Background:Early detection of Bone Mineral Density(BMD)loss is critical for identifying individuals at increased risk of osteoporosis and related fractures,particularly in vulnerable populations.Aim:This study aimed t...Background:Early detection of Bone Mineral Density(BMD)loss is critical for identifying individuals at increased risk of osteoporosis and related fractures,particularly in vulnerable populations.Aim:This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between Hemoglobin(Hb),Red cell Distribution Width(RDW),and Homocysteine(Hcy)levels and BMD in elderly male patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM).Methods:A total of 208 male patients with T2DM,who were hospitalized in the Endocrinology Department of Yuncheng Central Hospital,between January 2020 and December 2023,were included in the study.Based on their BMD measurements,the patients were categorized into three groups:normal bone mass(control,n=64),osteopenia(n=92),and osteoporosis(n=52).After adjusting for some potential confounding factors,inter-group comparisons and correlation analyses were conducted to assess the relationships between Hb,RDW,and Hcy levels and BMD.Results:The prevalence of osteoporosis in T2DM patients with anemia was nearly twice as high as that in the control group.Compared to the normal bone mass group,the osteoporosis group showed a significant reduction in plasma Hb levels by 8.8%±1.1%,along with significant increases in RDW and Hcy levels by 15.7%±1.2%and 18.2%±2.2%,respectively(all P<0.001).Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Hb was negatively correlated with BMD loss(P<0.001),whereas RDW and Hcy were positively correlated with BMD loss(all P<0.001)in the total hip and femoral neck.Conclusions:These univariate logistic analyses suggest that changes in these hematologic indices may serve not only as markers of bone health but also as potential predictors of the progression of diabetes-related complications,including BMD loss and fracture risk.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hospice care plays an important role in improving the quality of life of advanced cancer patients,but controversy remains over whether age affects the attitudes of family members toward hospice care.AIM To ...BACKGROUND Hospice care plays an important role in improving the quality of life of advanced cancer patients,but controversy remains over whether age affects the attitudes of family members toward hospice care.AIM To investigate the attitudes of family members of advanced cancer patients of different ages toward hospice care.METHODS The study participants were 175 family members of patients with advanced cancer from January 2020 and October 2022.The participants were divided into youth(<40 years,n=65),middle-aged(40–60 years,n=59),and elderly(>60 years,n=51)groups.Researchers investigated and compared the degree of awareness regarding hospice care,attitudes,and whether the family members of patients would choose hospice care.RESULTS Among the family members of 175 patients,approximately 28%(49/175)were aware of hospice care.Awareness of hospice care,the proportion of hospice care acceptance and adaptation attitudes,and the proportion of those who chose hospice care in the youth group were higher in the middle-aged and elderly groups(P<0.05).No statistically significant difference was found in these three indicators between the middle-aged and elderly groups(P>0.05).Hospice care was chosen mainly to relieve pain and reduce unnecessary treatment,whereas the reasons for not choosing hospice care were mainly distrust and ethical concerns.CONCLUSION The family members of patients with advanced cancer had relatively low awareness of hospice care,while youth had a higher awareness of hospice care,acceptance,and adaptation attitudes,and were more willing to choose hospice care.展开更多
In this paper, the author uses the listed company＇s annual report and financial statements to do the empirical research, the selected areas are information technology industries. The results show that the average age...In this paper, the author uses the listed company＇s annual report and financial statements to do the empirical research, the selected areas are information technology industries. The results show that the average age of employees, professional proportion, and the average assesses and executives＇ shareholdings have no significant impact with P/B. The industry statistics revealed no significant impact between average age and P/B because each group of age has its own advantages. By using these indicators, the author can improve the human resources information voluntary disclosure, make the disclosure of information comparable, and provide the empirical reference to the listed companies.展开更多
With the increasing integration of technology in modern workplaces, concerns have emerged regarding the addictive nature of technology and its potential consequences on employee productivity. This research aims to inv...With the increasing integration of technology in modern workplaces, concerns have emerged regarding the addictive nature of technology and its potential consequences on employee productivity. This research aims to investigate the impact of technological addiction on workplace productivity within the public sector of Zimbabwe. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and a case study analysis, to examine the prevalence and effects of technological addiction in affecting productivity in the public sector of Zimbabwe. The findings indicate that excessive use of social media, and other digital distractions is a growing concern in the public sector, leading to decreased focus, missed deadlines, and strained teamwork. Factors such as unrestricted internet access, lack of clear usage policies, and inadequate self-regulation contribute to the problem The research outcomes also highlight the need for awareness and interventions to address social media addiction in the workplace, promote healthier technology use, and uphold productivity and employee well-being.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the status of ophthalmology drug clinical trial institutions in China following the implementation of the registration system and provide a reference for their development.Methods:An analysis was ...Objective:To analyze the status of ophthalmology drug clinical trial institutions in China following the implementation of the registration system and provide a reference for their development.Methods:An analysis was conducted using data from the Drug Clinical Trial Institution Registration Management Information Platform and the Drug Clinical Trial Registration and Information Publicity Platform of the National Medical Products Administration.The search period was up to April 19,2024.Results:As of April 19,2024,314 ophthalmology-specific institutions were registered nationwide,comprising 274 comprehensive medical institutions and 40 specialized ophthalmology institutions,representing a 245%increase compared to the qualification certification phase.There were 965 major researchers in ophthalmology,accounting for 6.3%of the total number of researchers across all registered ophthalmology institutions.These institutions were predominantly located in economically developed areas such as Guangdong,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu Provinces,with the top five provinces and cities comprising 39.8%of the total registered institutions.Beijing had the highest number of major researchers(126),with their distribution positively correlated with the geographic spread of registered institutions.Furthermore,as of April 19,2024,there were 216 clinical drugs related to eye diseases,with the top three provinces conducting 77.8%of national clinical trial projects.The number of institutions was directly proportional to the volume of clinical trials conducted.Conclusion:The implementation of the registration system has facilitated the release of ophthalmic medical resources.However,regional disparities remain in the number of ophthalmology-specific institutions,the availability of major investigators,and the distribution of clinical trial projects.展开更多
