The Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens,located in the eastern part of the Akşehir-Simav Fault System,are important sedimentary basins in the western Anatolia,Türkiye.This region,particularly the western of Afyon...The Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens,located in the eastern part of the Akşehir-Simav Fault System,are important sedimentary basins in the western Anatolia,Türkiye.This region,particularly the western of Afyon-Akşehir Graben,is a significant region known for its geothermal potential.The study focuses on analyzing gravity data to identify structural elements and examine the geological structures in the basins.The edge detection and enhancement techniques such as total horizontal gradient,tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient,enhanced dip angle and curvature analysis were used to investigate the structural lineaments in the area.Furthermore,2D/3D gravity modeling techniques were utilized to investigate the sedimentary depths of the Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens.Based on the findings from the edge detection studies,three distinct linear features were highlighted in addition to previously identified geological structures.3D gravity inversion modeling reveals sedimentary basin depths of up to 470 m in Sinanpaşa Graben and 720 m in the western Afyon-Akşehir Graben.As a result of the structural mapping and 2D/3D gravity modeling studies,a structural uplift that may be linked to geothermal activity was detected among the local depressions in the Afyon-Akşehir Graben.The obtained features may be of potential interest for geothermal exploration;therefore,further investigations using additional geophysical data are recommended.展开更多
Rising global energy needs have intensified the search for unconventional hydrocarbon sources,especially in under-selected areas like the Northeast Java Basin.This region harbors promising unconventional hydrocarbon r...Rising global energy needs have intensified the search for unconventional hydrocarbon sources,especially in under-selected areas like the Northeast Java Basin.This region harbors promising unconventional hydrocarbon reserves,where source rocks function as dual-phase systems for both hydrocarbon generation and storage.This research investigates how metal-based catalysts,particularly iron(Fe),can expedite hydrocarbon maturation in such reservoirs.Combining well logging,geochemical assessments,seismic data,and advanced lab techniques,including X-ray Diffraction(XRD),we pinpoint optimal zones for exploration.Results indicate that the Tuban,Kujung,and Ngimbang formations contain economically viable unconventional deposits,exhibiting tight reservoir properties(permeability:0.01–1 md)and moderate to good Total Organic Carbon(TOC)levels(1%–2%).Spatial analysis reveals elevated density concentrations in the northern sector,indicative of high-viscosity hydrocarbons typical of unconventional plays.Crucially,Fe additives were found to markedly enhance organic matter conversion,shortening maturation periods and boosting hydrocarbon yield.XRD data confirms that Fe alters crystalline configurations,increasing reactivity and speeding up thermal breakdown(shifting immature organic compounds toward maturity at an accelerated rate).These findings contribute to the evolving discourse on unconventional resource exploitation by proposing an innovative recovery enhancement strategy.The study also sets a precedent for investigating metal-assisted hydrocarbon conversion in geologically comparable basins globally.展开更多
Earthquakes are predominantly associated with tectonically active regions,yet the rising frequency of seismic events globally has raised concerns about the role of industrial activities,such as fluid injection,convent...Earthquakes are predominantly associated with tectonically active regions,yet the rising frequency of seismic events globally has raised concerns about the role of industrial activities,such as fluid injection,conventional oil-gas,mining,and reservoir impoundment,in triggering significant earthquakes.While natural processes like tectonic stress changes,fluid migration,and surface loading are critical in earthquake nucleation,human-induced seismicity is becoming increasingly recognized.The Atatürk Dam,Türkiye's largest clay-core rockfill dam,situated near the East Anatolian Fault System,Adyaman Fault Zone,and Bozova Fault,offers a compelling case to explore the interplay between tectonic and anthropogenic seismicity.This study presents the first trenching studies along the Bozova Fault,revealing evidence of surface ruptures and localized seismicity linked to reservoir impoundment and conventional oil and gas.Temporal and spatial analyses suggest that reservoir-induced mechanisms,including pore pressure diffusion and stress redistribution,significantly influence seismicity,recurrence interval,alongside dominant tectonic forces.By integrating trenching investigations,seismic analyses,and stress inversion techniques,this research highlights the critical role of anthropogenic factors in modulating seismic hazards.The findings emphasize the importance of paleoseismological and geophysical studies for distinguishing induced seismicity from natural tectonic activity,thereby contributing to improved seismic hazard assessment and mitigation strategies in tectonically active,reservoir-influenced regions.展开更多
How snow cover changes in response to climate change at different elevations within a mountainous basin is a less investigated question. In this study we focused on the vertical distribution of snow cover and its rela...How snow cover changes in response to climate change at different elevations within a mountainous basin is a less investigated question. In this study we focused on the vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to elevation and temperature within different elevation zones of distinct climatology, taking the mountainous Manasi River Basin of Xinjiang, Northwest China as a case study. Data sources include MODIS 8-day snow product, MODIS land surface temperature(LST) data from 2001 to 2014, and in situ temperature data observed at three hydrological stations from 2001 to 2012. The results show that:(1) the vertical distribution of snow areal extent(SAE) is sensitive to elevation in low(<2100 m) and high altitude(>3200 m) regions and shows four different seasonal patterns, each pattern is well correspondent to the variation of temperature.(2) The correlation between vertical changes of the SAE and temperature is significant in all seasons except for winter.(3) The correlation between annual changes of the SAE and temperature decreases with increasing elevation, the negative correlation is significant in area below 4000 m.(4) The snow cover days(SCDs) and its long-term change show visible differences in different altitude range.(5) The long-term increasing trend of SCDs and decreasing trend of winter temperature have a strong vertical relation with elevation below 3600 m. The decreasing trend of SCDs is attributed to the increasing trend of summer temperature in the area above 3600 m.展开更多
