High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by t...High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by the alloy interface structures.Despite substantial efforts,a comprehensive overview of interface engineering of high-performance alloys has not been presented so far.In this study,the interfaces in high-performance alloys,particularly grain and phase boundaries,were systematically examined,with emphasis on their crystallographic characteristics and chemical element segregations.The effects of the interfaces on the electrical conductivity,mechanical strength,toughness,hydrogen embrittlement resistance,and thermal stability of the alloys were elucidated.Moreover,correlations among various types of interfaces and advanced experimental and computational techniques were examined using big data analytics,enabling robust design strategies.Challenges currently faced in the field of interface engineering and emerging opportunities in the field are also discussed.The study results would guide the development of next-generation high-performance alloys.展开更多
Electrocatalytic nitric oxide(NO)reduction reaction(NORR)is a promising and sustainable process that can simultaneously realize green ammonia(NH3)synthesis and hazardous NO removal.However,current NORR performances ar...Electrocatalytic nitric oxide(NO)reduction reaction(NORR)is a promising and sustainable process that can simultaneously realize green ammonia(NH3)synthesis and hazardous NO removal.However,current NORR performances are far from practical needs due to the lack of efficient electrocatalysts.Engineering the lattice of metal-based nanomaterials via phase control has emerged as an effective strategy to modulate their intrinsic electrocatalytic properties.Herein,we realize boron(B)-insertion-induced phase regulation of rhodium(Rh)nanocrystals to obtain amorphous Rh_(4)B nanoparticles(NPs)and hexagonal close-packed(hcp)RhB NPs through a facile wet-chemical method.A high Faradaic efficiency(92.1±1.2%)and NH_(3) yield rate(629.5±11.0μmol h^(−1) cm^(−2))are achieved over hcp RhB NPs,far superior to those of most reported NORR nanocatalysts.In situ spectro-electrochemical analysis and density functional theory simulations reveal that the excellent electrocatalytic performances of hcp RhB NPs are attributed to the upshift of d-band center,enhanced NO adsorption/activation profile,and greatly reduced energy barrier of the rate-determining step.A demonstrative Zn-NO battery is assembled using hcp RhB NPs as the cathode and delivers a peak power density of 4.33 mW cm−2,realizing simultaneous NO removal,NH3 synthesis,and electricity output.展开更多
As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.Ho...As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.展开更多
Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring...Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.展开更多
High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or mor...High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or more principal elements in nearly equiatom-ic proportions)confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion,and synergistic cocktail effects,the fun-damental understanding of structure-property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies.This review ad-dresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and electrocatalysts.We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’thermodynamic/kinetic stabiliza-tion principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties,integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics.By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassi-um-ion battery components,we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity.Notably,we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces,demonstrating their unique potential in stabil-izing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution.Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven com-position screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges,including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation.This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advan-cing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.展开更多
1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent m...1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent metamaterials extend this concept by integrating stimulus-responsive materials with programmable architectures,thereby creating functional matter that blurs the conventional boundary between materials and structures and enables dynamic,adaptive,and reconfigurable functionalities.These systems can respond to diverse stimuli such as thermal,electrical,optical,magnetic,and mechanical inputs,and convert them into tunable shape change,adaptive mechanical/optical responses,and other reconfigurable functionalities[1–5].Through this synergy,they acquire lifelike and emergent behaviors,making them attractive platforms for next-generation applications in soft robotics,bioengineering,information encryption,and mechanical computation.展开更多
Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,b...Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,broadly applicable approach that enhances both the spin-driven thermopower and the thermoelectric figure-of-merit(zT)without compromising electrical conductivity,using temperature-driven spin crossover.Our approach,supported by both theoretical and experimental evidence,is demonstrated through a case study of chromium doped-manganese telluride,but is not confined to this material and can be extended to other magnetic materials.By introducing dopants to create a high crystal field and exploiting the entropy changes associated with temperature-driven spin crossover,we achieved a significant increase in thermopower,by approximately 136μV K^(-1),representing more than a 200%enhancement at elevated temperatures within the paramagnetic domain.Our exploration of the bipolar semiconducting nature of these materials reveals that suppressing bipolar magnon/paramagnon-drag thermopower is key to understanding and utilizing spin crossover-driven thermopower.These findings,validated by inelastic neutron scattering,X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,thermal transport,and energy conversion measurements,shed light on crucial material design parameters.We provide a comprehensive framework that analyzes the interplay between spin entropy,hopping transport,and magnon/paramagnon lifetimes,paving the way for the development of high-performance spin-driven thermoelectric materials.展开更多
