Overweight and obesity are significant public health concerns worldwide due to their association with many chronic health conditions.This has resulted in the development of various interventions focused on weight loss...Overweight and obesity are significant public health concerns worldwide due to their association with many chronic health conditions.This has resulted in the development of various interventions focused on weight loss to reduce the associated health burden.Physical activity is an important lifestyle behavior associated with enhanced health.Evidence supports that many of the benefits of physical activity are realized independent of initial weight status or whether weight loss is achieved,with some benefits additive to what is achieved with weight loss alone.These benefits include enhanced cardiometabolic,brain,cognitive and psychological health,and others.Moreover,in adults with overweight or obesity,physical activity has independent effects on cardiorespiratory fitness,muscular strength,physical function,and mobility.There are also benefits to body composition,with physical activity improving the quality of key tissues,such as skeletal muscle,which may not occur with diet-induced weight loss.Therefore,physical activity is an important public health target for adults with overweight or obesity to provide a wide range of health benefits that extend beyond those of weight loss alone.However,physical activity recommendations and programming efforts should consider the unique characteristics of adults with overweight or obesity to be most effective,and should support a focus on mobility,physical function,and other health outcomes.展开更多
Background： Poor sleep quality is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. It is not clear whether exercise can improve sleep quality and whether intensity of exercise affects any of the effects. Methods：...Background： Poor sleep quality is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. It is not clear whether exercise can improve sleep quality and whether intensity of exercise affects any of the effects. Methods： Fifteen healthy, non-obese （body mass index = 24.4 ± 2.1 kg/m^2, mean 4- SD）, sedentary （〈20 min of exercise on no more than 3 times/week） older women （66.1 ± 3.9 years） volunteered for the study. Peak oxygen consumption （VO2peak） was evaluated using a graded exercise test on a treadmill with a metabolic cart. Following a 7-day baseline period, each participant completed two exercise sessions （separated by 1 week） with equal caloric expenditure, but at different intensities （60% and 45% VO2peak, sequence randomized） between 9：00 and 11：00 am. A wrist ActiGraph monitor was used to assess sleep at baseline and two nights following each exercise session. Results： The average duration of the exercise was 54 and 72 rain, respectively at 60% （moderate-intensity） and 45% VO2peak （light-intensity）. Wake time after sleep onset was significantly shorter （p = 0.016）, the number of awakenings was less （p = 0.046）, and total activity counts were lower （p = 0.05） after the moderate-intensity exercise compared to baseline no-exercise condition. Conclusion： Our data showed that a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session improved sleep quality in older women.展开更多
Purpose： The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute exercise on motor response inhibition using both behavioral and electrophysiological approaches. Methods： The P3 and N1 event-related potenti...Purpose： The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute exercise on motor response inhibition using both behavioral and electrophysiological approaches. Methods： The P3 and N1 event-related potential （ERP） components were recorded while performing a stop-signal task in 21 college students following a moderately intense acute exercise bout for 30 min and a sedentary control session that involved reading. Results： Acute exercise induced a shorter stop signal response time （SSRT） as compared to control; however, the go response time （Go RT） remained unchanged. In examining the ERP data, acute exercise increased both P3 amplitude and latency but did not affect the N1 component. Conclusion： Acute exercise has a selective and beneficial effect on cognitive function, specifically affecting the motor response inhibition aspect of executive function. Furthermore, acute exercise predominately impacts later stages of information processing during motor response inhibition, which may lead to an increase in attentional resource allocation and confer the ability to successfully withhold a response to achieve motor response inhibition.展开更多
