With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the Internet of Things(IoT)can deploy various machine learning algorithms for network and application management.In the IoT environment,many sensors and devices ge...With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the Internet of Things(IoT)can deploy various machine learning algorithms for network and application management.In the IoT environment,many sensors and devices generatemassive data,but data security and privacy protection have become a serious challenge.Federated learning(FL)can achieve many intelligent IoT applications by training models on local devices and allowing AI training on distributed IoT devices without data sharing.This review aims to deeply explore the combination of FL and the IoT,and analyze the application of federated learning in the IoT from the aspects of security and privacy protection.In this paper,we first describe the potential advantages of FL and the challenges faced by current IoT systems in the fields of network burden and privacy security.Next,we focus on exploring and analyzing the advantages of the combination of FL on the Internet,including privacy security,attack detection,efficient communication of the IoT,and enhanced learning quality.We also list various application scenarios of FL on the IoT.Finally,we propose several open research challenges and possible solutions.展开更多
To ensure the safe operation of industrial digital twins network and avoid the harm to the system caused by hacker invasion,a series of discussions on network security issues are carried out based on game theory.From ...To ensure the safe operation of industrial digital twins network and avoid the harm to the system caused by hacker invasion,a series of discussions on network security issues are carried out based on game theory.From the perspective of the life cycle of network vulnerabilities,mining and repairing vulnerabilities are analyzed by applying evolutionary game theory.The evolution process of knowledge sharing among white hats under various conditions is simulated,and a game model of the vulnerability patch cooperative development strategy among manufacturers is constructed.On this basis,the differential evolution is introduced into the update mechanism of the Wolf Colony Algorithm(WCA)to produce better replacement individuals with greater probability from the perspective of both attack and defense.Through the simulation experiment,it is found that the convergence speed of the probability(X)of white Hat 1 choosing the knowledge sharing policy is related to the probability(x0)of white Hat 2 choosing the knowledge sharing policy initially,and the probability(y0)of white hat 2 choosing the knowledge sharing policy initially.When y0?0.9,X converges rapidly in a relatively short time.When y0 is constant and x0 is small,the probability curve of the“cooperative development”strategy converges to 0.It is concluded that the higher the trust among the white hat members in the temporary team,the stronger their willingness to share knowledge,which is conducive to the mining of loopholes in the system.The greater the probability of a hacker attacking the vulnerability before it is fully disclosed,the lower the willingness of manufacturers to choose the"cooperative development"of vulnerability patches.Applying the improved wolf colonyco-evolution algorithm can obtain the equilibrium solution of the"attack and defense game model",and allocate the security protection resources according to the importance of nodes.This study can provide an effective solution to protect the network security for digital twins in the industry.展开更多
The rapid evolution of virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies has significantly transformed human-computer interaction,with applications spanning entertainment,education,healthcare,industry,and remot...The rapid evolution of virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies has significantly transformed human-computer interaction,with applications spanning entertainment,education,healthcare,industry,and remote collaboration.A central challenge in these immersive systems lies in enabling intuitive,efficient,and natural interactions.Hand gesture recognition offers a compelling solution by leveraging the expressiveness of human hands to facilitate seamless control without relying on traditional input devices such as controllers or keyboards,which can limit immersion.However,achieving robust gesture recognition requires overcoming challenges related to accurate hand tracking,complex environmental conditions,and minimizing system latency.This study proposes an artificial intelligence(AI)-driven framework for recognizing both static and dynamic hand gestures in VR and AR environments using skeleton-based tracking compliant with the OpenXR standard.Our approach employs a lightweight neural network architecture capable of real-time classification within approximately 1.3mswhilemaintaining average accuracy of 95%.We also introduce a novel dataset generation method to support training robust models and demonstrate consistent classification of diverse gestures across widespread commercial VR devices.This work represents one of the first studies to implement and validate dynamic hand gesture recognition in real time using standardized VR hardware,laying the groundwork for more immersive,accessible,and user-friendly interaction systems.By advancing AI-driven gesture interfaces,this research has the potential to broaden the adoption of VR and AR across diverse domains and enhance the overall user experience.展开更多
The inclusion of PepSoyGen (PSG), a commercially-available fermented soybean meal product, was evaluated with juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in an initial 70-day feeding trial, with a supplemental trial i...The inclusion of PepSoyGen (PSG), a commercially-available fermented soybean meal product, was evaluated with juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in an initial 70-day feeding trial, with a supplemental trial involving a subset of the experimental diets continuing for an additional 40 d. Six diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% PSG, with the PSG directly replacing fish meal, were used in the first trial. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio between the fish meal-based control diet and diets containing up to 30% PSG. However, weight gain was significantly reduced and feed conversion ratio significantly increased with the 40% and 50% PSG diets. No health assessment differences were observed in fish receiving any of the diets, and no evidence of gross gut inflammation was evident. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio among the four dietary treatments ranging from 0% to 30% PSG which were fed for an additional 40 d after the initial 70-d trial (110 days total). Based on these results, juvenile rainbow trout diets can contain up to 30% PSG without any loss of rearing performance, thereby replacing at least 60% of the fish meal.展开更多
