With the increasing prevalence of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)applications,the demand for high-capacity next-generation materials has also increased.SiO_(x)is currently considered a promising anode material due to its ...With the increasing prevalence of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)applications,the demand for high-capacity next-generation materials has also increased.SiO_(x)is currently considered a promising anode material due to its exceptionally high capacity for LIBs.However,the significant volumetric changes of SiO_(x)during cycling and its initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)complicate its use,whether alone or in combination with graphite materials.In this study,a three-dimensional conductive binder network with high electronic conductivity and robust elasticity for graphite/SiO_(x)blended anodes was proposed by chemically anchoring carbon nanotubes and carboxymethyl cellulose binders using tannic acid as a chemical cross-linker.In addition,a dehydrogenation-based prelithiation strategy employing lithium hydride was utilized to enhance the ICE of SiO_(x).The combination of these two strategies increased the CE of SiO_(x)from 74%to87%and effectively mitigated its volume expansion in the graphite/SiO_(x)blended electrode,resulting in an efficient electron-conductive binder network.This led to a remarkable capacity retention of 94%after30 cycles,even under challenging conditions,with a high capacity of 550 mA h g^(-1)and a current density of 4 mA cm^(-2).Furthermore,to validate the feasibility of utilizing prelithiated SiO_(x)anode materials and the conductive binder network in LIBs,a full cell incorporating these materials and a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode was used.This cell demonstrated a~27.3%increase in discharge capacity of the first cycle(~185.7 mA h g^(-1))and exhibited a cycling stability of 300 cycles.Thus,this study reports a simple,feasible,and insightful method for designing high-performance LIB electrodes.展开更多
The successful utilization of an eco-friendly and biocompatible parylene-C substrate for high-performance solution-processed double-walled carbon nanotube(CNT)electrode-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)was demonstrat...The successful utilization of an eco-friendly and biocompatible parylene-C substrate for high-performance solution-processed double-walled carbon nanotube(CNT)electrode-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)was demonstrated.Through the use of a novel inversion transfer technique,vertical separation of the binders from the CNTs was induced,rendering a stronger p-doping effect and thereby a higher conductivity of the CNTs.The resulting foldable devices exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 18.11%,which is the highest reported among CNT transparent electrode-based PSCs to date,and withstood more than 10,000 folding cycles at a radius of 0.5 mm,demonstrating unprecedented mechanical stability.Furthermore,solar modules were fabricated using entirely laser scribing processes to assess the potential of the solution-processable nanocarbon electrode.Notably,this is the only one to be processed entirely by the laser scribing process and to be biocompatible as well as eco-friendly among the previously reported nonindium tin oxide-based perovskite solar modules.展开更多
Electrochemical nitrate reduction(ENR)is an economical and eco-friendly method for converting industrial wastewater into valuable ammonia under atmospheric conditions.The main challenge lies in designing and developin...Electrochemical nitrate reduction(ENR)is an economical and eco-friendly method for converting industrial wastewater into valuable ammonia under atmospheric conditions.The main challenge lies in designing and developing highly durable ENR electrocatalysts.This study introduces defect-rich mesoporous CuO_(x) nanowires electrocatalyst synthesized using a novel solution-flame(sol-flame)hybrid method to control mesoporosity and introduce surface defects,thereby enhancing the electrochemical nitrate-toammonia production performance.We found surface defects(oxygen vacancies and Cu^(+))and unique mesoporous nanowire structure composed of tightly interconnected nanoparticles.The sol-flamesynthesized CuO_(x) nanowires(sf-CuO NWs)achieved superior ammonia yield rate(0.51 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)),faradaic efficiency(97.3%),and selectivity(86.2%)in 1 M KOH electrolyte(2000 ppm nitrate).This performance surpasses that of non-porous and less-defective CuO NWs and is attributed to the increased surface area and rapid electron transport facilitated by the distinctive morphology and generated defects.Theoretical calculation further suggests oxygen vacancies enhance NO_(3)^(-)adsorption on the sf-CuO NWs’surface and mitigate the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.This study outlines a strategic design and simple synthesis approach for nanowire electrocatalysts that boost the efficiency of electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion.展开更多
Flexible self-powered electromechanical devices,such as piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),which are used in wearable and implantable devices,are emerging as state-of-the-art clean energy sources.In this study,a scal...Flexible self-powered electromechanical devices,such as piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),which are used in wearable and implantable devices,are emerging as state-of-the-art clean energy sources.In this study,a scalable supersonic spraying technique was used to prepare flexible piezocomposite films of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and hydrothermally synthesized ZnSnO_(3)(ZSO)cubes for PENGs.Raman spectra confirmed that the transformation of the α-phase of PVDF to its β-phase was induced by the shear stress generated between the ZSO particles and PVDF polymer during supersonic spraying.The op-timized sample comprising 0.43 g of ZSO cubes and 1 g of PVDF produced a maximum piezopotential of 41.5 V and a short-circuit current,I_(sc),of 52.5 μA.A maximum power density of 50.6 μW cm-2 was ob-tained at a loading resistance of 0.4 MΩ,which matched the impedance of the PENG.Long-term tapping and bending cycles of N_(tap)=4200 and N_(bend)=600 yielded piezopotentials of 40.5 and 1.7 V,respectively.In addition,electrical poling for 2 h increased the piezopotential to 52 V owing to the alignment of the ferroelectric dipoles in the PVDF.展开更多
Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices that generate green hydrogen from sunlight and water.In this study,we present a synthesis of high-performance Sb_(2)S_(3)photoa...Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices that generate green hydrogen from sunlight and water.In this study,we present a synthesis of high-performance Sb_(2)S_(3)photoanodes via an interface-engineered hydrothermal growth followed by rapid thermal annealing(RTA).A TiO_(2)interfacial layer plays a crucial role in ensuring homogeneous precursor deposition,enhancing light absorption,and forming efficient heterojunctions with Sb_(2)S_(3),thereby significantly improving charge separation and transport.RTA further improves crystallinity and interfacial contact,resulting in dense and uniform Sb_(2)S_(3)films with enlarged grains and fewer defects.The optimized Sb_(2)S_(3)photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 2.51 mA/cm^(2)at 1.23 V vs.the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),one of the highest reported for Sb_(2)S_(3)without additional catalysts or passivation layers.To overcome the limitations of oxygen evolution reaction(OER),we employ the iodide oxidation reaction(IOR)as an alternative,significantly lowering the overpotential and improving charge transfer kinetics.Consequently,it produces a record photocurrent density of 8.9 mA/cm^(2)at 0.54 V vs.RHE.This work highlights the synergy between TiO_(2)interfacial engineering,RTA-induced crystallization,and IOR-driven oxidation,offering a promising pathway for efficient and scalable PEC hydrogen production.展开更多
Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by com...Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by completely removing the material from the ablation region within the release material layer at high energy densities.However,this R/R separation method often results in a significant amount of release material and carbonized debris remaining on the surface of the device wafer,severely reducing product yields and cleaning efficiency for ultra-thin device wafers.Here,we proposed an interfacial separation strategy based on laser-induced hot stamping effect and thermoelastic stress wave,which enables stress-free separation of wafer bonding pairs at the interface of the release layer and the adhesive layer(R/A separation).By comprehensively analyzing the micro-morphology and material composition of the release material,we elucidated the laser debonding behavior of bonded pairs under different separation modes.Additionally,we calculated the ablation threshold of the release material in the case of wafer bonding and established the processing window for different separation methods.This work offers a fresh perspective on the development and application of laser debonding technology.The proposed R/A interface separation method is versatile,controllable,and highly reliable,and does not leave release materials and carbonized debris on device wafers,demonstrating strong industrial adaptability,which greatly facilitates the application and development of advanced packaging for ultra-thin chips.展开更多
The exploration of heterostructures composed of two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDc)materials has garnered significant research attention due to the distinctive properties of each individual compon...The exploration of heterostructures composed of two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDc)materials has garnered significant research attention due to the distinctive properties of each individual component and their phase-dependent unique properties.Using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD)method,we analyze the fabrication of heterostructures consisting of two phases of molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))in four different cases.The initial hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)polarization curve indicates that the activity of the heterostructure MoS_(2)is consistent with that of the underlying MoS_(2),rather than the surface activity of the upper MoS_(2).This behavior can be attributed to the presence of Schottky barriers,which include contact resistance,which significantly hampers the efficient charge transfer at junctions between the two different phases of MoS_(2)layers and is mediated by van der Waals bonds.Remarkably,the energy barrier at the junction dissipates upon reaching a certain electrochemical potential,indicating surface activation from the top phase of MoS_(2)in the heterostructure.Notably,the 1T/2H MoS_(2)heterostructure demonstrates enhanced electrochemical stability compared to its metastable 1T-MoS_(2).This fundamental understanding paves the way for the creation of phase-controllable heterostructures through an experimentally viable PECVD,offering significant promise for a wide range of applications.展开更多
Energy-storage systems and their production have attracted significant interest for practical applications.Batteries are the foundation of sustainable energy sources for electric vehicles(EVs),portable electronic devi...Energy-storage systems and their production have attracted significant interest for practical applications.Batteries are the foundation of sustainable energy sources for electric vehicles(EVs),portable electronic devices(PEDs),etc.In recent decades,Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been extensively utilized in largescale energy storage devices owing to their long cycle life and high energy density.However,the high cost and limited availability of Li are the two main obstacles for LIBs.In this regard,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) are attractive alternatives to LIBs for large-scale energy storage systems because of the abundance and low cost of sodium materials.Cathode is one of the most important components in the battery,which limits cost and performance of a battery.Among the classified cathode structures,layered structure materials have attracted attention because of their high ionic conductivity,fast diffusion rate,and high specific capacity.Here,we present a comprehensive review of the classification of layered structures and the preparation of layered materials.Furthermore,the review article discusses extensively about the issues of the layered materials,namely(1) electrochemical degradation,(2) irreversible structural changes,and(3) structural instability,and also it provides strategies to overcome the issues such as elemental phase composition,a small amount of elemental doping,structural design,and surface alteration for emerging SIBs.In addition,the article discusses about the recent research development on layered unary,binary,ternary,quaternary,quinary,and senary-based O3-and P2-type cathode materials for high-energy SIBs.This review article provides useful information for the development of high-energy layered sodium transition metal oxide P2 and O3-cathode materials for practical SIBs.展开更多
In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution...In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution in the device performance has been achieved by gaining an advanced understanding of the composition,crystal growth,and defect engineering of perovskites.As device performances approach their theoretical limits,effective optical management becomes essential for achieving higher efficiency.In this review,we discuss the status and perspectives of nano to micron-scale patterning methods for the optical management of perovskite optoelectronic devices.We initially discuss the importance of effective light harvesting and light outcoupling via optical management.Subsequently,the recent progress in various patterning/texturing techniques applied to perovskite optoelectronic devices is summarized by categorizing them into top-down and bottom-up methods.Finally,we discuss the perspectives of advanced patterning/texturing technologies for the development and commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices.展开更多
Herein,a layer of molybdenum oxide(MoO_(x)),a transition metal oxide(TMO),which has outstanding catalytic properties in combination with a carbonbased thin film,is modified to improve the hydrogen production performan...Herein,a layer of molybdenum oxide(MoO_(x)),a transition metal oxide(TMO),which has outstanding catalytic properties in combination with a carbonbased thin film,is modified to improve the hydrogen production performance and protect the MoO_(x)in acidic media.A thin film of graphene is transferred onto the MoO_(x)layer,after which the graphene structure is doped with N and S atoms at room temperature using a plasma doping method to modify the electronic structure and intrinsic properties of the material.The oxygen functional groups in graphene increase the interfacial interactions and electrical contacts between graphene and MoO_(x).The appearance of surface defects such as oxygen vacancies can result in vacancies in MoO_(x).This improves the electrical conductivity and electrochemically accessible surface area.Increasing the number of defects in graphene by adding dopants can significantly affect the chemical reaction at the interfaces and improve the electrochemical performance.These defects in graphene play a crucial role in the adsorption of H^(+)ions on the graphene surface and their transport to the MoO_(x)layer underneath.This enables MoO_(x)to participate in the reaction with the doped graphene.N^(‐)and S^(‐)doped graphene(NSGr)on MoO_(x)is active in acidic media and performs well in terms of hydrogen production.The initial overpotential value of 359 mV for the current density of−10 mA/cm^(2)is lowered to 228 mV after activation.展开更多