We build a high-resolution early aftershock catalog for the 2023 SE Türkiye seismic sequence with PALM,a seamless workflow that sequentially performs phase picking,association,location,and matched filter for cont...We build a high-resolution early aftershock catalog for the 2023 SE Türkiye seismic sequence with PALM,a seamless workflow that sequentially performs phase picking,association,location,and matched filter for continuous data.The catalog contains 29,519 well-located events in the two mainshocks rupture region during 2023-02-01–2023-02-28,which significantly improves the detection completeness and relocation precision compared to the public routine catalog.Employing the new PALM catalog,we analyze the structure of the seismogenic fault system.We find that the Eastern Anatolian Fault(EAF)that generated the first M_(W)7.9 mainshock is overall near-vertical,whereas complexities are revealed in a small-scale,such as subparallel subfaults,unmapped branches,and stepovers.The seismicity on EAF is shallow(<15 km)and concentrated in depth distribution,indicating a clear lock-creep transition.In contrast,the SürgüFault(SF)that is responsible for the second M_(W)7.8 mainshock is shovel-shaped for the nucleation segment and has overall low dip angles(~40°–80°).Aftershocks on the SF distribute in a broad range of depth,extending down to~35 km.We also analyze the temporal behavior of seismicity,discovering no immediate foreshocks within~5 days preceding the first mainshock,and no seismic activity on the SF before the second mainshock.展开更多
To determine the shear wave velocity structure and predominant period features of Tmaztepe in izmir, Turkey, where new building sites have been planned, active-passive surface wave methods and single-station microtrem...To determine the shear wave velocity structure and predominant period features of Tmaztepe in izmir, Turkey, where new building sites have been planned, active-passive surface wave methods and single-station microtremor measurements are used, as well as surface acquisition techniques, including the multichannel analysis of surface waves （MASW）, refraction microtremor （ReMi）, and the spatial autocorrelation method （SPAC）, to pinpoint shallow and deep shear wave velocity. For engineering bedrock （V 〉 760 m/s） conditions at a depth of 30 m, an average seismic shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m of soil （AVs30） is not only accepted as an important parameter for defining ground behavior during earthquakes, but a primary parameter in the geotechnical analysis for areas to be classified by V30 according to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program （NEHRP）. It is also determined that Z1.0, which represents a depth to V = 1000 m/s, is used for ground motion prediction and changed from 0 to 54 m. The sediment-engineering bedrock structure for Tmaztepe that was obtained shows engineering bedrock no deeper than 30 m. When compared, the depth of engineering bedrock and dominant period map and geology are generally compatible.展开更多
The seismic vulnerability index(Kg) is a parameter that depends on the dynamic properties of soil. With this parameter, it is possible to evaluate the vulnerability of a point-based site under strong ground motion. Si...The seismic vulnerability index(Kg) is a parameter that depends on the dynamic properties of soil. With this parameter, it is possible to evaluate the vulnerability of a point-based site under strong ground motion. Since it is related to the natural vibration period and amplification factor, the parameter can be calculated for both soil and structure. In this study, HVSR microtremor measurements are recorded at more than 200 points in the Van region to generate a seismic vulnerability index map. After generating the map, it is determined that the hazard potential and seismic vulnerability index is high at the sites close to Van Lake and at the densely populated city center. Damage information of the buildings investigated after the 2011 Van earthquakes(Mw = 7.1) are placed on the seismic vulnerability index map and it is realized that there may be a correlation between the damage and the seismic vulnerability index. There is a high correlation, approximately 80 percent, between the damage rate map based on the damaged building data and the K_g values. In addition, vulnerability indexes of buildings are calculated and the effect of local soil conditions and building properties on the damage levels are determined. From the results of this study and the site observations after the 2011 Van earthquakes, it is found that structural damage is not only structure-dependent but is also related to the dynamic behavior of soil layers and local soil conditions.展开更多
We conducted rapid inversions of rupture process for the 2023 earthquake doublet occurred in SE Türkiye,the first with a magnitude of M_(W)7.8 and the second with a magnitude of M_(W)7.6,using teleseismic and str...We conducted rapid inversions of rupture process for the 2023 earthquake doublet occurred in SE Türkiye,the first with a magnitude of M_(W)7.8 and the second with a magnitude of M_(W)7.6,using teleseismic and strong-motion data.The teleseismic rupture models of the both events were obtained approximately 88 and 55 minutes after their occurrences,respectively.The rupture models indicated that the first event was an asymmetric bilateral event with ruptures mainly propagating to the northeast,while the second one was a unilateral event with ruptures propagating to the west.This information could be useful in locating the meizoseismal areas.Compared with teleseismic models,the strong-motion models showed relatively higher resolution.A noticeable difference was found for the M_(W)7.6 earthquake,for which the strong-motion models shows a bilateral event,rather than a unilateral event,but the dominant rupture direction is still westward.Nevertheless,all strong-motion models are consistent with the teleseismic models in terms of magnitudes,durations,and dominant rupture directions.This suggests that both teleseismic and strong-motion data can be used for fast determination of major source characteristics.In contrast,the strong-motion data would be preferable in future emergency responses since they are recorded earlier and have a better resolution ability on the source ruptures.展开更多
The area from the Greater Caucasus to the southeast Turkey is characteri：;.ed and shaped by several major continental blocks. These are Scythian Platform, Pontian-Transcaucasu.,; Continent-Arc System （PTCAS）, the A...The area from the Greater Caucasus to the southeast Turkey is characteri：;.ed and shaped by several major continental blocks. These are Scythian Platform, Pontian-Transcaucasu.,; Continent-Arc System （PTCAS）, the Anatolian-lranian and the Arabian Platforms. The aim of this paper is to define these continental blocks and describe and also compare their boundary relationships along the suture zones. The Scythian Platform displays the evidence of the Hercynian and Alpine orogens. This platform is separated from the PTCAS by the Greater Caucasus Suture Zone. The incipient collision began along this suture zone before middle-late Carboniferous whereas the final collision occurred before Oligocene. The PTCAS can be divided into four structural units： （1） the Georgian Block - northern part of the Pontian-Transcaucasian island-arc, （2） the southern and eastern Black Sea Coast-Adjara-Trialeti Unit, （3） the Artvin-Bolnisi Unit, comprising the northern part of the southern Transcaucasus, and （4） the Imbricated Bayburt-Garabagh Unit. The PTCAS could be separated from the Anatolian Iranian Platform by the North Anatolian-Lesser Caucasus Suture （NALCS） zone. The initial collision was developed in this suture zone during Senonian-early Eocene and final collision before middle Eocene or Oligocene-Miocene. The Anatolian-lranian Platform （AIP） is made up of the Tauride Platform and its metamorphic equivalents together with Iranian Platform. It could be separated from the Arabian Platform by the Southeastern Anatolian Suture （SEAS） zone. The collision ended before late Miocene along this suture zone. The southernmost continental block of the geotraverse is the Arabian Platform, which constitutes the northern part of the Arabian-African Plate. This platform includes a sequence from the Precambrian felsic volcanic and clastic rocks to the Campanian-early Maastrichtian fiyschoidal clastics. All the suture zones include MORB and SSZ-types ophiolites in different ages. However, the ages of the suture zones and the crustal thicknesses along the suture zones are different, as the age becoming younger, the thickness decreasing from north to south. The emplacements of the ophiolites have similar pattern of a flower structure, reflecting both the north- and south-dipping overthrusts along the suture zones.展开更多