To understand the current application and development of 3D modeling in Digital Twins(DTs),abundant literatures on DTs and 3D modeling are investigated by means of literature review.The transition process from 3D mode...To understand the current application and development of 3D modeling in Digital Twins(DTs),abundant literatures on DTs and 3D modeling are investigated by means of literature review.The transition process from 3D modeling to DTs modeling is analyzed,as well as the current application of DTs modeling in various industries.The application of 3D DTs modeling in theelds of smartmanufacturing,smart ecology,smart transportation,and smart buildings in smart cities is analyzed in detail,and the current limitations are summarized.It is found that the 3D modeling technology in DTs has broad prospects for development and has a huge impact on all walks of life and even human lifestyles.At the same time,the development of DTs modeling relies on the development and support capabilities of mature technologies such as Big Data,Internet of Things,Cloud Computing,Articial Intelligence,and game technology.Therefore,although some results have been achieved,there are still limitations.This work aims to provide a good theoretical support for the further development of 3D DTs modeling.展开更多
The inclusion of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment in circular tanks has produced substantial benefits during fish rearing. This study examined the tank water velocity profiles of four different vertically...The inclusion of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment in circular tanks has produced substantial benefits during fish rearing. This study examined the tank water velocity profiles of four different vertically-suspended structures?(rod array, extended rod array, single angle array, double angle array) and a control (no environmental enrichment) at two incoming water velocities (18.3 cm/s and 54.9 cm/s) in 1.8-m diameter circular tanks. At both of the incoming water velocities, overall water velocities throughout the tank were significantly reduced with the addition of any environmental enrichment in comparison to the control. In addition, the overall water velocities in the double angle array were significantly lower than the other three enrichment treatments. The pattern of significant reductions in velocity with the use of any environmental enrichment, with further significant velocity reductions in the double angle treatment, was repeated when the data were?combined for each sampling depth, radius from the center, and degree (circular arc). Although considerable variation in water velocity was observed at each specific sampling location with both incoming velocities, significantly lower velocities?were observed at nearly every sampling location with the addition of any environmental enrichment to the circular tank. In addition, the double angle array consistently produced the lowest velocities among the environmental enrichment treatments. The changes in velocity profiles from vertically-suspended?environmental enrichment may be at least partially-responsible for the frequently-observed improvements in fish growth.展开更多
In the context of E-Commerce eco-system,there are hundreds of millions of consumers,thousands of businesses and shops,and hundreds of delivery people.Large E-Commerce businesses such as Alibaba Group need to support a...In the context of E-Commerce eco-system,there are hundreds of millions of consumers,thousands of businesses and shops,and hundreds of delivery people.Large E-Commerce businesses such as Alibaba Group need to support a large number of applications and business modules,and cater for hundreds of business requirements and independent changes on a daily basis.The intersection of these information technologies and business models provides ample research opportunities in intelligent processing of data,information and knowledge.In this special issue,we have accepted 7 papers from open calls and invitations.A summary of these papers is outlined below.展开更多
This study examined the effects of five different colors of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment on the growth of juvenile Shasta strain rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) during hatchery ...This study examined the effects of five different colors of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment on the growth of juvenile Shasta strain rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) during hatchery rearing in circular tanks. The colors used were silver (unpainted aluminum—control), safety red, semi-gloss black, hunter green, and safety blue. After 86 days, total tank weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ration were not significantly different among any of the color treatments. Individual fish weights, lengths, and condition factors were also not significantly different among the treatments. The results of this study indicate that the relatively small amount of color present on the suspended structure did not affect rainbow trout growth. Thus, the inherent silver color of the aluminum angles does not need to be changed.展开更多
This 121-day experiment evaluated the rearing performance of brown trout Salmo trutta fed one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets and reared at velocities of either 2.8 or 16.1 cm/s. Fishmeal was the primary pr...This 121-day experiment evaluated the rearing performance of brown trout Salmo trutta fed one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets and reared at velocities of either 2.8 or 16.1 cm/s. Fishmeal was the primary protein source for the reference diet, and bioprocessed soybean meal replaced approximately 67% of the fishmeal in the experimental diet. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in gain, percent gain, feed conversion rates, or specific growth rates between the dietary treatments. There were also no significant differences in intestinal morphology, splenosomatic, hepatosomatic, and viscerosomatic indices related to diet composition. However, gain, percent gain, feed fed, and specific growth rate were all significantly greater in brown trout reared at the higher velocity. No significant differences in any of the other variables measured were observed between the velocity treatments. There were no significant interactions between diet and velocity in any of the variables. Based on the results of this study, bioprocessed soybean meal can replace at least 67% of the fishmeal in brown trout diets, regardless of the rearing velocities used in this study. However, higher rearing velocities are recommended to maximize juvenile brown trout growth rates.展开更多
This study compared three surgical techniques to implant acoustic transmitters in rainbow trout (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Oncorhynchus mykiss</span></i><s...This study compared three surgical techniques to implant acoustic transmitters in rainbow trout (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Oncorhynchus mykiss</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">): 1</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> acoustic transmitter insertion via a ventral incision closed with two sutures, 2</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> insertion via a ventral incision with no sutures, 3</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> insertion via a lateral incision with no sutures. A control group consisting of fish that were only anesthetized and handled was also included. Tag retention, wound healing, inflammation, growth, and survival were recorded over a 12</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">week period. Tag retention was significantly different among the treatments, at 100% in the unsutured ventral incision group, 89% in the lateral incision group, and 63% in the sutured ventral incision group. Surgical wounds in the unsutured treatment groups showed significantly less inflammation than the sutured treatment. Wound closure occurred significantly faster in the ventral incision groups compared to the lateral incision group. The results of this study show the utility of using unsutured surgical methods for implanting acoustic transmitters in rainbow trout.展开更多