Magnetoresistive random access memory(MRAM)is a promising non-volatile memory technology that can be utilized as an energy and space-efficient storage and computing solution,particularly in cache functions within circ...Magnetoresistive random access memory(MRAM)is a promising non-volatile memory technology that can be utilized as an energy and space-efficient storage and computing solution,particularly in cache functions within circuits.Although MRAM has achieved mass production,its manufacturing process still remains challenging,resulting in only a few semiconductor companies dominating its production.In this review,we delve into the materials,processes,and devices used in MRAM,focusing on both the widely adopted spin transfer torque MRAM and the next-generation spin-orbit torque MRAM.We provide an overview of their operational mechanisms and manufacturing technologies.Furthermore,we outline the major hurdles faced in MRAM manufacturing and propose potential solutions in detail.Then,the applications of MRAM in artificial intelligent hardware are introduced.Finally,we present an outlook on the future development and applications of MRAM.展开更多
Layered manganese dioxide(δ-MnO_(2))is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)due to its high theoretical capacity,high operating voltage,and low cost.However,its practical application face...Layered manganese dioxide(δ-MnO_(2))is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)due to its high theoretical capacity,high operating voltage,and low cost.However,its practical application faces challenges,such as low electronic conductivity,sluggish diffusion kinetics,and severe dissolution of Mn^(2+).In this study,we developed a δ-MnO_(2) coated with a 2-methylimidazole(δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML)hybrid cathode.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations indicate that 2-ML can be integrated into δ-MnO_(2) through both pre-intercalation and surface coating,with thermodynamically favorable outcomes.This modification expands the interlayer spacing of δ-MnO_(2) and generates Mn-N bonds on the surface,enhancing Zn^(2+)accommodation and diffusion kinetics as well as stabilizing surface Mn sites.The experimentally prepared δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML cathode,as predicted by DFT,features both 2-ML pre-intercalation and surface coating,providing more zinc-ion insertion sites and improved structural stability.Furthermore,X-ray diffraction shows the expanded interlayer spacing,which effectively buffers local electrostatic interactions,leading to an enhanced Zn^(2+)diffusion rate.Consequently,the optimized cathode(δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML)presents improved electrochemical performance and stability,and the fabricated AZIBs exhibit a high specific capacity(309.5mAh/g at 0.1 A/g),superior multiplicative performance(137.6mAh/g at 1 A/g),and impressive capacity retention(80%after 1350 cycles at 1 A/g).These results surpass the performance of most manganese-based and vanadium-based cathode materials reported to date.This dual-modulation strategy,combining interlayer engineering and interface optimization,offers a straightforward and scalable approach,potentially advancing the commercial viability of low-cost,high-performance AZIBs.展开更多
High-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(HT-CLSM)is a robust characterization tool which can provide in situ real-time studies of materials processing.This facility has been applied in investigating interfa...High-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(HT-CLSM)is a robust characterization tool which can provide in situ real-time studies of materials processing.This facility has been applied in investigating interfacial phenomena in ironmaking and steelmaking as well as phase transformations during heat treatment of metallic materials.The pioneering work on the application of HTCLSM dates back to twenty-five years ago,to directly observe the crystallization of undercooled steel melt.展开更多
Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanica...Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties of these materials.Furthermore,AM enables the fabrication of complex internal structures suitable for implants.Literature on the AM of degradable zinc-based biomaterials from the Web of Science Core Collection was evaluated in this review.The bibliometric tool CiteSpace was used to analyze historical characteristics,evolving research topics,and emerging trends in this field.Our research results predict that the composition,processing techniques,in vitro biocompatibility,and manufacturing quality of biodegradable AM zinc-basedmaterials will continue to be hot topics in recent years.To address implant requirements,particularly for bone-repair materials,the mechanical properties of materials (including the resistance to degradation,creep,and aging),degradation rates,in-vivo biocompatibility,and specialized processing techniques that affect these properties (such as coating processes,heat treatments,material surface structures,and micros truc tural compositions) will become hot research topics in the future.We propose future research directions based on an in-depth analysis of four main topics of AM biodegradable zinc-based materials (manufacturing quality,material composition,unit configuration,and biocompatibility).The findings provide important guidance for future theoretical research and industrial development of AM zinc-based biomaterials.展开更多
