As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.Ho...As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.展开更多
High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or mor...High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or more principal elements in nearly equiatom-ic proportions)confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion,and synergistic cocktail effects,the fun-damental understanding of structure-property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies.This review ad-dresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and electrocatalysts.We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’thermodynamic/kinetic stabiliza-tion principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties,integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics.By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassi-um-ion battery components,we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity.Notably,we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces,demonstrating their unique potential in stabil-izing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution.Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven com-position screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges,including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation.This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advan-cing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.展开更多
Nanocrystals have emerged as cutting-edge functional materials benefiting from the increased surface and enhanced coupling of electronic states.High-resolution imaging in transmission electron microscope can provide i...Nanocrystals have emerged as cutting-edge functional materials benefiting from the increased surface and enhanced coupling of electronic states.High-resolution imaging in transmission electron microscope can provide invaluable structural information of crystalline materials,albeit it remains greatly challenging to nanocrystals due to the arduousness of accurate zone axis adjustment.Herein,a homemade software package,called SmartAxis,is developed for rapid yet accurate zone axis alignment of nanocrystals.Incident electron beam tilt is employed as an eccentric goniometer to measure the angular deviation of a crystal to a zone axis,and then serves as a linkage to calculate theαandβtilts of goniometer based on an accurate quantitative relationship.In this way,high-resolution imaging of one identical small Au nanocrystal,as well as electron beam-sensitive MIL-101 metal-organic framework crystals,along multiple zone axes,was performed successfully by using this accurate,time-and electron dose-saving zone axis alignment software package.展开更多
Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring...Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.展开更多
1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent m...1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent metamaterials extend this concept by integrating stimulus-responsive materials with programmable architectures,thereby creating functional matter that blurs the conventional boundary between materials and structures and enables dynamic,adaptive,and reconfigurable functionalities.These systems can respond to diverse stimuli such as thermal,electrical,optical,magnetic,and mechanical inputs,and convert them into tunable shape change,adaptive mechanical/optical responses,and other reconfigurable functionalities[1–5].Through this synergy,they acquire lifelike and emergent behaviors,making them attractive platforms for next-generation applications in soft robotics,bioengineering,information encryption,and mechanical computation.展开更多
Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,b...Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,broadly applicable approach that enhances both the spin-driven thermopower and the thermoelectric figure-of-merit(zT)without compromising electrical conductivity,using temperature-driven spin crossover.Our approach,supported by both theoretical and experimental evidence,is demonstrated through a case study of chromium doped-manganese telluride,but is not confined to this material and can be extended to other magnetic materials.By introducing dopants to create a high crystal field and exploiting the entropy changes associated with temperature-driven spin crossover,we achieved a significant increase in thermopower,by approximately 136μV K^(-1),representing more than a 200%enhancement at elevated temperatures within the paramagnetic domain.Our exploration of the bipolar semiconducting nature of these materials reveals that suppressing bipolar magnon/paramagnon-drag thermopower is key to understanding and utilizing spin crossover-driven thermopower.These findings,validated by inelastic neutron scattering,X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,thermal transport,and energy conversion measurements,shed light on crucial material design parameters.We provide a comprehensive framework that analyzes the interplay between spin entropy,hopping transport,and magnon/paramagnon lifetimes,paving the way for the development of high-performance spin-driven thermoelectric materials.展开更多
Protein fibers derived from silk fibroin(SF)were chemically extracted and purified from cocoons.It was used as a reinforced fiber for hydrogel formation with collagen(Col)and hyaluronic acid(HA).Calcium chloride(8 wt....Protein fibers derived from silk fibroin(SF)were chemically extracted and purified from cocoons.It was used as a reinforced fiber for hydrogel formation with collagen(Col)and hyaluronic acid(HA).Calcium chloride(8 wt.%)was employed as a crosslinking reagent to synthesize the SF/Col/HA-based hydrogel composite.FTIR spec-troscopy confirmed the presence of N-H stretching due to the plane bending of amide II in theβ-sheet structure.XRD analysis confirmed the crystallinity of the SF/Col/HA-based hydrogel composite.Scanning electron mi-croscopy revealed three-dimensional porous structures with interconnected pores.These porous structures can serve as reservoirs for storing adsorbent media.The hydrogel composite was thermally stable at 250℃.The lowboiling bound solvent evaporation temperature,glass transition temperature,and degradation temperature were 102℃-105℃,298℃-300℃,and 524℃-545℃,respectively.The ranges of porosity and gel fraction were 60%-80%and 90%-95%,respectively.The hydrogel composite was rapidly swollen within 1 h,reaching a plateau afterward.The compressive strength was 4-6 MPa.As absorbent media,hydrogels can easily adhere to lead ions via electrostatic interactions.They can be used as reservoirs for the adsorption of heavy metals.展开更多