Vertically-suspended environmental enrichment has been shown to produce improvements in fish growth during hatchery rearing in circular tanks. This study documented the effects of a novel suspended structure on the ve...Vertically-suspended environmental enrichment has been shown to produce improvements in fish growth during hatchery rearing in circular tanks. This study documented the effects of a novel suspended structure on the velocity profile of a 3.63-m diameter circular tank containing juvenile landlocked fall Chinook salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>) at two different densities (9.0 and 34.3 kg/m<sup>3</sup>). The addition of vertically-suspended structure to the tank significantly decreased velocities at nearly every sampling point, with velocities typically dropping from 15 cm/s without structure to less than 6 cm/s when structure was present. Fish density also significantly impacted in-tank velocities, with an inverse relationship observed between the density of fish and water velocity. Significant interactions were present among the presence or absence of structure and fish density. When structure and fish were absent, the velocity at the edge of the tank was 15.63 cm/s, which was significantly higher than the 4.75 cm/s velocity when both structure and the lower fish density were added, which was in turn significantly higher than the 2.29 cm/s velocity observed with structure and higher fish density. Despite the potentially unique features of this study, vertically-suspended environmental enrichment and the presence of fish clearly alter circular tank water velocities, which may at least partially explain the improvements in fish rearing performance observed with the use of suspended structure.展开更多
Adjustments to rearing practices should be justified with increases in production, stocking success, or angler satisfaction. Largemouth bass (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Mic...Adjustments to rearing practices should be justified with increases in production, stocking success, or angler satisfaction. Largemouth bass (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Micropterus salmoides<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span>) production was assessed between hatchery ponds where fish were restricted to an invertebrate diet or received supplemental fathead minnow (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Pimephales promelas<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span>) forage during 2015. At harvest, age-0 bass yield was 4.5 times greater and average fish length was 38 mm longer, in the pond that received fathead minnow. In 2016, a second study evaluated the timing of minnow supplementation that included earlier stockings of small fathead minnow (<30 mm) compared to delayed supplementation with larger (>30 mm) minnows. With earlier supplementation, bass yield was 2.3 times greater and fish averaged 14 mm longer at harvest. Bass survival was approximately 38% higher during 2015 when supplementation occurred and 25% higher during 2016 when minnow supplementation began earlier. Our findings show invertebrate forage was probably limiting bass production in hatchery ponds and supplementing with appropriately-sized fathead minnows increased age-0, largemouth bass production.展开更多
Several treatment options have been developed to minimize the spread of zebra mussel Dreissena polymorphaveligers (larvae) during fish transportation. However, the effect of these treatments on the survival of newly-f...Several treatment options have been developed to minimize the spread of zebra mussel Dreissena polymorphaveligers (larvae) during fish transportation. However, the effect of these treatments on the survival of newly-fertilized salmonid eggs has not been evaluated. This study examined the survival of water-hardened landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha eggs after one of four different treatments: 1) Control (no chemicals), 2) 100 mg/L formalin for two hours, 3) 750 mg/L of potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for two hours, and 4) 750 mg/L of potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for three hours. The 100 mg/L formalin treatment produced complete egg mortality. Survival to hatch was not significantly different among the other three treatments. Based on these results, the use of 750 mg/L potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for three hours is recommended when moving Chinook salmon eggs from waters potentially infested with zebra mussels to hatcheries for incubation.展开更多
A combination of two forms of environmental enrichment (in-tank structure and exercise) was evaluated during the hatchery rearing of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The study used four treatments: 1) neith...A combination of two forms of environmental enrichment (in-tank structure and exercise) was evaluated during the hatchery rearing of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The study used four treatments: 1) neither exercise nor structure, 2) exercise without structure, 3) structure without exercise, and 4) both exercise and structure. Velocities in the unexercised tanks were a constant 12.2 cm-s-1. Velocities in the exercised tanks alternated weekly with one week at 12.2 cm-s-1 followed by a week at 30.5 cm-s-1. Structural enrichment consisted of an array of vertically-suspended aluminum angles. The use of either environmental enrichment technique significantly improved final tank weight, gain, percent gain, and specific growth rate. Feed conversion ratio was significantly and positively influenced only by structure, but fish on the exercise routine were overfed. There were no significant interactions between exercise and structure, indicating that each form of environmental enrichment operates independently. The results of this study indicate fish rearing performance can be improved with the addition of either vertically-suspended aluminum angles or an exercise routine, but the combination of the two techniques may not be needed to improve rainbow trout growth.展开更多
