With the increasing prevalence of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)applications,the demand for high-capacity next-generation materials has also increased.SiO_(x)is currently considered a promising anode material due to its ...With the increasing prevalence of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)applications,the demand for high-capacity next-generation materials has also increased.SiO_(x)is currently considered a promising anode material due to its exceptionally high capacity for LIBs.However,the significant volumetric changes of SiO_(x)during cycling and its initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)complicate its use,whether alone or in combination with graphite materials.In this study,a three-dimensional conductive binder network with high electronic conductivity and robust elasticity for graphite/SiO_(x)blended anodes was proposed by chemically anchoring carbon nanotubes and carboxymethyl cellulose binders using tannic acid as a chemical cross-linker.In addition,a dehydrogenation-based prelithiation strategy employing lithium hydride was utilized to enhance the ICE of SiO_(x).The combination of these two strategies increased the CE of SiO_(x)from 74%to87%and effectively mitigated its volume expansion in the graphite/SiO_(x)blended electrode,resulting in an efficient electron-conductive binder network.This led to a remarkable capacity retention of 94%after30 cycles,even under challenging conditions,with a high capacity of 550 mA h g^(-1)and a current density of 4 mA cm^(-2).Furthermore,to validate the feasibility of utilizing prelithiated SiO_(x)anode materials and the conductive binder network in LIBs,a full cell incorporating these materials and a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode was used.This cell demonstrated a~27.3%increase in discharge capacity of the first cycle(~185.7 mA h g^(-1))and exhibited a cycling stability of 300 cycles.Thus,this study reports a simple,feasible,and insightful method for designing high-performance LIB electrodes.展开更多
The scattering of electromagnetic wave by an array of parallel metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes is investigated based on the boundary-value method. Electronic excitations over each nanotube surface are modeled ...The scattering of electromagnetic wave by an array of parallel metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes is investigated based on the boundary-value method. Electronic excitations over each nanotube surface are modeled as an infinitesimally thin cylindrical layer of the free-electron gas. The scattering cross section of both transverse magnetic （TM） and transverse electric （TE） uniform plane waves by the system at normal incidences is obtained.展开更多
The dispersion properties of high-and low-frequency electrostatic oscillations of a spherical metallic plasma consisting of hot electrons and cold ions are investigated.The main interest and the key first applications...The dispersion properties of high-and low-frequency electrostatic oscillations of a spherical metallic plasma consisting of hot electrons and cold ions are investigated.The main interest and the key first applications of this system are the spherical metal nanoparticles.General expressions of dispersion relations are obtained for the so-called surface and bulk plasmon waves,and surface and bulk ion-acoustic waves in spherical geometry,using hydrodynamic equations and Poisson equation with appropriate boundary conditions.Numerical results show that dispersion effects become large for metallic particles of small radii,particularly in the range of few nanometers.展开更多
The successful utilization of an eco-friendly and biocompatible parylene-C substrate for high-performance solution-processed double-walled carbon nanotube(CNT)electrode-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)was demonstrat...The successful utilization of an eco-friendly and biocompatible parylene-C substrate for high-performance solution-processed double-walled carbon nanotube(CNT)electrode-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)was demonstrated.Through the use of a novel inversion transfer technique,vertical separation of the binders from the CNTs was induced,rendering a stronger p-doping effect and thereby a higher conductivity of the CNTs.The resulting foldable devices exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 18.11%,which is the highest reported among CNT transparent electrode-based PSCs to date,and withstood more than 10,000 folding cycles at a radius of 0.5 mm,demonstrating unprecedented mechanical stability.Furthermore,solar modules were fabricated using entirely laser scribing processes to assess the potential of the solution-processable nanocarbon electrode.Notably,this is the only one to be processed entirely by the laser scribing process and to be biocompatible as well as eco-friendly among the previously reported nonindium tin oxide-based perovskite solar modules.展开更多
Electrochemical nitrate reduction(ENR)is an economical and eco-friendly method for converting industrial wastewater into valuable ammonia under atmospheric conditions.The main challenge lies in designing and developin...Electrochemical nitrate reduction(ENR)is an economical and eco-friendly method for converting industrial wastewater into valuable ammonia under atmospheric conditions.The main challenge lies in designing and developing highly durable ENR electrocatalysts.This study introduces defect-rich mesoporous CuO_(x) nanowires electrocatalyst synthesized using a novel solution-flame(sol-flame)hybrid method to control mesoporosity and introduce surface defects,thereby enhancing the electrochemical nitrate-toammonia production performance.We found surface defects(oxygen vacancies and Cu^(+))and unique mesoporous nanowire structure composed of tightly interconnected nanoparticles.The sol-flamesynthesized CuO_(x) nanowires(sf-CuO NWs)achieved superior ammonia yield rate(0.51 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)),faradaic efficiency(97.3%),and selectivity(86.2%)in 1 M KOH electrolyte(2000 ppm nitrate).This performance surpasses that of non-porous and less-defective CuO NWs and is attributed to the increased surface area and rapid electron transport facilitated by the distinctive morphology and generated defects.Theoretical calculation further suggests oxygen vacancies enhance NO_(3)^(-)adsorption on the sf-CuO NWs’surface and mitigate the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.This study outlines a strategic design and simple synthesis approach for nanowire electrocatalysts that boost the efficiency of electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion.展开更多
In this paper,a charged multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNT）,which is surrounded by charged nanoparticles,is modeled as a cylindrical shell of electron-ion-dust plasma.By employing classical electrodynamics formulati...In this paper,a charged multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNT）,which is surrounded by charged nanoparticles,is modeled as a cylindrical shell of electron-ion-dust plasma.By employing classical electrodynamics formulations and the linearized hydrodynamic model,the dispersion relation of the dust acoustic wave oscillations in the composed system is investigated.We obtain a new low-frequency electrostatic excitation in the MWCNT,i.e.dust acoustic wave oscillations.展开更多