We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrosp...We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrospinning and electroplating methods.Percolative non-woven structure and high flexibility of the NF mats and MF electrodes allowed us to achieve highly transparent and flexible piezocomposites.A viscoelastic solution,mixed with P(VDF-TrFE)and BaTiO_(3),was electrospun into piezoelectric NFs with a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 21.2 pC/N.In addition,the combination of electrospinning and elec-troplating techniques enabled the fabrication of Ni-plated MF-based transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs),contributing to the high transparency of the resulting piezocomposite.The energy-harvesting efficiencies of the BaTiO_(3)-embedded NF-based PENGs with transmittances of 86%and 80%were 200 and 240 V/MPa,respectively,marking the highest values in their class.Moreover,the output voltage driven by the coupling effect of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity during finger tapping was 25.7 V.These highly efficient energy-harvesting performances,along with the transparent and flexible features of the PENGs,hold great promise for body-attachable energy-harvesting and sensing devices,as demonstrated in this study.展开更多
The Tomato Hybrid Proline-rich Protein(THyPRP)gene was specifically expressed in the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)flower abscission zone(FAZ),and its stable antisense silencing under the control of an abscission zone(A...The Tomato Hybrid Proline-rich Protein(THyPRP)gene was specifically expressed in the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)flower abscission zone(FAZ),and its stable antisense silencing under the control of an abscission zone(AZ)-specific promoter,Tomato Abscission Polygalacturonase4,significantly inhibited tomato pedicel abscission following flower removal.For understanding the THyPRP role in regulating pedicel abscission,a transcriptomic analysis of the FAZ of THyPRP-silenced plants was performed,using a newly developed AZ-specific tomato microarray chip.Decreased expression of THyPRP in the silenced plants was already observed before abscission induction,resulting in FAZ-specific altered gene expression of transcription factors,epigenetic modifiers,post-translational regulators,and transporters.Our data demonstrate that the effect of THyPRP silencing on pedicel abscission was not mediated by its effect on auxin balance,but by decreased ethylene biosynthesis and response.Additionally,THyPRP silencing revealed new players,which were demonstrated for the first time to be involved in regulating pedicel abscission processes.These include:gibberellin perception,Ca2+-Calmodulin signaling,Serpins and Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier proteins involved in post-translational modifications,Synthaxin and SNARE-like proteins,which participate in exocytosis,a process necessary for cell separation.These changes,occurring in the silenced plants early after flower removal,inhibited and/or delayed the acquisition of the competence of the FAZ cells to respond to ethylene signaling.Our results suggest that THyPRP acts as a master regulator of flower abscission in tomato,predominantly by playing a role in the regulation of the FAZ cell competence to respond to ethylene signals.展开更多
The rapid advancement of AI-enabled applications has resulted in an increasing need for energy-efficient computing hardware.Logic-in-memory is a promising approach for processing the data stored in memory,wherein fast...The rapid advancement of AI-enabled applications has resulted in an increasing need for energy-efficient computing hardware.Logic-in-memory is a promising approach for processing the data stored in memory,wherein fast and efficient computations are possible owing to the parallel execution of reconfigurable logic operations.In this study,a dual-logic-in-memory device,which can simultaneously perform two logic operations in four states,is demonstrated using van der Waals ferroelectric field-effect transistors(vdW FeFETs).The proposed dual-logic-in-memory device,which also acts as a twobit storage device,is a single bidirectional polarization-integrated ferroelectric field-effect transistor(BPI-FeFET).It is fabricated by integrating an in-plane vdW ferroelectric semiconductor SnS and an out-of-plane vdW ferroelectric gate dielectric material—CuInP_(2)S_(6).Four reliable resistance states with excellent endurance and retention characteristics were achieved.The two-bit storage mechanism in a BPI-FeFET was analyzed from two perspectives:carrier density and carrier injection controls,which originated from the out-of-plane polarization of the gate dielectric and in-plane polarization of the semiconductor,respectively.Unlike conventional multilevel FeFETs,the proposed BPIFeFET does not require additional pre-examination or erasing steps to switch from/to an intermediate polarization,enabling direct switching between the four memory states.To utilize the fabricated BPI-FeFET as a dual-logic-inmemory device,two logical operations were selected(XOR and AND),and their parallel execution was demonstrated.Different types of logic operations could be implemented by selecting different initial states,demonstrating various types of functions required for numerous neural network operations.The flexibility and efficiency of the proposed dual-logic-in-memory device appear promising in the realization of next-generation low-power computing systems.展开更多
In the past tens of years,the power conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)has continuously improved and been one of the fastest growing photovoltaic technologies that can also help us achieve the goal of carbon e...In the past tens of years,the power conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)has continuously improved and been one of the fastest growing photovoltaic technologies that can also help us achieve the goal of carbon emissions reduction.Among several key advances,the alkali element post-deposition treatment(AlK PDT)is regarded as the most important finding in the last 10 years,which has led to the improvement of CIGS solar cell efficiency from 20.4%to 23.35%.A profound understanding of the influence of alkali element on the chemical and electrical properties of the CIGS absorber along with the underlying mechanisms is of great importance.In this review,we summarize the strategies of the alkali element doping in CIGS solar cell,the problems to be noted in the PDT process,the effects on the CdS buffer layer,the effects of different alkali elements on the structure and morphology of the CIGS absorber layer,and retrospect the progress in the CIGS solar cell with emphasis on the alkali element post deposition treatment.展开更多
Historic maps showing the temporal distribution of rice fields are important for precision agriculture,irrigation optimisation,forecasting crop yields,land use management and formulating policies.However,mapping rice ...Historic maps showing the temporal distribution of rice fields are important for precision agriculture,irrigation optimisation,forecasting crop yields,land use management and formulating policies.However,mapping rice felds using traditional ground surveys is impractical when high cost,time and labour requirements are considered,and the availability of such detailed records is limited.Although satellite remote sensing appears to be a viable solution,conventional segmentation and classification methods with spectral bands are often unable to contrast the distinct characteristics between rice fields and other vegetation classes.To this end,we explored a novel,Google Earth Engine(GEE)based multiindex random forest(RF)classification approach to map rice fields over two decades.Landsat images from 2000 to 2020 of two Sri Lankan rice cultivation districts were extracted from GEE and a multi-index RF classification algorithm was applied to distinguish the rice fields.The results showed above 80%accuracy for both training and validation,when compared against high spatial resolution Google Earth imagery.In essence,multi-index sampling and RF together synergised the compelling classifcation accuracy by effectively capturing vegetation,water(ponding)and soil characteristics unique to the rice felds using a single-click approach.The maps developed in this study were further compared against the MODIS land cover type product(MCD12Q1)and the corresponding superior statistics on rice fields demonstrated the robustness of the proposed approach.Future work seeking effective index combinations is recommended,and this approach can potentially be extended to other crop analyses elsewhere.展开更多