To protect the sustainability of the benefits from seas and near coastal areas,which have under the effect of the very complex hydrodynamic conditions and intensive human activities,without disrupting the balance of n...To protect the sustainability of the benefits from seas and near coastal areas,which have under the effect of the very complex hydrodynamic conditions and intensive human activities,without disrupting the balance of nature,it is necessary to image the status of the seafloor features.Therefore,this study presents the deformations,depositional conditions,underwater constructions,and the other non-natural impacts on the seafloor of the nearshore area at western Istanbul(between Küçükçekmece and Büyükçekmece lagoons)where it intensely used by the citizens.The results of the study may provide some guidance for understanding the impacts and risk factors of uses that are or will be conducted in coastal and/or near-coastal areas.Construction planning for civil coastal structures and areas should be done in great harmony with nature,minimizing negative environmental impacts.Although sediment distribution in the area is generally quite complex,the current state of the region,wave action,hydrodynamic conditions,the amount of material transported from the land,and bathymetry are important influencing factors.The seafloor has been damaged primarily by anchor deformation and associated bottom scanning,as well as disturbing trawl tracks.The seafloor was observed as partially shallowing near the constructions(such as natural gas pipelines,fishermen’s shelter,and port piles)of coastal areas and associated with sand deposits.Therefore,scanning the seafloor using side-scan sonar may provide valuable frequency data to prevent future disruptions.展开更多
Some geophysical parameters, such as those related to gravitation and the geomagnetic field, could change during solar eclipses. In order to observe geomagnetic fluctuations, geomagnetic measurements were carded out i...Some geophysical parameters, such as those related to gravitation and the geomagnetic field, could change during solar eclipses. In order to observe geomagnetic fluctuations, geomagnetic measurements were carded out in a limited time frame during the partial solar eclipse that occurred on 2011 January 4 and was observed in Canakkale and Ankara, Turkey. Additionally, records of the geomagnetic field spanning 24 hours, obtained from another observatory （in Iznik, Turkey）, were also analyzed to check for any peculiar variations. In the data processing stage, a polynomial fit, following the application of a running average routine, was applied to the geomagnetic field data sets. Geomagnetic field data sets indicated there was a characteristic decrease at the beginning of the solar eclipse and this decrease can be well-correlated with previous geomagnetic field measurements that were taken during the total solar eclipse that was observed in Turkey on 2006 March 29. The behavior of the geomagnetic field is also consistent with previous observations in the literature. As a result of these analyses, it can be suggested that eclipses can cause a shielding effect on the geomagnetic field of the Earth.展开更多
In this study,a groundwater exploration survey was conducted using the DC Resistivity(DCR)method in a hydrogeological setting containing a perched aquifer.DCR data were gathered and an electrical tomography section wa...In this study,a groundwater exploration survey was conducted using the DC Resistivity(DCR)method in a hydrogeological setting containing a perched aquifer.DCR data were gathered and an electrical tomography section was recovered using conventional four-electrode instruments with a Schlumberger array and a two-dimensional(2D)inversion scheme.The proposed scheme was tested over a synthetic threedimensional(3D)subsurface model before deploying it in a field situation.The proposed method indicated that gathering data with simple four-electrode instruments at stations along a line and 2D inversion of datasets at multiple stations can recover depth intervals of the studied aquifer in the hydrogeological setting even if it has a 3D structure.In this study,2D inversion of parallel profiles formed a pseudo-3D volume of the subsurface resistivity structures and mapped out multiple resistive(>25 ohm·m)bodies at shallow(between 50-100 m)and deep sections(>150 m).In general,the proposed method is convenient to encounter geological units that have limited vertical and spatial extensions in any direction and presents resistivity contrast from groundwater-bearing geologic materials.展开更多
Geothermal fluid of Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) with lithium content as high as 5.81 mg/liter has a great potential as the source of lithium. Lithium recovery from geothermal liquid of Lusi is firstly investigated by adsor...Geothermal fluid of Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) with lithium content as high as 5.81 mg/liter has a great potential as the source of lithium. Lithium recovery from geothermal liquid of Lusi is firstly investigated by adsorption methods with Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) as absorbent. LMO is considered as a promising candidate of adsorbent material due to non-toxic and low cost production. LMOs with different ratio of mole are prepared by solid state reactions method at temperature 500?C for 5 hrs. XRD peaks of pre- and post-acid treatment LMO 1, 0.8 and 0.5 show a stable spinel crystal structure while LMO 2 has monoclinic structure. The highest lithium adsorption capability is obtained by LMO 1 with 6.6 mg/g.展开更多
Geothermal energy has long been used for various purposes. Geothermal energy was used for bath and health care since ancient times. With the increase in the population, it is being used today for industrial and energy...Geothermal energy has long been used for various purposes. Geothermal energy was used for bath and health care since ancient times. With the increase in the population, it is being used today for industrial and energy production. This paper examines the geothermal structure of Northern Ankara-NAF (Northern Anatolian Fault Zone) regions to reveal its tectonic features, and the relationships of the region with earthquakes. The 3D geological features of the area are investigated using the resistivity data and tectonic and the quake values. The resistivity data obtained by MTA (Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey) are reached by geothermal measurements in the area in 1999. In Kizilcahamam town of Ankara Province, geothermal exploration was performed using geoelectrical methods. During the study, electrode measurement scheme was planned according to the Schlumberger expansion. AB/2 spacing is between 1900 m. and 2000 m. Data obtained from geoelectrical methods were processed to delineate the subsurface structure. Also, lithological components were determined and the previously known fault structure was shown. Since the 3D works have been more feasible recently, the received results are transferred into the 3D imaging platform taking advantage of 2D electrical resistivity maps. The low resistivity values obtained in 3D imaging are gathered that the temperature values of the area are high. On the other hand, as the pull-apart between NAF and Kirikkale fault trending NE-SW of the region is in form of basin, the study area is observed to own opening tectonics. Thus, when the seismic activity is considered, it reveals important findings about the presence of geothermal fields in the local.展开更多