Flexible self-powered electromechanical devices,such as piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),which are used in wearable and implantable devices,are emerging as state-of-the-art clean energy sources.In this study,a scal...Flexible self-powered electromechanical devices,such as piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),which are used in wearable and implantable devices,are emerging as state-of-the-art clean energy sources.In this study,a scalable supersonic spraying technique was used to prepare flexible piezocomposite films of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and hydrothermally synthesized ZnSnO_(3)(ZSO)cubes for PENGs.Raman spectra confirmed that the transformation of the α-phase of PVDF to its β-phase was induced by the shear stress generated between the ZSO particles and PVDF polymer during supersonic spraying.The op-timized sample comprising 0.43 g of ZSO cubes and 1 g of PVDF produced a maximum piezopotential of 41.5 V and a short-circuit current,I_(sc),of 52.5 μA.A maximum power density of 50.6 μW cm-2 was ob-tained at a loading resistance of 0.4 MΩ,which matched the impedance of the PENG.Long-term tapping and bending cycles of N_(tap)=4200 and N_(bend)=600 yielded piezopotentials of 40.5 and 1.7 V,respectively.In addition,electrical poling for 2 h increased the piezopotential to 52 V owing to the alignment of the ferroelectric dipoles in the PVDF.展开更多
Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices that generate green hydrogen from sunlight and water.In this study,we present a synthesis of high-performance Sb_(2)S_(3)photoa...Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices that generate green hydrogen from sunlight and water.In this study,we present a synthesis of high-performance Sb_(2)S_(3)photoanodes via an interface-engineered hydrothermal growth followed by rapid thermal annealing(RTA).A TiO_(2)interfacial layer plays a crucial role in ensuring homogeneous precursor deposition,enhancing light absorption,and forming efficient heterojunctions with Sb_(2)S_(3),thereby significantly improving charge separation and transport.RTA further improves crystallinity and interfacial contact,resulting in dense and uniform Sb_(2)S_(3)films with enlarged grains and fewer defects.The optimized Sb_(2)S_(3)photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 2.51 mA/cm^(2)at 1.23 V vs.the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),one of the highest reported for Sb_(2)S_(3)without additional catalysts or passivation layers.To overcome the limitations of oxygen evolution reaction(OER),we employ the iodide oxidation reaction(IOR)as an alternative,significantly lowering the overpotential and improving charge transfer kinetics.Consequently,it produces a record photocurrent density of 8.9 mA/cm^(2)at 0.54 V vs.RHE.This work highlights the synergy between TiO_(2)interfacial engineering,RTA-induced crystallization,and IOR-driven oxidation,offering a promising pathway for efficient and scalable PEC hydrogen production.展开更多
Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by com...Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by completely removing the material from the ablation region within the release material layer at high energy densities.However,this R/R separation method often results in a significant amount of release material and carbonized debris remaining on the surface of the device wafer,severely reducing product yields and cleaning efficiency for ultra-thin device wafers.Here,we proposed an interfacial separation strategy based on laser-induced hot stamping effect and thermoelastic stress wave,which enables stress-free separation of wafer bonding pairs at the interface of the release layer and the adhesive layer(R/A separation).By comprehensively analyzing the micro-morphology and material composition of the release material,we elucidated the laser debonding behavior of bonded pairs under different separation modes.Additionally,we calculated the ablation threshold of the release material in the case of wafer bonding and established the processing window for different separation methods.This work offers a fresh perspective on the development and application of laser debonding technology.The proposed R/A interface separation method is versatile,controllable,and highly reliable,and does not leave release materials and carbonized debris on device wafers,demonstrating strong industrial adaptability,which greatly facilitates the application and development of advanced packaging for ultra-thin chips.展开更多
The exploration of heterostructures composed of two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDc)materials has garnered significant research attention due to the distinctive properties of each individual compon...The exploration of heterostructures composed of two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDc)materials has garnered significant research attention due to the distinctive properties of each individual component and their phase-dependent unique properties.Using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD)method,we analyze the fabrication of heterostructures consisting of two phases of molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))in four different cases.The initial hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)polarization curve indicates that the activity of the heterostructure MoS_(2)is consistent with that of the underlying MoS_(2),rather than the surface activity of the upper MoS_(2).This behavior can be attributed to the presence of Schottky barriers,which include contact resistance,which significantly hampers the efficient charge transfer at junctions between the two different phases of MoS_(2)layers and is mediated by van der Waals bonds.Remarkably,the energy barrier at the junction dissipates upon reaching a certain electrochemical potential,indicating surface activation from the top phase of MoS_(2)in the heterostructure.Notably,the 1T/2H MoS_(2)heterostructure demonstrates enhanced electrochemical stability compared to its metastable 1T-MoS_(2).This fundamental understanding paves the way for the creation of phase-controllable heterostructures through an experimentally viable PECVD,offering significant promise for a wide range of applications.展开更多
