 4.66 per 10,000 newborns screened(95%confidence interval[CI]:4.62–4.71).Neonates in central(risk ratio[RR]=0.84,95%CI:0.82–0.85)and western districts(RR=0.71,95%CI:0.69–0.73)had lower probability of CH cases compared with the eastern region.The CH incidence indicated a moderate positive global spatial autocorrelation(Global Moran I value=0.394,P<0.05),and the CH cases were significantly clustered in spatial distribution.A most likely city-cluster(log-likelihood ratio[LLR]=588.82,RR=2.36,P<0.01)and 25 secondary city-clusters of high incidence were scanned.The incidence of each province and each city in the mainland of China was estimated by kriging interpolation,revealing the most affected province and city to be Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou city,respectively.Conclusion:This study offers an insight into the space clustering of CH incidence at provincial and city scales.Future work on environmental factors need to focus on the effects of CH occurrence.展开更多
Objective To evaluate transcervical removal of foreign bodies (TCRF) and to estimate the effectiveness of its monitoring methods. Methods One hundred and thirteen women were identified as having residual intrauterin...Objective To evaluate transcervical removal of foreign bodies (TCRF) and to estimate the effectiveness of its monitoring methods. Methods One hundred and thirteen women were identified as having residual intrauterine devices (IUD), residual pregnancy products, unabsorbed strings and broken hooks, which were not removed during routine curettage or IUD removal. All patients were monitored using B ultrasonography while TCRF was performed. Four cases were monitored by laparoscopy simultaneously. One case was monitored by laparoscopic ultrasonography. Results Foreign bodies of one hundred and nine patients were taken out by TCRF. Uterine bleeding, amenorrhoea, discharge, abdominal pain, micturition and hematuria disappeared postoperatively. Fetal bones embedded into intramural uterin in four cases were not removed completely. Of these four, one became pregnant 4 months later after TCRF and term delivered. One case encountered uterine perforation that was sutured by laparoscopy. Conclusions TCRF is safe and efficient. Sufficient cervical canal distension, selection of equipment and methods to be used is important for successful TCRF. As a non-invasive and effective monitoring method, B ultrasonography is the first choice to monitor for TCRF. For patients with high risk factors for uterine perforation, laparoscopic monitoring should be done simultaneously. Laparoscopic ultrasonography monitoring has both the advantages of B ultrasonography and laparoscopy monitoring, but is invasive and expensive.展开更多
文摘This study investigated possible effective treatments for cervical pregnancy, a rare form of ectopic pregnancy. The clinical records of 11 cases of ectopic pregnancy admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from 1998 to 2010 were analyzed. All patients were treated with intermuscular injection of methotrexate （MTX, 50 mg）, and oral mifepristone （25 mg, bid）. All cases were successfully cured by conservative treatments using methotrexate plus mifepristone. Cervical pregnancy is a contributive factor to mutiple abortions and curettages. Methotrexate plus mifepristone, curettage through hysteroscopy and intracervical obturation with gauze are effective treatments of cervical pregnancy without the need for surgical intervention.
文摘Purpose: To retrospectively review uteroovarian anastomosis (UOA) visualization during uterine artery embolization (UAE) in patients with or without uterine fibroids (UFs). Material and Methods: 43 patients underwent UAE for uterine fibroids (n = 23) and gynecological hemorrhage (n = 20). The frequency of angiographic visualization of UOAs was compared between the two groups and analyzed by the Fisher’s exact test. Results: Except for one patient with no right uterine artery, 85 uterine arteries were evaluated. Of these 85 uterine arteries, 23 UOA were recognized: 14 UOAs (58%) (right: 5 [21.7%], left: 9 [37.5%]) were visualized in 23 patients with UFs, and 9 UOAs (47.4%) (right: 4 [21%], left: 5 [26.3%]) were visualized in 20 patients with gynecological hemorrhage. In both groups, UOA was observed after UAE in one patient. Statistically significant difference was not observed for UOAs visualized between patients with or without UFs except a group of left UAE in patients with UFs (P = 0.036). Conclusion: The frequency of UOAs visualized during angiography was similar between patients with or without UFs. Therefore, UOA should be visualized carefully during UAE in patients with gynecological hemorrhage.
文摘This study aimed to assess the measurement uncertainty of a new method for determination of allura redin food by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The uncertainty of mathematical model of allura red is based on Europe for Analytical Chemistry（EURACHEM） guidelines. The sources and components of uncertainty were calculated, including recovery, working solution, sample mass, final volume, response of standard solution, response of sample solution. The expanded uncertainty was 0.0024 （k=2）. Uncertainty of working solution was the most significant factor contributing to the total uncertainty, accounting for 86.2%. The uncertainty of volume accounted for the minimum at 0.025%. The developed method is simple and accurate, which can be used for the determination of allura redin puffed samples.