High-performance lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries have been developed utilizing a hybrid anode material composed of zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile.The in situ-generated zinc sulfide nanopartic...High-performance lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries have been developed utilizing a hybrid anode material composed of zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile.The in situ-generated zinc sulfide nanoparticles serve as catalytic agents,significantly enhancing conductivity,shortening diffusion paths,and accelerating reaction kinetics.Simultaneously,the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile fibers form a three-dimensional matrix that not only provides a continuous network for rapid electron transfer but also prevents zinc sulfide nanoparticle aggregation and mitigates volume changes during charge-discharge cycles.Moreover,the heterointerface structure at the junction of zinc sulfide nanoparticles and the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile matrix increases the availability of active sites and facilitates both ion adsorption and electron transfer.As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries,the zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile hybrid demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 1178 mAh g^(-1)after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1),maintaining a capacity of 788 mAh g^(-1)after 200 cycles at 1 A g^(-1).It also exhibits excellent sodium storage capabilities,retaining a capacity of 625 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g^(-1).Furthermore,ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,7Li solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance,and in situ Raman are employed to investigate the reaction mechanisms of the zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile hybrid anode,providing valuable insights that pave the way for the advancement of hybrid anode materials in lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries.展开更多
NJmat is a user-friendly,data-driven machine learning interface designed for materials design and analysis.The platform integrates advanced computational techniques,including natural language processing(NLP),large lan...NJmat is a user-friendly,data-driven machine learning interface designed for materials design and analysis.The platform integrates advanced computational techniques,including natural language processing(NLP),large language models(LLM),machine learning potentials(MLP),and graph neural networks(GNN),to facili-tate materials discovery.The platform has been applied in diverse materials research areas,including perovskite surface design,catalyst discovery,battery materials screening,structural alloy design,and molecular informatics.By automating feature selection,predictive modeling,and result interpretation,NJmat accelerates the development of high-performance materials across energy storage,conversion,and structural applications.Additionally,NJmat serves as an educational tool,allowing students and researchers to apply machine learning techniques in materials science with minimal coding expertise.Through automated feature extraction,genetic algorithms,and interpretable machine learning models,NJmat simplifies the workflow for materials informatics,bridging the gap between AI and experimental materials research.The latest version(available at https://figshare.com/articles/software/NJmatML/24607893(accessed on 01 January 2025))enhances its functionality by incorporating NJmatNLP,a module leveraging language models like MatBERT and those based on Word2Vec to support materials prediction tasks.By utilizing clustering and cosine similarity analysis with UMAP visualization,NJmat enables intuitive exploration of materials datasets.While NJmat primarily focuses on structure-property relationships and the discovery of novel chemistries,it can also assist in optimizing processing conditions when relevant parameters are included in the training data.By providing an accessible,integrated environment for machine learning-driven materials discovery,NJmat aligns with the objectives of the Materials Genome Initiative and promotes broader adoption of AI techniques in materials science.展开更多
Reconfigurable metamaterials significantly expand the application scenarios and operating frequency range of metamaterials,making them promising candidates for use in smart tunable device.Here,we propose and experimen...Reconfigurable metamaterials significantly expand the application scenarios and operating frequency range of metamaterials,making them promising candidates for use in smart tunable device.Here,we propose and experimentally demonstrate that integrating metamaterial design principles with the intrinsic features of natural materials can engineer thermal smart metadevices.Tunable extraordinary optical transmission like(EOT-like)phenomena have been achieved in the microwave regime using shape memory alloy(SMA).The strongly localized fields generated by designed metadevices,combined with the intense interference of incident waves,enhance transmission through subwavelength apertures.Leveraging the temperature-responsive properties of SMA,the morphology of the metadevice can be recontructed,thereby modifying its response to electromagnetic waves.The experiments demonstrated control over the operating frequency and transmission amplitude of EOT-like behavior,achieving a maximum transmission enhancement factor of 126.Furthermore,the metadevices with modular design enable the realization of multiple functions with independent control have been demonstrated.The proposed SMA-based metamaterials offer advantages in terms of miniaturization,easy processing,and high design flexibility.They may have potential applications in microwave devices requiring temperature control,such as sensing and monitoring.展开更多
High-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(HT-CLSM)is a robust characterization tool which can provide in situ real-time studies of materials processing.This facility has been applied in investigating interfa...High-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(HT-CLSM)is a robust characterization tool which can provide in situ real-time studies of materials processing.This facility has been applied in investigating interfacial phenomena in ironmaking and steelmaking as well as phase transformations during heat treatment of metallic materials.The pioneering work on the application of HTCLSM dates back to twenty-five years ago,to directly observe the crystallization of undercooled steel melt.展开更多
Magnetoresistive random access memory(MRAM)is a promising non-volatile memory technology that can be utilized as an energy and space-efficient storage and computing solution,particularly in cache functions within circ...Magnetoresistive random access memory(MRAM)is a promising non-volatile memory technology that can be utilized as an energy and space-efficient storage and computing solution,particularly in cache functions within circuits.Although MRAM has achieved mass production,its manufacturing process still remains challenging,resulting in only a few semiconductor companies dominating its production.In this review,we delve into the materials,processes,and devices used in MRAM,focusing on both the widely adopted spin transfer torque MRAM and the next-generation spin-orbit torque MRAM.We provide an overview of their operational mechanisms and manufacturing technologies.Furthermore,we outline the major hurdles faced in MRAM manufacturing and propose potential solutions in detail.Then,the applications of MRAM in artificial intelligent hardware are introduced.Finally,we present an outlook on the future development and applications of MRAM.展开更多