PANoptosis is a newly identified type of regulated cell death that consists of pyroptosis,apoptosis,and nec roptosis,which simultaneously occur during the pathophysiological process of infectious and inflammatory dise...PANoptosis is a newly identified type of regulated cell death that consists of pyroptosis,apoptosis,and nec roptosis,which simultaneously occur during the pathophysiological process of infectious and inflammatory diseases.Although our previous lite rature mining study suggested that PANoptosis might occur in neuronal ischemia/repe rfusion injury,little experimental research has been reported on the existence of PANoptosis.In this study,we used in vivo and in vitro retinal neuronal models of ischemia/repe rfusion injury to investigate whether PAN optosis-like cell death(simultaneous occurrence of pyroptosis,apo ptosis,and necroptosis)exists in retinal neuronal ischemia/repe rfusion injury.Our results showed that ischemia/repe rfusion injury induced changes in morphological features and protein levels that indicate PANoptosis-like cell death in retinal neurons both in vitro and in vivo.Ischemia/repe rfusion inju ry also significantly upregulated caspase-1,caspase-8,and NLRP3 expression,which are important components of the PANoptosome.These results indicate the existence of PANoptosis-like cell death in ischemia/reperfusion injury of retinal neurons and provide preliminary experimental evidence for future study of this new type of regulated cell death.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To further clarify the anticancer mechanisms of Liujunzi decoction(六君子汤)and provide possible targets for the treatment of advanced-stage nonsmall cell lung cancer(NSCLC)by re-analyzing differential gene ...OBJECTIVE:To further clarify the anticancer mechanisms of Liujunzi decoction(六君子汤)and provide possible targets for the treatment of advanced-stage nonsmall cell lung cancer(NSCLC)by re-analyzing differential gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)from Liujunzi decoctiontreated NSCLC patients receiving first-line chemotherapy.METHODS:The PBMC gene expression microarray data set GSE61926 was retrieved from a high throughput gene expression database.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were screened by paired sample t-test and the multiple ratio method.Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway analyses were performed using the DAVID database.The protein–protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed using interaction gene library retrieval tools and Cytoscape software.RESULTS:A total of 162 DEGs were identified,with 67 upregulated genes and 95 downregulated genes.The functional distribution of Gene Oncology(GO)genes showed that DEGs were mostly concentrated in extracellular regions,calcium ion binding,and transcriptase activity.KEGG pathway analysis showed that cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions were significantly enriched.PPI network analysis screened out the top 10 central protein-coding genes with the highest nodal degree:IL2,PIWIL4,DICER1,PIWIL2,SAA1,XCL1,IL22RA1,ARHGAP11A,DCP1A,and GDNF.Among them,the central protein-coding gene with the highest node degree was IL2.In addition,the central protein-coding genes with high node degrees and high molecular complex detection(MCODE)scores were PIWIL4,DICER1,PIWIL2,and DCP1A,all of which are related to tumor development.CONCLUSIONS:One signaling pathway and 10 central protein-coding genes related to anticancer mechanisms were screened by re-analysis of GSE61926 data.IL2,PIWIL4,DICER1,PIWIL2,and DCP1 A may have important roles in the mechanism of Liujunzi decoction treatment against NSCLC.Our results suggest that the anticancer mechanism of Liujunzi decoction may be related to gene silencing by RNA and the biological processes of piwi-interacting RNA and other small RNAs.展开更多
The poor bonding performance between aqueous adhesives represented by melamine-urea formaldehyde(MUF)resins and reed straw hinders their applications in the field of non-wood-based panels.Multi-hydroxyl polymers are h...The poor bonding performance between aqueous adhesives represented by melamine-urea formaldehyde(MUF)resins and reed straw hinders their applications in the field of non-wood-based panels.Multi-hydroxyl polymers are highly reactive and are often used as crosslinkers.This study fabricated a resin with a strengthened crosslinked structure by combining a multi-hydroxyl polymer and MUF resin prepolymer.The reed particleboard was prepared by using this resin as an adhesive and reed stalk as the matrix.The results show that neighboring molecules combined to form C–O–C bonds that strengthened the cross-linked structure of the resin.In addition,the viscosity of the resin was increased,and a continuous adhesive layer on the surface of reed particles was formed,which slowed the penetration of reed particles.The adhesive layer significantly improved the mechanical properties of the reed particleboard.The maximum modulus of rupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE),and internal bonding strength(IB)of the reed particleboard were 33.53,4126,and 0.79 MPa,respectively.The IB of the board was 3.3 times higher than that of the reed particleboard prepared with a conventional MUF resin.Reed straw is a non-wood biomass material that has the advantage of sustainable development and may replace woodbased materials to produce particleboard.This resin-prepared reed particleboard is expected to be used in areas such as custom furniture and engineering materials.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the contribution of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B(ADH1B)and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)polymorphisms to the risk of esophageal cancer.METHODS:Nineteen articles were included by searching MEDLINE,EMBASE...AIM:To evaluate the contribution of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B(ADH1B)and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)polymorphisms to the risk of esophageal cancer.METHODS:Nineteen articles were included by searching MEDLINE,EMBASE and the Chinese Biomedical Database,13 on ADH1B and 18 on ALDH2.We performed a meta-analysis of case-control studies including 13 studies on ADH1B(cases/controls:2390/7100)and 18 studies on ALDH2(2631/6030).RESULTS:The crude odds ratio[OR(95%confidence interval)]was 2.91(2.04-4.14)for ADH1B*1/*1(vs ADH1B*2/*2)and 1.32(1.17-1.49)for ADH1B*1/*2.The crude OR for ALDH2*1/*2(vs ALDH2*1/*1)was 2.52(1.76-3.61).ADH1B*1/*1 increased the risk of esophageal cancer among never/rare[1.56(0.93-2.61)],moderate[2.71(1.37-5.35)],and heavy drinkers[3.22 (2.27-4.57)].ADH1B*1/*2 was associated with a modest risk among moderate drinkers[1.43(1.09-1.87)].ALDH2*1/*2 increased the risk among never/rare[1.28 (0.91-1.80)],moderate[3.12(1.95-5.01)],and heavy [7.12(4.67-10.86)]drinkers,and among ex-drinkers [5.64(1.57-20.25)].ALDH2*2/*2 increased the risk among drinkers[4.42(1.72-11.36)].ADH1B*1/*1 plus ALDH2*1/*2 was associated with the highest risk for heavy drinkers[12.45(2.9-53.46)].The results of the meta-regression analysis showed that the effects of ADH1B*1/*1 and ALDH2*1/*2 increased with the level of alcohol consumption.ALDH2*1/*2 was associated with a high risk among Taiwan Chinese and Japanese drinkers,as opposed to a moderate risk among drinkers in high-incidence regions of China's Mainland.ADH1B*1/*1 in heavy drinkers and ALDH2*1/*2 in moderate-toheavy drinkers was associated with similarly high risk among both men and women.CONCLUSION:ADH1B/ALDH2 genotypes affect the risk of esophageal cancer,and the risk is modified by alcohol consumption,ethnicity,and gender.展开更多