There has been disagreement over the value of purchasing space in the metaverse, but many businesses including Nike, The Wendy’s Company, and McDonald’s have jumped in headfirst. While the metaverse land rush has be...There has been disagreement over the value of purchasing space in the metaverse, but many businesses including Nike, The Wendy’s Company, and McDonald’s have jumped in headfirst. While the metaverse land rush has been called an “illusion” given underdeveloped infrastructure, including inadequate software and servers, and the potential opportunities for economic and legal abuse, the “real estate of the future” shows no signs of slowing. While the current virtual space of the metaverse is worth $6.30 billion, that is expected to grow to $84.09 billion by the end of 2028. But the long-term legal and regulatory considerations of capitalizing on the investment, as well as the manner in which blockchain technology can secure users’ data and digital assets, has yet to be properly investigated. With the metaverse still in a conceptual phase, building a new 3D social environment capable of digital transactions will represent most of the initial investment in time in human capital. Digital twin technologies, already well-established in industry, will be ported to support the need to architect and furnish the new digital world. The return on and viability of investing in the “real estate of the future” raises questions fundamental to the success or failure of the enterprise. As such this paper proposes a novel framing of the issue and looks at the intersection where finance, technology, and law are converging to prevent another Dot-com bubble of the late 1990s in metaverse-based virtual real estate transactions. Furthermore, the paper will argue that these domains are technologically feasible, but the main challenges for commercial users remain in the legal and regulatory arenas. As has been the case with the emergence of online commerce, a legal assessment of the metaverse indicates that courts will look to traditional and established legal principles when addressing issues until the enactment of federal and/or state statutes and accompanying regulations. Lastly, whereas traditional regulation of real estate would involve property law, the current legal framing of ownership of metaverse assets is governed by contract law.展开更多
To improve and develop education systems,the communication between instructors and learners in a class during the learning process is of utmost importance.Currently the presentations of 3D models using mixed reality(M...To improve and develop education systems,the communication between instructors and learners in a class during the learning process is of utmost importance.Currently the presentations of 3D models using mixed reality(MR)technology can be used to avoid misinterpretations of oral and 2D model presentations.As an independent concept and MR applications,MR combines the excellent of each virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR).This work aims to present the descriptions of MR systems,which include its devices,applications,and literature reviews and proposes computer vision tracking using the AR Toolkit Tracking Library.The focus of this work will be on creating 3D models and implementing in Unity 3D using the Vuforia SDK platform to develop VR and AR applications for architectural presentations.展开更多
With the advent of the 5G Internet of Things era,communication and social interaction in our daily life have changed a lot,and a large amount of social data is transmitted to the Internet.At the same time,with the rap...With the advent of the 5G Internet of Things era,communication and social interaction in our daily life have changed a lot,and a large amount of social data is transmitted to the Internet.At the same time,with the rapid development of deep forgery technology,a new generation of social data trust crisis has also followed.Therefore,how to ensure the trust and credibility of social data in the 5G Internet of Things era is an urgent problem to be solved.This paper proposes a new method for forgery detection based on GANs.We first discover the hidden gradient information in the grayscale image of the forged image and use this gradient information to guide the generation of forged traces.In the classifier,we replace the traditional binary loss with the focal loss that can focus on difficult-to-classify samples,which can achieve accurate classification when the real and fake samples are unbalanced.Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high accuracy on the DeeperForensics dataset and with the highest accuracy is 98%.展开更多
Zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha are a native bivalve from eastern Europe. They were first detected in North America in Lake St. Clair in 1988 and were presumably introduced via infested ballast water. Zebra mussels...Zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha are a native bivalve from eastern Europe. They were first detected in North America in Lake St. Clair in 1988 and were presumably introduced via infested ballast water. Zebra mussels have spread rapidly across the United States, with 31 states reporting infestations as of 2019. Zebra mussels were first detected in South Dakota, USA, in 2015 in Lewis and Clark Lake and McCook Lake, with subsequent infestations occurring in Lake Yankton in 2017, Lakes Francis Case and Sharpe in 2019, and Pickerel Lake, Kampeska Lake, and Lake Cochrane in 2020. This review paper presents information on zebra mussel biology and control, with specific information on the waters of South Dakota, USA.展开更多
In order to define the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of parasitoses with veterinary and medical importance their parasitological status and feeding habits were studied. In the period 2001-2006 the feedin...In order to define the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of parasitoses with veterinary and medical importance their parasitological status and feeding habits were studied. In the period 2001-2006 the feeding habits of 167 foxes, 78 jackals, 40 wild cats and 23 stone martens from the area of Sredna Gora, Bulgaria were investigated. 113 of the foxes, 56 of the jackals, 22 of the wild cats and 21 of the martens were subjected to helminthological study. 147 wild boars and 26 badgers from the same area were subjected to trichinelloscopy. Rodents were the main food of the wild cats （82.7%）, martens （52%） and foxes （50%）. The main food of the jackals was carrion from domestic and wild animals （79.5%）. 95.5% of the foxes, 100% of the jackals, 95.5% of the wild cats and 89% of the stone martens were infected with one or more helminth species. The prevalence of the most important helminths： Trichinella spp., Taenia spp. and Ancylostoma spp. was high in all carnivores examined. In the infected with Trichinella spp. animals only T. britovi was demonstrated. The wild boars and badgers were not infected with Trichinella spp. The correlation between the feeding habits and parasitological status is discussed.展开更多
During artificial spawning of salmonids, activated sperm is allowed to remain in contact with eggs for variable durations. This study examined multiple residence times (20, 40, 60, 90, or 120 seconds) for activated sp...During artificial spawning of salmonids, activated sperm is allowed to remain in contact with eggs for variable durations. This study examined multiple residence times (20, 40, 60, 90, or 120 seconds) for activated sperm on landlocked fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs during spawning. There was no significant difference in egg survival to the eyed-stage of development or to hatch among any of the treatments, with a mean (SE) percent survival to the eyed stage of 63.9 (5.8). These results indicate that only relatively short residence times of activated milt on eggs during landlocked fall Chinook salmon spawning are needed to ensure egg survival, resulting in potentially substantial reductions in production-level spawning times and associated labor costs.展开更多
基金supported by the Shandong Province Science and Technology Project(2023TSGC0509,2022TSGC2234)Qingdao Science and Technology Plan Project(23-1-5-yqpy-2-qy)Open Topic Grants of Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Building&Building Energy Saving,Anhui Jianzhu University(IBES2024KF08).