Energy-storage systems and their production have attracted significant interest for practical applications.Batteries are the foundation of sustainable energy sources for electric vehicles(EVs),portable electronic devi...Energy-storage systems and their production have attracted significant interest for practical applications.Batteries are the foundation of sustainable energy sources for electric vehicles(EVs),portable electronic devices(PEDs),etc.In recent decades,Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been extensively utilized in largescale energy storage devices owing to their long cycle life and high energy density.However,the high cost and limited availability of Li are the two main obstacles for LIBs.In this regard,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) are attractive alternatives to LIBs for large-scale energy storage systems because of the abundance and low cost of sodium materials.Cathode is one of the most important components in the battery,which limits cost and performance of a battery.Among the classified cathode structures,layered structure materials have attracted attention because of their high ionic conductivity,fast diffusion rate,and high specific capacity.Here,we present a comprehensive review of the classification of layered structures and the preparation of layered materials.Furthermore,the review article discusses extensively about the issues of the layered materials,namely(1) electrochemical degradation,(2) irreversible structural changes,and(3) structural instability,and also it provides strategies to overcome the issues such as elemental phase composition,a small amount of elemental doping,structural design,and surface alteration for emerging SIBs.In addition,the article discusses about the recent research development on layered unary,binary,ternary,quaternary,quinary,and senary-based O3-and P2-type cathode materials for high-energy SIBs.This review article provides useful information for the development of high-energy layered sodium transition metal oxide P2 and O3-cathode materials for practical SIBs.展开更多
In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution...In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution in the device performance has been achieved by gaining an advanced understanding of the composition,crystal growth,and defect engineering of perovskites.As device performances approach their theoretical limits,effective optical management becomes essential for achieving higher efficiency.In this review,we discuss the status and perspectives of nano to micron-scale patterning methods for the optical management of perovskite optoelectronic devices.We initially discuss the importance of effective light harvesting and light outcoupling via optical management.Subsequently,the recent progress in various patterning/texturing techniques applied to perovskite optoelectronic devices is summarized by categorizing them into top-down and bottom-up methods.Finally,we discuss the perspectives of advanced patterning/texturing technologies for the development and commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices.展开更多
In or Ga gradients in the Cu(In1-xGax)Se2(CIGS)absorbing layer lead to change the lattice parameters of the absorbing layer,giving rise to the bandgap grading in the absorbing layer which is directly associated with t...In or Ga gradients in the Cu(In1-xGax)Se2(CIGS)absorbing layer lead to change the lattice parameters of the absorbing layer,giving rise to the bandgap grading in the absorbing layer which is directly associated with the degree of absorbing ability of the CIGS solar cell.We tried to characterize the depth profile of the lattice parameters of the CIGS absorbing layer using a glancing incidence X-ray diffraction(GIXRD)technique,and then investigate the bandgap grading of the CIGS absorbing layer.When the glancing incident angle increased from 0.50 to 5.00°,the a and c lattice parameters of the CIGS absorbing layer gradually decreased from 5.7776(3)to 5.6905(2)?,and 11.3917(3)to 11.2114(2)?,respectively.The depth profile of the lattice parameters as a function of the incident angle was consistent with vertical variation in the compositionof In or Ga with depth in the absorbing layer.The variation of the lattice parameters was due to the difference between the ionic radius of In and Ga co-occupying at the same crystallographic site.According to the results of the depth profile of the refined parameters using GIXRD data,the bandgap of the CIGS absorber layer was graded over a range of 1.222-1.532 eV.This approach allows to determine the In or Ga gradients in the CIGS absorbing layer,and to nondestructively guess the bandgap depth profile through the refinement of the lattice parameters using GIXRD data on the assumption that the changes of the lattice parameters or unit-cell volume follow a good approximation to Vegard’s law.展开更多
A theoretical model to explain the mechanism of the electromagnetic wave propagation in the quasi two-dimensional layer of counterions adjacent to the surface of a charged cylindrical membrane is presented. By using M...A theoretical model to explain the mechanism of the electromagnetic wave propagation in the quasi two-dimensional layer of counterions adjacent to the surface of a charged cylindrical membrane is presented. By using Maxwell and hydrodynamic equations with appropriate boundary conditions, general expression of dispersion relation is obtained for the electromagnetic wave with mixed TE and TM modes.展开更多
Herein,a layer of molybdenum oxide(MoO_(x)),a transition metal oxide(TMO),which has outstanding catalytic properties in combination with a carbonbased thin film,is modified to improve the hydrogen production performan...Herein,a layer of molybdenum oxide(MoO_(x)),a transition metal oxide(TMO),which has outstanding catalytic properties in combination with a carbonbased thin film,is modified to improve the hydrogen production performance and protect the MoO_(x)in acidic media.A thin film of graphene is transferred onto the MoO_(x)layer,after which the graphene structure is doped with N and S atoms at room temperature using a plasma doping method to modify the electronic structure and intrinsic properties of the material.The oxygen functional groups in graphene increase the interfacial interactions and electrical contacts between graphene and MoO_(x).The appearance of surface defects such as oxygen vacancies can result in vacancies in MoO_(x).This improves the electrical conductivity and electrochemically accessible surface area.Increasing the number of defects in graphene by adding dopants can significantly affect the chemical reaction at the interfaces and improve the electrochemical performance.These defects in graphene play a crucial role in the adsorption of H^(+)ions on the graphene surface and their transport to the MoO_(x)layer underneath.This enables MoO_(x)to participate in the reaction with the doped graphene.N^(‐)and S^(‐)doped graphene(NSGr)on MoO_(x)is active in acidic media and performs well in terms of hydrogen production.The initial overpotential value of 359 mV for the current density of−10 mA/cm^(2)is lowered to 228 mV after activation.展开更多