Experiencing urban green and blue spaces(GBSs)can be a nature-based solution to improve mental well-being and cope with negative moods for people exposed to PM2.5 pollution.In this study,a total of 1257 photos were co...Experiencing urban green and blue spaces(GBSs)can be a nature-based solution to improve mental well-being and cope with negative moods for people exposed to PM2.5 pollution.In this study,a total of 1257 photos were collected to recognize their posted emotions of Sina Weibo users from 38 parks in 22 cities in Northeast China in 2021,when atmospheric PM_(2.5)and landscape metrics were evaluated for GBSs of each park.Autumn and winter had heavy atmospheric PM_(2.5)pollutions in resource-dependent cities of Liaoning.Net positive emotions(happy minus sad scores)decreased in larger green spaces.The perception of blue space countered the presentation of sadness only for a limited period over four seasons.High elevation decreased the level of happiness presented in winter.Overall,this study confirms that visiting large urban green spaces at low elevations can benefit the perception of positive sentiments for people exposed to PM_(2.5)in autumn.For planning urban forests in Northeast China,more green spaces should be constructed in cities in southern Jilin province to alleviate air PM_(2.5)pollution and gain better well-being of local people.展开更多
Small and medium-sized enterprises have developed rapidly under the guidance and support of the national industrial policy.Because of the influence of the post financial crisis,the rate of the global economy developme...Small and medium-sized enterprises have developed rapidly under the guidance and support of the national industrial policy.Because of the influence of the post financial crisis,the rate of the global economy development decreased and the market competition increased,the profit of small and medium-sized enterprises is on the decline or even in a loss.The paper,based on the value creation logic of Balanced Score Card,put forward that we should,with the Differentiation Strategy as the basis,using Strategy Map and Cascade Strategy,integrate the key internal procedures to increase the strategic preparation of intangible assets to guide the business model innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises and promote the rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprises.展开更多
Although it is becoming increasingly popular for organizations to offer programs of mind–body practices to their employees to improve their physical and mental health,the effects that after-work sessions of mind–bod...Although it is becoming increasingly popular for organizations to offer programs of mind–body practices to their employees to improve their physical and mental health,the effects that after-work sessions of mind–body prac-tices have on employees’work behavior remain unclear.Using the model of proactive motivation and experience sampling,this study explored the relationship between employees’mind–body practices after work and their proactive behavior in the workplace on the following day.A multilevel path analysis of data from 82 employees over seven consecutive workdays showed that employees’mind–body practices after work had a positive effect on their proactive behavior in the workplace on the following day.The relationship was mediated by next-day high-activated positive affect and problem-solving confidence.Furthermore,job control positively moderated the rela-tionship between high-activated positive affect and proactive behavior but not that between problem-solving con-fidence and proactive behavior.We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of thesefindings,and propose future research directions.展开更多
The upper and lower portions of Musa sapientum pseudo-stem sheaths were exposed in four types of treatments： pectin decomposing bacteria, magnesium oxide （MgO）, both pectin decomposing bacteria and MgO and control....The upper and lower portions of Musa sapientum pseudo-stem sheaths were exposed in four types of treatments： pectin decomposing bacteria, magnesium oxide （MgO）, both pectin decomposing bacteria and MgO and control. The fibre strength properties were tested using SIRIM Standard methods and colour changed using gray scale. The bioaugmentation of pectin decomposing bacteria together with MgO additions were found to enhance retting process and reduced retting periods 52% and yielded better strength on the fibres. The lower portion pseudo-stem sheaths gave the higher strength than upper portion. Colour changed showed that the bioaugmentation of pectin bacteria enhanced the degradation colouring compound in banana fibres.展开更多
The effect of two fixed vertical boundaries, a finite distance apart, on the dynamics of a column of buoyant fluid rising in a less buoyant fluid is investigated in the presence of vertical rotation. It is shown that ...The effect of two fixed vertical boundaries, a finite distance apart, on the dynamics of a column of buoyant fluid rising in a less buoyant fluid is investigated in the presence of vertical rotation. It is shown that the presence of the boundaries introduces two main effects on a rotating plume. They tend to stabilise the plume but succeed only reducing the value of the growth rate and the plume remains unstable for all finite values of the distance between the boundaries and the plume. In the absence of the sidewalls, two modes of the instability were found known as the sinuous mode and the varicose mode. The influence of the boundaries is such that it reduces the growth rate of the varicose mode more than that of the sinuous mode and consequently the modified sinuous mode is always preferred in the presence of the boundaries.展开更多
Fused magnesium aluminate spinel carbon materials were prepared using fused magnesium aluminate spinel and flake graphite as the main raw materials and phenolic resin as the binder.The effects of the Al-Si alloy addit...Fused magnesium aluminate spinel carbon materials were prepared using fused magnesium aluminate spinel and flake graphite as the main raw materials and phenolic resin as the binder.The effects of the Al-Si alloy addition(0,2%,4%,6%,8%and 10%,by mass)on the properties of fused magnesium aluminate spinel carbon materials were studied.The results show that fiber materials are generated in the samples with Al-Si alloy addition,which can significantly improve the cold and hot modulus of rupture,the cold elastic modulus,and the thermal shock resistance of the samples.When the addition of Al-Si alloy is 6%-8%,the comprehensive performance of the sample is the optimum.展开更多