文摘With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the Internet of Things(IoT)can deploy various machine learning algorithms for network and application management.In the IoT environment,many sensors and devices generatemassive data,but data security and privacy protection have become a serious challenge.Federated learning(FL)can achieve many intelligent IoT applications by training models on local devices and allowing AI training on distributed IoT devices without data sharing.This review aims to deeply explore the combination of FL and the IoT,and analyze the application of federated learning in the IoT from the aspects of security and privacy protection.In this paper,we first describe the potential advantages of FL and the challenges faced by current IoT systems in the fields of network burden and privacy security.Next,we focus on exploring and analyzing the advantages of the combination of FL on the Internet,including privacy security,attack detection,efficient communication of the IoT,and enhanced learning quality.We also list various application scenarios of FL on the IoT.Finally,we propose several open research challenges and possible solutions.
文摘To ensure the safe operation of industrial digital twins network and avoid the harm to the system caused by hacker invasion,a series of discussions on network security issues are carried out based on game theory.From the perspective of the life cycle of network vulnerabilities,mining and repairing vulnerabilities are analyzed by applying evolutionary game theory.The evolution process of knowledge sharing among white hats under various conditions is simulated,and a game model of the vulnerability patch cooperative development strategy among manufacturers is constructed.On this basis,the differential evolution is introduced into the update mechanism of the Wolf Colony Algorithm(WCA)to produce better replacement individuals with greater probability from the perspective of both attack and defense.Through the simulation experiment,it is found that the convergence speed of the probability(X)of white Hat 1 choosing the knowledge sharing policy is related to the probability(x0)of white Hat 2 choosing the knowledge sharing policy initially,and the probability(y0)of white hat 2 choosing the knowledge sharing policy initially.When y0?0.9,X converges rapidly in a relatively short time.When y0 is constant and x0 is small,the probability curve of the“cooperative development”strategy converges to 0.It is concluded that the higher the trust among the white hat members in the temporary team,the stronger their willingness to share knowledge,which is conducive to the mining of loopholes in the system.The greater the probability of a hacker attacking the vulnerability before it is fully disclosed,the lower the willingness of manufacturers to choose the"cooperative development"of vulnerability patches.Applying the improved wolf colonyco-evolution algorithm can obtain the equilibrium solution of the"attack and defense game model",and allocate the security protection resources according to the importance of nodes.This study can provide an effective solution to protect the network security for digital twins in the industry.
基金supported by research fund from Chosun University,2024.
文摘The rapid evolution of virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies has significantly transformed human-computer interaction,with applications spanning entertainment,education,healthcare,industry,and remote collaboration.A central challenge in these immersive systems lies in enabling intuitive,efficient,and natural interactions.Hand gesture recognition offers a compelling solution by leveraging the expressiveness of human hands to facilitate seamless control without relying on traditional input devices such as controllers or keyboards,which can limit immersion.However,achieving robust gesture recognition requires overcoming challenges related to accurate hand tracking,complex environmental conditions,and minimizing system latency.This study proposes an artificial intelligence(AI)-driven framework for recognizing both static and dynamic hand gestures in VR and AR environments using skeleton-based tracking compliant with the OpenXR standard.Our approach employs a lightweight neural network architecture capable of real-time classification within approximately 1.3mswhilemaintaining average accuracy of 95%.We also introduce a novel dataset generation method to support training robust models and demonstrate consistent classification of diverse gestures across widespread commercial VR devices.This work represents one of the first studies to implement and validate dynamic hand gesture recognition in real time using standardized VR hardware,laying the groundwork for more immersive,accessible,and user-friendly interaction systems.By advancing AI-driven gesture interfaces,this research has the potential to broaden the adoption of VR and AR across diverse domains and enhance the overall user experience.