基金Supported by a grant from the Nature Sciences of Guangdong Province(No. 06024389).
文摘Objective:The present study is to compare pharmacokinetics difference of carboplatin by using ultraselection uterine artery with by using peripheral vein in cervical cancer.Methods:Thirteen patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who had been proved by pathobiology were randomly divided into two groups:the ultraselection uterine artery group(group A, n = 6) and the peripheral vein(group B, n = 7).Carboplatin was administered by infusing into artery or vein in both groups at the dosage of 300 mg/m2.Tissues from the cervical tumor were collected at different times after infusion in both groups and then analyzed.Results:The peak concentration of platinum in tumor tissue was about 2.79 times higher in group A than that of group B(P < 0.05).The platinum concentrations in tumor in group A reached its peak levels immediately after infusion.But, group B had delayed time.While, for the time point of 0 min, when the administration finished immediately, the platinum concentration in tumor was significantly higher when compared with group B(P < 0.05).The tumor tissue area under the concentration(AUC) of carboplatin was about 2 times higher in group A than that of group B(P < 0.05).Conclusion:We observed the pharmacological advantages of chemotherapy by using ultraselection uterine artery administration of chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin in tumor tissue which provided theoretical basis and laboratory parameters of the intra-arterial chemotherapy for gynecologic malignancy.
文摘Aim:To report a birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of ejaculated spermatozoa from a man with mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis.Methods:A 35-year- old man with a normal appearance consulted our hospital because of sterility over a 5-year period.Chromosome analysis showed low-incidence mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome.Using FISH,96 % hyperploidy of the lymphocytes was found.We examined the sex chromosome of the ejaculated spermatozoa.Using FISH,we examined 200 ejacu- lated spermatozoa and no hyperploidy was found.Results:The 33-year-old female partner of the male patient underwent an uncomplicated controlled ovarian hyperstimulation sequence using a combined recombinant-follicle stimulating hormone (rec-FSH) + human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) protocol,following late luteal phase pituitary down regulation.This culminated in the retrieval of seven oocytes,six of which were fertilized with ICSI. One ICSI attempt led to clinical pregnancy with a healthy baby girl.Conclusion:We report a male patient with low- incidence mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome whose ejaculated spermatozoa were identified as being haploid by FISH before ICSI,leading to the successful pregnancy of his wife and the birth of a healthy baby girl.
文摘Four a-galactosyl phytosphingosine 2,6’-diamide analogs were prepared from 2,6’-diamino a-galactosylphytosphingosine and the aromatic-bearing carboxylic acids. After purification with High Performance Liquid Chromatography, a flowcytometry for the four compounds for stimulation of human Va24+/Vb11+ NKT cell populations was carried out. Additional keto groups on the acyl chains of the 2,6’-diamide compound was associated with the enhanced stimulating effect.
文摘Introduction: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of maternal death in the world and it is reported to occur in 5% - 8% of pregnancies. Objective: This study aimed to present a single centre’s experience in treating PPH by balloon tamponade. Methods: During the time period between January 2013 and March 2016, 50 patients who had undergone balloon tamponade for postpartum hemorrhage in our clinic were evaluated retrospectively. The patients’ age, parity, type of delivery, birth weight, hemoglobin and platelet values, total blood loss from catheter, balloon’s staying time, blood and platelet transfusion status, the presence of placenta anomalies and the Bakri balloon hemostasis success rate were evaluated. Results: During the study period, there were 27,249 deliveries. The frequency of massive postpartum hemorrhage was 0.61% (n = 168). Among the 168 patients with massive postpartum hemorrhage, there were 50 patients in whom the Bakri balloon catheter was used. Bakri balloons were placed via cesarean section incision in 19 patients and via vagina in 31 patients. The mean staying time of Bakri balloon was 18 hours. In 8 patients, balloon tamponade failed. Two patients underwent hysterectomy;other two patients had surgical ligation of the hypogastric artery. Four cases were referred to a tertiary center. Placental invasion abnormalities were observed in five patients. The overall Bakri balloon hemostasis successful rate was found to be as 84% in all cases. Conclusion: Bakri balloon tamponade is an effective, safe and practical approach in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.