The in situ sea surface salinity（SSS） measurements from a scientific cruise to the western zone of the southeast Indian Ocean covering 30°-60°S, 80°-120°E are used to assess the SSS retrieved fro...The in situ sea surface salinity（SSS） measurements from a scientific cruise to the western zone of the southeast Indian Ocean covering 30°-60°S, 80°-120°E are used to assess the SSS retrieved from Aquarius（Aquarius SSS）.Wind speed and sea surface temperature（SST） affect the SSS estimates based on passive microwave radiation within the mid- to low-latitude southeast Indian Ocean. The relationships among the in situ, Aquarius SSS and wind-SST corrections are used to adjust the Aquarius SSS. The adjusted Aquarius SSS are compared with the SSS data from My Ocean model. Results show that：（1） Before adjustment： compared with My Ocean SSS, the Aquarius SSS in most of the sea areas is higher; but lower in the low-temperature sea areas located at the south of 55°S and west of 98°E. The Aquarius SSS is generally higher by 0.42 on average for the southeast Indian Ocean.（2） After adjustment： the adjustment greatly counteracts the impact of high wind speeds and improves the overall accuracy of the retrieved salinity（the mean absolute error of the Zonal mean is improved by 0.06, and the mean error is-0.05 compared with My Ocean SSS）. Near the latitude 42°S, the adjusted SSS is well consistent with the My Ocean and the difference is approximately 0.004.展开更多
The magnetic prospection is one of the most useful methods to determine buried geological structures such as shallow fracture zones. The investigation of vertical and horizontal gradient and total magnetic field varia...The magnetic prospection is one of the most useful methods to determine buried geological structures such as shallow fracture zones. The investigation of vertical and horizontal gradient and total magnetic field variations over geological structures, which have been used for many years, may reveal their locations, geometries and physical characteristics. In this study, a proposed iterative 3-D rectangular prismatic model inversion algorithm was modified to interpret vertical magnetic gradient data defining the boundaries and the physical parameters of the anomalous structure. Vertical magnetic gradient measurements were carried out at the Tuzla fault, an active fault system located along NE-SW direction in Izmir (Turkey). Boundary analysis studies were applied to data in order to obtain boundaries of the structures, afterwards the inversion process was carried out considering these geometries. As a result, location, direction and other physical and geometrical features of the fault are achieved.展开更多
A hypothetical electric and magnetic induction tensor is considered in an anisotropic medium. The sources are magnetic dipoles. In such a medium, constitute parameters can be calculated by combining electric and magne...A hypothetical electric and magnetic induction tensor is considered in an anisotropic medium. The sources are magnetic dipoles. In such a medium, constitute parameters can be calculated by combining electric and magnetic field measurements. Constitutive parameters are not a scalar in this case. They are tensors, so parameters have at least both horizontal and vertical components in a uniaxial medium. These calculated parameters from the field measurement are horizontal and vertical conductivity, permittivity, and magnetic permeability. Operating frequency range is also quite large. It is up to 4 GHz. A hypothetical instrument should measure gradient fields both electric and magnetic types as well.展开更多
We have imaged rock density distribution beneath Liwa fracture zone in the southern part of the the Sumatran Fault Zone by modelling and inverting Bouguer gravity data in two-and three-dimensional environments, respec...We have imaged rock density distribution beneath Liwa fracture zone in the southern part of the the Sumatran Fault Zone by modelling and inverting Bouguer gravity data in two-and three-dimensional environments, respectively. The purpose of this study is aimed to figure out the subsurface distribution of rock densities associated with subsurface basement structure representing the evidence of trans-tensional tectonic product in the SF. In the gravity modeling, to eliminate distortions to the measured gravity values before modelling and inverting the data, Bouguer anomalies obtained in field measurements are reduced to the horizontal plane of z = +800 m as a representation of the average elevation in Liwa. For the inversion, we used algorithm implementing depth-and minimum volume weighting parameters in order to obtain a smooth model with better vertical resolution. The two-dimensional models show clearly surface topography of the basement rocks and the presence of normal faults. The reduced Bouguer anomaly of +800 m elevation shows the presence of structural lineaments extending primarily in a northwest-southeast direction, parallel to Sumatran Fault Zone and older graben faults showing a negative flower structure. From the three-dimensional inversion, the model illustrates an increase of density contrast, lower values being found near the surface and higher values in the deeper parts. The lower density contrast of 0.15 to 0.3 g/cm<sup>3</sup> found in the rock groups at depths of 2 km and less is characteristic of relatively homogeneous and poorly compacted rocks. Rocks with moderate to high density contrast (>1.0 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) are recognized at depths of over 2 km. This model suggests a change of basement morphology as a function of depth, and delineates structural lineaments extending in northwest-southeast direction. This study supports the previous thought that Liwa area is underlain by graben structures, formed by trans-tensional tectonic events. Higher-density Tertiary volcanic breccia and lower-density Quaternary volcanic products of the Ranau Formation form the basement rocks and the overlying younger sediments, respectively.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the site characterization of the Senirkent Basin(Isparta)by using the microtremor(H/V)and surface wave analysis(ReMi)methods.Senirkent district,which is located on the foothill of the K...This study aimed to investigate the site characterization of the Senirkent Basin(Isparta)by using the microtremor(H/V)and surface wave analysis(ReMi)methods.Senirkent district,which is located on the foothill of the Kap?Mountain,are prone to seismic and landslide hazards.After the last landslip disaster(1995),the city has continued to develop on the alluvial basin.The microtremor data collected at 41 stations were analyzed.The predominant frequency and the amplification of the soil were found to be in the range of 1.8–6.6 Hz and 0.8–6.8,respectively.These are 4.0-6.8 Hz and 1-2.5 around the slope of the Kap?Mountain and 0.8-3.6 Hz and 3.0-6.6 at alluvium deposits of the valley.The ReMi data collected along 41 profiles were analyzed to obtain a Vs30 map.The soil classifications were done by using Vs30 values according to NEHRP soil classification criteria.The results showed that the southern area of the study had better soil conditions with Vs30 between 360-1160 m/s and soil class between C and B.The alluvium deposits on the north are relatively low with Vs30 in the range of 260-360 m/s and soil class D.展开更多