Owing to anionic redox,cathode materials containing layered Li-rich Mn-based oxides(LLOs)are promising for the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with a large energy density(~500–600 Wh·kg...Owing to anionic redox,cathode materials containing layered Li-rich Mn-based oxides(LLOs)are promising for the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with a large energy density(~500–600 Wh·kg^(−1)).However,these LLOs are easily degraded during cycling,which limits their lifespan.So far,the degradation mechanism is still under debate.Herein,LLOs are post-treated through implantation with energetic Ti ion flux(Ti-LLO),which modifies the structure of LLOs both at the surface and within the bulk.Unlike the dominant R3m phase(73.24%)observed in LLOs,the phase structure of Ti-LLO is altered,with Li-rich C2/m accounting for 67.72%in the bulk,alongside the formation of a thin(approximately 2 nm),uniform,and continuous Li-Ti-O spinel layer at the surface.Apart from phase structure changes,chemical valence states of transition metals and O,as well as their evolution,are analyzed and compared to charge transport kinetics to elucidate their contributions to the enhanced discharge capacity in Ti-LLOs.Besides,the role of the Li-Ti-O spinel layer at the surface in providing anticorrosion protection at the interface of LLOs/electrolyte during cycling is evaluated.As a result,we demonstrate that a superhigh discharge capacity(335.3 mAh·g^(−1))at 0.1 C can be achieved,along with prolonged cycling stability(showing capacity retention of approximately 80%after 500 cycles at 1 C)through these modifications.Moreover,we confirmed the universality of the strategy by implanting other ions,which offers practical strategies for achieving high performance in LLO cathode materials through thermodynamics and kinetics pathways.展开更多
Although lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)currently dominate a wide spectrum of energy storage applications,they face challenges such as fast cycle life decay and poor stability that hinder their further application.To addr...Although lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)currently dominate a wide spectrum of energy storage applications,they face challenges such as fast cycle life decay and poor stability that hinder their further application.To address these limitations,element doping has emerged as a prevalent strategy to enhance the discharge capacity and extend the durability of Li-Ni-Co-Mn(LNCM)ternary compounds.This study utilized a machine learning-driven feature screening method to effectively pinpoint four key features crucially impacting the initial discharge capacity(IC)of Li-Ni-Co-Mn(LNCM)ternary cathode materials.These features were also proved highly predictive for the 50^(th)cycle discharge capacity(EC).Additionally,the application of SHAP value analysis yielded an in-depth understanding of the interplay between these features and discharge performance.This insight offers valuable direction for future advancements in the development of LNCM cathode materials,effectively promoting this field toward greater efficiency and sustainability.展开更多
Device fabrication is increasing with the importance of functional materials for industrial applications.To fulfil increasing demands,rare earth elementbased materials have become important.In particular,lanthanum(La)...Device fabrication is increasing with the importance of functional materials for industrial applications.To fulfil increasing demands,rare earth elementbased materials have become important.In particular,lanthanum(La) and La-based materials have garnered attention in recent years due to their versatile properties and wide range of potential applications.This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the utilization of La and its compounds across various fields.In the realm of sensing and biosensing,La-based materials exhibit better sensitivity and selectivity,indicating their suitability for detecting environmental pollutants and biomolecules.The review also explores their role in supercapacitors,where their unique electrochemical properties contribute to enhanced performance and stability.Furthermore,the catalytic properties of La compounds are highlighted in water-splitting applications,emphasizing their efficiency in oxygen and hydrogen production.The biomedical applications of Labased materials are also examined,focusing on their biocompatibility and potential in drug delivery and medical imaging.This review aims to provide a critical analysis of the current state of research,identify challenges,and suggest future directions for the development and application of La and La-based materials in these diverse fields.展开更多
Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanica...Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties of these materials.Furthermore,AM enables the fabrication of complex internal structures suitable for implants.Literature on the AM of degradable zinc-based biomaterials from the Web of Science Core Collection was evaluated in this review.The bibliometric tool CiteSpace was used to analyze historical characteristics,evolving research topics,and emerging trends in this field.Our research results predict that the composition,processing techniques,in vitro biocompatibility,and manufacturing quality of biodegradable AM zinc-basedmaterials will continue to be hot topics in recent years.To address implant requirements,particularly for bone-repair materials,the mechanical properties of materials (including the resistance to degradation,creep,and aging),degradation rates,in-vivo biocompatibility,and specialized processing techniques that affect these properties (such as coating processes,heat treatments,material surface structures,and micros truc tural compositions) will become hot research topics in the future.We propose future research directions based on an in-depth analysis of four main topics of AM biodegradable zinc-based materials (manufacturing quality,material composition,unit configuration,and biocompatibility).The findings provide important guidance for future theoretical research and industrial development of AM zinc-based biomaterials.展开更多
Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming pr...Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming procedures,complex operations,and delayed results.Colorimetric analysis techniques have gained attention in recent years due to their advantages of short analysis time,simple operation,and suitability for on-site testing.This study successfully developed a series of colorimetric sensor platforms for biogenic amines by loading the natural active ingredient curcumin(CUR)and its derivative of Boron complex BFCUR onto filter paper and electrospun nanofibre films(ENFs),respectively.By analyzing the color response differences of these sensors upon contact with biogenic amines,the colorimetric sensors with superior detection performance were selected and further applied to the visual monitoring and indication of shrimp spoilage processes.展开更多
Magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage materials(Mg-HSMs)exhibit significant potential for the global energy transition due to their large hydrogen capacity and energy density.However,their high operating temper...Magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage materials(Mg-HSMs)exhibit significant potential for the global energy transition due to their large hydrogen capacity and energy density.However,their high operating temperatures,low operating efficiencies,and short service life have severely hindered largescale applications.To address the above challenges,diverse modification strategies have been proposed.Catalytic modification,achieved by introducing catalysts to enable compositional compounding and structural refinement,enhances surface active site density and bulk hydrogen diffusion pathways,reduces hydrogen dissociation energy barriers,weakens Mg–H bonds,and significantly improves kinetic properties.This approach is considered one of the most effective strategies.However,as research advances,the structures,forms,and catalytic mechanisms of catalysts have become increasingly diverse.Despite progress,challenges such as fragmented research outcomes,inconsistent performance metrics,and an incomplete understanding of structure-property relationships remain unresolved.Therefore,this work systematically summarizes recent advances in catalytic modification strategies for Mg-HSMs,emphasizing the role of catalysts in enhancing reaction kinetics and structural stability,the diversity of catalyst types,forms,and the underlying mechanisms governing catalytic efficacy.Based on critical analysis,this work identifies the current key technical bottlenecks and proposes that the design of next-generation catalysts and the future development of Mg-HSMs should be guided by the principles of‘multiphase heterogeneous interfacial composites'and‘synergistic development',aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the optimization and advancement of their performance.展开更多
The molten CaCl_(2)−CaMoO_(4) system was investigated,and the electrodeposition of protective Mo coatings on Ni plates was demonstrated.The results confirm the high solubility of solid CaMoO_(4) and the electrochemica...The molten CaCl_(2)−CaMoO_(4) system was investigated,and the electrodeposition of protective Mo coatings on Ni plates was demonstrated.The results confirm the high solubility of solid CaMoO_(4) and the electrochemical reactivity of MoO_(4)^(2-)ions in molten CaCl_(2).The eutectic temperature and composition of the system are identified as 1021 K and 4.74 wt.%CaMoO_(4),respectively.Under constant-current electrolysis conditions of−10 mA/cm^(2) at 1123 K,uniform and dense Mo coatings are obtained on Ni plates with up to 90.31%efficiency.Increasing the current density raises the overpotential,leading to refined grains and decreased roughness.The Mo-coated Ni plate exhibits a significant improvement in hardness and corrosion resistance.Microhardness increases from HV 46.00 to HV 215.10 after coating,and the corrosion rate in a 20 wt.%NaCl solution at room temperature decreases to 0.1%that of the bare plate.These findings enhance our understanding of the molten CaCl_(2)–CaMoO_(4) system and emphasize the potential of innovative Mo coating technologies.展开更多
Low-dimensional(LD)halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive structures and exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high absorption coefficients,extended charge carrier ...Low-dimensional(LD)halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive structures and exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high absorption coefficients,extended charge carrier diffusion lengths,suppressed non-radiative recombination rates,and intense photoluminescence.A key advantage of LD perovskites is the tunability of their optical and electronic properties through the precise optimization of their structural arrangements and dimensionality.This review systematically examines recent progress in the synthesis and optoelectronic characterizations of LD perovskites,focusing on their structural,optical,and photophysical properties that underpin their versatility in diverse applications.The review further summarizes advancements in LD perovskite-based devices,including resistive memory,artificial synapses,photodetectors,light-emitting diodes,and solar cells.Finally,the challenges associated with stability,scalability,and integration,as well as future prospects,are discussed,emphasizing the potential of LD perovskites to drive breakthroughs in device efficiency and industrial applicability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),South Korea(RS-2024-00421181)financially supported in part by National R&D Program(2021M3H4A3A02086430)through NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT+2 种基金the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL25021-210)The Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center,Institute of Engineering Research,and Soft Foundry Institute at Seoul National University provided research facilities for this workhe grant by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NSF)supported by the Korea government(MIST)(RS-2025-16903034)。
文摘As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.5227130161).
文摘High-entropy materials(HEMs),an innovative class of materials with complex stoichiometry,have recently garnered consider-able attention in energy storage applications.While their multi-element compositions(five or more principal elements in nearly equiatom-ic proportions)confer unique advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion,and synergistic cocktail effects,the fun-damental understanding of structure-property relationships in battery systems remains fragmented across existing studies.This review ad-dresses critical research gaps by proposing a multidimensional design paradigm that systematically integrates synergistic mechanisms spanning cathodes,anodes,electrolytes,and electrocatalysts.We provide an in-depth analysis of HEMs’thermodynamic/kinetic stabiliza-tion principles and structure-regulated electrochemical properties,integrating and establishing quantitative correlations between entropy-driven phase stability and charge transport dynamics.By summarizing the performance benchmarking results of lithium/sodium/potassi-um-ion battery components,we reveal how entropy-mediated structural tailoring enhances cycle stability and ionic conductivity.Notably,we pioneer the systematic association of high-entropy effects to electrochemical interfaces,demonstrating their unique potential in stabil-izing solid-electrolyte interphases and suppressing transition metal dissolution.Emerging opportunities in machine learning-driven com-position screening and sustainable manufacturing are discussed alongside critical challenges,including performance variability metrics and cost-benefit analysis for industrial implementation.This work provides both fundamental insights and practical guidelines for advan-cing HEMs toward next-generation battery technologies.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1501002)Thousand Talents Program for Distinguished Young Scholars.X.Li thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22309021).