The Tomato Hybrid Proline-rich Protein(THyPRP)gene was specifically expressed in the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)flower abscission zone(FAZ),and its stable antisense silencing under the control of an abscission zone(A...The Tomato Hybrid Proline-rich Protein(THyPRP)gene was specifically expressed in the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)flower abscission zone(FAZ),and its stable antisense silencing under the control of an abscission zone(AZ)-specific promoter,Tomato Abscission Polygalacturonase4,significantly inhibited tomato pedicel abscission following flower removal.For understanding the THyPRP role in regulating pedicel abscission,a transcriptomic analysis of the FAZ of THyPRP-silenced plants was performed,using a newly developed AZ-specific tomato microarray chip.Decreased expression of THyPRP in the silenced plants was already observed before abscission induction,resulting in FAZ-specific altered gene expression of transcription factors,epigenetic modifiers,post-translational regulators,and transporters.Our data demonstrate that the effect of THyPRP silencing on pedicel abscission was not mediated by its effect on auxin balance,but by decreased ethylene biosynthesis and response.Additionally,THyPRP silencing revealed new players,which were demonstrated for the first time to be involved in regulating pedicel abscission processes.These include:gibberellin perception,Ca2+-Calmodulin signaling,Serpins and Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier proteins involved in post-translational modifications,Synthaxin and SNARE-like proteins,which participate in exocytosis,a process necessary for cell separation.These changes,occurring in the silenced plants early after flower removal,inhibited and/or delayed the acquisition of the competence of the FAZ cells to respond to ethylene signaling.Our results suggest that THyPRP acts as a master regulator of flower abscission in tomato,predominantly by playing a role in the regulation of the FAZ cell competence to respond to ethylene signals.展开更多
We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrosp...We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrospinning and electroplating methods.Percolative non-woven structure and high flexibility of the NF mats and MF electrodes allowed us to achieve highly transparent and flexible piezocomposites.A viscoelastic solution,mixed with P(VDF-TrFE)and BaTiO_(3),was electrospun into piezoelectric NFs with a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 21.2 pC/N.In addition,the combination of electrospinning and elec-troplating techniques enabled the fabrication of Ni-plated MF-based transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs),contributing to the high transparency of the resulting piezocomposite.The energy-harvesting efficiencies of the BaTiO_(3)-embedded NF-based PENGs with transmittances of 86%and 80%were 200 and 240 V/MPa,respectively,marking the highest values in their class.Moreover,the output voltage driven by the coupling effect of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity during finger tapping was 25.7 V.These highly efficient energy-harvesting performances,along with the transparent and flexible features of the PENGs,hold great promise for body-attachable energy-harvesting and sensing devices,as demonstrated in this study.展开更多
In the past tens of years,the power conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)has continuously improved and been one of the fastest growing photovoltaic technologies that can also help us achieve the goal of carbon e...In the past tens of years,the power conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)has continuously improved and been one of the fastest growing photovoltaic technologies that can also help us achieve the goal of carbon emissions reduction.Among several key advances,the alkali element post-deposition treatment(AlK PDT)is regarded as the most important finding in the last 10 years,which has led to the improvement of CIGS solar cell efficiency from 20.4%to 23.35%.A profound understanding of the influence of alkali element on the chemical and electrical properties of the CIGS absorber along with the underlying mechanisms is of great importance.In this review,we summarize the strategies of the alkali element doping in CIGS solar cell,the problems to be noted in the PDT process,the effects on the CdS buffer layer,the effects of different alkali elements on the structure and morphology of the CIGS absorber layer,and retrospect the progress in the CIGS solar cell with emphasis on the alkali element post deposition treatment.展开更多
We investigated the electronic and magnetic properties for O or Zn defect of (Cu, N) or (Cu, F)-co- doped ZnO with the concentration of 2.77% - 8.33% by using the first-principles calculations. The ferromagnetic coupl...We investigated the electronic and magnetic properties for O or Zn defect of (Cu, N) or (Cu, F)-co- doped ZnO with the concentration of 2.77% - 8.33% by using the first-principles calculations. The ferromagnetic coupling of Cu atoms in (Cu, N)-codoped ZnO can be attributed to the hole-mediated double-exchange through the strong 2p-3d coupling between Cu and neighboring O (or N) atoms. The ferromagnetism in Cu-doped ZnO is controllable by changing the carrier density. The Cu magnetic moment in low Cu concentration (2.77%) is increased by the N-doping, while for the F-doping it decreases. For two Cu atoms of Zn0.9445Cu0.0555O with O vacancy, the antiferromagnetic state is more energetically favorable than the ferromagnetic state.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the limitations of traditional preventative measures and underscored the essential role of face masks in controlling virus transmission.More effective and recyclable facial masks usin...The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the limitations of traditional preventative measures and underscored the essential role of face masks in controlling virus transmission.More effective and recyclable facial masks using various materials have been developed.In this work,vertically aligned carbon nanotubes(VACNTs)are employed as effective facial mask filters,particularly aimed at preventing SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in preparation for future COVID-19 pandemics.This study assesses six critical aspects of facial masks:hydrophobicity,industrial viability,breathability,hyperthermal antiviral effect,toxicity,and reusability.The VACNT alone exhibits superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 175.53◦,and an average of 142.7◦for a large area on spun-bonded polypropylene.VACNTs are processed using a roll-to-roll method,eliminating the need for adhesives.Due to the aligned tubes,VACNT filters demonstrate exceptional breathability and moisture ventilation compared to previously reported CNT and conventional filters.Hyperthermal tests of VACNT filters under sunlight confirm that up to 99.8%of the HCoV 229E virus denatures even in cold environments.The safety of using VACNTs is corroborated through histopathological evaluation and subcutaneous implantation tests,addressing concerns of respiratory and skin inflammation.VACNT masks efficiently transmit moisture and rapidly return to their initial dry state under sunlight maintaining their properties after 10000 bending cycles.In addition,the unique capability of VACNT filters to function as respiratory sensors,signaling dampness and facilitating reuse,is assessed,alongside their Joule heating effect.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.NRF-2021 M3 H4A1A02045962).