Device fabrication is increasing with the importance of functional materials for industrial applications.To fulfil increasing demands,rare earth elementbased materials have become important.In particular,lanthanum(La)...Device fabrication is increasing with the importance of functional materials for industrial applications.To fulfil increasing demands,rare earth elementbased materials have become important.In particular,lanthanum(La) and La-based materials have garnered attention in recent years due to their versatile properties and wide range of potential applications.This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the utilization of La and its compounds across various fields.In the realm of sensing and biosensing,La-based materials exhibit better sensitivity and selectivity,indicating their suitability for detecting environmental pollutants and biomolecules.The review also explores their role in supercapacitors,where their unique electrochemical properties contribute to enhanced performance and stability.Furthermore,the catalytic properties of La compounds are highlighted in water-splitting applications,emphasizing their efficiency in oxygen and hydrogen production.The biomedical applications of Labased materials are also examined,focusing on their biocompatibility and potential in drug delivery and medical imaging.This review aims to provide a critical analysis of the current state of research,identify challenges,and suggest future directions for the development and application of La and La-based materials in these diverse fields.展开更多
Magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage materials(Mg-HSMs)exhibit significant potential for the global energy transition due to their large hydrogen capacity and energy density.However,their high operating temper...Magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage materials(Mg-HSMs)exhibit significant potential for the global energy transition due to their large hydrogen capacity and energy density.However,their high operating temperatures,low operating efficiencies,and short service life have severely hindered largescale applications.To address the above challenges,diverse modification strategies have been proposed.Catalytic modification,achieved by introducing catalysts to enable compositional compounding and structural refinement,enhances surface active site density and bulk hydrogen diffusion pathways,reduces hydrogen dissociation energy barriers,weakens Mg–H bonds,and significantly improves kinetic properties.This approach is considered one of the most effective strategies.However,as research advances,the structures,forms,and catalytic mechanisms of catalysts have become increasingly diverse.Despite progress,challenges such as fragmented research outcomes,inconsistent performance metrics,and an incomplete understanding of structure-property relationships remain unresolved.Therefore,this work systematically summarizes recent advances in catalytic modification strategies for Mg-HSMs,emphasizing the role of catalysts in enhancing reaction kinetics and structural stability,the diversity of catalyst types,forms,and the underlying mechanisms governing catalytic efficacy.Based on critical analysis,this work identifies the current key technical bottlenecks and proposes that the design of next-generation catalysts and the future development of Mg-HSMs should be guided by the principles of‘multiphase heterogeneous interfacial composites'and‘synergistic development',aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the optimization and advancement of their performance.展开更多
The authors regret<to remove Prof.Jien-Wei Yeh from the authorship for some reason.The removal is agreed by Prof.Jien-Wei Yeh>.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Introducing B2 ordering can effectively improve the mechanical properties of lightweight refractory high-entropy alloys(LRHEAs).However,(Zr,Al)-enriched B2 precipitates generally reduce the ductility because their ord...Introducing B2 ordering can effectively improve the mechanical properties of lightweight refractory high-entropy alloys(LRHEAs).However,(Zr,Al)-enriched B2 precipitates generally reduce the ductility because their ordering characteristic is destroyed after dislocation shearing.Meanwhile,the local chemical order(LCO)cannot provide an adequate strengthening effect due to its small size.展开更多
Material flow and phase transformation were studied at the interface of dissimilar joint between Al 6013 and Mg, produced by stir friction welding （FSW） experiments. Defect-free weld was obtained when aluminum and m...Material flow and phase transformation were studied at the interface of dissimilar joint between Al 6013 and Mg, produced by stir friction welding （FSW） experiments. Defect-free weld was obtained when aluminum and magnesium were placed in the advancing side and retreating side respectively and the tool was placed 1 mm off the weld centerline into the aluminum side. In order to understand the material flow during FSW, steel shots were implanted as indexes into the welding path. After welding, using X-ray images, secondary positions of the steel shots were evaluated. It was revealed that steel shots implanted in advancing side were penetrated from the advancing side into the retreating side, whereas the shots implanted in the retreating side remained in the retreating side, without penetrating into the advancing side. The welded specimens were also heat treated. The effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the welds and the formation of new intermetallic layers were investigated. Two intermetallic compounds, Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17, were formed sequentially at Al6013/Mg interface.展开更多
The increasing demands for wearable electronics have stimulated the rapid development of flexible energy storage devices.MXenes are considered as promising flexible electrodes due to the ultrahigh volumetric specific ...The increasing demands for wearable electronics have stimulated the rapid development of flexible energy storage devices.MXenes are considered as promising flexible electrodes due to the ultrahigh volumetric specific capacitance,metallic conductivity,superior hydrophily,and rich surface chemistry.展开更多
