Concrete pavement often experiences accelerated deterioration due to water and chemical ingress through micro-cracks and surface voids.Particularly,the ingress of aggressive agents into the concrete matrix results in ...Concrete pavement often experiences accelerated deterioration due to water and chemical ingress through micro-cracks and surface voids.Particularly,the ingress of aggressive agents into the concrete matrix results in irreversible changes and deterioration on its endurance.Numerous studies unveiled that hydrophobic surface protection could be an inexpensive and effective way of enhancing the durability of concrete.This research work aims to assess the feasibility of bio-cement posttreatment for facilitating hydrophobic surface protection,thus enhancing the performance and durability of concrete blocks.Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation(EICP)is one of the promising bio-cement methods.Concrete blocks casted in four different grades were subjected to EICP treatment with different treatment schemes and recipes of cementation media.The treated blocks were tested for water absorption,ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)measurements,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),thermal performance,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results indicated that the concrete blocks subjected to EICP posttreatment showed over a 55%reduction in water absorption,a 15%higher UCS and a 6.7%higher UPV when compared with control blocks.The SEM analysis suggested that the EICP posttreatment could enhance the durability of concrete paving blocks by enabling a layer of calcite on the surface and by plugging the transport pore channels of the concrete.Although most of the posttreatment strategies investigated herein were found to be operative,a better response was seen in the posttreatment by spraying scheme with 0.5 mol/L cementation media(CM).With the successful demonstration,the EICP treatment prior to the use of concrete blocks can be recommended to the pavement construction industry.展开更多
Two bacterial stains were isolated from the activated sludge and identified as Leucobacter sp. and Alcaligenesfaecalis by 16S rDNA sequencing. Pure cultures of these two strains, representing well or poorly settled ba...Two bacterial stains were isolated from the activated sludge and identified as Leucobacter sp. and Alcaligenesfaecalis by 16S rDNA sequencing. Pure cultures of these two strains, representing well or poorly settled bacteria, were used to investigate the mechanism of bioflocculation in activated sludge. Based on the analyses of the characteristics of cells hydrophobicity, ζ-potential, flocculation ability and extracellular polymeric substance （EPS） composition under different growth stages, it was found that the ratio of cell EPS protein had the highly influence on ζ-potential and hydrophobicity, which were important factors to bioflocculation. Cellulase and Proteinase K could destroy the extracellular biopolymer and resulted in a decrease in the hydrophobicity and ζ-potential. However, in our study, the flocculation characteristics exhibited differently in relation to cellulase and Proteinase K. Flocculation of cells treated with cellulase and Proteinase K decreased sharply, and then recovered quickly in cellulase treatment, while cells treated with Proteinase K showed no sign of recovery. This reveals that the presence of protein in extracellular biopolymer plays an important role to the bioflocculation of cells.展开更多
BACKGROUND What factors affected the levels of anger and emotional distress experienced during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic?We hypothesized that(1)sociodemographic factors and resiliency factors woul...BACKGROUND What factors affected the levels of anger and emotional distress experienced during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic?We hypothesized that(1)sociodemographic factors and resiliency factors would partially explain psychological distress and anger,with stronger resiliency associated with lower levels of distress and anger;(2)women would report more trust in national leadership,as well as more psychological problems;(3)individuals of low socioeconomic status would report less resiliency,less trust in national leadership,and greater distress than individuals of higher socioeconomic status;and(4)hope would mediate the relationships between the other resiliency factors and both anger and distress.AIM To explore whether community resilience,hope,and trust in leaders were associated with lower levels of anger and emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS For this observational study,data were gathered in Israel during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic,just before the Jewish New Year(mid-September 2020),as a second lockdown was announced.Data were gathered from 636 Israeli adults,who were recruited by the Midgam research panel.The participants filled out self-reported questionnaires including one on state anger,the Brief Symptom Inventory as a measure of mental-health problems(i.e.,somatization,depression,and anxiety),and questionnaires about trust in the state’s leaders,community resilience(CCRAM),and hope as measures of coping resources and resiliency.t-tests were used to explore differences between men and women and between those of lower and higher socioeconomic status.A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then used to examine whether and how the sociodemographic and resiliency variables explained state anger and psychological distress.A Sobel test was used to evaluate the possible effects of hope on community resilience and trust in leadership in the context of both distress and anger.RESULTS Our results revealed differences between women and men in terms of anger and mental-health problems,but not in terms of coping resources.Women reported higher levels of both anger and mental-health problems.Participants of lower socioeconomic status reported more mental-health problems,more anger,and