文摘With the increasing prevalence of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)applications,the demand for high-capacity next-generation materials has also increased.SiO_(x)is currently considered a promising anode material due to its exceptionally high capacity for LIBs.However,the significant volumetric changes of SiO_(x)during cycling and its initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)complicate its use,whether alone or in combination with graphite materials.In this study,a three-dimensional conductive binder network with high electronic conductivity and robust elasticity for graphite/SiO_(x)blended anodes was proposed by chemically anchoring carbon nanotubes and carboxymethyl cellulose binders using tannic acid as a chemical cross-linker.In addition,a dehydrogenation-based prelithiation strategy employing lithium hydride was utilized to enhance the ICE of SiO_(x).The combination of these two strategies increased the CE of SiO_(x)from 74%to87%and effectively mitigated its volume expansion in the graphite/SiO_(x)blended electrode,resulting in an efficient electron-conductive binder network.This led to a remarkable capacity retention of 94%after30 cycles,even under challenging conditions,with a high capacity of 550 mA h g^(-1)and a current density of 4 mA cm^(-2).Furthermore,to validate the feasibility of utilizing prelithiated SiO_(x)anode materials and the conductive binder network in LIBs,a full cell incorporating these materials and a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode was used.This cell demonstrated a~27.3%increase in discharge capacity of the first cycle(~185.7 mA h g^(-1))and exhibited a cycling stability of 300 cycles.Thus,this study reports a simple,feasible,and insightful method for designing high-performance LIB electrodes.
文摘The scattering of electromagnetic wave by an array of parallel metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes is investigated based on the boundary-value method. Electronic excitations over each nanotube surface are modeled as an infinitesimally thin cylindrical layer of the free-electron gas. The scattering cross section of both transverse magnetic （TM） and transverse electric （TE） uniform plane waves by the system at normal incidences is obtained.
文摘The dispersion properties of high-and low-frequency electrostatic oscillations of a spherical metallic plasma consisting of hot electrons and cold ions are investigated.The main interest and the key first applications of this system are the spherical metal nanoparticles.General expressions of dispersion relations are obtained for the so-called surface and bulk plasmon waves,and surface and bulk ion-acoustic waves in spherical geometry,using hydrodynamic equations and Poisson equation with appropriate boundary conditions.Numerical results show that dispersion effects become large for metallic particles of small radii,particularly in the range of few nanometers.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT),Korea (NRF-2021R1C1C1009200 and 2023R1A2C3007358)supported by the Defense Challengeable Future Technology Program of the Agency for Defense Development,Republic of Koreasupported by Technology Innovation Program of the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) (20016588)funded by Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy (MOTIE).
文摘The successful utilization of an eco-friendly and biocompatible parylene-C substrate for high-performance solution-processed double-walled carbon nanotube(CNT)electrode-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)was demonstrated.Through the use of a novel inversion transfer technique,vertical separation of the binders from the CNTs was induced,rendering a stronger p-doping effect and thereby a higher conductivity of the CNTs.The resulting foldable devices exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 18.11%,which is the highest reported among CNT transparent electrode-based PSCs to date,and withstood more than 10,000 folding cycles at a radius of 0.5 mm,demonstrating unprecedented mechanical stability.Furthermore,solar modules were fabricated using entirely laser scribing processes to assess the potential of the solution-processable nanocarbon electrode.Notably,this is the only one to be processed entirely by the laser scribing process and to be biocompatible as well as eco-friendly among the previously reported nonindium tin oxide-based perovskite solar modules.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.-RS-2024-00335976)。
文摘Electrochemical nitrate reduction(ENR)is an economical and eco-friendly method for converting industrial wastewater into valuable ammonia under atmospheric conditions.The main challenge lies in designing and developing highly durable ENR electrocatalysts.This study introduces defect-rich mesoporous CuO_(x) nanowires electrocatalyst synthesized using a novel solution-flame(sol-flame)hybrid method to control mesoporosity and introduce surface defects,thereby enhancing the electrochemical nitrate-toammonia production performance.We found surface defects(oxygen vacancies and Cu^(+))and unique mesoporous nanowire structure composed of tightly interconnected nanoparticles.The sol-flamesynthesized CuO_(x) nanowires(sf-CuO NWs)achieved superior ammonia yield rate(0.51 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)),faradaic efficiency(97.3%),and selectivity(86.2%)in 1 M KOH electrolyte(2000 ppm nitrate).This performance surpasses that of non-porous and less-defective CuO NWs and is attributed to the increased surface area and rapid electron transport facilitated by the distinctive morphology and generated defects.Theoretical calculation further suggests oxygen vacancies enhance NO_(3)^(-)adsorption on the sf-CuO NWs’surface and mitigate the competing hydrogen evolution reaction.This study outlines a strategic design and simple synthesis approach for nanowire electrocatalysts that boost the efficiency of electrochemical nitrate-to-ammonia conversion.
文摘In this paper,a charged multi-walled carbon nanotube（MWCNT）,which is surrounded by charged nanoparticles,is modeled as a cylindrical shell of electron-ion-dust plasma.By employing classical electrodynamics formulations and the linearized hydrodynamic model,the dispersion relation of the dust acoustic wave oscillations in the composed system is investigated.We obtain a new low-frequency electrostatic excitation in the MWCNT,i.e.dust acoustic wave oscillations.
基金National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)Grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(Nos.NRF-2020R1A5A1018153 and 2022M3J1A106422611)The authors acknowledge King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia,for funding this work through Researchers Supporting Project number(No.RSP2023R30).
