One of the main contemporary problems requiring urgent attention since its present and future repercussions on particular countries is the decrease of population and related problems of population ageing. The populati...One of the main contemporary problems requiring urgent attention since its present and future repercussions on particular countries is the decrease of population and related problems of population ageing. The population ageing is not a worldwide problem yet, it concerns mostly world developed countries. On the other hand, it is a known fact that the population ageing in developing countries will culminate in few decades and will be more dramatic as the current population ageing in the developed world. In the developed countries, the population ageing is cause by the prolonged human life and the decrease of natality. This trend is resulting from many factors that are related to the modernization of the society which caused the decrease in fertility and natality. The health care improvement resulted in the prolonged life expectancy and a better health condition of the population. The science advance prolonged the average life expectancy which is the main reason for the population ageing.展开更多
The discourse on the evolution of the principles of international laws and laws amongst nations have always taken a Eurocentric approach.The common argument and perspectives is that contemporary international law evol...The discourse on the evolution of the principles of international laws and laws amongst nations have always taken a Eurocentric approach.The common argument and perspectives is that contemporary international law evolved from the Christendom to the Spanish School and Grotius,while downplaying the influence of the Islamic law of nations in shaping issues of acculturation,accommodation,rules of engagement in war relating to international law.This paper tends to x-ray and investigate the impact of the Islamic law of nations,from the the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah to the Siyar of Muhammad ibn Shaybani.It tries to highlight the relevance of the Muslim East and its concrete contributions to Laws and treaties of the Middle Ages to recent times and also argues,using existing literature,that the European Christian society only adopted what already existed in the Muslim,Islamic laws and tried to Christianise them overtime.The paper finds that further investigation and interrogation will reveal much more of the influence of the Islamic laws on contemporary laws of relations amongst nations and beyond.展开更多
The international order of territory-based sovereign nation-states(Westphalia)has been in transition towards a so-called‘post-Westphalian order’,but pre-Westphalian structures still prevail.This has been most releva...The international order of territory-based sovereign nation-states(Westphalia)has been in transition towards a so-called‘post-Westphalian order’,but pre-Westphalian structures still prevail.This has been most relevant in the Middle East and North Africa,especially in the Persian Gulf.This coincides with the increasingly delicate(im)balance of power and the changing role of the state in the Persian Gulf,expressed in such narratives as the decline of the state,the United States‘withdrawal’from the region as well as the Iranian-Saudi‘Cold War.’The paper aims at analysing war and peace in this context of the transition of the international order and the regional(im)balance of power,and highlights that war or peace in the Persian Gulf will be the outcome of the competitive multi-polarity of traditional and modern,pre-Westphalian,Westphalian and post-Westphalian actors and factors,where the modalities and methodology of all will play a role.展开更多
The present article aims at identifying different models and their distinctive elements in the development of the Middle Eastern states.Starting with the tribal social construct,the typical Islamic formats caliphate,s...The present article aims at identifying different models and their distinctive elements in the development of the Middle Eastern states.Starting with the tribal social construct,the typical Islamic formats caliphate,sultanate,imamate–and their solutions to the combination of the spiritual and the temporal will be examined.The longest-standing Ottoman Empire was finally defeated by the European secular intrusion,which resulted in the establishment of(nation-)states in the Middle East.Their various models,however,retain several elements of their long development.展开更多
文摘One of the main contemporary problems requiring urgent attention since its present and future repercussions on particular countries is the decrease of population and related problems of population ageing. The population ageing is not a worldwide problem yet, it concerns mostly world developed countries. On the other hand, it is a known fact that the population ageing in developing countries will culminate in few decades and will be more dramatic as the current population ageing in the developed world. In the developed countries, the population ageing is cause by the prolonged human life and the decrease of natality. This trend is resulting from many factors that are related to the modernization of the society which caused the decrease in fertility and natality. The health care improvement resulted in the prolonged life expectancy and a better health condition of the population. The science advance prolonged the average life expectancy which is the main reason for the population ageing.
文摘The discourse on the evolution of the principles of international laws and laws amongst nations have always taken a Eurocentric approach.The common argument and perspectives is that contemporary international law evolved from the Christendom to the Spanish School and Grotius,while downplaying the influence of the Islamic law of nations in shaping issues of acculturation,accommodation,rules of engagement in war relating to international law.This paper tends to x-ray and investigate the impact of the Islamic law of nations,from the the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah to the Siyar of Muhammad ibn Shaybani.It tries to highlight the relevance of the Muslim East and its concrete contributions to Laws and treaties of the Middle Ages to recent times and also argues,using existing literature,that the European Christian society only adopted what already existed in the Muslim,Islamic laws and tried to Christianise them overtime.The paper finds that further investigation and interrogation will reveal much more of the influence of the Islamic laws on contemporary laws of relations amongst nations and beyond.
文摘The international order of territory-based sovereign nation-states(Westphalia)has been in transition towards a so-called‘post-Westphalian order’,but pre-Westphalian structures still prevail.This has been most relevant in the Middle East and North Africa,especially in the Persian Gulf.This coincides with the increasingly delicate(im)balance of power and the changing role of the state in the Persian Gulf,expressed in such narratives as the decline of the state,the United States‘withdrawal’from the region as well as the Iranian-Saudi‘Cold War.’The paper aims at analysing war and peace in this context of the transition of the international order and the regional(im)balance of power,and highlights that war or peace in the Persian Gulf will be the outcome of the competitive multi-polarity of traditional and modern,pre-Westphalian,Westphalian and post-Westphalian actors and factors,where the modalities and methodology of all will play a role.
文摘The present article aims at identifying different models and their distinctive elements in the development of the Middle Eastern states.Starting with the tribal social construct,the typical Islamic formats caliphate,sultanate,imamate–and their solutions to the combination of the spiritual and the temporal will be examined.The longest-standing Ottoman Empire was finally defeated by the European secular intrusion,which resulted in the establishment of(nation-)states in the Middle East.Their various models,however,retain several elements of their long development.