Background:Patients undergoing dialysis have high mortality rates and a unique risk factor profile. Some improvements elicited by exercise training have been shown in dialysis populations, here we aimed to further exp...Background:Patients undergoing dialysis have high mortality rates and a unique risk factor profile. Some improvements elicited by exercise training have been shown in dialysis populations, here we aimed to further explore the bene-fits of exercise. As well as changes in physical fitness we quantified cardiac function, depression, serum biochemistry, dialysis adequacy and energy intake following exercise training in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undertaking dialysis. Methods:A systematic literature search was completed in December 2012 identifying randomized, controlled trials of exercise training studies in haemodialysis (HD) patients. A subsequent meta-analysis was conducted.Results: Twenty four studies were included, totalling 879 patients. Exercise training produced significant improvements in physical fitness: peak VO2 5.03 mlO2·kg-1·min-1 (95% CI 3.73, 6.33, p 0.0001), Knee extensor strength 2.99 kg (95% CI 0.46, 5.52, p = 0.02) and 6 minute walk distance 60.7 metres (95% CI 18.9, 103, p = 0.004). Significant increases in energy intake MD 238 Kcal·day-1 (95% CI 94, 383, p = 0.001), serum Interleukin-6 MD-0.58 pg·ml-1 (95% CI-1.01, -0.15, p = 0.008) and Creactive protein MD 0.92 mg/L-1 (95% CI 0.29, 1.56, p = 0.004), but not Albumin or BMI, were reported. Improved Beck Depression scores were reported MD-6.9 (95% CI-9.7,-4.1, p 0.00001). Dialysis adequacy was reduced MD-0.23 (95% CI -0.29, -0.17, p 0.00001), while serum potassium was higher MD 0.14 mmol·L-1 (95% CI 0.01, 0.27, p = 0.04). Moreover exercise training appeared safe, with no direct exercise-associated deaths in over 30,000 patient-hours. Conclusions: Our pooled analyses confirmed improvements in physical fitness following exercise training and suggested additional improvements in dialysis efficiency (kt/v), serum potassium, inflammation and depression in HD patients.展开更多
Glycemic variability is a more sensitive assessment of glycemic health as opposed to traditional clinical mea-surements.It considers all blood glucose concentrations over a given period to better account for glucose o...Glycemic variability is a more sensitive assessment of glycemic health as opposed to traditional clinical mea-surements.It considers all blood glucose concentrations over a given period to better account for glucose oscil-lations that occur and provides clinicians with insight into how individuals regulate and/or maintain their glycemic health.The advancement of continuous glucose monitoring(CGM)allows for the measurement of free-living glucose concentrations while providing a more reliable assessment of treatment of dysregulated glycemic.CGM coupled with management of lifestyle behavioral factors,such as reduced sedentary behavior and increased physical activity and regular exercise,potentially offers a previously untapped method for promoting improved glycemic health through greater regulation of glucose concentrations.The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the evidence regarding the measurement of glycemic variability and summarize the current under-standing of the relationship between glycemic variability,sedentary behavior,physical activity,the influence of a single exercise session or repeated exercise sessions,and exercise training.This review considers information pertaining to the strengths and limitations for measuring glycemic variability and provides insight into future study designs aimed at evaluating the relationship between sedentary behavior and physical activity with,as well as the influence of exercise on,glycemic variability as a primary outcome.展开更多
Background:Hormone sensitive lipase(HSL) is an enzyme that regulates adipose tissue lipolysis and plays an important role in chronic exerciseinduced changes in adipose tissue metabolism.The purpose of this study was t...Background:Hormone sensitive lipase(HSL) is an enzyme that regulates adipose tissue lipolysis and plays an important role in chronic exerciseinduced changes in adipose tissue metabolism.The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerobic exercise intensity influences abdominal adipose tissue HSL gene expression in obese women under weight loss. Methods:Thirty women(body mass index(BMI) = 33.0±0.7 kg/m^2,age = 58±1 years) completed one of three 20-week interventions: caloric restriction alone(CR only,n = 8),CR plus moderate-intensity exercise(CR + moderate-intensity,45%—50%heart rate reserve(HRR). 