文摘Flexible self-powered electromechanical devices,such as piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs),which are used in wearable and implantable devices,are emerging as state-of-the-art clean energy sources.In this study,a scalable supersonic spraying technique was used to prepare flexible piezocomposite films of polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)and hydrothermally synthesized ZnSnO_(3)(ZSO)cubes for PENGs.Raman spectra confirmed that the transformation of the α-phase of PVDF to its β-phase was induced by the shear stress generated between the ZSO particles and PVDF polymer during supersonic spraying.The op-timized sample comprising 0.43 g of ZSO cubes and 1 g of PVDF produced a maximum piezopotential of 41.5 V and a short-circuit current,I_(sc),of 52.5 μA.A maximum power density of 50.6 μW cm-2 was ob-tained at a loading resistance of 0.4 MΩ,which matched the impedance of the PENG.Long-term tapping and bending cycles of N_(tap)=4200 and N_(bend)=600 yielded piezopotentials of 40.5 and 1.7 V,respectively.In addition,electrical poling for 2 h increased the piezopotential to 52 V owing to the alignment of the ferroelectric dipoles in the PVDF.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant fu nded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2024-00335976)。
文摘Antimony sulfide(Sb_(2)S_(3))is a promising material for photoelectrochemical(PEC)devices that generate green hydrogen from sunlight and water.In this study,we present a synthesis of high-performance Sb_(2)S_(3)photoanodes via an interface-engineered hydrothermal growth followed by rapid thermal annealing(RTA).A TiO_(2)interfacial layer plays a crucial role in ensuring homogeneous precursor deposition,enhancing light absorption,and forming efficient heterojunctions with Sb_(2)S_(3),thereby significantly improving charge separation and transport.RTA further improves crystallinity and interfacial contact,resulting in dense and uniform Sb_(2)S_(3)films with enlarged grains and fewer defects.The optimized Sb_(2)S_(3)photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 2.51 mA/cm^(2)at 1.23 V vs.the reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE),one of the highest reported for Sb_(2)S_(3)without additional catalysts or passivation layers.To overcome the limitations of oxygen evolution reaction(OER),we employ the iodide oxidation reaction(IOR)as an alternative,significantly lowering the overpotential and improving charge transfer kinetics.Consequently,it produces a record photocurrent density of 8.9 mA/cm^(2)at 0.54 V vs.RHE.This work highlights the synergy between TiO_(2)interfacial engineering,RTA-induced crystallization,and IOR-driven oxidation,offering a promising pathway for efficient and scalable PEC hydrogen production.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62174170)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515010123)+4 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(20220807020526001)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0670000)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KJZD20230923114708018,KJZD20230923114710022)the Talent Support Project of Guangdong(2021TX06C101)the Shenzhen Basic Research(JCYJ20210324115406019).
文摘Laser debonding technology has been widely used in advanced chip packaging,such as fan-out integration,2.5D/3D ICs,and MEMS devices.Typically,laser debonding of bonded pairs(R/R separation)is typically achieved by completely removing the material from the ablation region within the release material layer at high energy densities.However,this R/R separation method often results in a significant amount of release material and carbonized debris remaining on the surface of the device wafer,severely reducing product yields and cleaning efficiency for ultra-thin device wafers.Here,we proposed an interfacial separation strategy based on laser-induced hot stamping effect and thermoelastic stress wave,which enables stress-free separation of wafer bonding pairs at the interface of the release layer and the adhesive layer(R/A separation).By comprehensively analyzing the micro-morphology and material composition of the release material,we elucidated the laser debonding behavior of bonded pairs under different separation modes.Additionally,we calculated the ablation threshold of the release material in the case of wafer bonding and established the processing window for different separation methods.This work offers a fresh perspective on the development and application of laser debonding technology.The proposed R/A interface separation method is versatile,controllable,and highly reliable,and does not leave release materials and carbonized debris on device wafers,demonstrating strong industrial adaptability,which greatly facilitates the application and development of advanced packaging for ultra-thin chips.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Education(2022R1A3B1078163 and 2022R1A4A1031182)supported by the KIMM institutional program(NK248E)and NST/KIMM+3 种基金supported by the Technology Innovation Program(or Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program)(20024772),(RS-2023-00264860)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea)(1415187508)supported by the US Department of Energy,Office of Science,Office of Basic Energy Sciences,under grant no.DE-FG02-87ER13808by Northwestern University.
文摘The exploration of heterostructures composed of two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDc)materials has garnered significant research attention due to the distinctive properties of each individual component and their phase-dependent unique properties.Using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD)method,we analyze the fabrication of heterostructures consisting of two phases of molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))in four different cases.The initial hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)polarization curve indicates that the activity of the heterostructure MoS_(2)is consistent with that of the underlying MoS_(2),rather than the surface activity of the upper MoS_(2).This behavior can be attributed to the presence of Schottky barriers,which include contact resistance,which significantly hampers the efficient charge transfer at junctions between the two different phases of MoS_(2)layers and is mediated by van der Waals bonds.Remarkably,the energy barrier at the junction dissipates upon reaching a certain electrochemical potential,indicating surface activation from the top phase of MoS_(2)in the heterostructure.Notably,the 1T/2H MoS_(2)heterostructure demonstrates enhanced electrochemical stability compared to its metastable 1T-MoS_(2).This fundamental understanding paves the way for the creation of phase-controllable heterostructures through an experimentally viable PECVD,offering significant promise for a wide range of applications.