Nickel-rich layered oxides(LiNixCoyMnzO2,NCM)are among the most promising cathode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries,offering high specific capacity and output voltage at a relatively low cost.However,ind...Nickel-rich layered oxides(LiNixCoyMnzO2,NCM)are among the most promising cathode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries,offering high specific capacity and output voltage at a relatively low cost.However,industrialscale co-precipitation presents significant challenges,particularly in maintaining particle sphericity,ensuring a stable concentration gradient,and preserving production yield when transitioning from lab-scale compositions.This study addresses a critical issue in the large-scale synthesis of nickel-rich NCM(x=0.8381):nickel leaching,which compromises particle uniformity and battery performance.To mitigate this,we optimize the reaction process and develop an artificial intelligence-driven defect prediction system that enhances precursor stability.Our domain adaptation based machine learning model,which accounts for equipment wear and environmental variations,achieves a defect detection accuracy of 97.8%based on machine data and process conditions.By implementing this approach,we successfully scale up NCM precursor production to over 2 tons,achieving 83%capacity retention after 500 cycles at a 1C rate.In addition,the proposed approach demonstrates the formation of a concentration gradient in the composition and a high sphericity of 0.951(±0.0796).This work provides new insights into the stable mass production of NCM precursors,ensuring both high yield and performance reliability.展开更多
In this study,2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid(MEEAA)was used to modify the surface of barium titanate nanoparticles(BT NPs)to enhance the compatibility and dispersion of the BT ceramic fillers in polymer matr...In this study,2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid(MEEAA)was used to modify the surface of barium titanate nanoparticles(BT NPs)to enhance the compatibility and dispersion of the BT ceramic fillers in polymer matrix.A uniform coating layer with a thickness about 2 nm was formed on the surface of BT after modification.The poly(vinylidene fluoride)-hexafluoropropene[P(VDF-HFP)]composites filled with MEEAA-modified BT NPs achieved higher permittivity(∼13 at 3.0 vol%filler)and discharged energy density than that of the untreated BT filled composite.The maximum discharge energy density of 7.8 J/cm^(3)was obtained in the nanocomposites with 3 vol%MEEAA-modified BT NPs at electric field of 425 kV/mm,which is 77%higher than that of 4.4 J/cm^(3)of pure P(VDF-HFP)film at electric field of 420 kV/mm.展开更多
Halide perovskite single crystals(SCs)have attracted much attention for their application in high-performance x-ray detectors owing to their desirable properties,including low defect density,high mobility–lifetime pr...Halide perovskite single crystals(SCs)have attracted much attention for their application in high-performance x-ray detectors owing to their desirable properties,including low defect density,high mobility–lifetime product(μτ),and long carrier diffusion length.However,suppressing the inherent defects in perovskites and overcoming the ion migration primarily caused by these defects remains a challenge.This study proposes a facile process for dipping Cs0.05FA0.9MA0.05PbI3 SCs synthesized by a solution-based inverse temperature crystallization method into a 2-phenylethylammonium iodide(PEAI)solution to reduce the number of defects,inhibit ion migration,and increase x-ray sensitivity.Compared to conventional spin coating,this simple dipping process forms a two-dimensional PEA2PbI4 layer on all SC surfaces without further treatment,effectively passivating all surfaces of the inherently defective SCs and minimizing ion migration.As a result,the PEAI-treated perovskite SC-based x-ray detector achieves a record x-ray sensitivity of 1.3×10^(5)μC Gyair^(-1) cm^(-2) with a bias voltage of 30 V at realistic clinical dose rates of 1–5 mGy s^(-1)(peak potential of 110 kVp),which is 6 times more sensitive than an untreated SC-based detector and 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than a commercialα-Se-based detector.Furthermore,the PEAI-treatedperovskite SC-based x-ray detector exhibits a low detection limit(73 nGy s^(-1)),improved x-ray response,and clear x-ray images by a scanning method,highlighting the effectiveness of the PEAI dipping approach for fabricating next-generation x-ray detectors.展开更多
Cu(In_(1−x)Ga_(x))Se_(2)(CIGS)is a promising and ideal material for bottom cell in tandem solar cells,which can break the double junction solar cell’s Shockley-Queisser theoretical efficiency to above 40%.However,the...Cu(In_(1−x)Ga_(x))Se_(2)(CIGS)is a promising and ideal material for bottom cell in tandem solar cells,which can break the double junction solar cell’s Shockley-Queisser theoretical efficiency to above 40%.However,the high-efficiency CIGS solar cells deposited by the 3-stage process is normally double grading,leading to an incomplete absorption in the bottom cells.In this study,single bandgap grading and quasi-flat bandgap CIGS solar cells are proposed and fabricated for perovskite/CIGS 4-terminal tandem solar cells,which are more favorable for long-wavelength absorption and higher short-circuit current density J_(sc).Various characterizations have been performed to investigate the crystallization,crystal defects,composition depth profile,and carrier dynamics of the CIGS thin films.Our study reveals that the performance of CIGS solar cells with high Ga content is worse than expected.Using bandgap engineering,we can obtain CIGS solar cell with an efficiency above 16.5%regardless of the GGI[Ga/(Ga+In)]varying from 0.27 to 0.40.However,CIGS solar cells with less Ga content and low bandgap exhibit superior long-wavelength spectral response,making them more suitable for bottom cell applications in tandem solar cells.In combination with an 18.9%semitransparent inorganic perovskite solar cell,a 25.6%perovskite/CIGS tandem device in 4-T configuration is demonstrated.展开更多
Due to their inherent flexibility,solution-processable conjugated polymers are increasingly being considered for the cost-effective production of thin-film semiconductor devices used in Internet of Everything(IoE)appl...Due to their inherent flexibility,solution-processable conjugated polymers are increasingly being considered for the cost-effective production of thin-film semiconductor devices used in Internet of Everything(IoE)applications.With considerable improvements in charge carrier mobilities,the final challenge impeding the commercialization of conjugated polymers may be improving their environmental and electrical stabilities.Recent studies have improved the stability of computing devices(i.e.,transistors)by eliminating interface traps and water molecules within conjugated polymers.However,the stability issue of Schottky diodes,which play a crucial role in configuring thinfilm IoE devices used in wireless communication and energy harvesting,has been largely overlooked.This study reveals that aluminum,which is commonly used as a cathode metal in polymer Schottky diodes,creates a nonstoichiometric effect when deposited on conjugated polymers,thereby leading to the formation of charge traps over time,which reduces the rectification ratio of the Schottky diodes and induces a significant bias stress effect during operation.To address this issue,we introduce a zinc-oxide sacrificial interlayer between the conjugated polymer and cathode.This interlayer effectively eliminates the penetrated Al metal or ionized Al-induced nonstoichiometric effect without reducing the charge injection efficiency,achieving exceptional environmental and operational stability.The printed polymer Schottky diodes demonstrate consistent rectifying operation at 13.56MHz for several months with negligible changes in electrical characteristics.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2021 M3 H4A1A02045962).