greater trust in the state’s leaders;whereas those of higher socioeconomic status reported greater hope.Furthermore,hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the sociodemographic factors of gender,age,and socioeconomic status,as well as community resilience,trust in the state’s leaders,and hope explained mental health with a total of 19% of the variance and anger with a total of 33% of the variance.The Sobel tests showed that hope mediated the relationships between community resilience and mental health(z=3.46,P<0.001),community resilience and anger(z=2.90,P<0.01),and trust in leaders and anger(z=3.26,P<0.01),but did not affect the relationship between trust in leaders and mental health(z=1.53,P>0.05).CONCLUSION Personal and communal factors affect psychological distress.Personal resilience is an important factor that should be strengthened throughout life.Trust in leadership is important for citizens’mental health.展开更多
Models predicting optimal levels of plant defense against herbivores typically include two assumptions: 1) defense is both beneficial and costly;and 2) the relationship between costs and benefits of a defense is consi...Models predicting optimal levels of plant defense against herbivores typically include two assumptions: 1) defense is both beneficial and costly;and 2) the relationship between costs and benefits of a defense is consistent across environments. However, the expression of costs and benefits of defense may be environmentally dependent. We examined lines of Brassica rapa, previously divergently selected for the defensive trait foliar glucosinolate content. In one set of experiments (Experiment #1), plants were grown in herbivore-free and herbivore-present environments to investigate the costs and benefits of this defense. In a second set of experiments (Experiment #2), plants were grown at two nutrient levels and two temperatures to examine the environmental context of costs of defense. In Experiment #1, increased levels of damage resulted in decreased flower production and plants from high glucosinolate lines received less damage than those from low glucosinolate lines, suggesting a benefit of this defense. In this experiment no cost of defense was detected. In Experiment #2, nutrients had a significant positive effect on flower production at 23°C, but not at 32°C. No significant effects of glucosinolate line nor interaction between nutrient environment and glucosinolate line were detected at 23°C, suggesting that no cost of defense occurred at this lower temperature. Similarly, no significant nutrient environment by glucosenolate line interaction was detected at 32°C. However, a significant effect of glucosinolate line was observed suggesting that at 32°C costs were incurred, but nutrient environment had no mitigating effect. While results from Experiment #1 suggested that defense was beneficial, but not costly, results from Experiment #2 suggested that costs of defense were temperature dependent. For species occupying broad geographic ranges, these findings of temperature-dependent costs are especially insightful with regard to the evolution of defense because differing geographic populations are likely to experience differing temperature environments.展开更多
First, second, and third line medical treatments of vulvodynia are of limited efficacy. Surgical resection, the fourth line treatment of vulvodynia, may have unforgiving sequela. Therefore, acupuncture and electromyog...First, second, and third line medical treatments of vulvodynia are of limited efficacy. Surgical resection, the fourth line treatment of vulvodynia, may have unforgiving sequela. Therefore, acupuncture and electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback could bridge between medical and surgical treatments of vulvodynia. Of note, EMG biofeedback is more frequently recommended in treatment algorithms for vulvodynia than is acupuncture. Trials of acupuncture for unprovoked vulvodynia demonstrate variable efficacy, whereas trials of EMG biofeedback for provoked vulvodynia demonstrate consistent efficacy. Trials of acupuncture for treatment of provoked and unprovoked vulvodynia using identical acupoints, a vulvar algesiometer for objective pain measurement, and standardized, validated, tools for outcome assessment are needed. Such trials may enable comparison of acupuncture to EMG biofeedback for the treatment of provoked and unprovoked vulvodynia. Similarly, trials of EMG biofeedback for treatment of unprovoked vulvodynia would increase the knowledge base of EMG biofeedback for treatment of vulvodynia.展开更多
Objective: To investigate cross-cultural differences in self-assessments of eating behaviors of female university students who bear responsibility for their own eating behaviors and who will, in the future, likely det...Objective: To investigate cross-cultural differences in self-assessments of eating behaviors of female university students who bear responsibility for their own eating behaviors and who will, in the future, likely determine a family’s eating style. Design: A cross-cultural comparison. Setting: Japan, South Korea, and Austria. Subjects: Female university students from Japan (n = 276), Korea (n = 103), and Austria (n = 127). The survey comprised a questionnaire containing ten sections about eating behaviors (eating habits, regular meal times, and frequency of food intake) and eating attitudes. Results: Eating behaviors and attitudes differed significantly among the three cultures. Japanese students practiced healthier eating behaviors than did Korean and Austrian students, on the basis of their variety of food intake and regular consumption of three meals, but rated themselves lower on healthy eating behaviors. Austrian students tended to have more independent attitudes toward eating and food preparation (e.g., “I want to eat only my favorite dishes”) than Japanese or Korean students. Conclusions: Effects of cultural differences in psychological processes, such as self-cognition, emotion, motivation, and values, on self-assessment of eating behaviors is suggested.展开更多