In 316L austenitic stainless steel,the presence of ferrite phase severely affects the non-magnetic properties.316L austenitic stainless steel with low-alloy type(L-316L)and high-alloy type(H-316L)has been studied.The ...In 316L austenitic stainless steel,the presence of ferrite phase severely affects the non-magnetic properties.316L austenitic stainless steel with low-alloy type(L-316L)and high-alloy type(H-316L)has been studied.The microstructure and solidification kinetics of the two as-cast grades were in situ observed by high temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(HT-CLSM).There are significant differences in the as-cast microstructures of the two 316L stainless steel compositions.In L-316L steel,ferrite morphology appears as the short rods with a ferrite content of 6.98%,forming a dual-phase microstructure consisting of austenite and ferrite.Conversely,in H-316L steel,the ferrite appears as discontinuous network structures with a content of 4.41%,forming a microstructure composed of austenite and sigma(σ)phase.The alloying elements in H-316L steel exhibit a complex distribution,with Ni and Mo enriching at the austenite grain boundaries.HT-CLSM experiments provide the real-time observation of the solidification processes of both 316L specimens and reveal distinct solidification modes:L-316L steel solidifies in an FA mode,whereas H-316L steel solidifies in an AF mode.These differences result in ferrite and austenite predominantly serving as the nucleation and growth phases,respectively.The solidification mode observed by experiments is similar to the thermodynamic calculation results.The L-316L steel solidified in the FA mode and showed minimal element segregation,which lead to a direct transformation of ferrite to austenite phase(δ→γ)during phase transformation after solidification.Besides,the H-316L steel solidified in the AF mode and showed severe element segregation,which lead to Mo enrichment at grain boundaries and transformation of ferrite into sigma and austenite phases through the eutectoid reaction(δ→σ+γ).展开更多
Spinel LiMn2O4 cathodes were coated with 1 mol% YF3.X-ray diffraction（XRD） analyses showed that Y and/or F did not enter the lattice of the LiMn2O4 crystal.Transmission electron microscopy（TEM） showed that a compa...Spinel LiMn2O4 cathodes were coated with 1 mol% YF3.X-ray diffraction（XRD） analyses showed that Y and/or F did not enter the lattice of the LiMn2O4 crystal.Transmission electron microscopy（TEM） showed that a compact YF3 layer of 5-20 nm in thickness was coated onto the surface of LiMn2O4 particles.Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） observation showed that the YF3 coating caused the agglomeration of LiMn2O4 particles.The cycling test demonstrated that the YF3 coating can improve the electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 at both 20 and 55°C.Moreover,YF3-coated LiMn2O4 exhibited an improved rate capability compared with the uncoated one at high rates over 5C.The immersion test in electrolytes showed that YF3-coated LiMn2O4 is more erosion resistant than the uncoated one.展开更多
TiO_(2)-based materials have been considered as one of most promising alternatives for high-performance Li(Na)-ion batteries because of the low cost,simple composition,easy synthesis,good environmental protection,exce...TiO_(2)-based materials have been considered as one of most promising alternatives for high-performance Li(Na)-ion batteries because of the low cost,simple composition,easy synthesis,good environmental protection,excellent safety and relatively high specific capacity.Nonetheless,the inferior electronic conductivity and poor ion diffusion coefficients are the biggest bottlenecks that restrict the popular application.Much effort has been focused on resolving these problems toward large-scale applications,and numerous significant advances have been accomplished.In the present work,a comprehensive overview of structure characteristics,electrochemical reaction mechanism and modification strategies of TiO_(2)-based materials was presented.The recent advances of various efficient ways for improving conductivity,Li(Na)storage capacity,rate capability and cycle stability are systematically summarized,including surface engineering,constructing composite and element doping,etc.Constructing TiO_(2)-based materials with novel porous heterogeneous core-shell structures have been regarded as one of the most effective ways to resolve these challenges.Finally,the future research directions and development prospects of TiO_(2)-based anode materials used in the manufacture of high-performance Li(Na)-ion batteries are prospected.This review can provide important comprehension for the construction and optimization of highperformance of TiO_(2)-based anode materials.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52122408 and 52474397)the High-level Talent Research Start-up Project Funding of Henan Academy of Sciences(No.242017127)+1 种基金the financial support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(University of Science and Technology Beijing(USTB),Nos.FRF-TP-2021-04C1 and 06500135)supported by USTB MatCom of Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering。
文摘High-performance alloys are indispensable in modern engineering because of their exceptional strength,ductility,corrosion resistance,fatigue resistance,and thermal stability,which are all significantly influenced by the alloy interface structures.Despite substantial efforts,a comprehensive overview of interface engineering of high-performance alloys has not been presented so far.In this study,the interfaces in high-performance alloys,particularly grain and phase boundaries,were systematically examined,with emphasis on their crystallographic characteristics and chemical element segregations.The effects of the interfaces on the electrical conductivity,mechanical strength,toughness,hydrogen embrittlement resistance,and thermal stability of the alloys were elucidated.Moreover,correlations among various types of interfaces and advanced experimental and computational techniques were examined using big data analytics,enabling robust design strategies.Challenges currently faced in the field of interface engineering and emerging opportunities in the field are also discussed.The study results would guide the development of next-generation high-performance alloys.