3 day/week,n = 9),or CR plus vigorous-intensity exercise(CR + vigorous-intensity,70%—75%HRR,3 day/week,n = 13).Each group had a similar prescribed energy deficit comprised of underfeeding alone(2800 kcal/week for CR only) or underfeeding(2400 kcal/week) plus exercise(400 kcal/week).Body composition and maximal aerobic capacity(VO_2max) were measured,and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue samples were collected before and after the interventions.Adipose tissue HSL gene expression was measured by real time reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results:All three interventions reduced body weight,fat mass,percent fat.and waist to a similar degree(all p < 0.01).In addition,all interventions did not change absolute VO_2 max,but increased relative VO_2 max(p < 0.05 to P < 0.01).Compared to pre-intervention.neither CR only nor CR + moderate-intensity changed adipose tissue HSL gene expression,but CR + vigorous-intensity significantly increased adipose tissue HSL gene expression(p < 0.01).The changes of HSL gene expression levels in the CR + vigorous-intensity group were significantly different from those in the CR only(p < 0.05) and CR + moderate-intensity(p < 0.01) groups.In the whole cohort,changes in adipose tissue HSL gene expression correlated positively to changes in absolute(r = 0.55,p < 0.01) and relative(r = 0.32,p = 0.09) VO_2 max. Conclusion:These results support a potential effect of aerobic exercise training intensity on hormone sensitive lipase pathway in adipose tissue metabolism in obese women under weight loss.展开更多
Lymphedema is an atypical accumulation of high-proteinfluid located just beneath the skin, which often occurs in the arm or leg. Exercising with lymphedema was traditionally considered to be unsafe. However, recent re...Lymphedema is an atypical accumulation of high-proteinfluid located just beneath the skin, which often occurs in the arm or leg. Exercising with lymphedema was traditionally considered to be unsafe. However, recent research indicates that exercise may be beneficial to individuals with lymphedema. Studies indicate that exercise can improve the range of motion and strength of the afflicted limb(s), as well as overall fitness and functional quality of life, and can be performed without exacerbating symptoms of lymphedema.展开更多
BRICS is the acronym for an international association of 5 major emerging national economies： Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.According to the World Economic Forum, the BRICS economies are the most com...BRICS is the acronym for an international association of 5 major emerging national economies： Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.According to the World Economic Forum, the BRICS economies are the most competitive among all cotmtries and are distinguished by their significant regional and global influence. The health and wellness of the people within these countries is a primary agenda item of these governments for connecting their fast economic growth and the need to provide a better quality of life. As of 2015, BRICS countries represent 〉3.6 billion people or one-half of the world population. All 5 countries are members of the top 25 countries of the world by population and 4 of these cotmtries make the top 10 on this list.展开更多
Exercise has widely been shown to improve cognition, potentially by making individuals more receptive to sensory stimulation or inhibiting irrelevant information. Caffeine, one of the world’s most widely used stimula...Exercise has widely been shown to improve cognition, potentially by making individuals more receptive to sensory stimulation or inhibiting irrelevant information. Caffeine, one of the world’s most widely used stimulants, seems to have similar effects. It seems that both exercise and caffeine improve cognitive function separately, but little research has been done examining their combined effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of caffeine and exercise, independently and combined, on cognitive function. 20 healthy college students completed the study. These participants were low caffeine consumers. Each participant came to the lab 5 times. During the first session, they completed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine ventilatory threshold (VT). The following four sessions were test sessions involving supplementation and exercise. During these, each participant engaged in 30 minutes of cycling (at 90% VT) or 30 minutes of quiet reading after consuming either caffeine (at 4 mg/kg body weight) or a placebo. The Contingent Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task were used to measure cognitive function and were completed 5 minutes and 20 minutes after exercise or quiet reading. There were no significant differences found for any variables tested, for condition effect, time effect or condition*time interaction, except for a significant time effect on false alarms on the Contingent CPT (p = 0.017). This study may have been limited by multiple variables including the population, executive function measures, caffeine dosage, or exercise prescription. These findings point to the need for future research to understand the changes in cognition from exercise and caffeine in combination. Future research may include looking at exercise at different intensities, different dosages of caffeine, or looking at the long-term cognitive effects.展开更多