文摘The inclusion of PepSoyGen (PSG), a commercially-available fermented soybean meal product, was evaluated with juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss in an initial 70-day feeding trial, with a supplemental trial involving a subset of the experimental diets continuing for an additional 40 d. Six diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% PSG, with the PSG directly replacing fish meal, were used in the first trial. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio between the fish meal-based control diet and diets containing up to 30% PSG. However, weight gain was significantly reduced and feed conversion ratio significantly increased with the 40% and 50% PSG diets. No health assessment differences were observed in fish receiving any of the diets, and no evidence of gross gut inflammation was evident. There were no significant differences in weight gain or feed conversion ratio among the four dietary treatments ranging from 0% to 30% PSG which were fed for an additional 40 d after the initial 70-d trial (110 days total). Based on these results, juvenile rainbow trout diets can contain up to 30% PSG without any loss of rearing performance, thereby replacing at least 60% of the fish meal.
文摘To understand the current application and development of 3D modeling in Digital Twins(DTs),abundant literatures on DTs and 3D modeling are investigated by means of literature review.The transition process from 3D modeling to DTs modeling is analyzed,as well as the current application of DTs modeling in various industries.The application of 3D DTs modeling in theelds of smartmanufacturing,smart ecology,smart transportation,and smart buildings in smart cities is analyzed in detail,and the current limitations are summarized.It is found that the 3D modeling technology in DTs has broad prospects for development and has a huge impact on all walks of life and even human lifestyles.At the same time,the development of DTs modeling relies on the development and support capabilities of mature technologies such as Big Data,Internet of Things,Cloud Computing,Articial Intelligence,and game technology.Therefore,although some results have been achieved,there are still limitations.This work aims to provide a good theoretical support for the further development of 3D DTs modeling.
文摘The inclusion of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment in circular tanks has produced substantial benefits during fish rearing. This study examined the tank water velocity profiles of four different vertically-suspended structures?(rod array, extended rod array, single angle array, double angle array) and a control (no environmental enrichment) at two incoming water velocities (18.3 cm/s and 54.9 cm/s) in 1.8-m diameter circular tanks. At both of the incoming water velocities, overall water velocities throughout the tank were significantly reduced with the addition of any environmental enrichment in comparison to the control. In addition, the overall water velocities in the double angle array were significantly lower than the other three enrichment treatments. The pattern of significant reductions in velocity with the use of any environmental enrichment, with further significant velocity reductions in the double angle treatment, was repeated when the data were?combined for each sampling depth, radius from the center, and degree (circular arc). Although considerable variation in water velocity was observed at each specific sampling location with both incoming velocities, significantly lower velocities?were observed at nearly every sampling location with the addition of any environmental enrichment to the circular tank. In addition, the double angle array consistently produced the lowest velocities among the environmental enrichment treatments. The changes in velocity profiles from vertically-suspended?environmental enrichment may be at least partially-responsible for the frequently-observed improvements in fish growth.
文摘In the context of E-Commerce eco-system,there are hundreds of millions of consumers,thousands of businesses and shops,and hundreds of delivery people.Large E-Commerce businesses such as Alibaba Group need to support a large number of applications and business modules,and cater for hundreds of business requirements and independent changes on a daily basis.The intersection of these information technologies and business models provides ample research opportunities in intelligent processing of data,information and knowledge.In this special issue,we have accepted 7 papers from open calls and invitations.A summary of these papers is outlined below.
文摘This study examined the effects of five different colors of vertically-suspended environmental enrichment on the growth of juvenile Shasta strain rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) during hatchery rearing in circular tanks. The colors used were silver (unpainted aluminum—control), safety red, semi-gloss black, hunter green, and safety blue. After 86 days, total tank weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ration were not significantly different among any of the color treatments. Individual fish weights, lengths, and condition factors were also not significantly different among the treatments. The results of this study indicate that the relatively small amount of color present on the suspended structure did not affect rainbow trout growth. Thus, the inherent silver color of the aluminum angles does not need to be changed.
文摘This 121-day experiment evaluated the rearing performance of brown trout Salmo trutta fed one of two isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets and reared at velocities of either 2.8 or 16.1 cm/s. Fishmeal was the primary protein source for the reference diet, and bioprocessed soybean meal replaced approximately 67% of the fishmeal in the experimental diet. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in gain, percent gain, feed conversion rates, or specific growth rates between the dietary treatments. There were also no significant differences in intestinal morphology, splenosomatic, hepatosomatic, and viscerosomatic indices related to diet composition. However, gain, percent gain, feed fed, and specific growth rate were all significantly greater in brown trout reared at the higher velocity. No significant differences in any of the other variables measured were observed between the velocity treatments. There were no significant interactions between diet and velocity in any of the variables. Based on the results of this study, bioprocessed soybean meal can replace at least 67% of the fishmeal in brown trout diets, regardless of the rearing velocities used in this study. However, higher rearing velocities are recommended to maximize juvenile brown trout growth rates.