基金funding support from General Research Fund[Project No.14300525]from the Research Grants Council(RGC)of Hong Kong SAR,Chinafunding support from Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Young Scientists Fund(Project No.22305203)+2 种基金NSFC Projects Nos.22309123,22422303,22303011,22033002,92261112 and U21A20328support from the Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Center(NPMM)at City University of Hong Kongsupport from Young Collaborative Research Grant[Project No.C1003-23Y]support from RGC of Hong Kong SAR,China.
文摘Electrocatalytic nitric oxide(NO)reduction reaction(NORR)is a promising and sustainable process that can simultaneously realize green ammonia(NH3)synthesis and hazardous NO removal.However,current NORR performances are far from practical needs due to the lack of efficient electrocatalysts.Engineering the lattice of metal-based nanomaterials via phase control has emerged as an effective strategy to modulate their intrinsic electrocatalytic properties.Herein,we realize boron(B)-insertion-induced phase regulation of rhodium(Rh)nanocrystals to obtain amorphous Rh_(4)B nanoparticles(NPs)and hexagonal close-packed(hcp)RhB NPs through a facile wet-chemical method.A high Faradaic efficiency(92.1±1.2%)and NH_(3) yield rate(629.5±11.0μmol h^(−1) cm^(−2))are achieved over hcp RhB NPs,far superior to those of most reported NORR nanocatalysts.In situ spectro-electrochemical analysis and density functional theory simulations reveal that the excellent electrocatalytic performances of hcp RhB NPs are attributed to the upshift of d-band center,enhanced NO adsorption/activation profile,and greatly reduced energy barrier of the rate-determining step.A demonstrative Zn-NO battery is assembled using hcp RhB NPs as the cathode and delivers a peak power density of 4.33 mW cm−2,realizing simultaneous NO removal,NH3 synthesis,and electricity output.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),South Korea(RS-2024-00421181)financially supported in part by National R&D Program(2021M3H4A3A02086430)through NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT+2 种基金the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL25021-210)The Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center,Institute of Engineering Research,and Soft Foundry Institute at Seoul National University provided research facilities for this workhe grant by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NSF)supported by the Korea government(MIST)(RS-2025-16903034)。
文摘As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFE0122000)National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52234009,52274383,52222409,and 52201113。
文摘Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5227130161).
文摘High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or more principal elements in nearly equiatom-ic proportions)confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion,and synergistic cocktail effects,the fun-damental understanding of structure-property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies.This review ad-dresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and electrocatalysts.We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’thermodynamic/kinetic stabiliza-tion principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties,integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics.By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassi-um-ion battery components,we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity.Notably,we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces,demonstrating their unique potential in stabil-izing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution.Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven com-position screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges,including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation.This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advan-cing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.
基金supported by the National University of Singapore Presidential Young Professorship Start-Up Grant.
文摘1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent metamaterials extend this concept by integrating stimulus-responsive materials with programmable architectures,thereby creating functional matter that blurs the conventional boundary between materials and structures and enables dynamic,adaptive,and reconfigurable functionalities.These systems can respond to diverse stimuli such as thermal,electrical,optical,magnetic,and mechanical inputs,and convert them into tunable shape change,adaptive mechanical/optical responses,and other reconfigurable functionalities[1–5].Through this synergy,they acquire lifelike and emergent behaviors,making them attractive platforms for next-generation applications in soft robotics,bioengineering,information encryption,and mechanical computation.
基金funding support by the National Science Foundation(NSF)under grant numbers CBET-2110603the Air Force Office of Scientific Research(AFOSR)under contract number FA9550-12-1-0225supported by the State of North Carolina and the National Science Foundation(award number ECCS-2025064).