Background: Taichi softball was voted as one of the most popular health-promoting exercises in the category of ball games, which is attributed to that Taichi softball is not only beneficial for lower extremity-related...Background: Taichi softball was voted as one of the most popular health-promoting exercises in the category of ball games, which is attributed to that Taichi softball is not only beneficial for lower extremity-related physical health (e.g., balance, leg strength, and flexibility), but can also develop manipulative skill and hand-eye coordination (eating, bathing, dressing, bathing required manipulative skills, grips movement and strength). However, the positive effects of Taichi softball on physical health have rarely been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of Taichi softball on physical health. Methods: Five electronic databases were used to conduct literature searches. Two review authors independently extracted data in a standardized manner. The methodological quality of studies included was independently evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s for Assessing Risk of Bias from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review Interventions. The standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using more conservative random effects model were calculated. Results: The sample size of 411 participants ranged from 32 to 150 in the RCTs, along with a wide age range from 18 to 75. The length of Taichi softball intervention peri-ods in the eligible studies ranged from 12 weeks to 12 months. The participants in the studies consisted of healthy college students, patients with Type 2 diabe-tes, and older adults from community centers. Six randomized controlled trials were used for the meta-analysis. The aggregated results are in favor of Taichi softball on improving physical health in participants with healthy status and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The improvement on the primary components of the physical health consisted of handgrip strength (SMD, -0.6, 95% CI -0.84 to 0.36, p < 0.00001), trunk flexibility (SMD, -0.4, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.05, p = 0.03), static (SMD, -0.73, 95% CI -0.94 to -0.51, p < 0.00001) and dynamic balance (SMD, -0.68, 95% CI -1.2 to -0.17, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Taichi softball appears to be beneficial for improving physical health (hand strength, physical balance, flexibility, aerobic endurance, resting heart rate, diastolic and systolic pressures) among healthy adults and patients with Type 2 Diabetes. However, because of the low methodological quality of assessment, ill-designed experimental designs, and small study size, a definite conclusion of Taichi softball improving physical health can be confirmed along with high-quality studies with long follow-up.展开更多
This study examined the effects of combined anti-inflammatories and specific nutrients on recovery from resistance exercises. Trained individuals （n = 14） performed three sets to failure at a 8-12 repetition maximum...This study examined the effects of combined anti-inflammatories and specific nutrients on recovery from resistance exercises. Trained individuals （n = 14） performed three sets to failure at a 8-12 repetition maximum load for six resistance exercises, then repeated this workout after 24 h. Participants consumed a protein-carbohydrate shake （330 ml; 20 g protein; 45 g carbohydrate）, vitamin C （1000 mg）, vitamin E （400 I.U.） and ibuprofen （100 mg） immediately after the initial workout. Another dose of vitamin C and ibuprofen were respectively consumed 1 h or 30 min before the second workout. On another occasion （counterbalanced） a placebo of flavored water, two imitation vitamins （gummy candies）, and two replica ibuprofen （sugar pills） were consumed. A 10-cm visual analog scale （VAS） assessed pain, ratings of perceived exertion （RPE）, and ratings of perceived recovery （RPR）. Treatment enhanced performance-based recovery （repetitions after 24h） for the chest press （P 〈 0.010） and latissimus pull-down （P 〈 0.010）. Within-condition comparisons revealed performance decrements （P 〈 0.050） after 24 h for 83% of the exercises under placebo, compared to 50% of exercises under treatment. Treatment enhanced RPR （P = 0.038） compared to placebo, but had no significant effects on residual （P = 0.215） or exercise （P 〉 0.050） pain. RPE was lower under the treatment for the chest press （P = 0.016） and overall workout （P = 0.038） on Day 1, but similar among all exercises on Day 2 （P 〉 0.050）. This treatment may promote increases in performance without increasing pain or RPE.展开更多