文摘This study compared three surgical techniques to implant acoustic transmitters in rainbow trout (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Oncorhynchus mykiss</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">): 1</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> acoustic transmitter insertion via a ventral incision closed with two sutures, 2</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> insertion via a ventral incision with no sutures, 3</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> insertion via a lateral incision with no sutures. A control group consisting of fish that were only anesthetized and handled was also included. Tag retention, wound healing, inflammation, growth, and survival were recorded over a 12</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">week period. Tag retention was significantly different among the treatments, at 100% in the unsutured ventral incision group, 89% in the lateral incision group, and 63% in the sutured ventral incision group. Surgical wounds in the unsutured treatment groups showed significantly less inflammation than the sutured treatment. Wound closure occurred significantly faster in the ventral incision groups compared to the lateral incision group. The results of this study show the utility of using unsutured surgical methods for implanting acoustic transmitters in rainbow trout.
文摘Vertically-suspended environmental enrichment has been shown to produce improvements in fish growth during hatchery rearing in circular tanks. This study documented the effects of a novel suspended structure on the velocity profile of a 3.63-m diameter circular tank containing juvenile landlocked fall Chinook salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>) at two different densities (9.0 and 34.3 kg/m<sup>3</sup>). The addition of vertically-suspended structure to the tank significantly decreased velocities at nearly every sampling point, with velocities typically dropping from 15 cm/s without structure to less than 6 cm/s when structure was present. Fish density also significantly impacted in-tank velocities, with an inverse relationship observed between the density of fish and water velocity. Significant interactions were present among the presence or absence of structure and fish density. When structure and fish were absent, the velocity at the edge of the tank was 15.63 cm/s, which was significantly higher than the 4.75 cm/s velocity when both structure and the lower fish density were added, which was in turn significantly higher than the 2.29 cm/s velocity observed with structure and higher fish density. Despite the potentially unique features of this study, vertically-suspended environmental enrichment and the presence of fish clearly alter circular tank water velocities, which may at least partially explain the improvements in fish rearing performance observed with the use of suspended structure.
文摘Adjustments to rearing practices should be justified with increases in production, stocking success, or angler satisfaction. Largemouth bass (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Micropterus salmoides<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span>) production was assessed between hatchery ponds where fish were restricted to an invertebrate diet or received supplemental fathead minnow (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i></span>Pimephales promelas<span style="white-space:nowrap;"></i></span>) forage during 2015. At harvest, age-0 bass yield was 4.5 times greater and average fish length was 38 mm longer, in the pond that received fathead minnow. In 2016, a second study evaluated the timing of minnow supplementation that included earlier stockings of small fathead minnow (<30 mm) compared to delayed supplementation with larger (>30 mm) minnows. With earlier supplementation, bass yield was 2.3 times greater and fish averaged 14 mm longer at harvest. Bass survival was approximately 38% higher during 2015 when supplementation occurred and 25% higher during 2016 when minnow supplementation began earlier. Our findings show invertebrate forage was probably limiting bass production in hatchery ponds and supplementing with appropriately-sized fathead minnows increased age-0, largemouth bass production.
文摘Several treatment options have been developed to minimize the spread of zebra mussel Dreissena polymorphaveligers (larvae) during fish transportation. However, the effect of these treatments on the survival of newly-fertilized salmonid eggs has not been evaluated. This study examined the survival of water-hardened landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha eggs after one of four different treatments: 1) Control (no chemicals), 2) 100 mg/L formalin for two hours, 3) 750 mg/L of potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for two hours, and 4) 750 mg/L of potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for three hours. The 100 mg/L formalin treatment produced complete egg mortality. Survival to hatch was not significantly different among the other three treatments. Based on these results, the use of 750 mg/L potassium chloride for one hour followed by 20 mg/L formalin for three hours is recommended when moving Chinook salmon eggs from waters potentially infested with zebra mussels to hatcheries for incubation.
文摘A combination of two forms of environmental enrichment (in-tank structure and exercise) was evaluated during the hatchery rearing of juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The study used four treatments: 1) neither exercise nor structure, 2) exercise without structure, 3) structure without exercise, and 4) both exercise and structure. Velocities in the unexercised tanks were a constant 12.2 cm-s-1. Velocities in the exercised tanks alternated weekly with one week at 12.2 cm-s-1 followed by a week at 30.5 cm-s-1. Structural enrichment consisted of an array of vertically-suspended aluminum angles. The use of either environmental enrichment technique significantly improved final tank weight, gain, percent gain, and specific growth rate. Feed conversion ratio was significantly and positively influenced only by structure, but fish on the exercise routine were overfed. There were no significant interactions between exercise and structure, indicating that each form of environmental enrichment operates independently. The results of this study indicate fish rearing performance can be improved with the addition of either vertically-suspended aluminum angles or an exercise routine, but the combination of the two techniques may not be needed to improve rainbow trout growth.