Identification and classification of different seismo-tectonic events with similar character- istics in a region of interest is one of the most important subjects in seismic hazard studies. In this study, linear and n...Identification and classification of different seismo-tectonic events with similar character- istics in a region of interest is one of the most important subjects in seismic hazard studies. In this study, linear and nonlinear discriminant analyses have been applied to classify seismic events in the vicinity of Istanbul. The vertical components of the digital velocity seismograms are used for seismic events with magnitude （Md） between 1.8 and 3.0 that occurred between 2001 and 2004. Two, time dependent pa- rameters, complexity and S/P peak amplitude ratio are selected as predictands. Linear, quadratic, diag- linear and diagquadratic discriminant functions are investigated. Accuracy of methods with an addi- tional adjusted quadratic models are 96.6%, 96.6%, 95.5%, 96.6%, and 97.6%, respectively with a vari- ous misclassified rate for each class. The performances of models are justified with cross validation and resubstitution error. Although all models remarkably well performed, adjusted quadratic function achieved the best success rate with just 4 misclassified events out of 179, even better compared to com- plex methods such as, self organizing method, k-means, Gaussion mixture models that applied to same dataset in literature.展开更多
文摘The Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens,located in the eastern part of the Akşehir-Simav Fault System,are important sedimentary basins in the western Anatolia,Türkiye.This region,particularly the western of Afyon-Akşehir Graben,is a significant region known for its geothermal potential.The study focuses on analyzing gravity data to identify structural elements and examine the geological structures in the basins.The edge detection and enhancement techniques such as total horizontal gradient,tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient,enhanced dip angle and curvature analysis were used to investigate the structural lineaments in the area.Furthermore,2D/3D gravity modeling techniques were utilized to investigate the sedimentary depths of the Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens.Based on the findings from the edge detection studies,three distinct linear features were highlighted in addition to previously identified geological structures.3D gravity inversion modeling reveals sedimentary basin depths of up to 470 m in Sinanpaşa Graben and 720 m in the western Afyon-Akşehir Graben.As a result of the structural mapping and 2D/3D gravity modeling studies,a structural uplift that may be linked to geothermal activity was detected among the local depressions in the Afyon-Akşehir Graben.The obtained features may be of potential interest for geothermal exploration;therefore,further investigations using additional geophysical data are recommended.
文摘Rising global energy needs have intensified the search for unconventional hydrocarbon sources,especially in under-selected areas like the Northeast Java Basin.This region harbors promising unconventional hydrocarbon reserves,where source rocks function as dual-phase systems for both hydrocarbon generation and storage.This research investigates how metal-based catalysts,particularly iron(Fe),can expedite hydrocarbon maturation in such reservoirs.Combining well logging,geochemical assessments,seismic data,and advanced lab techniques,including X-ray Diffraction(XRD),we pinpoint optimal zones for exploration.Results indicate that the Tuban,Kujung,and Ngimbang formations contain economically viable unconventional deposits,exhibiting tight reservoir properties(permeability:0.01–1 md)and moderate to good Total Organic Carbon(TOC)levels(1%–2%).Spatial analysis reveals elevated density concentrations in the northern sector,indicative of high-viscosity hydrocarbons typical of unconventional plays.Crucially,Fe additives were found to markedly enhance organic matter conversion,shortening maturation periods and boosting hydrocarbon yield.XRD data confirms that Fe alters crystalline configurations,increasing reactivity and speeding up thermal breakdown(shifting immature organic compounds toward maturity at an accelerated rate).These findings contribute to the evolving discourse on unconventional resource exploitation by proposing an innovative recovery enhancement strategy.The study also sets a precedent for investigating metal-assisted hydrocarbon conversion in geologically comparable basins globally.
文摘Earthquakes are predominantly associated with tectonically active regions,yet the rising frequency of seismic events globally has raised concerns about the role of industrial activities,such as fluid injection,conventional oil-gas,mining,and reservoir impoundment,in triggering significant earthquakes.While natural processes like tectonic stress changes,fluid migration,and surface loading are critical in earthquake nucleation,human-induced seismicity is becoming increasingly recognized.The Atatürk Dam,Türkiye's largest clay-core rockfill dam,situated near the East Anatolian Fault System,Adyaman Fault Zone,and Bozova Fault,offers a compelling case to explore the interplay between tectonic and anthropogenic seismicity.This study presents the first trenching studies along the Bozova Fault,revealing evidence of surface ruptures and localized seismicity linked to reservoir impoundment and conventional oil and gas.Temporal and spatial analyses suggest that reservoir-induced mechanisms,including pore pressure diffusion and stress redistribution,significantly influence seismicity,recurrence interval,alongside dominant tectonic forces.By integrating trenching investigations,seismic analyses,and stress inversion techniques,this research highlights the critical role of anthropogenic factors in modulating seismic hazards.The findings emphasize the importance of paleoseismological and geophysical studies for distinguishing induced seismicity from natural tectonic activity,thereby contributing to improved seismic hazard assessment and mitigation strategies in tectonically active,reservoir-influenced regions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41271353
文摘How snow cover changes in response to climate change at different elevations within a mountainous basin is a less investigated question. In this study we focused on the vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to elevation and temperature within different elevation zones of distinct climatology, taking the mountainous Manasi River Basin of Xinjiang, Northwest China as a case study. Data sources include MODIS 8-day snow product, MODIS land surface temperature(LST) data from 2001 to 2014, and in situ temperature data observed at three hydrological stations from 2001 to 2012. The results show that:(1) the vertical distribution of snow areal extent(SAE) is sensitive to elevation in low(<2100 m) and high altitude(>3200 m) regions and shows four different seasonal patterns, each pattern is well correspondent to the variation of temperature.(2) The correlation between vertical changes of the SAE and temperature is significant in all seasons except for winter.(3) The correlation between annual changes of the SAE and temperature decreases with increasing elevation, the negative correlation is significant in area below 4000 m.(4) The snow cover days(SCDs) and its long-term change show visible differences in different altitude range.(5) The long-term increasing trend of SCDs and decreasing trend of winter temperature have a strong vertical relation with elevation below 3600 m. The decreasing trend of SCDs is attributed to the increasing trend of summer temperature in the area above 3600 m.