文摘With the increasing prevalence of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)applications,the demand for high-capacity next-generation materials has also increased.SiO_(x)is currently considered a promising anode material due to its exceptionally high capacity for LIBs.However,the significant volumetric changes of SiO_(x)during cycling and its initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)complicate its use,whether alone or in combination with graphite materials.In this study,a three-dimensional conductive binder network with high electronic conductivity and robust elasticity for graphite/SiO_(x)blended anodes was proposed by chemically anchoring carbon nanotubes and carboxymethyl cellulose binders using tannic acid as a chemical cross-linker.In addition,a dehydrogenation-based prelithiation strategy employing lithium hydride was utilized to enhance the ICE of SiO_(x).The combination of these two strategies increased the CE of SiO_(x)from 74%to87%and effectively mitigated its volume expansion in the graphite/SiO_(x)blended electrode,resulting in an efficient electron-conductive binder network.This led to a remarkable capacity retention of 94%after30 cycles,even under challenging conditions,with a high capacity of 550 mA h g^(-1)and a current density of 4 mA cm^(-2).Furthermore,to validate the feasibility of utilizing prelithiated SiO_(x)anode materials and the conductive binder network in LIBs,a full cell incorporating these materials and a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode was used.This cell demonstrated a~27.3%increase in discharge capacity of the first cycle(~185.7 mA h g^(-1))and exhibited a cycling stability of 300 cycles.Thus,this study reports a simple,feasible,and insightful method for designing high-performance LIB electrodes.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT),Korea (NRF-2021R1C1C1009200 and 2023R1A2C3007358)supported by the Defense Challengeable Future Technology Program of the Agency for Defense Development,Republic of Koreasupported by Technology Innovation Program of the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) (20016588)funded by Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy (MOTIE).
文摘The successful utilization of an eco-friendly and biocompatible parylene-C substrate for high-performance solution-processed double-walled carbon nanotube(CNT)electrode-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)was demonstrated.Through the use of a novel inversion transfer technique,vertical separation of the binders from the CNTs was induced,rendering a stronger p-doping effect and thereby a higher conductivity of the CNTs.The resulting foldable devices exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 18.11%,which is the highest reported among CNT transparent electrode-based PSCs to date,and withstood more than 10,000 folding cycles at a radius of 0.5 mm,demonstrating unprecedented mechanical stability.Furthermore,solar modules were fabricated using entirely laser scribing processes to assess the potential of the solution-processable nanocarbon electrode.Notably,this is the only one to be processed entirely by the laser scribing process and to be biocompatible as well as eco-friendly among the previously reported nonindium tin oxide-based perovskite solar modules.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.-RS-2024-00335976)。
文摘Electrochemical nitrate reduction(ENR)is an economical and eco-friendly method for converting industrial wastewater into valuable ammonia under atmospheric conditions.The main challenge lies in designing and developing highly durable ENR electrocatalysts.This study introduces defect-rich mesoporous CuO_(x) nanowires electrocatalyst synthesized using a novel solution-flame(sol-flame)hybrid method to control mesoporosity and introduce surface defects,thereby enhancing the electrochemical nitrate-toammonia production performance.We found surface defects(oxygen vacancies and Cu^(+))and unique mesoporous nanowire structure composed of tightly interconnected nanoparticles.The sol-flamesynthesized CuO_(x) nanowires(sf-CuO NWs)achieved superior ammonia yield rate(0.51 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)),faradaic efficiency(97.3%),and selectivity(86.2%)in 1 M KOH electrolyte(2000 ppm nitrate).This performance surpasses that of non-porous and less-defective CuO NWs and is attributed to the increased surface area and rapid electron transport facilitated by the distinctive morphology and generated defects.Theoretical calculation further suggests oxygen vacancies enhance NO_(3)^(-)adsorption on the sf-CuO NWs’surface and mitigate the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.This study outlines a strategic design and simple synthesis approach for nanowire electrocatalysts that boost the efficiency of electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion.
基金National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)Grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(Nos.NRF-2020R1A5A1018153 and 2022M3J1A106422611)The authors acknowledge King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,for funding this work through Researchers Supporting Project number(No.RSP2023R30).
文摘Flexible self-powered electromechanical devices,such as piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),which are used in wearable and implantable devices,are emerging as state-of-the-art clean energy sources.In this study,a scalable supersonic spraying technique was used to prepare flexible piezocomposite films of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and hydrothermally synthesized ZnSnO_(3)(ZSO)cubes for PENGs.Raman spectra confirmed that the transformation of the α-phase of PVDF to its β-phase was induced by the shear stress generated between the ZSO particles and PVDF polymer during supersonic spraying.The op-timized sample comprising 0.43 g of ZSO cubes and 1 g of PVDF produced a maximum piezopotential of 41.5 V and a short-circuit current,I_(sc),of 52.5 μA.A maximum power density of 50.6 μW cm-2 was ob-tained at a loading resistance of 0.4 MΩ,which matched the impedance of the PENG.Long-term tapping and bending cycles of N_(tap)=4200 and N_(bend)=600 yielded piezopotentials of 40.5 and 1.7 V,respectively.In addition,electrical poling for 2 h increased the piezopotential to 52 V owing to the alignment of the ferroelectric dipoles in the PVDF.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant fu nded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2024-00335976)。
文摘Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices that generate green hydrogen from sunlight and water.In this study,we present a synthesis of high-performance Sb_(2)S_(3)photoanodes via an interface-engineered hydrothermal growth followed by rapid thermal annealing(RTA).A TiO_(2)interfacial layer plays a crucial role in ensuring homogeneous precursor deposition,enhancing light absorption,and forming efficient heterojunctions with Sb_(2)S_(3),thereby significantly improving charge separation and transport.RTA further improves crystallinity and interfacial contact,resulting in dense and uniform Sb_(2)S_(3)films with enlarged grains and fewer defects.The optimized Sb_(2)S_(3)photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 2.51 mA/cm^(2)at 1.23 V vs.the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),one of the highest reported for Sb_(2)S_(3)without additional catalysts or passivation layers.To overcome the limitations of oxygen evolution reaction(OER),we employ the iodide oxidation reaction(IOR)as an alternative,significantly lowering the overpotential and improving charge transfer kinetics.Consequently,it produces a record photocurrent density of 8.9 mA/cm^(2)at 0.54 V vs.RHE.This work highlights the synergy between TiO_(2)interfacial engineering,RTA-induced crystallization,and IOR-driven oxidation,offering a promising pathway for efficient and scalable PEC hydrogen production.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62174170)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515010123)+4 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(20220807020526001)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0670000)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KJZD20230923114708018,KJZD20230923114710022)the Talent Support Project of Guangdong(2021TX06C101)the Shenzhen Basic Research(JCYJ20210324115406019).