Aims To determine if the germination response of desert plant species to a period of aerial storage in field conditions(i.e.mature seeds that remain attached to the parent plant)is comparable to seeds harvested at mat...Aims To determine if the germination response of desert plant species to a period of aerial storage in field conditions(i.e.mature seeds that remain attached to the parent plant)is comparable to seeds harvested at maturity and stored in ambient laboratory conditions,to better understand the role of aerial seed bank in the germina-tion ecology of desert plants,using one annual and two perennial species.Methods Seeds of three desert plants(Anastatica hierochuntica,Blepharis ciliaris and Scrophularia deserti)that matured in June 2014,were collected from wild plants in June and November 2014,and ger-minated under two photoperiods(0,12 hours light)and three ther-moperiods(night/day temperatures of 15/25,20/30 and 25/35°c).Important Findings Seeds of B.ciliaris and S.deserti had significantly higher germination percentages when harvested and stored for five months,compared to being stored in the aerial seed bank.Germination percentages of these two species increased with decreasing temperature and in the presence of light.These results indicate that these species use a com-bination of aerial and soil seed banks to maintain a percentage of viable seeds through favourable germination periods.Germination percentages of A.hierochuntica were high under all tested circum-stances,indicating that this species relies mainly on the aerial seed bank to maintain a percentage of viable seeds through favourable germination periods.This study shows that the population survival strategies of an aerial seed bank are species-specific.These results have practical implications for conservation and habitat restoration for these species,and also for their propagation since early collec-tion of mature fruits and ex situ storage will result in greater germi-nation percentages of some species.展开更多
We developed a mathematical model to study the co-interaction of HIV and syphilis infection among gay,bisexual and other men who have sex with men(gbMSM).We qualitatively analysed the model and established necessary c...We developed a mathematical model to study the co-interaction of HIV and syphilis infection among gay,bisexual and other men who have sex with men(gbMSM).We qualitatively analysed the model and established necessary conditions under which disease-free and endemic equilibria are asymptotically stable.We gave analytical expressions for the reproduction number,and showed that whenever the reproduction numbers of sub-models and co-interaction model are less than unity,the epidemics die out,while epidemics persist when they are greater than unity.We presented numerical simulations of the full model and showed qualitative changes of the dynamics of the full model to changes in the transmission rates.Our numerical simulations using a set of reasonable parameter values showed that:(a)both diseases die out or co-exist whenever their reproduction number is less than or exceed unity.(b)HIV infection impacts syphilis prevalence negatively and vice versa.(c)one possibility of lowering the co-infection of HIV and syphilis among gbMSM is to increase both testing and treatment rates for syphilis and HIV infection,and decrease the rate at which HIV infected individuals go off treatment.展开更多
One large challenge we face in achieving integrative and sustainable cities in China and Europe is to understand what is making people 'stick together' and care for their local communities.Only when we underst...One large challenge we face in achieving integrative and sustainable cities in China and Europe is to understand what is making people 'stick together' and care for their local communities.Only when we understand local communities better will it be possible to make improvements.In this paper we start by reviewing the way in which communities and community building have been understood in Europe and China respectively.The paper then goes on to assess the similarities and differences between China and Europe with respect to the role of communities and provides an overview of potential barriers and opportunities for achieving socially integrative cities through local community building and public engagement.展开更多
Through analyzing Hegel＇s influence via Taine on Meiji Japan and later, on the late Qing and early Republican China, this paper will shed lights on the process of the making of national history with literary history ...Through analyzing Hegel＇s influence via Taine on Meiji Japan and later, on the late Qing and early Republican China, this paper will shed lights on the process of the making of national history with literary history in modem Japan and its influences on modem China. It argues that the simultaneous establishment of modem Japanese historiography and the writing of literary history in Japan had a direct impact on the establishment of Chinese historiography in the late Qing, and the writing of Chinese literary history in twentieth-century China. It will focus more on the philosophical ideas of Taine and Hegel and their influence in Japanese literary historiography and, due to the limited length of this paper, only by extension, that of China as well. The primary focus of this paper is the interaction of the modem Japanese and Chinese pursuit of new historical narratives in the construction of new national and cultural identities in the context of global modernity. It also stresses that, an invisible ＂origin,＂ the writing of Chinese （literary） history in the early twentieth-century, ironically, directly and indirectly, has been internalized by the writing of Japanese national history in an exclusive framework of nation-building.展开更多
基金supported by the following two grants:(i)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)KAKENHI Grant Number JP22H01581(i)National Research Counsil(NRC)of Sri Lanka Investigator Driven Grant Number 22-041.