基金jointly supported by the National Key R&D Program (No.2022YFF0800601)the Istanbul Technical University Research Fund (ITU-BAP)+1 种基金the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Research Fellowship Award for providing computing facilities through the Humboldt-Stiftung Follow-Up Programthe University of California,Riverside。
文摘We build a high-resolution early aftershock catalog for the 2023 SE Türkiye seismic sequence with PALM,a seamless workflow that sequentially performs phase picking,association,location,and matched filter for continuous data.The catalog contains 29,519 well-located events in the two mainshocks rupture region during 2023-02-01–2023-02-28,which significantly improves the detection completeness and relocation precision compared to the public routine catalog.Employing the new PALM catalog,we analyze the structure of the seismogenic fault system.We find that the Eastern Anatolian Fault(EAF)that generated the first M_(W)7.9 mainshock is overall near-vertical,whereas complexities are revealed in a small-scale,such as subparallel subfaults,unmapped branches,and stepovers.The seismicity on EAF is shallow(<15 km)and concentrated in depth distribution,indicating a clear lock-creep transition.In contrast,the SürgüFault(SF)that is responsible for the second M_(W)7.8 mainshock is shovel-shaped for the nucleation segment and has overall low dip angles(~40°–80°).Aftershocks on the SF distribute in a broad range of depth,extending down to~35 km.We also analyze the temporal behavior of seismicity,discovering no immediate foreshocks within~5 days preceding the first mainshock,and no seismic activity on the SF before the second mainshock.
文摘To determine the shear wave velocity structure and predominant period features of Tmaztepe in izmir, Turkey, where new building sites have been planned, active-passive surface wave methods and single-station microtremor measurements are used, as well as surface acquisition techniques, including the multichannel analysis of surface waves （MASW）, refraction microtremor （ReMi）, and the spatial autocorrelation method （SPAC）, to pinpoint shallow and deep shear wave velocity. For engineering bedrock （V 〉 760 m/s） conditions at a depth of 30 m, an average seismic shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m of soil （AVs30） is not only accepted as an important parameter for defining ground behavior during earthquakes, but a primary parameter in the geotechnical analysis for areas to be classified by V30 according to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program （NEHRP）. It is also determined that Z1.0, which represents a depth to V = 1000 m/s, is used for ground motion prediction and changed from 0 to 54 m. The sediment-engineering bedrock structure for Tmaztepe that was obtained shows engineering bedrock no deeper than 30 m. When compared, the depth of engineering bedrock and dominant period map and geology are generally compatible.
基金Supported by:Scientific Research Projects Office of Van YüzüncüYil University Project Number 2015-MIM-B259
文摘The seismic vulnerability index(Kg) is a parameter that depends on the dynamic properties of soil. With this parameter, it is possible to evaluate the vulnerability of a point-based site under strong ground motion. Since it is related to the natural vibration period and amplification factor, the parameter can be calculated for both soil and structure. In this study, HVSR microtremor measurements are recorded at more than 200 points in the Van region to generate a seismic vulnerability index map. After generating the map, it is determined that the hazard potential and seismic vulnerability index is high at the sites close to Van Lake and at the densely populated city center. Damage information of the buildings investigated after the 2011 Van earthquakes(Mw = 7.1) are placed on the seismic vulnerability index map and it is realized that there may be a correlation between the damage and the seismic vulnerability index. There is a high correlation, approximately 80 percent, between the damage rate map based on the damaged building data and the K_g values. In addition, vulnerability indexes of buildings are calculated and the effect of local soil conditions and building properties on the damage levels are determined. From the results of this study and the site observations after the 2011 Van earthquakes, it is found that structural damage is not only structure-dependent but is also related to the dynamic behavior of soil layers and local soil conditions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0800603).
文摘We conducted rapid inversions of rupture process for the 2023 earthquake doublet occurred in SE Türkiye,the first with a magnitude of M_(W)7.8 and the second with a magnitude of M_(W)7.6,using teleseismic and strong-motion data.The teleseismic rupture models of the both events were obtained approximately 88 and 55 minutes after their occurrences,respectively.The rupture models indicated that the first event was an asymmetric bilateral event with ruptures mainly propagating to the northeast,while the second one was a unilateral event with ruptures propagating to the west.This information could be useful in locating the meizoseismal areas.Compared with teleseismic models,the strong-motion models showed relatively higher resolution.A noticeable difference was found for the M_(W)7.6 earthquake,for which the strong-motion models shows a bilateral event,rather than a unilateral event,but the dominant rupture direction is still westward.Nevertheless,all strong-motion models are consistent with the teleseismic models in terms of magnitudes,durations,and dominant rupture directions.This suggests that both teleseismic and strong-motion data can be used for fast determination of major source characteristics.In contrast,the strong-motion data would be preferable in future emergency responses since they are recorded earlier and have a better resolution ability on the source ruptures.
基金a synthesis after the various presentations we made at workshops of the Turkish-Georgian International Geological ProjectPresent and previous directors of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey,State Department of Geology and Academia of Geological Sciences of Georgia fully supported the project
文摘The area from the Greater Caucasus to the southeast Turkey is characteri：;.ed and shaped by several major continental blocks. These are Scythian Platform, Pontian-Transcaucasu.,; Continent-Arc System （PTCAS）, the Anatolian-lranian and the Arabian Platforms. The aim of this paper is to define these continental blocks and describe and also compare their boundary relationships along the suture zones. The Scythian Platform displays the evidence of the Hercynian and Alpine orogens. This platform is separated from the PTCAS by the Greater Caucasus Suture Zone. The incipient collision began along this suture zone before middle-late Carboniferous whereas the final collision occurred before Oligocene. The PTCAS can be divided into four structural units： （1） the Georgian Block - northern part of the Pontian-Transcaucasian island-arc, （2） the southern and eastern Black Sea Coast-Adjara-Trialeti Unit, （3） the Artvin-Bolnisi Unit, comprising the northern part of the southern Transcaucasus, and （4） the Imbricated Bayburt-Garabagh Unit. The PTCAS could be separated from the Anatolian Iranian Platform by the North Anatolian-Lesser Caucasus Suture （NALCS） zone. The initial collision was developed in this suture zone during Senonian-early Eocene and final collision before middle Eocene or Oligocene-Miocene. The Anatolian-lranian Platform （AIP） is made up of the Tauride Platform and its metamorphic equivalents together with Iranian Platform. It could be separated from the Arabian Platform by the Southeastern Anatolian Suture （SEAS） zone. The collision ended before late Miocene along this suture zone. The southernmost continental block of the geotraverse is the Arabian Platform, which constitutes the northern part of the Arabian-African Plate. This platform includes a sequence from the Precambrian felsic volcanic and clastic rocks to the Campanian-early Maastrichtian fiyschoidal clastics. All the suture zones include MORB and SSZ-types ophiolites in different ages. However, the ages of the suture zones and the crustal thicknesses along the suture zones are different, as the age becoming younger, the thickness decreasing from north to south. The emplacements of the ophiolites have similar pattern of a flower structure, reflecting both the north- and south-dipping overthrusts along the suture zones.