文摘Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,broadly applicable approach that enhances both the spin-driven thermopower and the thermoelectric figure-of-merit(zT)without compromising electrical conductivity,using temperature-driven spin crossover.Our approach,supported by both theoretical and experimental evidence,is demonstrated through a case study of chromium doped-manganese telluride,but is not confined to this material and can be extended to other magnetic materials.By introducing dopants to create a high crystal field and exploiting the entropy changes associated with temperature-driven spin crossover,we achieved a significant increase in thermopower,by approximately 136μV K^(-1),representing more than a 200%enhancement at elevated temperatures within the paramagnetic domain.Our exploration of the bipolar semiconducting nature of these materials reveals that suppressing bipolar magnon/paramagnon-drag thermopower is key to understanding and utilizing spin crossover-driven thermopower.These findings,validated by inelastic neutron scattering,X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,thermal transport,and energy conversion measurements,shed light on crucial material design parameters.We provide a comprehensive framework that analyzes the interplay between spin entropy,hopping transport,and magnon/paramagnon lifetimes,paving the way for the development of high-performance spin-driven thermoelectric materials.
基金supported in part by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)under Grant 2020118Beijing Nova Program under Grant 20230484358Beijing Superstring Academy of Memory Technology:under Grant No.E2DF06X003。
文摘Magnetoresistive random access memory(MRAM)is a promising non-volatile memory technology that can be utilized as an energy and space-efficient storage and computing solution,particularly in cache functions within circuits.Although MRAM has achieved mass production,its manufacturing process still remains challenging,resulting in only a few semiconductor companies dominating its production.In this review,we delve into the materials,processes,and devices used in MRAM,focusing on both the widely adopted spin transfer torque MRAM and the next-generation spin-orbit torque MRAM.We provide an overview of their operational mechanisms and manufacturing technologies.Furthermore,we outline the major hurdles faced in MRAM manufacturing and propose potential solutions in detail.Then,the applications of MRAM in artificial intelligent hardware are introduced.Finally,we present an outlook on the future development and applications of MRAM.
基金supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203303)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(SGDX20211123151002003 and GJHZ20220913142812025)+1 种基金the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(321GJHZ2023189FN)the SIAT International Joint Lab(E5G108).
文摘Layered manganese dioxide(δ-MnO_(2))is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)due to its high theoretical capacity,high operating voltage,and low cost.However,its practical application faces challenges,such as low electronic conductivity,sluggish diffusion kinetics,and severe dissolution of Mn^(2+).In this study,we developed a δ-MnO_(2) coated with a 2-methylimidazole(δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML)hybrid cathode.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations indicate that 2-ML can be integrated into δ-MnO_(2) through both pre-intercalation and surface coating,with thermodynamically favorable outcomes.This modification expands the interlayer spacing of δ-MnO_(2) and generates Mn-N bonds on the surface,enhancing Zn^(2+)accommodation and diffusion kinetics as well as stabilizing surface Mn sites.The experimentally prepared δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML cathode,as predicted by DFT,features both 2-ML pre-intercalation and surface coating,providing more zinc-ion insertion sites and improved structural stability.Furthermore,X-ray diffraction shows the expanded interlayer spacing,which effectively buffers local electrostatic interactions,leading to an enhanced Zn^(2+)diffusion rate.Consequently,the optimized cathode(δ-MnO_(2)@2-ML)presents improved electrochemical performance and stability,and the fabricated AZIBs exhibit a high specific capacity(309.5mAh/g at 0.1 A/g),superior multiplicative performance(137.6mAh/g at 1 A/g),and impressive capacity retention(80%after 1350 cycles at 1 A/g).These results surpass the performance of most manganese-based and vanadium-based cathode materials reported to date.This dual-modulation strategy,combining interlayer engineering and interface optimization,offers a straightforward and scalable approach,potentially advancing the commercial viability of low-cost,high-performance AZIBs.
文摘High-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(HT-CLSM)is a robust characterization tool which can provide in situ real-time studies of materials processing.This facility has been applied in investigating interfacial phenomena in ironmaking and steelmaking as well as phase transformations during heat treatment of metallic materials.The pioneering work on the application of HTCLSM dates back to twenty-five years ago,to directly observe the crystallization of undercooled steel melt.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3810100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32471366,12302406,82270535)+2 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Project of JinFeng LaboratoryChongqingChina(No.jfkyjf202203001)
文摘Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties of these materials.Furthermore,AM enables the fabrication of complex internal structures suitable for implants.Literature on the AM of degradable zinc-based biomaterials from the Web of Science Core Collection was evaluated in this review.The bibliometric tool CiteSpace was used to analyze historical characteristics,evolving research topics,and emerging trends in this field.Our research results predict that the composition,processing techniques,in vitro biocompatibility,and manufacturing quality of biodegradable AM zinc-basedmaterials will continue to be hot topics in recent years.To address implant requirements,particularly for bone-repair materials,the mechanical properties of materials (including the resistance to degradation,creep,and aging),degradation rates,in-vivo biocompatibility,and specialized processing techniques that affect these properties (such as coating processes,heat treatments,material surface structures,and micros truc tural compositions) will become hot research topics in the future.We propose future research directions based on an in-depth analysis of four main topics of AM biodegradable zinc-based materials (manufacturing quality,material composition,unit configuration,and biocompatibility).The findings provide important guidance for future theoretical research and industrial development of AM zinc-based biomaterials.