基金supported by a grant from the Subway Fine Dust Reduction Technology Development Project of the Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport,Republic of Korea(21QPPWB152306-03)the Basic Science Research Capacity Enhancement Project through a Korea Basic Science Institute(National Research Facilities and Equipment Center)grant funded by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea(2019R1A6C1010016)。
文摘Energy-storage systems and their production have attracted significant interest for practical applications.Batteries are the foundation of sustainable energy sources for electric vehicles(EVs),portable electronic devices(PEDs),etc.In recent decades,Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been extensively utilized in largescale energy storage devices owing to their long cycle life and high energy density.However,the high cost and limited availability of Li are the two main obstacles for LIBs.In this regard,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs) are attractive alternatives to LIBs for large-scale energy storage systems because of the abundance and low cost of sodium materials.Cathode is one of the most important components in the battery,which limits cost and performance of a battery.Among the classified cathode structures,layered structure materials have attracted attention because of their high ionic conductivity,fast diffusion rate,and high specific capacity.Here,we present a comprehensive review of the classification of layered structures and the preparation of layered materials.Furthermore,the review article discusses extensively about the issues of the layered materials,namely(1) electrochemical degradation,(2) irreversible structural changes,and(3) structural instability,and also it provides strategies to overcome the issues such as elemental phase composition,a small amount of elemental doping,structural design,and surface alteration for emerging SIBs.In addition,the article discusses about the recent research development on layered unary,binary,ternary,quaternary,quinary,and senary-based O3-and P2-type cathode materials for high-energy SIBs.This review article provides useful information for the development of high-energy layered sodium transition metal oxide P2 and O3-cathode materials for practical SIBs.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(2020R1I1A3054824)supported by the Basic Research Program through the NRF funded by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT,2021R1A4A1032762)+2 种基金financial support by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE)of the Republic of Korea(no.20213030010400)the financial support by the NRF grant funded by the MSIT under the contract numbers 2022R1C1C1011975。
文摘In recent years,metal halide perovskites have received significant attention as materials for next-generation optoelectronic devices owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties.The unprecedented rapid evolution in the device performance has been achieved by gaining an advanced understanding of the composition,crystal growth,and defect engineering of perovskites.As device performances approach their theoretical limits,effective optical management becomes essential for achieving higher efficiency.In this review,we discuss the status and perspectives of nano to micron-scale patterning methods for the optical management of perovskite optoelectronic devices.We initially discuss the importance of effective light harvesting and light outcoupling via optical management.Subsequently,the recent progress in various patterning/texturing techniques applied to perovskite optoelectronic devices is summarized by categorizing them into top-down and bottom-up methods.Finally,we discuss the perspectives of advanced patterning/texturing technologies for the development and commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices.
基金supported by Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science(KRISS–2019–GP2019-0014)。
文摘In or Ga gradients in the Cu(In1-xGax)Se2(CIGS)absorbing layer lead to change the lattice parameters of the absorbing layer,giving rise to the bandgap grading in the absorbing layer which is directly associated with the degree of absorbing ability of the CIGS solar cell.We tried to characterize the depth profile of the lattice parameters of the CIGS absorbing layer using a glancing incidence X-ray diffraction(GIXRD)technique,and then investigate the bandgap grading of the CIGS absorbing layer.When the glancing incident angle increased from 0.50 to 5.00°,the a and c lattice parameters of the CIGS absorbing layer gradually decreased from 5.7776(3)to 5.6905(2)?,and 11.3917(3)to 11.2114(2)?,respectively.The depth profile of the lattice parameters as a function of the incident angle was consistent with vertical variation in the compositionof In or Ga with depth in the absorbing layer.The variation of the lattice parameters was due to the difference between the ionic radius of In and Ga co-occupying at the same crystallographic site.According to the results of the depth profile of the refined parameters using GIXRD data,the bandgap of the CIGS absorber layer was graded over a range of 1.222-1.532 eV.This approach allows to determine the In or Ga gradients in the CIGS absorbing layer,and to nondestructively guess the bandgap depth profile through the refinement of the lattice parameters using GIXRD data on the assumption that the changes of the lattice parameters or unit-cell volume follow a good approximation to Vegard’s law.
文摘A theoretical model to explain the mechanism of the electromagnetic wave propagation in the quasi two-dimensional layer of counterions adjacent to the surface of a charged cylindrical membrane is presented. By using Maxwell and hydrodynamic equations with appropriate boundary conditions, general expression of dispersion relation is obtained for the electromagnetic wave with mixed TE and TM modes.
基金Korea Institute of Industrial Technology,Grant/Award Number:KITECH EO‐22‐0005National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Numbers:2022R1A3B1078163,2022R1A4A1031182,2022R1A2C2005701。
文摘Herein,a layer of molybdenum oxide(MoO_(x)),a transition metal oxide(TMO),which has outstanding catalytic properties in combination with a carbonbased thin film,is modified to improve the hydrogen production performance and protect the MoO_(x)in acidic media.A thin film of graphene is transferred onto the MoO_(x)layer,after which the graphene structure is doped with N and S atoms at room temperature using a plasma doping method to modify the electronic structure and intrinsic properties of the material.The oxygen functional groups in graphene increase the interfacial interactions and electrical contacts between graphene and MoO_(x).The appearance of surface defects such as oxygen vacancies can result in vacancies in MoO_(x).This improves the electrical conductivity and electrochemically accessible surface area.Increasing the number of defects in graphene by adding dopants can significantly affect the chemical reaction at the interfaces and improve the electrochemical performance.These defects in graphene play a crucial role in the adsorption of H^(+)ions on the graphene surface and their transport to the MoO_(x)layer underneath.This enables MoO_(x)to participate in the reaction with the doped graphene.N^(‐)and S^(‐)doped graphene(NSGr)on MoO_(x)is active in acidic media and performs well in terms of hydrogen production.The initial overpotential value of 359 mV for the current density of−10 mA/cm^(2)is lowered to 228 mV after activation.
基金Contribution No.778/17 from the ARO,The Volcani Center,Rishon LeZiyon,IsraelThis work was supported by the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund(BARD)(grant number US-4571-12C to S.M.,C.-Z.J.,and S.P.-H.)+1 种基金the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture Fund(grant number 203-0898-11 to S.M.and S.P-H.)Srivignesh Sundaresan would like to thank the Indian Council of Agricultural Research for providing him with an International Fellowship(ICAR-IF)to support his Ph.D.studies.