文摘Concrete pavement often experiences accelerated deterioration due to water and chemical ingress through micro-cracks and surface voids.Particularly,the ingress of aggressive agents into the concrete matrix results in irreversible changes and deterioration on its endurance.Numerous studies unveiled that hydrophobic surface protection could be an inexpensive and effective way of enhancing the durability of concrete.This research work aims to assess the feasibility of bio-cement posttreatment for facilitating hydrophobic surface protection,thus enhancing the performance and durability of concrete blocks.Enzyme induced carbonate precipitation(EICP)is one of the promising bio-cement methods.Concrete blocks casted in four different grades were subjected to EICP treatment with different treatment schemes and recipes of cementation media.The treated blocks were tested for water absorption,ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV)measurements,unconfined compressive strength(UCS),thermal performance,and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results indicated that the concrete blocks subjected to EICP posttreatment showed over a 55%reduction in water absorption,a 15%higher UCS and a 6.7%higher UPV when compared with control blocks.The SEM analysis suggested that the EICP posttreatment could enhance the durability of concrete paving blocks by enabling a layer of calcite on the surface and by plugging the transport pore channels of the concrete.Although most of the posttreatment strategies investigated herein were found to be operative,a better response was seen in the posttreatment by spraying scheme with 0.5 mol/L cementation media(CM).With the successful demonstration,the EICP treatment prior to the use of concrete blocks can be recommended to the pavement construction industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 20977031)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No. 09zr1409000)+2 种基金the Research Initiatives of the University of Hong Kong(2006)the Royal Society of New Zealand(ISAT B09-33)Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences,Auckland University of Technology
文摘Two bacterial stains were isolated from the activated sludge and identified as Leucobacter sp. and Alcaligenesfaecalis by 16S rDNA sequencing. Pure cultures of these two strains, representing well or poorly settled bacteria, were used to investigate the mechanism of bioflocculation in activated sludge. Based on the analyses of the characteristics of cells hydrophobicity, ζ-potential, flocculation ability and extracellular polymeric substance （EPS） composition under different growth stages, it was found that the ratio of cell EPS protein had the highly influence on ζ-potential and hydrophobicity, which were important factors to bioflocculation. Cellulase and Proteinase K could destroy the extracellular biopolymer and resulted in a decrease in the hydrophobicity and ζ-potential. However, in our study, the flocculation characteristics exhibited differently in relation to cellulase and Proteinase K. Flocculation of cells treated with cellulase and Proteinase K decreased sharply, and then recovered quickly in cellulase treatment, while cells treated with Proteinase K showed no sign of recovery. This reveals that the presence of protein in extracellular biopolymer plays an important role to the bioflocculation of cells.