BACKGROUND Granuloma annulare(GA)has diverse clinical manifestations,multiple subtypes,and unknown etiology and pathogenesis.Existing studies regarding GA in children are scarce.AIM To examine the correlation between ...BACKGROUND Granuloma annulare(GA)has diverse clinical manifestations,multiple subtypes,and unknown etiology and pathogenesis.Existing studies regarding GA in children are scarce.AIM To examine the correlation between clinical manifestation and histopathology of pediatric GA.METHODS A total of 39 patients under 18 years of age with both a clinical and pathological diagnosis of GA at Kunming Children's Hospital from 2017 to 2022 were retrieved.Their medical records were consulted,and clinical data of the children were recorded and summarized,including gender,age,disease site,etc.Existing wax blocks of skin lesion specimens of children and pathological films were retrieved for further study and relevant histology,including hematoxylin-eosin,Alcian blue,elastic fiber(Victoria blue-Lichon red method),and antacid staining.Finally,the children’s clinical manifestations,histopathological results,and special staining characteristics were analyzed.RESULTS The clinical manifestations of granuloma annulare in children were diverse:11 cases presented with a single lesion,25 with multiple lesions,and 3 with generalized lesions.The pathological typing comprised histiocytic infiltration,palisading granuloma,epithelioid nodular,and mixed types in 4,11,9,and 15 cases,respectively.Thirty-nine cases were negative for antacid staining.The positive rate of Alcian blue staining was 92.3%,and that of elastic fiber staining was 100%.The degree of elastic fiber dissolution and granuloma annulare histopathological typing were positively correlated(r=0.432,P<0.05).No correlation was found between clinical presentation and histopathological typing of the granuloma annulare in children.In the pathological diagnosis of granuloma annulare,the positive elastic fiber staining rate was higher than that of Alcian blue staining.A correlation was found between elastic fiber dissolution degree and histopathological staging.However,the differences in pathological staging may have been related to the pathological manifestation of granuloma annulare at different periods.CONCLUSION Elastic fiber degradation may be a critical step in the pathogenesis of pediatric granuloma annulare.This is also one of the first studies focused on granuloma annulare in children.展开更多
Some scholars have recently developed the concept of PANoptosis in the study of infectious diseases where pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis act in consort in a multimeric protein complex,PANoptosome.This allows all...Some scholars have recently developed the concept of PANoptosis in the study of infectious diseases where pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis act in consort in a multimeric protein complex,PANoptosome.This allows all the components of PANoptosis to be regulated simultaneously.PANoptosis provides a new way to study the regulation of cell death,in that different types of cell death may be regulated at the same time.To test whether PANoptosis exists in diseases other than infectious diseases,we chose cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury as the research model,collected articles researching cerebral ischemia/reperfusion from three major databases,obtained the original research data from these articles by bibliometrics,data mining and other methods,then integrated and analyzed these data.We selected papers that investigated at least two of the components of PANoptosis to check its occurrence in ischemia/reperfusion.In the cell model simulating ischemic brain injury,pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis occur together and this phenomenon exists widely in different passage cell lines or primary neurons.Pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis also occurred in rat and mouse models of ischemia/reperfusion injury.This confirms that PANoptosis is observed in ischemic brain injury and indicates that PANoptosis can be a target in the regulation of various central nervous system diseases.展开更多
Introducing carbon trading into electricity market can convert carbon dioxide into schedulable resources with economic value.However,the randomness of wind power generation puts forward higher requirements for electri...Introducing carbon trading into electricity market can convert carbon dioxide into schedulable resources with economic value.However,the randomness of wind power generation puts forward higher requirements for electricity market transactions.Therefore,the carbon trading market is introduced into the wind power market,and a new form of low-carbon economic dispatch model is developed.First,the economic dispatch goal of wind power is be considered.It is projected to save money and reduce the cost of power generation for the system.The model includes risk operating costs to account for the impact of wind power output variability on the system,as well as wind farm negative efficiency operating costs to account for the loss caused by wind abandonment.The model also employs carbon trading market metrics to achieve the goal of lowering system carbon emissions,and analyze the impact of different carbon trading prices on the system.A low-carbon economic dispatch model for the wind power market is implemented based on the following two goals.Finally,the solution is optimised using the Ant-lion optimisation method,which combines Levi's flight mechanism and golden sine.The proposed model and algorithm's rationality is proven through the use of cases.展开更多
Background: Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial disease burden in China, and data on the economic burden are fundamental for setting priorities in cancer interventions. The medical expenditure for the dia...Background: Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial disease burden in China, and data on the economic burden are fundamental for setting priorities in cancer interventions. The medical expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in China has not been fully quantified. This study aimed to examine the medical expenditure of Chinese patients with esophageal cancer and the associated trends.Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey was conducted in 37 hospitals in 13 provinces/municipalities across China as a part of the Cancer Screening Program of Urban China. For each esophageal cancer patient diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, clinical information and expense data were extracted by using structured questionnaires. All expense data were reported in Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.155 USD) based on the2011 value and inflated using the year-specific health care consumer price index for China.Results: A total of 14,967 esophageal cancer patients were included in the analysis. It was estimated that the overall average expenditure per patient was 38,666 CNY, and an average annual increase of 6.27% was observed from 2002(25,111 CNY) to 2011(46,124 CNY). The average expenditures were 34,460 CNY for stage Ⅰ,39,302 CNY for stage Ⅱ,40,353 CNY for stage Ⅲ, and 37,432 CNY for stage IV diseases(P < 0.01). The expenditure also differed by the therapy type, which was 38,492 CNY for surgery, 27,933 CNY for radiotherapy, and 27,805 CNY for chemotherapy(P < 0.05).Drugs contributed to 45.02% of the overall expenditure.Conclusions: These conservative estimates suggested that medical expenditures for esophageal cancer in China substantially increased in the last 10 years, treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer costs less than that for advanced cases, and spending on drugs continued to account for a considerable proportion of the overall expenditure.展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific research project of the Health Commission of Shanxi Province,P.R.China(No:2023032).