文摘To protect the sustainability of the benefits from seas and near coastal areas,which have under the effect of the very complex hydrodynamic conditions and intensive human activities,without disrupting the balance of nature,it is necessary to image the status of the seafloor features.Therefore,this study presents the deformations,depositional conditions,underwater constructions,and the other non-natural impacts on the seafloor of the nearshore area at western Istanbul(between Küçükçekmece and Büyükçekmece lagoons)where it intensely used by the citizens.The results of the study may provide some guidance for understanding the impacts and risk factors of uses that are or will be conducted in coastal and/or near-coastal areas.Construction planning for civil coastal structures and areas should be done in great harmony with nature,minimizing negative environmental impacts.Although sediment distribution in the area is generally quite complex,the current state of the region,wave action,hydrodynamic conditions,the amount of material transported from the land,and bathymetry are important influencing factors.The seafloor has been damaged primarily by anchor deformation and associated bottom scanning,as well as disturbing trawl tracks.The seafloor was observed as partially shallowing near the constructions(such as natural gas pipelines,fishermen’s shelter,and port piles)of coastal areas and associated with sand deposits.Therefore,scanning the seafloor using side-scan sonar may provide valuable frequency data to prevent future disruptions.
文摘Some geophysical parameters, such as those related to gravitation and the geomagnetic field, could change during solar eclipses. In order to observe geomagnetic fluctuations, geomagnetic measurements were carded out in a limited time frame during the partial solar eclipse that occurred on 2011 January 4 and was observed in Canakkale and Ankara, Turkey. Additionally, records of the geomagnetic field spanning 24 hours, obtained from another observatory （in Iznik, Turkey）, were also analyzed to check for any peculiar variations. In the data processing stage, a polynomial fit, following the application of a running average routine, was applied to the geomagnetic field data sets. Geomagnetic field data sets indicated there was a characteristic decrease at the beginning of the solar eclipse and this decrease can be well-correlated with previous geomagnetic field measurements that were taken during the total solar eclipse that was observed in Turkey on 2006 March 29. The behavior of the geomagnetic field is also consistent with previous observations in the literature. As a result of these analyses, it can be suggested that eclipses can cause a shielding effect on the geomagnetic field of the Earth.
文摘In this study,a groundwater exploration survey was conducted using the DC Resistivity(DCR)method in a hydrogeological setting containing a perched aquifer.DCR data were gathered and an electrical tomography section was recovered using conventional four-electrode instruments with a Schlumberger array and a two-dimensional(2D)inversion scheme.The proposed scheme was tested over a synthetic threedimensional(3D)subsurface model before deploying it in a field situation.The proposed method indicated that gathering data with simple four-electrode instruments at stations along a line and 2D inversion of datasets at multiple stations can recover depth intervals of the studied aquifer in the hydrogeological setting even if it has a 3D structure.In this study,2D inversion of parallel profiles formed a pseudo-3D volume of the subsurface resistivity structures and mapped out multiple resistive(>25 ohm·m)bodies at shallow(between 50-100 m)and deep sections(>150 m).In general,the proposed method is convenient to encounter geological units that have limited vertical and spatial extensions in any direction and presents resistivity contrast from groundwater-bearing geologic materials.
文摘Geothermal fluid of Lumpur Sidoarjo (Lusi) with lithium content as high as 5.81 mg/liter has a great potential as the source of lithium. Lithium recovery from geothermal liquid of Lusi is firstly investigated by adsorption methods with Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) as absorbent. LMO is considered as a promising candidate of adsorbent material due to non-toxic and low cost production. LMOs with different ratio of mole are prepared by solid state reactions method at temperature 500?C for 5 hrs. XRD peaks of pre- and post-acid treatment LMO 1, 0.8 and 0.5 show a stable spinel crystal structure while LMO 2 has monoclinic structure. The highest lithium adsorption capability is obtained by LMO 1 with 6.6 mg/g.
文摘Geothermal energy has long been used for various purposes. Geothermal energy was used for bath and health care since ancient times. With the increase in the population, it is being used today for industrial and energy production. This paper examines the geothermal structure of Northern Ankara-NAF (Northern Anatolian Fault Zone) regions to reveal its tectonic features, and the relationships of the region with earthquakes. The 3D geological features of the area are investigated using the resistivity data and tectonic and the quake values. The resistivity data obtained by MTA (Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey) are reached by geothermal measurements in the area in 1999. In Kizilcahamam town of Ankara Province, geothermal exploration was performed using geoelectrical methods. During the study, electrode measurement scheme was planned according to the Schlumberger expansion. AB/2 spacing is between 1900 m. and 2000 m. Data obtained from geoelectrical methods were processed to delineate the subsurface structure. Also, lithological components were determined and the previously known fault structure was shown. Since the 3D works have been more feasible recently, the received results are transferred into the 3D imaging platform taking advantage of 2D electrical resistivity maps. The low resistivity values obtained in 3D imaging are gathered that the temperature values of the area are high. On the other hand, as the pull-apart between NAF and Kirikkale fault trending NE-SW of the region is in form of basin, the study area is observed to own opening tectonics. Thus, when the seismic activity is considered, it reveals important findings about the presence of geothermal fields in the local.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41371391the Innovative Youth Foundation of Ocean Telemetry Engineering and Technology Centre of State Oceanic Administration under contract No.201302the Program for the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under contract No.20120091110017
文摘The in situ sea surface salinity（SSS） measurements from a scientific cruise to the western zone of the southeast Indian Ocean covering 30°-60°S, 80°-120°E are used to assess the SSS retrieved from Aquarius（Aquarius SSS）.Wind speed and sea surface temperature（SST） affect the SSS estimates based on passive microwave radiation within the mid- to low-latitude southeast Indian Ocean. The relationships among the in situ, Aquarius SSS and wind-SST corrections are used to adjust the Aquarius SSS. The adjusted Aquarius SSS are compared with the SSS data from My Ocean model. Results show that：（1） Before adjustment： compared with My Ocean SSS, the Aquarius SSS in most of the sea areas is higher; but lower in the low-temperature sea areas located at the south of 55°S and west of 98°E. The Aquarius SSS is generally higher by 0.42 on average for the southeast Indian Ocean.（2） After adjustment： the adjustment greatly counteracts the impact of high wind speeds and improves the overall accuracy of the retrieved salinity（the mean absolute error of the Zonal mean is improved by 0.06, and the mean error is-0.05 compared with My Ocean SSS）. Near the latitude 42°S, the adjusted SSS is well consistent with the My Ocean and the difference is approximately 0.004.