基金financially supported by the Nanomaterial Technology Development Program(Nos.RS-202300234581)the Basic Science Research Program(Nos.2020-NR049321,RS-2019-NR040077)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT,&Future Planning and the Ministry of Education
文摘Device fabrication is increasing with the importance of functional materials for industrial applications.To fulfil increasing demands,rare earth elementbased materials have become important.In particular,lanthanum(La) and La-based materials have garnered attention in recent years due to their versatile properties and wide range of potential applications.This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the utilization of La and its compounds across various fields.In the realm of sensing and biosensing,La-based materials exhibit better sensitivity and selectivity,indicating their suitability for detecting environmental pollutants and biomolecules.The review also explores their role in supercapacitors,where their unique electrochemical properties contribute to enhanced performance and stability.Furthermore,the catalytic properties of La compounds are highlighted in water-splitting applications,emphasizing their efficiency in oxygen and hydrogen production.The biomedical applications of Labased materials are also examined,focusing on their biocompatibility and potential in drug delivery and medical imaging.This review aims to provide a critical analysis of the current state of research,identify challenges,and suggest future directions for the development and application of La and La-based materials in these diverse fields.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.2025CYYBXM-154 and 2024GX-YBXM-213)the Yulin Science and Technology Bureau(Grant Nos.2023-CXY-202 and 2024-CXY-154)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(Grant No.23JP008)the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.2025-ZJ-966J)the Talent youth project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.E410GC03)。
文摘Magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage materials(Mg-HSMs)exhibit significant potential for the global energy transition due to their large hydrogen capacity and energy density.However,their high operating temperatures,low operating efficiencies,and short service life have severely hindered largescale applications.To address the above challenges,diverse modification strategies have been proposed.Catalytic modification,achieved by introducing catalysts to enable compositional compounding and structural refinement,enhances surface active site density and bulk hydrogen diffusion pathways,reduces hydrogen dissociation energy barriers,weakens Mg–H bonds,and significantly improves kinetic properties.This approach is considered one of the most effective strategies.However,as research advances,the structures,forms,and catalytic mechanisms of catalysts have become increasingly diverse.Despite progress,challenges such as fragmented research outcomes,inconsistent performance metrics,and an incomplete understanding of structure-property relationships remain unresolved.Therefore,this work systematically summarizes recent advances in catalytic modification strategies for Mg-HSMs,emphasizing the role of catalysts in enhancing reaction kinetics and structural stability,the diversity of catalyst types,forms,and the underlying mechanisms governing catalytic efficacy.Based on critical analysis,this work identifies the current key technical bottlenecks and proposes that the design of next-generation catalysts and the future development of Mg-HSMs should be guided by the principles of‘multiphase heterogeneous interfacial composites'and‘synergistic development',aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the optimization and advancement of their performance.
文摘The authors regret<to remove Prof.Jien-Wei Yeh from the authorship for some reason.The removal is agreed by Prof.Jien-Wei Yeh>.The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52171166 and U20A20231)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Nos.2024JJ2060 and 2024JJ5406)+1 种基金the Key Laboratory of Materials in Dynamic Extremes of Sichuan Province(No.2023SCKT1102)the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of National University of Defense Technology(No.XJJC2024065).
文摘Introducing B2 ordering can effectively improve the mechanical properties of lightweight refractory high-entropy alloys(LRHEAs).However,(Zr,Al)-enriched B2 precipitates generally reduce the ductility because their ordering characteristic is destroyed after dislocation shearing.Meanwhile,the local chemical order(LCO)cannot provide an adequate strengthening effect due to its small size.
文摘Material flow and phase transformation were studied at the interface of dissimilar joint between Al 6013 and Mg, produced by stir friction welding （FSW） experiments. Defect-free weld was obtained when aluminum and magnesium were placed in the advancing side and retreating side respectively and the tool was placed 1 mm off the weld centerline into the aluminum side. In order to understand the material flow during FSW, steel shots were implanted as indexes into the welding path. After welding, using X-ray images, secondary positions of the steel shots were evaluated. It was revealed that steel shots implanted in advancing side were penetrated from the advancing side into the retreating side, whereas the shots implanted in the retreating side remained in the retreating side, without penetrating into the advancing side. The welded specimens were also heat treated. The effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the welds and the formation of new intermetallic layers were investigated. Two intermetallic compounds, Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17, were formed sequentially at Al6013/Mg interface.