文摘Background:Early detection of Bone Mineral Density(BMD)loss is critical for identifying individuals at increased risk of osteoporosis and related fractures,particularly in vulnerable populations.Aim:This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between Hemoglobin(Hb),Red cell Distribution Width(RDW),and Homocysteine(Hcy)levels and BMD in elderly male patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus(T2DM).Methods:A total of 208 male patients with T2DM,who were hospitalized in the Endocrinology Department of Yuncheng Central Hospital,between January 2020 and December 2023,were included in the study.Based on their BMD measurements,the patients were categorized into three groups:normal bone mass(control,n=64),osteopenia(n=92),and osteoporosis(n=52).After adjusting for some potential confounding factors,inter-group comparisons and correlation analyses were conducted to assess the relationships between Hb,RDW,and Hcy levels and BMD.Results:The prevalence of osteoporosis in T2DM patients with anemia was nearly twice as high as that in the control group.Compared to the normal bone mass group,the osteoporosis group showed a significant reduction in plasma Hb levels by 8.8%±1.1%,along with significant increases in RDW and Hcy levels by 15.7%±1.2%and 18.2%±2.2%,respectively(all P<0.001).Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that Hb was negatively correlated with BMD loss(P<0.001),whereas RDW and Hcy were positively correlated with BMD loss(all P<0.001)in the total hip and femoral neck.Conclusions:These univariate logistic analyses suggest that changes in these hematologic indices may serve not only as markers of bone health but also as potential predictors of the progression of diabetes-related complications,including BMD loss and fracture risk.
文摘BACKGROUND Hospice care plays an important role in improving the quality of life of advanced cancer patients,but controversy remains over whether age affects the attitudes of family members toward hospice care.AIM To investigate the attitudes of family members of advanced cancer patients of different ages toward hospice care.METHODS The study participants were 175 family members of patients with advanced cancer from January 2020 and October 2022.The participants were divided into youth(<40 years,n=65),middle-aged(40–60 years,n=59),and elderly(>60 years,n=51)groups.Researchers investigated and compared the degree of awareness regarding hospice care,attitudes,and whether the family members of patients would choose hospice care.RESULTS Among the family members of 175 patients,approximately 28%(49/175)were aware of hospice care.Awareness of hospice care,the proportion of hospice care acceptance and adaptation attitudes,and the proportion of those who chose hospice care in the youth group were higher in the middle-aged and elderly groups(P<0.05).No statistically significant difference was found in these three indicators between the middle-aged and elderly groups(P>0.05).Hospice care was chosen mainly to relieve pain and reduce unnecessary treatment,whereas the reasons for not choosing hospice care were mainly distrust and ethical concerns.CONCLUSION The family members of patients with advanced cancer had relatively low awareness of hospice care,while youth had a higher awareness of hospice care,acceptance,and adaptation attitudes,and were more willing to choose hospice care.
文摘In this paper, the author uses the listed company＇s annual report and financial statements to do the empirical research, the selected areas are information technology industries. The results show that the average age of employees, professional proportion, and the average assesses and executives＇ shareholdings have no significant impact with P/B. The industry statistics revealed no significant impact between average age and P/B because each group of age has its own advantages. By using these indicators, the author can improve the human resources information voluntary disclosure, make the disclosure of information comparable, and provide the empirical reference to the listed companies.
文摘With the increasing integration of technology in modern workplaces, concerns have emerged regarding the addictive nature of technology and its potential consequences on employee productivity. This research aims to investigate the impact of technological addiction on workplace productivity within the public sector of Zimbabwe. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining surveys, interviews, and a case study analysis, to examine the prevalence and effects of technological addiction in affecting productivity in the public sector of Zimbabwe. The findings indicate that excessive use of social media, and other digital distractions is a growing concern in the public sector, leading to decreased focus, missed deadlines, and strained teamwork. Factors such as unrestricted internet access, lack of clear usage policies, and inadequate self-regulation contribute to the problem The research outcomes also highlight the need for awareness and interventions to address social media addiction in the workplace, promote healthier technology use, and uphold productivity and employee well-being.
文摘Objective:To analyze the status of ophthalmology drug clinical trial institutions in China following the implementation of the registration system and provide a reference for their development.Methods:An analysis was conducted using data from the Drug Clinical Trial Institution Registration Management Information Platform and the Drug Clinical Trial Registration and Information Publicity Platform of the National Medical Products Administration.The search period was up to April 19,2024.Results:As of April 19,2024,314 ophthalmology-specific institutions were registered nationwide,comprising 274 comprehensive medical institutions and 40 specialized ophthalmology institutions,representing a 245%increase compared to the qualification certification phase.There were 965 major researchers in ophthalmology,accounting for 6.3%of the total number of researchers across all registered ophthalmology institutions.These institutions were predominantly located in economically developed areas such as Guangdong,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu Provinces,with the top five provinces and cities comprising 39.8%of the total registered institutions.Beijing had the highest number of major researchers(126),with their distribution positively correlated with the geographic spread of registered institutions.Furthermore,as of April 19,2024,there were 216 clinical drugs related to eye diseases,with the top three provinces conducting 77.8%of national clinical trial projects.The number of institutions was directly proportional to the volume of clinical trials conducted.Conclusion:The implementation of the registration system has facilitated the release of ophthalmic medical resources.However,regional disparities remain in the number of ophthalmology-specific institutions,the availability of major investigators,and the distribution of clinical trial projects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81772134,81971891,82172196,81571939(ail to KX)the Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma(Hainan Medical University)of Ministry of Education,No.KLET-202108(to KX)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University of China,No.2020zzts218(to WTY)Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate of China,No.CX20200116(to WTY)。