文摘The magnetic prospection is one of the most useful methods to determine buried geological structures such as shallow fracture zones. The investigation of vertical and horizontal gradient and total magnetic field variations over geological structures, which have been used for many years, may reveal their locations, geometries and physical characteristics. In this study, a proposed iterative 3-D rectangular prismatic model inversion algorithm was modified to interpret vertical magnetic gradient data defining the boundaries and the physical parameters of the anomalous structure. Vertical magnetic gradient measurements were carried out at the Tuzla fault, an active fault system located along NE-SW direction in Izmir (Turkey). Boundary analysis studies were applied to data in order to obtain boundaries of the structures, afterwards the inversion process was carried out considering these geometries. As a result, location, direction and other physical and geometrical features of the fault are achieved.
文摘A hypothetical electric and magnetic induction tensor is considered in an anisotropic medium. The sources are magnetic dipoles. In such a medium, constitute parameters can be calculated by combining electric and magnetic field measurements. Constitutive parameters are not a scalar in this case. They are tensors, so parameters have at least both horizontal and vertical components in a uniaxial medium. These calculated parameters from the field measurement are horizontal and vertical conductivity, permittivity, and magnetic permeability. Operating frequency range is also quite large. It is up to 4 GHz. A hypothetical instrument should measure gradient fields both electric and magnetic types as well.
文摘We have imaged rock density distribution beneath Liwa fracture zone in the southern part of the the Sumatran Fault Zone by modelling and inverting Bouguer gravity data in two-and three-dimensional environments, respectively. The purpose of this study is aimed to figure out the subsurface distribution of rock densities associated with subsurface basement structure representing the evidence of trans-tensional tectonic product in the SF. In the gravity modeling, to eliminate distortions to the measured gravity values before modelling and inverting the data, Bouguer anomalies obtained in field measurements are reduced to the horizontal plane of z = +800 m as a representation of the average elevation in Liwa. For the inversion, we used algorithm implementing depth-and minimum volume weighting parameters in order to obtain a smooth model with better vertical resolution. The two-dimensional models show clearly surface topography of the basement rocks and the presence of normal faults. The reduced Bouguer anomaly of +800 m elevation shows the presence of structural lineaments extending primarily in a northwest-southeast direction, parallel to Sumatran Fault Zone and older graben faults showing a negative flower structure. From the three-dimensional inversion, the model illustrates an increase of density contrast, lower values being found near the surface and higher values in the deeper parts. The lower density contrast of 0.15 to 0.3 g/cm<sup>3</sup> found in the rock groups at depths of 2 km and less is characteristic of relatively homogeneous and poorly compacted rocks. Rocks with moderate to high density contrast (>1.0 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) are recognized at depths of over 2 km. This model suggests a change of basement morphology as a function of depth, and delineates structural lineaments extending in northwest-southeast direction. This study supports the previous thought that Liwa area is underlain by graben structures, formed by trans-tensional tectonic events. Higher-density Tertiary volcanic breccia and lower-density Quaternary volcanic products of the Ranau Formation form the basement rocks and the overlying younger sediments, respectively.
文摘This study aimed to investigate the site characterization of the Senirkent Basin(Isparta)by using the microtremor(H/V)and surface wave analysis(ReMi)methods.Senirkent district,which is located on the foothill of the Kap?Mountain,are prone to seismic and landslide hazards.After the last landslip disaster(1995),the city has continued to develop on the alluvial basin.The microtremor data collected at 41 stations were analyzed.The predominant frequency and the amplification of the soil were found to be in the range of 1.8–6.6 Hz and 0.8–6.8,respectively.These are 4.0-6.8 Hz and 1-2.5 around the slope of the Kap?Mountain and 0.8-3.6 Hz and 3.0-6.6 at alluvium deposits of the valley.The ReMi data collected along 41 profiles were analyzed to obtain a Vs30 map.The soil classifications were done by using Vs30 values according to NEHRP soil classification criteria.The results showed that the southern area of the study had better soil conditions with Vs30 between 360-1160 m/s and soil class between C and B.The alluvium deposits on the north are relatively low with Vs30 in the range of 260-360 m/s and soil class D.
文摘Identification and classification of different seismo-tectonic events with similar character- istics in a region of interest is one of the most important subjects in seismic hazard studies. In this study, linear and nonlinear discriminant analyses have been applied to classify seismic events in the vicinity of Istanbul. The vertical components of the digital velocity seismograms are used for seismic events with magnitude （Md） between 1.8 and 3.0 that occurred between 2001 and 2004. Two, time dependent pa- rameters, complexity and S/P peak amplitude ratio are selected as predictands. Linear, quadratic, diag- linear and diagquadratic discriminant functions are investigated. Accuracy of methods with an addi- tional adjusted quadratic models are 96.6%, 96.6%, 95.5%, 96.6%, and 97.6%, respectively with a vari- ous misclassified rate for each class. The performances of models are justified with cross validation and resubstitution error. Although all models remarkably well performed, adjusted quadratic function achieved the best success rate with just 4 misclassified events out of 179, even better compared to com- plex methods such as, self organizing method, k-means, Gaussion mixture models that applied to same dataset in literature.