文摘Nanocrystals have emerged as cutting-edge functional materials benefiting from the increased surface and enhanced coupling of electronic states.High-resolution imaging in transmission electron microscope can provide invaluable structural information of crystalline materials,albeit it remains greatly challenging to nanocrystals due to the arduousness of accurate zone axis adjustment.Herein,a homemade software package,called SmartAxis,is developed for rapid yet accurate zone axis alignment of nanocrystals.Incident electron beam tilt is employed as an eccentric goniometer to measure the angular deviation of a crystal to a zone axis,and then serves as a linkage to calculate theαandβtilts of goniometer based on an accurate quantitative relationship.In this way,high-resolution imaging of one identical small Au nanocrystal,as well as electron beam-sensitive MIL-101 metal-organic framework crystals,along multiple zone axes,was performed successfully by using this accurate,time-and electron dose-saving zone axis alignment software package.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFE0122000)National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52234009,52274383,52222409,and 52201113。
文摘Two sets of alloys,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5),have been developed with tunable corrosion and mechanical properties,optimized for fracturing materials.High-zinc artificial aged(T6)Mg-12Zn-0.5Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,featuring a straightforward preparation method and the potential for manufacturing large-scale components,exhibit notable corrosion rates up to 29 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 643 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The high corrosion rate is primary due to the Ni–containing second phases,which intensify the galvanic corrosion that overwhelms their corrosion barrier effect.Low-zinc rolled Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)series,characterizing excellent deformability with an elongation to failure of~26%,present accelerated corrosion rates up to 34 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 25℃ and 942 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at 93℃.The elimination of corrosion barrier effect via deformation contributes to the further increase of corrosion rate compared to the T6 series.Additionally,Mg-Zn-Ca-xNi(0≤x≤5)alloys exhibit tunable ultimate tensile strengths ranging from~190 to~237 MPa,depending on their specific composition.The adjustable corrosion rate and mechanical properties render the Mg-Zn-Ca-x Ni(0≤x≤5)alloys suitable for fracturing materials.
基金supported by the National University of Singapore Presidential Young Professorship Start-Up Grant.
文摘1|Introduction Metamaterials are artificially engineered systems in which the geometry and arrangement of designed unit cells give rise to effective properties that are not available in natural materials.Intelligent metamaterials extend this concept by integrating stimulus-responsive materials with programmable architectures,thereby creating functional matter that blurs the conventional boundary between materials and structures and enables dynamic,adaptive,and reconfigurable functionalities.These systems can respond to diverse stimuli such as thermal,electrical,optical,magnetic,and mechanical inputs,and convert them into tunable shape change,adaptive mechanical/optical responses,and other reconfigurable functionalities[1–5].Through this synergy,they acquire lifelike and emergent behaviors,making them attractive platforms for next-generation applications in soft robotics,bioengineering,information encryption,and mechanical computation.
基金funding support by the National Science Foundation(NSF)under grant numbers CBET-2110603the Air Force Office of Scientific Research(AFOSR)under contract number FA9550-12-1-0225supported by the State of North Carolina and the National Science Foundation(award number ECCS-2025064).
文摘Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,broadly applicable approach that enhances both the spin-driven thermopower and the thermoelectric figure-of-merit(zT)without compromising electrical conductivity,using temperature-driven spin crossover.Our approach,supported by both theoretical and experimental evidence,is demonstrated through a case study of chromium doped-manganese telluride,but is not confined to this material and can be extended to other magnetic materials.By introducing dopants to create a high crystal field and exploiting the entropy changes associated with temperature-driven spin crossover,we achieved a significant increase in thermopower,by approximately 136μV K^(-1),representing more than a 200%enhancement at elevated temperatures within the paramagnetic domain.Our exploration of the bipolar semiconducting nature of these materials reveals that suppressing bipolar magnon/paramagnon-drag thermopower is key to understanding and utilizing spin crossover-driven thermopower.These findings,validated by inelastic neutron scattering,X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,thermal transport,and energy conversion measurements,shed light on crucial material design parameters.We provide a comprehensive framework that analyzes the interplay between spin entropy,hopping transport,and magnon/paramagnon lifetimes,paving the way for the development of high-performance spin-driven thermoelectric materials.
基金supported by a Matching Fund between Tham-masat University Research Fund and the National Taipei University of Technology(Taipei Tech),contract no MF 1/2567National Taipei University of Technology-Thammasat University Joint Research Program(NTUT-TU Joint Research Program NTUT-TU-113-03).
文摘Protein fibers derived from silk fibroin(SF)were chemically extracted and purified from cocoons.It was used as a reinforced fiber for hydrogel formation with collagen(Col)and hyaluronic acid(HA).Calcium chloride(8 wt.%)was employed as a crosslinking reagent to synthesize the SF/Col/HA-based hydrogel composite.FTIR spec-troscopy confirmed the presence of N-H stretching due to the plane bending of amide II in theβ-sheet structure.XRD analysis confirmed the crystallinity of the SF/Col/HA-based hydrogel composite.Scanning electron mi-croscopy revealed three-dimensional porous structures with interconnected pores.These porous structures can serve as reservoirs for storing adsorbent media.The hydrogel composite was thermally stable at 250℃.The lowboiling bound solvent evaporation temperature,glass transition temperature,and degradation temperature were 102℃-105℃,298℃-300℃,and 524℃-545℃,respectively.The ranges of porosity and gel fraction were 60%-80%and 90%-95%,respectively.The hydrogel composite was rapidly swollen within 1 h,reaching a plateau afterward.The compressive strength was 4-6 MPa.As absorbent media,hydrogels can easily adhere to lead ions via electrostatic interactions.They can be used as reservoirs for the adsorption of heavy metals.