文摘The Tomato Hybrid Proline-rich Protein(THyPRP)gene was specifically expressed in the tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)flower abscission zone(FAZ),and its stable antisense silencing under the control of an abscission zone(AZ)-specific promoter,Tomato Abscission Polygalacturonase4,significantly inhibited tomato pedicel abscission following flower removal.For understanding the THyPRP role in regulating pedicel abscission,a transcriptomic analysis of the FAZ of THyPRP-silenced plants was performed,using a newly developed AZ-specific tomato microarray chip.Decreased expression of THyPRP in the silenced plants was already observed before abscission induction,resulting in FAZ-specific altered gene expression of transcription factors,epigenetic modifiers,post-translational regulators,and transporters.Our data demonstrate that the effect of THyPRP silencing on pedicel abscission was not mediated by its effect on auxin balance,but by decreased ethylene biosynthesis and response.Additionally,THyPRP silencing revealed new players,which were demonstrated for the first time to be involved in regulating pedicel abscission processes.These include:gibberellin perception,Ca2+-Calmodulin signaling,Serpins and Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier proteins involved in post-translational modifications,Synthaxin and SNARE-like proteins,which participate in exocytosis,a process necessary for cell separation.These changes,occurring in the silenced plants early after flower removal,inhibited and/or delayed the acquisition of the competence of the FAZ cells to respond to ethylene signaling.Our results suggest that THyPRP acts as a master regulator of flower abscission in tomato,predominantly by playing a role in the regulation of the FAZ cell competence to respond to ethylene signals.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea Government(MIST)(RS-2023-00211303)Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT)Grant funded by the Korea Government(MOTIE)(P0023521,HRD Program for Industrial Innovation).
文摘We developed kinetic energy-harvestable and kinetic movement-detectable piezoelectric nanogenerators(PENGs)consisting of piezoelectric nanofiber(NF)mats and metal-electroplated microfiber(MF)electrodes using electrospinning and electroplating methods.Percolative non-woven structure and high flexibility of the NF mats and MF electrodes allowed us to achieve highly transparent and flexible piezocomposites.A viscoelastic solution,mixed with P(VDF-TrFE)and BaTiO_(3),was electrospun into piezoelectric NFs with a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 21.2 pC/N.In addition,the combination of electrospinning and elec-troplating techniques enabled the fabrication of Ni-plated MF-based transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs),contributing to the high transparency of the resulting piezocomposite.The energy-harvesting efficiencies of the BaTiO_(3)-embedded NF-based PENGs with transmittances of 86%and 80%were 200 and 240 V/MPa,respectively,marking the highest values in their class.Moreover,the output voltage driven by the coupling effect of piezoelectricity and triboelectricity during finger tapping was 25.7 V.These highly efficient energy-harvesting performances,along with the transparent and flexible features of the PENGs,hold great promise for body-attachable energy-harvesting and sensing devices,as demonstrated in this study.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China Grant(no.2018YFB1500200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(nos.61804159 and 52173243)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,Guangzhou,China(no.2021A1515011409)Shenzhen&Hong Kong Joint Research Program(no.SGDX20201103095605015)SIAT-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Photovoltaic Solar Energy.
文摘In the past tens of years,the power conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)has continuously improved and been one of the fastest growing photovoltaic technologies that can also help us achieve the goal of carbon emissions reduction.Among several key advances,the alkali element post-deposition treatment(AlK PDT)is regarded as the most important finding in the last 10 years,which has led to the improvement of CIGS solar cell efficiency from 20.4%to 23.35%.A profound understanding of the influence of alkali element on the chemical and electrical properties of the CIGS absorber along with the underlying mechanisms is of great importance.In this review,we summarize the strategies of the alkali element doping in CIGS solar cell,the problems to be noted in the PDT process,the effects on the CdS buffer layer,the effects of different alkali elements on the structure and morphology of the CIGS absorber layer,and retrospect the progress in the CIGS solar cell with emphasis on the alkali element post deposition treatment.
文摘We investigated the electronic and magnetic properties for O or Zn defect of (Cu, N) or (Cu, F)-co- doped ZnO with the concentration of 2.77% - 8.33% by using the first-principles calculations. The ferromagnetic coupling of Cu atoms in (Cu, N)-codoped ZnO can be attributed to the hole-mediated double-exchange through the strong 2p-3d coupling between Cu and neighboring O (or N) atoms. The ferromagnetism in Cu-doped ZnO is controllable by changing the carrier density. The Cu magnetic moment in low Cu concentration (2.77%) is increased by the N-doping, while for the F-doping it decreases. For two Cu atoms of Zn0.9445Cu0.0555O with O vacancy, the antiferromagnetic state is more energetically favorable than the ferromagnetic state.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2021R1A2C1004131 and RS-2024-00406152)supported by the Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(IITP-2025-RS-2023-00258971,20%,and RS-2023-00228994).
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the limitations of traditional preventative measures and underscored the essential role of face masks in controlling virus transmission.More effective and recyclable facial masks using various materials have been developed.In this work,vertically aligned carbon nanotubes(VACNTs)are employed as effective facial mask filters,particularly aimed at preventing SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in preparation for future COVID-19 pandemics.This study assesses six critical aspects of facial masks:hydrophobicity,industrial viability,breathability,hyperthermal antiviral effect,toxicity,and reusability.The VACNT alone exhibits superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 175.53◦,and an average of 142.7◦for a large area on spun-bonded polypropylene.VACNTs are processed using a roll-to-roll method,eliminating the need for adhesives.Due to the aligned tubes,VACNT filters demonstrate exceptional breathability and moisture ventilation compared to previously reported CNT and conventional filters.Hyperthermal tests of VACNT filters under sunlight confirm that up to 99.8%of the HCoV 229E virus denatures even in cold environments.The safety of using VACNTs is corroborated through histopathological evaluation and subcutaneous implantation tests,addressing concerns of respiratory and skin inflammation.VACNT masks efficiently transmit moisture and rapidly return to their initial dry state under sunlight maintaining their properties after 10000 bending cycles.In addition,the unique capability of VACNT filters to function as respiratory sensors,signaling dampness and facilitating reuse,is assessed,alongside their Joule heating effect.