文摘BACKGROUND What factors affected the levels of anger and emotional distress experienced during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic?We hypothesized that(1)sociodemographic factors and resiliency factors would partially explain psychological distress and anger,with stronger resiliency associated with lower levels of distress and anger;(2)women would report more trust in national leadership,as well as more psychological problems;(3)individuals of low socioeconomic status would report less resiliency,less trust in national leadership,and greater distress than individuals of higher socioeconomic status;and(4)hope would mediate the relationships between the other resiliency factors and both anger and distress.AIM To explore whether community resilience,hope,and trust in leaders were associated with lower levels of anger and emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS For this observational study,data were gathered in Israel during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic,just before the Jewish New Year(mid-September 2020),as a second lockdown was announced.Data were gathered from 636 Israeli adults,who were recruited by the Midgam research panel.The participants filled out self-reported questionnaires including one on state anger,the Brief Symptom Inventory as a measure of mental-health problems(i.e.,somatization,depression,and anxiety),and questionnaires about trust in the state’s leaders,community resilience(CCRAM),and hope as measures of coping resources and resiliency.t-tests were used to explore differences between men and women and between those of lower and higher socioeconomic status.A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then used to examine whether and how the sociodemographic and resiliency variables explained state anger and psychological distress.A Sobel test was used to evaluate the possible effects of hope on community resilience and trust in leadership in the context of both distress and anger.RESULTS Our results revealed differences between women and men in terms of anger and mental-health problems,but not in terms of coping resources.Women reported higher levels of both anger and mental-health problems.Participants of lower socioeconomic status reported more mental-health problems,more anger,and greater trust in the state’s leaders;whereas those of higher socioeconomic status reported greater hope.Furthermore,hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that the sociodemographic factors of gender,age,and socioeconomic status,as well as community resilience,trust in the state’s leaders,and hope explained mental health with a total of 19% of the variance and anger with a total of 33% of the variance.The Sobel tests showed that hope mediated the relationships between community resilience and mental health(z=3.46,P<0.001),community resilience and anger(z=2.90,P<0.01),and trust in leaders and anger(z=3.26,P<0.01),but did not affect the relationship between trust in leaders and mental health(z=1.53,P>0.05).CONCLUSION Personal and communal factors affect psychological distress.Personal resilience is an important factor that should be strengthened throughout life.Trust in leadership is important for citizens’mental health.
文摘Models predicting optimal levels of plant defense against herbivores typically include two assumptions: 1) defense is both beneficial and costly;and 2) the relationship between costs and benefits of a defense is consistent across environments. However, the expression of costs and benefits of defense may be environmentally dependent. We examined lines of Brassica rapa, previously divergently selected for the defensive trait foliar glucosinolate content. In one set of experiments (Experiment #1), plants were grown in herbivore-free and herbivore-present environments to investigate the costs and benefits of this defense. In a second set of experiments (Experiment #2), plants were grown at two nutrient levels and two temperatures to examine the environmental context of costs of defense. In Experiment #1, increased levels of damage resulted in decreased flower production and plants from high glucosinolate lines received less damage than those from low glucosinolate lines, suggesting a benefit of this defense. In this experiment no cost of defense was detected. In Experiment #2, nutrients had a significant positive effect on flower production at 23°C, but not at 32°C. No significant effects of glucosinolate line nor interaction between nutrient environment and glucosinolate line were detected at 23°C, suggesting that no cost of defense occurred at this lower temperature. Similarly, no significant nutrient environment by glucosenolate line interaction was detected at 32°C. However, a significant effect of glucosinolate line was observed suggesting that at 32°C costs were incurred, but nutrient environment had no mitigating effect. While results from Experiment #1 suggested that defense was beneficial, but not costly, results from Experiment #2 suggested that costs of defense were temperature dependent. For species occupying broad geographic ranges, these findings of temperature-dependent costs are especially insightful with regard to the evolution of defense because differing geographic populations are likely to experience differing temperature environments.
文摘First, second, and third line medical treatments of vulvodynia are of limited efficacy. Surgical resection, the fourth line treatment of vulvodynia, may have unforgiving sequela. Therefore, acupuncture and electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback could bridge between medical and surgical treatments of vulvodynia. Of note, EMG biofeedback is more frequently recommended in treatment algorithms for vulvodynia than is acupuncture. Trials of acupuncture for unprovoked vulvodynia demonstrate variable efficacy, whereas trials of EMG biofeedback for provoked vulvodynia demonstrate consistent efficacy. Trials of acupuncture for treatment of provoked and unprovoked vulvodynia using identical acupoints, a vulvar algesiometer for objective pain measurement, and standardized, validated, tools for outcome assessment are needed. Such trials may enable comparison of acupuncture to EMG biofeedback for the treatment of provoked and unprovoked vulvodynia. Similarly, trials of EMG biofeedback for treatment of unprovoked vulvodynia would increase the knowledge base of EMG biofeedback for treatment of vulvodynia.
文摘Objective: To investigate cross-cultural differences in self-assessments of eating behaviors of female university students who bear responsibility for their own eating behaviors and who will, in the future, likely determine a family’s eating style. Design: A cross-cultural comparison. Setting: Japan, South Korea, and Austria. Subjects: Female university students from Japan (n = 276), Korea (n = 103), and Austria (n = 127). The survey comprised a questionnaire containing ten sections about eating behaviors (eating habits, regular meal times, and frequency of food intake) and eating attitudes. Results: Eating behaviors and attitudes differed significantly among the three cultures. Japanese students practiced healthier eating behaviors than did Korean and Austrian students, on the basis of their variety of food intake and regular consumption of three meals, but rated themselves lower on healthy eating behaviors. Austrian students tended to have more independent attitudes toward eating and food preparation (e.g., “I want to eat only my favorite dishes”) than Japanese or Korean students. Conclusions: Effects of cultural differences in psychological processes, such as self-cognition, emotion, motivation, and values, on self-assessment of eating behaviors is suggested.