文摘PANoptosis is a newly identified type of regulated cell death that consists of pyroptosis,apoptosis,and nec roptosis,which simultaneously occur during the pathophysiological process of infectious and inflammatory diseases.Although our previous lite rature mining study suggested that PANoptosis might occur in neuronal ischemia/repe rfusion injury,little experimental research has been reported on the existence of PANoptosis.In this study,we used in vivo and in vitro retinal neuronal models of ischemia/repe rfusion injury to investigate whether PAN optosis-like cell death(simultaneous occurrence of pyroptosis,apo ptosis,and necroptosis)exists in retinal neuronal ischemia/repe rfusion injury.Our results showed that ischemia/repe rfusion injury induced changes in morphological features and protein levels that indicate PANoptosis-like cell death in retinal neurons both in vitro and in vivo.Ischemia/repe rfusion inju ry also significantly upregulated caspase-1,caspase-8,and NLRP3 expression,which are important components of the PANoptosome.These results indicate the existence of PANoptosis-like cell death in ischemia/reperfusion injury of retinal neurons and provide preliminary experimental evidence for future study of this new type of regulated cell death.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(81903270)(Therapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Embryonic Lung Progenitor Cell Transplantation on Silicosis Fibrosis)and(81703987)(Study on the Synergistic Effect and Mechanism of Yiqi Yangyin Jiedu Prescription Combined with Anti-CTLA-4 Mab in Inducing Anti-Lung Cancer Immune Response)Jinan Science and Technology Project(201907019)(Study of Therapy and Mechanisms of Embryonic Lung Stem Cell Transplantation on Silicosis Fibrosis)+4 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(19401971200)(a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study on Improving Prognosis of Patients With StageⅢA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer By Liu Jiaxiang's Prescription for Qi-Yin Differentiation and Treatment)the Emerging Frontier Technology Joint Research Project of Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center(SHDC12018131)(a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Study on the Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis Of StageⅢA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer By Liu Jiaxiang Qi-Yin Differentiation Method)the Major Project of Scientific Research and Innovation Plan of Shanghai Education Commission(No.2017-01-07-00-10-E00064)(Study on the Mechanism of Feyanning Prescription Against Lung Cancer Growth and Metastasis Derived from Jingqi Theory)Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(AJ-37)(Clinical Study of Yiqi Yangyin Jiedu Prescription Combined With Oxitinib in the Treatment of Advanced Lung Cancer With T790M Mutation)and(AJ-41)(Clinical Study of“Decubitus Chiropractic Therapy”in the Treatment of Vertebral Artery Type Cervical Spondylosis)National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base Long-Yi-Xue-Zhe Nurturing Plan(LYTD-64)(Mechanism of Reversal of EGFR-Tkis Resistance Induced By HGF in Tumor-Bearing H1975-SCID Mice Based on Huachansu Injection)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To further clarify the anticancer mechanisms of Liujunzi decoction(六君子汤)and provide possible targets for the treatment of advanced-stage nonsmall cell lung cancer(NSCLC)by re-analyzing differential gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)from Liujunzi decoctiontreated NSCLC patients receiving first-line chemotherapy.METHODS:The PBMC gene expression microarray data set GSE61926 was retrieved from a high throughput gene expression database.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were screened by paired sample t-test and the multiple ratio method.Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway analyses were performed using the DAVID database.The protein–protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed using interaction gene library retrieval tools and Cytoscape software.RESULTS:A total of 162 DEGs were identified,with 67 upregulated genes and 95 downregulated genes.The functional distribution of Gene Oncology(GO)genes showed that DEGs were mostly concentrated in extracellular regions,calcium ion binding,and transcriptase activity.KEGG pathway analysis showed that cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions were significantly enriched.PPI network analysis screened out the top 10 central protein-coding genes with the highest nodal degree:IL2,PIWIL4,DICER1,PIWIL2,SAA1,XCL1,IL22RA1,ARHGAP11A,DCP1A,and GDNF.Among them,the central protein-coding gene with the highest node degree was IL2.In addition,the central protein-coding genes with high node degrees and high molecular complex detection(MCODE)scores were PIWIL4,DICER1,PIWIL2,and DCP1A,all of which are related to tumor development.CONCLUSIONS:One signaling pathway and 10 central protein-coding genes related to anticancer mechanisms were screened by re-analysis of GSE61926 data.IL2,PIWIL4,DICER1,PIWIL2,and DCP1 A may have important roles in the mechanism of Liujunzi decoction treatment against NSCLC.Our results suggest that the anticancer mechanism of Liujunzi decoction may be related to gene silencing by RNA and the biological processes of piwi-interacting RNA and other small RNAs.
基金supported by the Hunan Province Science and Technology Major Project[2021NK1050]Strategic Research and Consulting Project of the Chinese Academy of Engineering:Research on Green and Low-Carbon Technology Innovation Strategy of Wood-Based Panel Industry[2022-XY-62]+1 种基金Changsha Science and Technology Project[kq2004096]Hunan Provincial Technical Innovation Platform and Talent Program in Science and Technology[2016TP1013].