基金supported by“regional innovation mega project”program through the Korea Innovation Foundation funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(Project Number:2023-DD-UP-0026)the Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)and the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE)(No.RS-2024-00509401,RS-2023-00217581)“Regional Innovation Strategy(RIS)”through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(MOE)(2021RIS-001).
文摘High-performance lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries have been developed utilizing a hybrid anode material composed of zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile.The in situ-generated zinc sulfide nanoparticles serve as catalytic agents,significantly enhancing conductivity,shortening diffusion paths,and accelerating reaction kinetics.Simultaneously,the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile fibers form a three-dimensional matrix that not only provides a continuous network for rapid electron transfer but also prevents zinc sulfide nanoparticle aggregation and mitigates volume changes during charge-discharge cycles.Moreover,the heterointerface structure at the junction of zinc sulfide nanoparticles and the sulfurized polyacrylonitrile matrix increases the availability of active sites and facilitates both ion adsorption and electron transfer.As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries,the zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile hybrid demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 1178 mAh g^(-1)after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1),maintaining a capacity of 788 mAh g^(-1)after 200 cycles at 1 A g^(-1).It also exhibits excellent sodium storage capabilities,retaining a capacity of 625 mAh g^(-1)after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g^(-1).Furthermore,ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction,7Li solid-state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance,and in situ Raman are employed to investigate the reaction mechanisms of the zinc sulfide/sulfurized polyacrylonitrile hybrid anode,providing valuable insights that pave the way for the advancement of hybrid anode materials in lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Project Basic Research Program(Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province)(No.BK20211283).
文摘NJmat is a user-friendly,data-driven machine learning interface designed for materials design and analysis.The platform integrates advanced computational techniques,including natural language processing(NLP),large language models(LLM),machine learning potentials(MLP),and graph neural networks(GNN),to facili-tate materials discovery.The platform has been applied in diverse materials research areas,including perovskite surface design,catalyst discovery,battery materials screening,structural alloy design,and molecular informatics.By automating feature selection,predictive modeling,and result interpretation,NJmat accelerates the development of high-performance materials across energy storage,conversion,and structural applications.Additionally,NJmat serves as an educational tool,allowing students and researchers to apply machine learning techniques in materials science with minimal coding expertise.Through automated feature extraction,genetic algorithms,and interpretable machine learning models,NJmat simplifies the workflow for materials informatics,bridging the gap between AI and experimental materials research.The latest version(available at https://figshare.com/articles/software/NJmatML/24607893(accessed on 01 January 2025))enhances its functionality by incorporating NJmatNLP,a module leveraging language models like MatBERT and those based on Word2Vec to support materials prediction tasks.By utilizing clustering and cosine similarity analysis with UMAP visualization,NJmat enables intuitive exploration of materials datasets.While NJmat primarily focuses on structure-property relationships and the discovery of novel chemistries,it can also assist in optimizing processing conditions when relevant parameters are included in the training data.By providing an accessible,integrated environment for machine learning-driven materials discovery,NJmat aligns with the objectives of the Materials Genome Initiative and promotes broader adoption of AI techniques in materials science.
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2023YFB3811400, 2022YFB3806000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 12074314, 52202370, 52332006)+3 种基金the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No. 20230018053007)the Science and Technology New Star Program of Shaanxi Province (No. 2023KJXX-148)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2023T160359)
文摘Reconfigurable metamaterials significantly expand the application scenarios and operating frequency range of metamaterials,making them promising candidates for use in smart tunable device.Here,we propose and experimentally demonstrate that integrating metamaterial design principles with the intrinsic features of natural materials can engineer thermal smart metadevices.Tunable extraordinary optical transmission like(EOT-like)phenomena have been achieved in the microwave regime using shape memory alloy(SMA).The strongly localized fields generated by designed metadevices,combined with the intense interference of incident waves,enhance transmission through subwavelength apertures.Leveraging the temperature-responsive properties of SMA,the morphology of the metadevice can be recontructed,thereby modifying its response to electromagnetic waves.The experiments demonstrated control over the operating frequency and transmission amplitude of EOT-like behavior,achieving a maximum transmission enhancement factor of 126.Furthermore,the metadevices with modular design enable the realization of multiple functions with independent control have been demonstrated.The proposed SMA-based metamaterials offer advantages in terms of miniaturization,easy processing,and high design flexibility.They may have potential applications in microwave devices requiring temperature control,such as sensing and monitoring.
文摘High-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy(HT-CLSM)is a robust characterization tool which can provide in situ real-time studies of materials processing.This facility has been applied in investigating interfacial phenomena in ironmaking and steelmaking as well as phase transformations during heat treatment of metallic materials.The pioneering work on the application of HTCLSM dates back to twenty-five years ago,to directly observe the crystallization of undercooled steel melt.
基金supported in part by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)under Grant 2020118Beijing Nova Program under Grant 20230484358Beijing Superstring Academy of Memory Technology:under Grant No.E2DF06X003。
文摘Magnetoresistive random access memory(MRAM)is a promising non-volatile memory technology that can be utilized as an energy and space-efficient storage and computing solution,particularly in cache functions within circuits.Although MRAM has achieved mass production,its manufacturing process still remains challenging,resulting in only a few semiconductor companies dominating its production.In this review,we delve into the materials,processes,and devices used in MRAM,focusing on both the widely adopted spin transfer torque MRAM and the next-generation spin-orbit torque MRAM.We provide an overview of their operational mechanisms and manufacturing technologies.Furthermore,we outline the major hurdles faced in MRAM manufacturing and propose potential solutions in detail.Then,the applications of MRAM in artificial intelligent hardware are introduced.Finally,we present an outlook on the future development and applications of MRAM.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB2502000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52201277,52207244,52207245)+1 种基金the Xi'an Young Talent Lifting Program(959202413060)the National Outstanding Youth Foundation of China(52125104).