文摘Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by completely removing the material from the ablation region within the release material layer at high energy densities.However,this R/R separation method often results in a significant amount of release material and carbonized debris remaining on the surface of the device wafer,severely reducing product yields and cleaning efficiency for ultra-thin device wafers.Here,we proposed an interfacial separation strategy based on laser-induced hot stamping effect and thermoelastic stress wave,which enables stress-free separation of wafer bonding pairs at the interface of the release layer and the adhesive layer(R/A separation).By comprehensively analyzing the micro-morphology and material composition of the release material,we elucidated the laser debonding behavior of bonded pairs under different separation modes.Additionally,we calculated the ablation threshold of the release material in the case of wafer bonding and established the processing window for different separation methods.This work offers a fresh perspective on the development and application of laser debonding technology.The proposed R/A interface separation method is versatile,controllable,and highly reliable,and does not leave release materials and carbonized debris on device wafers,demonstrating strong industrial adaptability,which greatly facilitates the application and development of advanced packaging for ultra-thin chips.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Education(2022R1A3B1078163 and 2022R1A4A1031182)supported by the KIMM institutional program(NK248E)and NST/KIMM+3 种基金supported by the Technology Innovation Program(or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program)(20024772),(RS-2023-00264860)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)(1415187508)supported by the US Department of Energy,Office of Science,Office of Basic Energy Sciences,under grant no.DE-FG02-87ER13808by Northwestern University.
文摘The exploration of heterostructures composed of two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDc)materials has garnered significant research attention due to the distinctive properties of each individual component and their phase-dependent unique properties.Using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD)method,we analyze the fabrication of heterostructures consisting of two phases of molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))in four different cases.The initial hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)polarization curve indicates that the activity of the heterostructure MoS_(2)is consistent with that of the underlying MoS_(2),rather than the surface activity of the upper MoS_(2).This behavior can be attributed to the presence of Schottky barriers,which include contact resistance,which significantly hampers the efficient charge transfer at junctions between the two different phases of MoS_(2)layers and is mediated by van der Waals bonds.Remarkably,the energy barrier at the junction dissipates upon reaching a certain electrochemical potential,indicating surface activation from the top phase of MoS_(2)in the heterostructure.Notably,the 1T/2H MoS_(2)heterostructure demonstrates enhanced electrochemical stability compared to its metastable 1T-MoS_(2).This fundamental understanding paves the way for the creation of phase-controllable heterostructures through an experimentally viable PECVD,offering significant promise for a wide range of applications.
基金supported by a grant from the Subway Fine Dust Reduction Technology Development Project of the Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport,Republic of Korea(21QPPWB152306-03)the Basic Science Research Capacity Enhancement Project through a Korea Basic Science Institute(National Research Facilities and Equipment Center)grant funded by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea(2019R1A6C1010016)。
文摘Energy-storage systems and their production have attracted significant interest for practical applications.Batteries are the foundation of sustainable energy sources for electric vehicles(EVs),portable electronic devices(PEDs),etc.In recent decades,Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been extensively utilized in largescale energy storage devices owing to their long cycle life and high energy density.However,the high cost and limited availability of Li are the two main obstacles for LIBs.In this regard,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) are attractive alternatives to LIBs for large-scale energy storage systems because of the abundance and low cost of sodium materials.Cathode is one of the most important components in the battery,which limits cost and performance of a battery.Among the classified cathode structures,layered structure materials have attracted attention because of their high ionic conductivity,fast diffusion rate,and high specific capacity.Here,we present a comprehensive review of the classification of layered structures and the preparation of layered materials.Furthermore,the review article discusses extensively about the issues of the layered materials,namely(1) electrochemical degradation,(2) irreversible structural changes,and(3) structural instability,and also it provides strategies to overcome the issues such as elemental phase composition,a small amount of elemental doping,structural design,and surface alteration for emerging SIBs.In addition,the article discusses about the recent research development on layered unary,binary,ternary,quaternary,quinary,and senary-based O3-and P2-type cathode materials for high-energy SIBs.This review article provides useful information for the development of high-energy layered sodium transition metal oxide P2 and O3-cathode materials for practical SIBs.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1I1A3054824)supported by the Basic Research Program through the NRF funded by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT,2021R1A4A1032762)+2 种基金financial support by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE)of the Republic of Korea(no.20213030010400)the financial support by the NRF grant funded by the MSIT under the contract numbers 2022R1C1C1011975。
文摘In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution in the device performance has been achieved by gaining an advanced understanding of the composition,crystal growth,and defect engineering of perovskites.As device performances approach their theoretical limits,effective optical management becomes essential for achieving higher efficiency.In this review,we discuss the status and perspectives of nano to micron-scale patterning methods for the optical management of perovskite optoelectronic devices.We initially discuss the importance of effective light harvesting and light outcoupling via optical management.Subsequently,the recent progress in various patterning/texturing techniques applied to perovskite optoelectronic devices is summarized by categorizing them into top-down and bottom-up methods.Finally,we discuss the perspectives of advanced patterning/texturing technologies for the development and commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices.
基金Korea Institute of Industrial Technology,Grant/Award Number:KITECH EO‐22‐0005National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Numbers:2022R1A3B1078163,2022R1A4A1031182,2022R1A2C2005701。
文摘Herein,a layer of molybdenum oxide(MoO_(x)),a transition metal oxide(TMO),which has outstanding catalytic properties in combination with a carbonbased thin film,is modified to improve the hydrogen production performance and protect the MoO_(x)in acidic media.A thin film of graphene is transferred onto the MoO_(x)layer,after which the graphene structure is doped with N and S atoms at room temperature using a plasma doping method to modify the electronic structure and intrinsic properties of the material.The oxygen functional groups in graphene increase the interfacial interactions and electrical contacts between graphene and MoO_(x).The appearance of surface defects such as oxygen vacancies can result in vacancies in MoO_(x).This improves the electrical conductivity and electrochemically accessible surface area.Increasing the number of defects in graphene by adding dopants can significantly affect the chemical reaction at the interfaces and improve the electrochemical performance.These defects in graphene play a crucial role in the adsorption of H^(+)ions on the graphene surface and their transport to the MoO_(x)layer underneath.This enables MoO_(x)to participate in the reaction with the doped graphene.N^(‐)and S^(‐)doped graphene(NSGr)on MoO_(x)is active in acidic media and performs well in terms of hydrogen production.The initial overpotential value of 359 mV for the current density of−10 mA/cm^(2)is lowered to 228 mV after activation.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MIST)(RS-2023-00211303)Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT)Grant funded by the Korea Government(MOTIE)(P0023521,HRD Program for Industrial Innovation).
文摘We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrospinning and electroplating methods.Percolative non-woven structure and high flexibility of the NF mats and MF electrodes allowed us to achieve highly transparent and flexible piezocomposites.A viscoelastic solution,mixed with P(VDF-TrFE)and BaTiO_(3),was electrospun into piezoelectric NFs with a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 21.2 pC/N.In addition,the combination of electrospinning and elec-troplating techniques enabled the fabrication of Ni-plated MF-based transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs),contributing to the high transparency of the resulting piezocomposite.The energy-harvesting efficiencies of the BaTiO_(3)-embedded NF-based PENGs with transmittances of 86%and 80%were 200 and 240 V/MPa,respectively,marking the highest values in their class.Moreover,the output voltage driven by the coupling effect of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity during finger tapping was 25.7 V.These highly efficient energy-harvesting performances,along with the transparent and flexible features of the PENGs,hold great promise for body-attachable energy-harvesting and sensing devices,as demonstrated in this study.