基金This work was partially supported by a grant from the Qatar National Research Fund(Grant 5-260-1-053).
文摘Aims To determine if the germination response of desert plant species to a period of aerial storage in field conditions(i.e.mature seeds that remain attached to the parent plant)is comparable to seeds harvested at maturity and stored in ambient laboratory conditions,to better understand the role of aerial seed bank in the germina-tion ecology of desert plants,using one annual and two perennial species.Methods Seeds of three desert plants(Anastatica hierochuntica,Blepharis ciliaris and Scrophularia deserti)that matured in June 2014,were collected from wild plants in June and November 2014,and ger-minated under two photoperiods(0,12 hours light)and three ther-moperiods(night/day temperatures of 15/25,20/30 and 25/35°c).Important Findings Seeds of B.ciliaris and S.deserti had significantly higher germination percentages when harvested and stored for five months,compared to being stored in the aerial seed bank.Germination percentages of these two species increased with decreasing temperature and in the presence of light.These results indicate that these species use a com-bination of aerial and soil seed banks to maintain a percentage of viable seeds through favourable germination periods.Germination percentages of A.hierochuntica were high under all tested circum-stances,indicating that this species relies mainly on the aerial seed bank to maintain a percentage of viable seeds through favourable germination periods.This study shows that the population survival strategies of an aerial seed bank are species-specific.These results have practical implications for conservation and habitat restoration for these species,and also for their propagation since early collec-tion of mature fruits and ex situ storage will result in greater germi-nation percentages of some species.
基金supported by Professor Fred Brauer’s NSERC under Grant OGPIN 203901-99 and Professor Viviane Dias Lima under CIHR PJT 156147。
文摘We developed a mathematical model to study the co-interaction of HIV and syphilis infection among gay,bisexual and other men who have sex with men(gbMSM).We qualitatively analysed the model and established necessary conditions under which disease-free and endemic equilibria are asymptotically stable.We gave analytical expressions for the reproduction number,and showed that whenever the reproduction numbers of sub-models and co-interaction model are less than unity,the epidemics die out,while epidemics persist when they are greater than unity.We presented numerical simulations of the full model and showed qualitative changes of the dynamics of the full model to changes in the transmission rates.Our numerical simulations using a set of reasonable parameter values showed that:(a)both diseases die out or co-exist whenever their reproduction number is less than or exceed unity.(b)HIV infection impacts syphilis prevalence negatively and vice versa.(c)one possibility of lowering the co-infection of HIV and syphilis among gbMSM is to increase both testing and treatment rates for syphilis and HIV infection,and decrease the rate at which HIV infected individuals go off treatment.
基金funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No.770141
文摘One large challenge we face in achieving integrative and sustainable cities in China and Europe is to understand what is making people 'stick together' and care for their local communities.Only when we understand local communities better will it be possible to make improvements.In this paper we start by reviewing the way in which communities and community building have been understood in Europe and China respectively.The paper then goes on to assess the similarities and differences between China and Europe with respect to the role of communities and provides an overview of potential barriers and opportunities for achieving socially integrative cities through local community building and public engagement.
文摘Through analyzing Hegel＇s influence via Taine on Meiji Japan and later, on the late Qing and early Republican China, this paper will shed lights on the process of the making of national history with literary history in modem Japan and its influences on modem China. It argues that the simultaneous establishment of modem Japanese historiography and the writing of literary history in Japan had a direct impact on the establishment of Chinese historiography in the late Qing, and the writing of Chinese literary history in twentieth-century China. It will focus more on the philosophical ideas of Taine and Hegel and their influence in Japanese literary historiography and, due to the limited length of this paper, only by extension, that of China as well. The primary focus of this paper is the interaction of the modem Japanese and Chinese pursuit of new historical narratives in the construction of new national and cultural identities in the context of global modernity. It also stresses that, an invisible ＂origin,＂ the writing of Chinese （literary） history in the early twentieth-century, ironically, directly and indirectly, has been internalized by the writing of Japanese national history in an exclusive framework of nation-building.