文摘Owing to anionic redox,cathode materials containing layered Li-rich Mn-based oxides(LLOs)are promising for the development of next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with a large energy density(~500–600 Wh·kg^(−1)).However,these LLOs are easily degraded during cycling,which limits their lifespan.So far,the degradation mechanism is still under debate.Herein,LLOs are post-treated through implantation with energetic Ti ion flux(Ti-LLO),which modifies the structure of LLOs both at the surface and within the bulk.Unlike the dominant R3m phase(73.24%)observed in LLOs,the phase structure of Ti-LLO is altered,with Li-rich C2/m accounting for 67.72%in the bulk,alongside the formation of a thin(approximately 2 nm),uniform,and continuous Li-Ti-O spinel layer at the surface.Apart from phase structure changes,chemical valence states of transition metals and O,as well as their evolution,are analyzed and compared to charge transport kinetics to elucidate their contributions to the enhanced discharge capacity in Ti-LLOs.Besides,the role of the Li-Ti-O spinel layer at the surface in providing anticorrosion protection at the interface of LLOs/electrolyte during cycling is evaluated.As a result,we demonstrate that a superhigh discharge capacity(335.3 mAh·g^(−1))at 0.1 C can be achieved,along with prolonged cycling stability(showing capacity retention of approximately 80%after 500 cycles at 1 C)through these modifications.Moreover,we confirmed the universality of the strategy by implanting other ions,which offers practical strategies for achieving high performance in LLO cathode materials through thermodynamics and kinetics pathways.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52122408,52071023)the Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents in the University of Henan Province(No.22HASTIT1006)+2 种基金the Program for Central Plains Talents(No.ZYYCYU202012172)the Ministry of Education,Singapore(No.RG70/20)the Opening Project of National Joint Engineering Research Center for Abrasion Control and Molding of Metal Materials,Henan University of Science and Technology(No.HKDNM201906).
文摘Although lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)currently dominate a wide spectrum of energy storage applications,they face challenges such as fast cycle life decay and poor stability that hinder their further application.To address these limitations,element doping has emerged as a prevalent strategy to enhance the discharge capacity and extend the durability of Li-Ni-Co-Mn(LNCM)ternary compounds.This study utilized a machine learning-driven feature screening method to effectively pinpoint four key features crucially impacting the initial discharge capacity(IC)of Li-Ni-Co-Mn(LNCM)ternary cathode materials.These features were also proved highly predictive for the 50^(th)cycle discharge capacity(EC).Additionally,the application of SHAP value analysis yielded an in-depth understanding of the interplay between these features and discharge performance.This insight offers valuable direction for future advancements in the development of LNCM cathode materials,effectively promoting this field toward greater efficiency and sustainability.
基金financially supported by the Nanomaterial Technology Development Program(Nos.RS-202300234581)the Basic Science Research Program(Nos.2020-NR049321,RS-2019-NR040077)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT,&Future Planning and the Ministry of Education
文摘Device fabrication is increasing with the importance of functional materials for industrial applications.To fulfil increasing demands,rare earth elementbased materials have become important.In particular,lanthanum(La) and La-based materials have garnered attention in recent years due to their versatile properties and wide range of potential applications.This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the utilization of La and its compounds across various fields.In the realm of sensing and biosensing,La-based materials exhibit better sensitivity and selectivity,indicating their suitability for detecting environmental pollutants and biomolecules.The review also explores their role in supercapacitors,where their unique electrochemical properties contribute to enhanced performance and stability.Furthermore,the catalytic properties of La compounds are highlighted in water-splitting applications,emphasizing their efficiency in oxygen and hydrogen production.The biomedical applications of Labased materials are also examined,focusing on their biocompatibility and potential in drug delivery and medical imaging.This review aims to provide a critical analysis of the current state of research,identify challenges,and suggest future directions for the development and application of La and La-based materials in these diverse fields.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3810100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32471366,12302406,82270535)+2 种基金Science and Technology Innovation Project of JinFeng LaboratoryChongqingChina(No.jfkyjf202203001)
文摘Additive manufacturing (AM) of zinc-based biodegradable materials is a hot research topic,especially for bone-scaffold applications,because of the moderate degradation rate,good biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties of these materials.Furthermore,AM enables the fabrication of complex internal structures suitable for implants.Literature on the AM of degradable zinc-based biomaterials from the Web of Science Core Collection was evaluated in this review.The bibliometric tool CiteSpace was used to analyze historical characteristics,evolving research topics,and emerging trends in this field.Our research results predict that the composition,processing techniques,in vitro biocompatibility,and manufacturing quality of biodegradable AM zinc-basedmaterials will continue to be hot topics in recent years.To address implant requirements,particularly for bone-repair materials,the mechanical properties of materials (including the resistance to degradation,creep,and aging),degradation rates,in-vivo biocompatibility,and specialized processing techniques that affect these properties (such as coating processes,heat treatments,material surface structures,and micros truc tural compositions) will become hot research topics in the future.We propose future research directions based on an in-depth analysis of four main topics of AM biodegradable zinc-based materials (manufacturing quality,material composition,unit configuration,and biocompatibility).The findings provide important guidance for future theoretical research and industrial development of AM zinc-based biomaterials.