基金Contribution No.778/17 from the ARO,The Volcani Center,Rishon LeZiyon,IsraelThis work was supported by the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund(BARD)(grant number US-4571-12C to S.M.,C.-Z.J.,and S.P.-H.)+1 种基金the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture Fund(grant number 203-0898-11 to S.M.and S.P-H.)Srivignesh Sundaresan would like to thank the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for providing him with an International Fellowship(ICAR-IF)to support his Ph.D.studies.
文摘The Tomato Hybrid Proline-rich Protein(THyPRP)gene was specifically expressed in the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)flower abscission zone(FAZ),and its stable antisense silencing under the control of an abscission zone(AZ)-specific promoter,Tomato Abscission Polygalacturonase4,significantly inhibited tomato pedicel abscission following flower removal.For understanding the THyPRP role in regulating pedicel abscission,a transcriptomic analysis of the FAZ of THyPRP-silenced plants was performed,using a newly developed AZ-specific tomato microarray chip.Decreased expression of THyPRP in the silenced plants was already observed before abscission induction,resulting in FAZ-specific altered gene expression of transcription factors,epigenetic modifiers,post-translational regulators,and transporters.Our data demonstrate that the effect of THyPRP silencing on pedicel abscission was not mediated by its effect on auxin balance,but by decreased ethylene biosynthesis and response.Additionally,THyPRP silencing revealed new players,which were demonstrated for the first time to be involved in regulating pedicel abscission processes.These include:gibberellin perception,Ca2+-Calmodulin signaling,Serpins and Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier proteins involved in post-translational modifications,Synthaxin and SNARE-like proteins,which participate in exocytosis,a process necessary for cell separation.These changes,occurring in the silenced plants early after flower removal,inhibited and/or delayed the acquisition of the competence of the FAZ cells to respond to ethylene signaling.Our results suggest that THyPRP acts as a master regulator of flower abscission in tomato,predominantly by playing a role in the regulation of the FAZ cell competence to respond to ethylene signals.
基金Korean Government(MSIP),Grant/Award Numbers:RS-2023-00281048,2022R1A2C3003068,2022M3F3A2A01072215supported by Samsung Electronics Co.,Ltd.(IO201215-08197-01).
文摘The rapid advancement of AI-enabled applications has resulted in an increasing need for energy-efficient computing hardware.Logic-in-memory is a promising approach for processing the data stored in memory,wherein fast and efficient computations are possible owing to the parallel execution of reconfigurable logic operations.In this study,a dual-logic-in-memory device,which can simultaneously perform two logic operations in four states,is demonstrated using van der Waals ferroelectric field-effect transistors(vdW FeFETs).The proposed dual-logic-in-memory device,which also acts as a twobit storage device,is a single bidirectional polarization-integrated ferroelectric field-effect transistor(BPI-FeFET).It is fabricated by integrating an in-plane vdW ferroelectric semiconductor SnS and an out-of-plane vdW ferroelectric gate dielectric material—CuInP_(2)S_(6).Four reliable resistance states with excellent endurance and retention characteristics were achieved.The two-bit storage mechanism in a BPI-FeFET was analyzed from two perspectives:carrier density and carrier injection controls,which originated from the out-of-plane polarization of the gate dielectric and in-plane polarization of the semiconductor,respectively.Unlike conventional multilevel FeFETs,the proposed BPIFeFET does not require additional pre-examination or erasing steps to switch from/to an intermediate polarization,enabling direct switching between the four memory states.To utilize the fabricated BPI-FeFET as a dual-logic-inmemory device,two logical operations were selected(XOR and AND),and their parallel execution was demonstrated.Different types of logic operations could be implemented by selecting different initial states,demonstrating various types of functions required for numerous neural network operations.The flexibility and efficiency of the proposed dual-logic-in-memory device appear promising in the realization of next-generation low-power computing systems.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China Grant(no.2018YFB1500200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(nos.61804159 and 52173243)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,Guangzhou,China(no.2021A1515011409)Shenzhen&Hong Kong Joint Research Program(no.SGDX20201103095605015)SIAT-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Photovoltaic Solar Energy.
文摘In the past tens of years,the power conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)has continuously improved and been one of the fastest growing photovoltaic technologies that can also help us achieve the goal of carbon emissions reduction.Among several key advances,the alkali element post-deposition treatment(AlK PDT)is regarded as the most important finding in the last 10 years,which has led to the improvement of CIGS solar cell efficiency from 20.4%to 23.35%.A profound understanding of the influence of alkali element on the chemical and electrical properties of the CIGS absorber along with the underlying mechanisms is of great importance.In this review,we summarize the strategies of the alkali element doping in CIGS solar cell,the problems to be noted in the PDT process,the effects on the CdS buffer layer,the effects of different alkali elements on the structure and morphology of the CIGS absorber layer,and retrospect the progress in the CIGS solar cell with emphasis on the alkali element post deposition treatment.
文摘Historic maps showing the temporal distribution of rice fields are important for precision agriculture,irrigation optimisation,forecasting crop yields,land use management and formulating policies.However,mapping rice felds using traditional ground surveys is impractical when high cost,time and labour requirements are considered,and the availability of such detailed records is limited.Although satellite remote sensing appears to be a viable solution,conventional segmentation and classification methods with spectral bands are often unable to contrast the distinct characteristics between rice fields and other vegetation classes.To this end,we explored a novel,Google Earth Engine(GEE)based multiindex random forest(RF)classification approach to map rice fields over two decades.Landsat images from 2000 to 2020 of two Sri Lankan rice cultivation districts were extracted from GEE and a multi-index RF classification algorithm was applied to distinguish the rice fields.The results showed above 80%accuracy for both training and validation,when compared against high spatial resolution Google Earth imagery.In essence,multi-index sampling and RF together synergised the compelling classifcation accuracy by effectively capturing vegetation,water(ponding)and soil characteristics unique to the rice felds using a single-click approach.The maps developed in this study were further compared against the MODIS land cover type product(MCD12Q1)and the corresponding superior statistics on rice fields demonstrated the robustness of the proposed approach.Future work seeking effective index combinations is recommended,and this approach can potentially be extended to other crop analyses elsewhere.