文摘 In 1956, my former Head and Professor of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology KT LIM, asked me to take the initiative to establish a reproductive endocrinology unit. As China is a developing country, we were then short of diagnostic facilities and therapeutic agents. We can learn basic knowledge and clinical experiences from the literature, but hormonal preparations were expensive and generally most of our patients were poor. We needed to find simpler, inexpensive and yet effective ways to treat our patients. In a word, we had to develop our own way.……
文摘Background Occult stress urinary incontinence may lead to de novo stress urinary incontinence after pelvic floor repair surgery. A measurement of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency can reflect the integrity of the nerves. We aimed to explore the value of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency in the diagnosis of occult stress urinary incontinence in pelvic organ prolapse patients. Methods Ten patients with stress urinary incontinence （SUI group）, 10 with SUI and uterine or vaginal prolapse （POP＋SUI group） and 10 with uncomplicated uterine or vaginal prolapse （POP group） were evaluated for their pudendal nerve terminal motor latency using a keypoint electromyogram. Results The amplitude of positive waves was between 0.1 and 0.2 mV. The nerve terminal motor latency was between 1.44 and 2.38 ms. There was no significant difference in the wave amplitudes of pudendal nerve evoked action potential among the three different groups （P 〉0.05）. The pudendal nerve latency of the SUI group, POP＋SUI group and POP group were （2.9_＋0.7） seconds, （2.8_＋0.7） seconds and （1.9_＋0.5） seconds respectively. The difference between the SUI group and POP＋SUI group was not statistically significant （P 〉0.05）, whereas the difference between the SUI and POP groups and between the POP＋SUI and POP groups were statistically significant （P 〈0.05）. There was a positive correlation between pudendal nerve latency and the severity of SUI; the correlation coefficient was 0.720 （P 〈0.01）. Conclusions Patients with SUI may have some nerve demyelination injuries in the pudendal nerve but the damage might not involve the nerve axons. The measurement of pudendal nerve latency may be useful for the diagnosis of SUI in POP patients.
基金supported by a grant from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC1001700).
文摘Background:Although congenital hypothyroidism(CH)has been widely studied in Western countries,CH incidence at different administrative levels in China during the past decade remains unknown.This study aimed to update the incidence and revealed the spatial pattern of CH incidence in the mainland of China,which could be helpful in the planning and implementation of preventative measures.Methods:The data used in our study were derived from 245 newborns screening centers that cover 30 provinces of the Chinese Newborn Screening Information System.Spatial auto-correlation was analyzed by Global Moran I and Getis-Ord Gi statistics at the provincial level.Kriging interpolation methods were applied to estimate a further detailed spatial distribution of CH incidence at city level throughout the mainland of China,and Kulldorff space scanning statistical methods were used to identify the spatial clusters of CH cases at the city level.Results:A total of 91,921,334 neonates were screened from 2013 to 2018 and 42,861 cases of primary CH were identified,yielding an incidence of 4.66 per 10,000 newborns screened(95%confidence interval[CI]:4.62–4.71).Neonates in central(risk ratio[RR]=0.84,95%CI:0.82–0.85)and western districts(RR=0.71,95%CI:0.69–0.73)had lower probability of CH cases compared with the eastern region.The CH incidence indicated a moderate positive global spatial autocorrelation(Global Moran I value=0.394,P<0.05),and the CH cases were significantly clustered in spatial distribution.A most likely city-cluster(log-likelihood ratio[LLR]=588.82,RR=2.36,P<0.01)and 25 secondary city-clusters of high incidence were scanned.The incidence of each province and each city in the mainland of China was estimated by kriging interpolation,revealing the most affected province and city to be Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou city,respectively.Conclusion:This study offers an insight into the space clustering of CH incidence at provincial and city scales.Future work on environmental factors need to focus on the effects of CH occurrence.
文摘Objective To evaluate transcervical removal of foreign bodies (TCRF) and to estimate the effectiveness of its monitoring methods. Methods One hundred and thirteen women were identified as having residual intrauterine devices (IUD), residual pregnancy products, unabsorbed strings and broken hooks, which were not removed during routine curettage or IUD removal. All patients were monitored using B ultrasonography while TCRF was performed. Four cases were monitored by laparoscopy simultaneously. One case was monitored by laparoscopic ultrasonography. Results Foreign bodies of one hundred and nine patients were taken out by TCRF. Uterine bleeding, amenorrhoea, discharge, abdominal pain, micturition and hematuria disappeared postoperatively. Fetal bones embedded into intramural uterin in four cases were not removed completely. Of these four, one became pregnant 4 months later after TCRF and term delivered. One case encountered uterine perforation that was sutured by laparoscopy. Conclusions TCRF is safe and efficient. Sufficient cervical canal distension, selection of equipment and methods to be used is important for successful TCRF. As a non-invasive and effective monitoring method, B ultrasonography is the first choice to monitor for TCRF. For patients with high risk factors for uterine perforation, laparoscopic monitoring should be done simultaneously. Laparoscopic ultrasonography monitoring has both the advantages of B ultrasonography and laparoscopy monitoring, but is invasive and expensive.