文摘There has been disagreement over the value of purchasing space in the metaverse, but many businesses including Nike, The Wendy’s Company, and McDonald’s have jumped in headfirst. While the metaverse land rush has been called an “illusion” given underdeveloped infrastructure, including inadequate software and servers, and the potential opportunities for economic and legal abuse, the “real estate of the future” shows no signs of slowing. While the current virtual space of the metaverse is worth $6.30 billion, that is expected to grow to $84.09 billion by the end of 2028. But the long-term legal and regulatory considerations of capitalizing on the investment, as well as the manner in which blockchain technology can secure users’ data and digital assets, has yet to be properly investigated. With the metaverse still in a conceptual phase, building a new 3D social environment capable of digital transactions will represent most of the initial investment in time in human capital. Digital twin technologies, already well-established in industry, will be ported to support the need to architect and furnish the new digital world. The return on and viability of investing in the “real estate of the future” raises questions fundamental to the success or failure of the enterprise. As such this paper proposes a novel framing of the issue and looks at the intersection where finance, technology, and law are converging to prevent another Dot-com bubble of the late 1990s in metaverse-based virtual real estate transactions. Furthermore, the paper will argue that these domains are technologically feasible, but the main challenges for commercial users remain in the legal and regulatory arenas. As has been the case with the emergence of online commerce, a legal assessment of the metaverse indicates that courts will look to traditional and established legal principles when addressing issues until the enactment of federal and/or state statutes and accompanying regulations. Lastly, whereas traditional regulation of real estate would involve property law, the current legal framing of ownership of metaverse assets is governed by contract law.
文摘To improve and develop education systems,the communication between instructors and learners in a class during the learning process is of utmost importance.Currently the presentations of 3D models using mixed reality(MR)technology can be used to avoid misinterpretations of oral and 2D model presentations.As an independent concept and MR applications,MR combines the excellent of each virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR).This work aims to present the descriptions of MR systems,which include its devices,applications,and literature reviews and proposes computer vision tracking using the AR Toolkit Tracking Library.The focus of this work will be on creating 3D models and implementing in Unity 3D using the Vuforia SDK platform to develop VR and AR applications for architectural presentations.
基金results of the research project funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61871283)the Foundation of Pre-Research on Equipment of China(No.61400010304)Major Civil-Military Integration Project in Tianjin,China(No.18ZXJMTG00170).
文摘With the advent of the 5G Internet of Things era,communication and social interaction in our daily life have changed a lot,and a large amount of social data is transmitted to the Internet.At the same time,with the rapid development of deep forgery technology,a new generation of social data trust crisis has also followed.Therefore,how to ensure the trust and credibility of social data in the 5G Internet of Things era is an urgent problem to be solved.This paper proposes a new method for forgery detection based on GANs.We first discover the hidden gradient information in the grayscale image of the forged image and use this gradient information to guide the generation of forged traces.In the classifier,we replace the traditional binary loss with the focal loss that can focus on difficult-to-classify samples,which can achieve accurate classification when the real and fake samples are unbalanced.Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high accuracy on the DeeperForensics dataset and with the highest accuracy is 98%.
文摘Zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha are a native bivalve from eastern Europe. They were first detected in North America in Lake St. Clair in 1988 and were presumably introduced via infested ballast water. Zebra mussels have spread rapidly across the United States, with 31 states reporting infestations as of 2019. Zebra mussels were first detected in South Dakota, USA, in 2015 in Lewis and Clark Lake and McCook Lake, with subsequent infestations occurring in Lake Yankton in 2017, Lakes Francis Case and Sharpe in 2019, and Pickerel Lake, Kampeska Lake, and Lake Cochrane in 2020. This review paper presents information on zebra mussel biology and control, with specific information on the waters of South Dakota, USA.
文摘In order to define the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of parasitoses with veterinary and medical importance their parasitological status and feeding habits were studied. In the period 2001-2006 the feeding habits of 167 foxes, 78 jackals, 40 wild cats and 23 stone martens from the area of Sredna Gora, Bulgaria were investigated. 113 of the foxes, 56 of the jackals, 22 of the wild cats and 21 of the martens were subjected to helminthological study. 147 wild boars and 26 badgers from the same area were subjected to trichinelloscopy. Rodents were the main food of the wild cats （82.7%）, martens （52%） and foxes （50%）. The main food of the jackals was carrion from domestic and wild animals （79.5%）. 95.5% of the foxes, 100% of the jackals, 95.5% of the wild cats and 89% of the stone martens were infected with one or more helminth species. The prevalence of the most important helminths： Trichinella spp., Taenia spp. and Ancylostoma spp. was high in all carnivores examined. In the infected with Trichinella spp. animals only T. britovi was demonstrated. The wild boars and badgers were not infected with Trichinella spp. The correlation between the feeding habits and parasitological status is discussed.
文摘During artificial spawning of salmonids, activated sperm is allowed to remain in contact with eggs for variable durations. This study examined multiple residence times (20, 40, 60, 90, or 120 seconds) for activated sperm on landlocked fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs during spawning. There was no significant difference in egg survival to the eyed-stage of development or to hatch among any of the treatments, with a mean (SE) percent survival to the eyed stage of 63.9 (5.8). These results indicate that only relatively short residence times of activated milt on eggs during landlocked fall Chinook salmon spawning are needed to ensure egg survival, resulting in potentially substantial reductions in production-level spawning times and associated labor costs.