基金This research was supported by GRF Scheme under Project CityU 11305218The work was also partially sponsored by the project 2017JY0088 supported by Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Provincewas partially supported by the Chengdu Research Institute(2017JY0088),City University of Hong Kong.
文摘The increasing demands for wearable electronics have stimulated the rapid development of flexible energy storage devices.MXenes are considered as promising flexible electrodes due to the ultrahigh volumetric specific capacitance,metallic conductivity,superior hydrophily,and rich surface chemistry.
基金support of the Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2022-040)"Chunhui Plan"Collaborative Research Project by the Ministry of Education of China(HZKY20220507)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104338)Applied Fundamental Research Programs of Shanxi Province(202303021221036)Shandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation(SDCX-ZG-202303027,SDBX2023054).
文摘In 316L austenitic stainless steel,the presence of ferrite phase severely affects the non-magnetic properties.316L austenitic stainless steel with low-alloy type(L-316L)and high-alloy type(H-316L)has been studied.The microstructure and solidification kinetics of the two as-cast grades were in situ observed by high temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(HT-CLSM).There are significant differences in the as-cast microstructures of the two 316L stainless steel compositions.In L-316L steel,ferrite morphology appears as the short rods with a ferrite content of 6.98%,forming a dual-phase microstructure consisting of austenite and ferrite.Conversely,in H-316L steel,the ferrite appears as discontinuous network structures with a content of 4.41%,forming a microstructure composed of austenite and sigma(σ)phase.The alloying elements in H-316L steel exhibit a complex distribution,with Ni and Mo enriching at the austenite grain boundaries.HT-CLSM experiments provide the real-time observation of the solidification processes of both 316L specimens and reveal distinct solidification modes:L-316L steel solidifies in an FA mode,whereas H-316L steel solidifies in an AF mode.These differences result in ferrite and austenite predominantly serving as the nucleation and growth phases,respectively.The solidification mode observed by experiments is similar to the thermodynamic calculation results.The L-316L steel solidified in the FA mode and showed minimal element segregation,which lead to a direct transformation of ferrite to austenite phase(δ→γ)during phase transformation after solidification.Besides,the H-316L steel solidified in the AF mode and showed severe element segregation,which lead to Mo enrichment at grain boundaries and transformation of ferrite into sigma and austenite phases through the eutectoid reaction(δ→σ+γ).
基金supported by the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province,China (No.2007C21100)
文摘Spinel LiMn2O4 cathodes were coated with 1 mol% YF3.X-ray diffraction（XRD） analyses showed that Y and/or F did not enter the lattice of the LiMn2O4 crystal.Transmission electron microscopy（TEM） showed that a compact YF3 layer of 5-20 nm in thickness was coated onto the surface of LiMn2O4 particles.Scanning electron microscopy（SEM） observation showed that the YF3 coating caused the agglomeration of LiMn2O4 particles.The cycling test demonstrated that the YF3 coating can improve the electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 at both 20 and 55°C.Moreover,YF3-coated LiMn2O4 exhibited an improved rate capability compared with the uncoated one at high rates over 5C.The immersion test in electrolytes showed that YF3-coated LiMn2O4 is more erosion resistant than the uncoated one.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51774002)the Key Program for International S&T Cooperation Projects of China(No.2017YFE0124300)the“333 Talent Project”of Hebei Province(No.A202005018)。
文摘TiO_(2)-based materials have been considered as one of most promising alternatives for high-performance Li(Na)-ion batteries because of the low cost,simple composition,easy synthesis,good environmental protection,excellent safety and relatively high specific capacity.Nonetheless,the inferior electronic conductivity and poor ion diffusion coefficients are the biggest bottlenecks that restrict the popular application.Much effort has been focused on resolving these problems toward large-scale applications,and numerous significant advances have been accomplished.In the present work,a comprehensive overview of structure characteristics,electrochemical reaction mechanism and modification strategies of TiO_(2)-based materials was presented.The recent advances of various efficient ways for improving conductivity,Li(Na)storage capacity,rate capability and cycle stability are systematically summarized,including surface engineering,constructing composite and element doping,etc.Constructing TiO_(2)-based materials with novel porous heterogeneous core-shell structures have been regarded as one of the most effective ways to resolve these challenges.Finally,the future research directions and development prospects of TiO_(2)-based anode materials used in the manufacture of high-performance Li(Na)-ion batteries are prospected.This review can provide important comprehension for the construction and optimization of highperformance of TiO_(2)-based anode materials.