文摘The poor bonding performance between aqueous adhesives represented by melamine-urea formaldehyde(MUF)resins and reed straw hinders their applications in the field of non-wood-based panels.Multi-hydroxyl polymers are highly reactive and are often used as crosslinkers.This study fabricated a resin with a strengthened crosslinked structure by combining a multi-hydroxyl polymer and MUF resin prepolymer.The reed particleboard was prepared by using this resin as an adhesive and reed stalk as the matrix.The results show that neighboring molecules combined to form C–O–C bonds that strengthened the cross-linked structure of the resin.In addition,the viscosity of the resin was increased,and a continuous adhesive layer on the surface of reed particles was formed,which slowed the penetration of reed particles.The adhesive layer significantly improved the mechanical properties of the reed particleboard.The maximum modulus of rupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity(MOE),and internal bonding strength(IB)of the reed particleboard were 33.53,4126,and 0.79 MPa,respectively.The IB of the board was 3.3 times higher than that of the reed particleboard prepared with a conventional MUF resin.Reed straw is a non-wood biomass material that has the advantage of sustainable development and may replace woodbased materials to produce particleboard.This resin-prepared reed particleboard is expected to be used in areas such as custom furniture and engineering materials.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the contribution of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B(ADH1B)and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)polymorphisms to the risk of esophageal cancer.METHODS:Nineteen articles were included by searching MEDLINE,EMBASE and the Chinese Biomedical Database,13 on ADH1B and 18 on ALDH2.We performed a meta-analysis of case-control studies including 13 studies on ADH1B(cases/controls:2390/7100)and 18 studies on ALDH2(2631/6030).RESULTS:The crude odds ratio[OR(95%confidence interval)]was 2.91(2.04-4.14)for ADH1B*1/*1(vs ADH1B*2/*2)and 1.32(1.17-1.49)for ADH1B*1/*2.The crude OR for ALDH2*1/*2(vs ALDH2*1/*1)was 2.52(1.76-3.61).ADH1B*1/*1 increased the risk of esophageal cancer among never/rare[1.56(0.93-2.61)],moderate[2.71(1.37-5.35)],and heavy drinkers[3.22 (2.27-4.57)].ADH1B*1/*2 was associated with a modest risk among moderate drinkers[1.43(1.09-1.87)].ALDH2*1/*2 increased the risk among never/rare[1.28 (0.91-1.80)],moderate[3.12(1.95-5.01)],and heavy [7.12(4.67-10.86)]drinkers,and among ex-drinkers [5.64(1.57-20.25)].ALDH2*2/*2 increased the risk among drinkers[4.42(1.72-11.36)].ADH1B*1/*1 plus ALDH2*1/*2 was associated with the highest risk for heavy drinkers[12.45(2.9-53.46)].The results of the meta-regression analysis showed that the effects of ADH1B*1/*1 and ALDH2*1/*2 increased with the level of alcohol consumption.ALDH2*1/*2 was associated with a high risk among Taiwan Chinese and Japanese drinkers,as opposed to a moderate risk among drinkers in high-incidence regions of China's Mainland.ADH1B*1/*1 in heavy drinkers and ALDH2*1/*2 in moderate-toheavy drinkers was associated with similarly high risk among both men and women.CONCLUSION:ADH1B/ALDH2 genotypes affect the risk of esophageal cancer,and the risk is modified by alcohol consumption,ethnicity,and gender.
基金funded by the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province (20190303126SF)the Project of Beihua University (320121060)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771695 and 31971464)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (0919/140124)。
文摘Experiencing urban green and blue spaces(GBSs)can be a nature-based solution to improve mental well-being and cope with negative moods for people exposed to PM2.5 pollution.In this study,a total of 1257 photos were collected to recognize their posted emotions of Sina Weibo users from 38 parks in 22 cities in Northeast China in 2021,when atmospheric PM_(2.5)and landscape metrics were evaluated for GBSs of each park.Autumn and winter had heavy atmospheric PM_(2.5)pollutions in resource-dependent cities of Liaoning.Net positive emotions(happy minus sad scores)decreased in larger green spaces.The perception of blue space countered the presentation of sadness only for a limited period over four seasons.High elevation decreased the level of happiness presented in winter.Overall,this study confirms that visiting large urban green spaces at low elevations can benefit the perception of positive sentiments for people exposed to PM_(2.5)in autumn.For planning urban forests in Northeast China,more green spaces should be constructed in cities in southern Jilin province to alleviate air PM_(2.5)pollution and gain better well-being of local people.
基金the phased achievement of the social science research project of Shandong Province:Research on industrial transformation and upgrading of equipment manufacturing industry in Shandong Province(No:13CJJJ02)
文摘Small and medium-sized enterprises have developed rapidly under the guidance and support of the national industrial policy.Because of the influence of the post financial crisis,the rate of the global economy development decreased and the market competition increased,the profit of small and medium-sized enterprises is on the decline or even in a loss.The paper,based on the value creation logic of Balanced Score Card,put forward that we should,with the Differentiation Strategy as the basis,using Strategy Map and Cascade Strategy,integrate the key internal procedures to increase the strategic preparation of intangible assets to guide the business model innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises and promote the rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2021CFB297)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515010563).
文摘Although it is becoming increasingly popular for organizations to offer programs of mind–body practices to their employees to improve their physical and mental health,the effects that after-work sessions of mind–body prac-tices have on employees’work behavior remain unclear.Using the model of proactive motivation and experience sampling,this study explored the relationship between employees’mind–body practices after work and their proactive behavior in the workplace on the following day.A multilevel path analysis of data from 82 employees over seven consecutive workdays showed that employees’mind–body practices after work had a positive effect on their proactive behavior in the workplace on the following day.The relationship was mediated by next-day high-activated positive affect and problem-solving confidence.Furthermore,job control positively moderated the rela-tionship between high-activated positive affect and proactive behavior but not that between problem-solving con-fidence and proactive behavior.We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of thesefindings,and propose future research directions.
文摘The upper and lower portions of Musa sapientum pseudo-stem sheaths were exposed in four types of treatments： pectin decomposing bacteria, magnesium oxide （MgO）, both pectin decomposing bacteria and MgO and control. The fibre strength properties were tested using SIRIM Standard methods and colour changed using gray scale. The bioaugmentation of pectin decomposing bacteria together with MgO additions were found to enhance retting process and reduced retting periods 52% and yielded better strength on the fibres. The lower portion pseudo-stem sheaths gave the higher strength than upper portion. Colour changed showed that the bioaugmentation of pectin bacteria enhanced the degradation colouring compound in banana fibres.
文摘The effect of two fixed vertical boundaries, a finite distance apart, on the dynamics of a column of buoyant fluid rising in a less buoyant fluid is investigated in the presence of vertical rotation. It is shown that the presence of the boundaries introduces two main effects on a rotating plume. They tend to stabilise the plume but succeed only reducing the value of the growth rate and the plume remains unstable for all finite values of the distance between the boundaries and the plume. In the absence of the sidewalls, two modes of the instability were found known as the sinuous mode and the varicose mode. The influence of the boundaries is such that it reduces the growth rate of the varicose mode more than that of the sinuous mode and consequently the modified sinuous mode is always preferred in the presence of the boundaries.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3701404)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51932008)for the support of the work
文摘Fused magnesium aluminate spinel carbon materials were prepared using fused magnesium aluminate spinel and flake graphite as the main raw materials and phenolic resin as the binder.The effects of the Al-Si alloy addition(0,2%,4%,6%,8%and 10%,by mass)on the properties of fused magnesium aluminate spinel carbon materials were studied.The results show that fiber materials are generated in the samples with Al-Si alloy addition,which can significantly improve the cold and hot modulus of rupture,the cold elastic modulus,and the thermal shock resistance of the samples.When the addition of Al-Si alloy is 6%-8%,the comprehensive performance of the sample is the optimum.