基金Supported by the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory on Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology,China(No.2021LSYS004)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sustainable Biomimetic Materials and Green Energy,China(No.2024B1212010003)。
文摘Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming procedures,complex operations,and delayed results.Colorimetric analysis techniques have gained attention in recent years due to their advantages of short analysis time,simple operation,and suitability for on-site testing.This study successfully developed a series of colorimetric sensor platforms for biogenic amines by loading the natural active ingredient curcumin(CUR)and its derivative of Boron complex BFCUR onto filter paper and electrospun nanofibre films(ENFs),respectively.By analyzing the color response differences of these sensors upon contact with biogenic amines,the colorimetric sensors with superior detection performance were selected and further applied to the visual monitoring and indication of shrimp spoilage processes.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.2025CYYBXM-154 and 2024GX-YBXM-213)the Yulin Science and Technology Bureau(Grant Nos.2023-CXY-202 and 2024-CXY-154)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(Grant No.23JP008)the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.2025-ZJ-966J)the Talent youth project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.E410GC03)。
文摘Magnesium-based solid-state hydrogen storage materials(Mg-HSMs)exhibit significant potential for the global energy transition due to their large hydrogen capacity and energy density.However,their high operating temperatures,low operating efficiencies,and short service life have severely hindered largescale applications.To address the above challenges,diverse modification strategies have been proposed.Catalytic modification,achieved by introducing catalysts to enable compositional compounding and structural refinement,enhances surface active site density and bulk hydrogen diffusion pathways,reduces hydrogen dissociation energy barriers,weakens Mg–H bonds,and significantly improves kinetic properties.This approach is considered one of the most effective strategies.However,as research advances,the structures,forms,and catalytic mechanisms of catalysts have become increasingly diverse.Despite progress,challenges such as fragmented research outcomes,inconsistent performance metrics,and an incomplete understanding of structure-property relationships remain unresolved.Therefore,this work systematically summarizes recent advances in catalytic modification strategies for Mg-HSMs,emphasizing the role of catalysts in enhancing reaction kinetics and structural stability,the diversity of catalyst types,forms,and the underlying mechanisms governing catalytic efficacy.Based on critical analysis,this work identifies the current key technical bottlenecks and proposes that the design of next-generation catalysts and the future development of Mg-HSMs should be guided by the principles of‘multiphase heterogeneous interfacial composites'and‘synergistic development',aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the optimization and advancement of their performance.
基金supported by Research Center for Industries of the Future(No.WU2022C034)at Westlake University,China。
文摘The molten CaCl_(2)−CaMoO_(4) system was investigated,and the electrodeposition of protective Mo coatings on Ni plates was demonstrated.The results confirm the high solubility of solid CaMoO_(4) and the electrochemical reactivity of MoO_(4)^(2-)ions in molten CaCl_(2).The eutectic temperature and composition of the system are identified as 1021 K and 4.74 wt.%CaMoO_(4),respectively.Under constant-current electrolysis conditions of−10 mA/cm^(2) at 1123 K,uniform and dense Mo coatings are obtained on Ni plates with up to 90.31%efficiency.Increasing the current density raises the overpotential,leading to refined grains and decreased roughness.The Mo-coated Ni plate exhibits a significant improvement in hardness and corrosion resistance.Microhardness increases from HV 46.00 to HV 215.10 after coating,and the corrosion rate in a 20 wt.%NaCl solution at room temperature decreases to 0.1%that of the bare plate.These findings enhance our understanding of the molten CaCl_(2)–CaMoO_(4) system and emphasize the potential of innovative Mo coating technologies.
基金funding from FCT(Fundagao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia,I.P.)under the projects LA/P/0037/2020,UIDP/50025/2020 and UIDB/50025/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures,Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication-i3Nby the projects FlexSolar(PTDC/CTM-REF/1008/2020),and SpaceFlex(2022.01610.PTDC,DOI:10.54499/2022.01610.PTDC)+1 种基金supported by the project M-ECO2-Industrial Cluster for advanced biofuel production,Ref.C644930471-00000041,R2U Technologies and Befunding from the European Union via the project X-STREAM(Horizon EU,ERC CoG,No 101124803)the support of a fellowship from the"la Caixa"Foundation(ID 100010434)。
文摘Low-dimensional(LD)halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive structures and exceptional optoelectronic properties,including high absorption coefficients,extended charge carrier diffusion lengths,suppressed non-radiative recombination rates,and intense photoluminescence.A key advantage of LD perovskites is the tunability of their optical and electronic properties through the precise optimization of their structural arrangements and dimensionality.This review systematically examines recent progress in the synthesis and optoelectronic characterizations of LD perovskites,focusing on their structural,optical,and photophysical properties that underpin their versatility in diverse applications.The review further summarizes advancements in LD perovskite-based devices,including resistive memory,artificial synapses,photodetectors,light-emitting diodes,and solar cells.Finally,the challenges associated with stability,scalability,and integration,as well as future prospects,are discussed,emphasizing the potential of LD perovskites to drive breakthroughs in device efficiency and industrial applicability.