基金Ministry of SMEs and Startups,Grant/Award Number:S3248116National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Numbers:RS-2023-00211636,RS-2024-00416891Ministry of Science and ICT,South Korea,Grant/Award Number:RS-2020-II201336。
文摘Nickel-rich layered oxides(LiNixCoyMnzO2,NCM)are among the most promising cathode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries,offering high specific capacity and output voltage at a relatively low cost.However,industrialscale co-precipitation presents significant challenges,particularly in maintaining particle sphericity,ensuring a stable concentration gradient,and preserving production yield when transitioning from lab-scale compositions.This study addresses a critical issue in the large-scale synthesis of nickel-rich NCM(x=0.8381):nickel leaching,which compromises particle uniformity and battery performance.To mitigate this,we optimize the reaction process and develop an artificial intelligence-driven defect prediction system that enhances precursor stability.Our domain adaptation based machine learning model,which accounts for equipment wear and environmental variations,achieves a defect detection accuracy of 97.8%based on machine data and process conditions.By implementing this approach,we successfully scale up NCM precursor production to over 2 tons,achieving 83%capacity retention after 500 cycles at a 1C rate.In addition,the proposed approach demonstrates the formation of a concentration gradient in the composition and a high sphericity of 0.951(±0.0796).This work provides new insights into the stable mass production of NCM precursors,ensuring both high yield and performance reliability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.51377157)the Guangdong Innovative Research Team Program(no.2011D052)+1 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory(2014B030301014)the Shenzhen Key Fundamental Program(JCYJ20160608160307181).
文摘In this study,2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid(MEEAA)was used to modify the surface of barium titanate nanoparticles(BT NPs)to enhance the compatibility and dispersion of the BT ceramic fillers in polymer matrix.A uniform coating layer with a thickness about 2 nm was formed on the surface of BT after modification.The poly(vinylidene fluoride)-hexafluoropropene[P(VDF-HFP)]composites filled with MEEAA-modified BT NPs achieved higher permittivity(∼13 at 3.0 vol%filler)and discharged energy density than that of the untreated BT filled composite.The maximum discharge energy density of 7.8 J/cm^(3)was obtained in the nanocomposites with 3 vol%MEEAA-modified BT NPs at electric field of 425 kV/mm,which is 77%higher than that of 4.4 J/cm^(3)of pure P(VDF-HFP)film at electric field of 420 kV/mm.
基金Agency for Defense Development,Grant/Award Number:UI220006TDDefense Acquisition Program Administration(DAPA),Grant/Award Number:912765601Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning,Grant/Award Number:RS-2023-00237035。
文摘Halide perovskite single crystals(SCs)have attracted much attention for their application in high-performance x-ray detectors owing to their desirable properties,including low defect density,high mobility–lifetime product(μτ),and long carrier diffusion length.However,suppressing the inherent defects in perovskites and overcoming the ion migration primarily caused by these defects remains a challenge.This study proposes a facile process for dipping Cs0.05FA0.9MA0.05PbI3 SCs synthesized by a solution-based inverse temperature crystallization method into a 2-phenylethylammonium iodide(PEAI)solution to reduce the number of defects,inhibit ion migration,and increase x-ray sensitivity.Compared to conventional spin coating,this simple dipping process forms a two-dimensional PEA2PbI4 layer on all SC surfaces without further treatment,effectively passivating all surfaces of the inherently defective SCs and minimizing ion migration.As a result,the PEAI-treated perovskite SC-based x-ray detector achieves a record x-ray sensitivity of 1.3×10^(5)μC Gyair^(-1) cm^(-2) with a bias voltage of 30 V at realistic clinical dose rates of 1–5 mGy s^(-1)(peak potential of 110 kVp),which is 6 times more sensitive than an untreated SC-based detector and 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than a commercialα-Se-based detector.Furthermore,the PEAI-treatedperovskite SC-based x-ray detector exhibits a low detection limit(73 nGy s^(-1)),improved x-ray response,and clear x-ray images by a scanning method,highlighting the effectiveness of the PEAI dipping approach for fabricating next-generation x-ray detectors.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(grant no.2018YFB1500200)the Shenzhen Basic Research(no.JCYJ20210324115406019)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.61804159 and 52173243)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(no.2021A1515011409)the Shenzhen&HongKong Joint Research Program(no.SGDX20201103095605015)the SIAT-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Photovoltaic Solar Energy.
文摘Cu(In_(1−x)Ga_(x))Se_(2)(CIGS)is a promising and ideal material for bottom cell in tandem solar cells,which can break the double junction solar cell’s Shockley-Queisser theoretical efficiency to above 40%.However,the high-efficiency CIGS solar cells deposited by the 3-stage process is normally double grading,leading to an incomplete absorption in the bottom cells.In this study,single bandgap grading and quasi-flat bandgap CIGS solar cells are proposed and fabricated for perovskite/CIGS 4-terminal tandem solar cells,which are more favorable for long-wavelength absorption and higher short-circuit current density J_(sc).Various characterizations have been performed to investigate the crystallization,crystal defects,composition depth profile,and carrier dynamics of the CIGS thin films.Our study reveals that the performance of CIGS solar cells with high Ga content is worse than expected.Using bandgap engineering,we can obtain CIGS solar cell with an efficiency above 16.5%regardless of the GGI[Ga/(Ga+In)]varying from 0.27 to 0.40.However,CIGS solar cells with less Ga content and low bandgap exhibit superior long-wavelength spectral response,making them more suitable for bottom cell applications in tandem solar cells.In combination with an 18.9%semitransparent inorganic perovskite solar cell,a 25.6%perovskite/CIGS tandem device in 4-T configuration is demonstrated.
基金supported by the National R&D Programthrough the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2023-00281195,RS-2023-00258309,RS-2024-00355384)the National Research Foundation(NRF),Korea,under project BK21FOURthe Korea Innovation Foundation(INNOPOLIS)grant(2020-DD-UP-0278)funded by the Korea government(MSIT).
文摘Due to their inherent flexibility,solution-processable conjugated polymers are increasingly being considered for the cost-effective production of thin-film semiconductor devices used in Internet of Everything(IoE)applications.With considerable improvements in charge carrier mobilities,the final challenge impeding the commercialization of conjugated polymers may be improving their environmental and electrical stabilities.Recent studies have improved the stability of computing devices(i.e.,transistors)by eliminating interface traps and water molecules within conjugated polymers.However,the stability issue of Schottky diodes,which play a crucial role in configuring thinfilm IoE devices used in wireless communication and energy harvesting,has been largely overlooked.This study reveals that aluminum,which is commonly used as a cathode metal in polymer Schottky diodes,creates a nonstoichiometric effect when deposited on conjugated polymers,thereby leading to the formation of charge traps over time,which reduces the rectification ratio of the Schottky diodes and induces a significant bias stress effect during operation.To address this issue,we introduce a zinc-oxide sacrificial interlayer between the conjugated polymer and cathode.This interlayer effectively eliminates the penetrated Al metal or ionized Al-induced nonstoichiometric effect without reducing the charge injection efficiency,achieving exceptional environmental and operational stability.The printed polymer Schottky diodes demonstrate consistent rectifying operation at 13.56MHz for several months with negligible changes in electrical characteristics.