基金Supported by Spring City Project Famous Doctor Special
文摘BACKGROUND Granuloma annulare(GA)has diverse clinical manifestations,multiple subtypes,and unknown etiology and pathogenesis.Existing studies regarding GA in children are scarce.AIM To examine the correlation between clinical manifestation and histopathology of pediatric GA.METHODS A total of 39 patients under 18 years of age with both a clinical and pathological diagnosis of GA at Kunming Children's Hospital from 2017 to 2022 were retrieved.Their medical records were consulted,and clinical data of the children were recorded and summarized,including gender,age,disease site,etc.Existing wax blocks of skin lesion specimens of children and pathological films were retrieved for further study and relevant histology,including hematoxylin-eosin,Alcian blue,elastic fiber(Victoria blue-Lichon red method),and antacid staining.Finally,the children’s clinical manifestations,histopathological results,and special staining characteristics were analyzed.RESULTS The clinical manifestations of granuloma annulare in children were diverse:11 cases presented with a single lesion,25 with multiple lesions,and 3 with generalized lesions.The pathological typing comprised histiocytic infiltration,palisading granuloma,epithelioid nodular,and mixed types in 4,11,9,and 15 cases,respectively.Thirty-nine cases were negative for antacid staining.The positive rate of Alcian blue staining was 92.3%,and that of elastic fiber staining was 100%.The degree of elastic fiber dissolution and granuloma annulare histopathological typing were positively correlated(r=0.432,P<0.05).No correlation was found between clinical presentation and histopathological typing of the granuloma annulare in children.In the pathological diagnosis of granuloma annulare,the positive elastic fiber staining rate was higher than that of Alcian blue staining.A correlation was found between elastic fiber dissolution degree and histopathological staging.However,the differences in pathological staging may have been related to the pathological manifestation of granuloma annulare at different periods.CONCLUSION Elastic fiber degradation may be a critical step in the pathogenesis of pediatric granuloma annulare.This is also one of the first studies focused on granuloma annulare in children.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81772134(to KX),81971891(to KX),82172196(to KX),81571939(to KX)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University of China,No.2020zzts218,(to WTY)Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation For Postgraduate of China,Nos.CX20200116(to WTY),CX20190139(to LSL).
文摘Some scholars have recently developed the concept of PANoptosis in the study of infectious diseases where pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis act in consort in a multimeric protein complex,PANoptosome.This allows all the components of PANoptosis to be regulated simultaneously.PANoptosis provides a new way to study the regulation of cell death,in that different types of cell death may be regulated at the same time.To test whether PANoptosis exists in diseases other than infectious diseases,we chose cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury as the research model,collected articles researching cerebral ischemia/reperfusion from three major databases,obtained the original research data from these articles by bibliometrics,data mining and other methods,then integrated and analyzed these data.We selected papers that investigated at least two of the components of PANoptosis to check its occurrence in ischemia/reperfusion.In the cell model simulating ischemic brain injury,pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis occur together and this phenomenon exists widely in different passage cell lines or primary neurons.Pyroptosis,apoptosis and necroptosis also occurred in rat and mouse models of ischemia/reperfusion injury.This confirms that PANoptosis is observed in ischemic brain injury and indicates that PANoptosis can be a target in the regulation of various central nervous system diseases.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:51677059。
文摘Introducing carbon trading into electricity market can convert carbon dioxide into schedulable resources with economic value.However,the randomness of wind power generation puts forward higher requirements for electricity market transactions.Therefore,the carbon trading market is introduced into the wind power market,and a new form of low-carbon economic dispatch model is developed.First,the economic dispatch goal of wind power is be considered.It is projected to save money and reduce the cost of power generation for the system.The model includes risk operating costs to account for the impact of wind power output variability on the system,as well as wind farm negative efficiency operating costs to account for the loss caused by wind abandonment.The model also employs carbon trading market metrics to achieve the goal of lowering system carbon emissions,and analyze the impact of different carbon trading prices on the system.A low-carbon economic dispatch model for the wind power market is implemented based on the following two goals.Finally,the solution is optimised using the Ant-lion optimisation method,which combines Levi's flight mechanism and golden sine.The proposed model and algorithm's rationality is proven through the use of cases.
基金supported by the National Health and Family Plan Commission of P. R. China
文摘Background: Esophageal cancer is associated with substantial disease burden in China, and data on the economic burden are fundamental for setting priorities in cancer interventions. The medical expenditure for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in China has not been fully quantified. This study aimed to examine the medical expenditure of Chinese patients with esophageal cancer and the associated trends.Methods: From 2012 to 2014, a hospital-based multicenter retrospective survey was conducted in 37 hospitals in 13 provinces/municipalities across China as a part of the Cancer Screening Program of Urban China. For each esophageal cancer patient diagnosed between 2002 and 2011, clinical information and expense data were extracted by using structured questionnaires. All expense data were reported in Chinese Yuan(CNY; 1 CNY = 0.155 USD) based on the2011 value and inflated using the year-specific health care consumer price index for China.Results: A total of 14,967 esophageal cancer patients were included in the analysis. It was estimated that the overall average expenditure per patient was 38,666 CNY, and an average annual increase of 6.27% was observed from 2002(25,111 CNY) to 2011(46,124 CNY). The average expenditures were 34,460 CNY for stage Ⅰ,39,302 CNY for stage Ⅱ,40,353 CNY for stage Ⅲ, and 37,432 CNY for stage IV diseases(P < 0.01). The expenditure also differed by the therapy type, which was 38,492 CNY for surgery, 27,933 CNY for radiotherapy, and 27,805 CNY for chemotherapy(P < 0.05).Drugs contributed to 45.02% of the overall expenditure.Conclusions: These conservative estimates suggested that medical expenditures for esophageal cancer in China substantially increased in the last 10 years, treatment for early-stage esophageal cancer costs less than that for advanced cases, and spending on drugs continued to account for a considerable proportion of the overall expenditure.