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of an acute bout of aerobic exercise （AE） and resistance exercise （RE） on body composition measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis ...The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of an acute bout of aerobic exercise （AE） and resistance exercise （RE） on body composition measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis （MBIA） in adults. Ninety-five recreationally active young adults （46 women and 49 men） reported for testing on three occasions. After an initial MBIA assessment, subjects performed 45 minutes of continuous AE, RE, or did nothing, which served as the control （CON）. During the AE trial, subjects performed an acute bout of treadmill exercise at 60%-75% of their age predicted maximal heart rate （APHRmax）. The RE trial consisted of an 8-exercise circuit consisting of; 3 sets of 10-12 repetitions at 65%-75% of their one-repetition max （1RM） for each exercise. During the CON trial, subjects sat quietly in the laboratory. Body composition was reassessed immediately following the exercise bouts for comparison. Mean percent body fat （%BF） decreased following the exercise bouts （AE = 0.7%, RE = 1.6%; P 〈 0.001） likely due to significant （P 〈 0.001） reductions in impedance （AE： 40Ω, 32Ω, and 29Ω; RE： 4592, 29Ω, and 28Ω） measured at 5, 50 and 500 kHz. Conversely, significant increases in %BF （0.7%, P 〈 0.05）, body mass （0.2 kg, P 〈 0.001）, and impedance at 5 and 50 kHz （15Ω and 16Ω; P 〈0.001） were observed following the CON trial. These findings support that MBIA assessments should be performed prior to exercise in order to prevent exercise-induced reductions in %BF values.展开更多
Background:This paper aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the effects of resistance training(RT)performed at longer-muscle length(LML)versus shorter-muscle length(SML)on proxy measurements for long...Background:This paper aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the effects of resistance training(RT)performed at longer-muscle length(LML)versus shorter-muscle length(SML)on proxy measurements for longitudinal hypertrophy.Methods:We included studies that satisfied the following criteria:(1)be a resistance training intervention with a comparison of LML vs SML-RT;(2)assess both fascicle length(FL)and muscle size pre-and post-intervention;(3)involve healthy adults aged≥18 years;(4)be published in an English-language journal,and;(5)have a minimum training intervention duration of 4 weeks.Three databases were searched in February 2024(Google Scholar,PubMed/Medline,Scopus)for relevant articles,alongside'forward'and'backward'citation searching of articles included and additions via authors'personal knowledge.The results of studies were described narratively,compared,and contrasted.Eight studies met the inclusion criteria,totaling a sample size of 120.Results:Our results suggest that both muscle size and fascicle length increases may be greater following LML-RT versus SML-RT,suggesting LML-RT may lead to greater longitudinal hypertrophy than SML-RT.Notably,evidence is largely mixed;no studies to date have attempted to estimate serial sarcomere number changes from LML versus SML-RT,and all but one study used linear extrapolation methods to estimate FL,which has questionable validity.Therefore,the structural adaptations underlying hypertrophy from LML-RT remain undetermined.Conclusion:In conclusion,results suggest that LML-RT may be superior to SML-RT for inducing muscle hypertrophy and,more specifically,longitudinal growth,though evidence is mixed.展开更多
Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of landing kinematics and electromyographic （EMG） activities of medial gastrocnemius on a combined inversion and plantarflexion surface on the ankle （M...Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of landing kinematics and electromyographic （EMG） activities of medial gastrocnemius on a combined inversion and plantarflexion surface on the ankle （MG）, peroneus longus （PL）, and tibialis anterior （TA） muscles. Methods： Twelve recreational athletes performed five drop landings from an overhead bar of 30 cm height on to three surfaces： a flat surface, a 25° inversion surface, and a combined surface of 25° inversion and 25° plantarflexion. The kinematic variables and integrated EMG （IEMG） of the three muscles were assessed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and a 3 × 3 （surface × muscle） ANOVA, respectively （p 〈 0.05）. Results： The IEMG results showed a significant muscle by surface interaction. The flat surface induced higher TA activity than the two tilted surfaces. The inverted surface produced significantly higher inversion peak angle and velocity than the flat surface, but similar PL activity across the surfaces. The MG IEMG, ankle plantarflexion angle, and inversion range of motion were significantly higher for the combined surface compared to the inverted surface. Conclusion： These findings suggest that compared to the inversion surface, the combined plantarflexion and inversion surface seems to provide a more unstable surface condition for lateral ankle sprains during landing.展开更多
Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence in all age groups,genders,and ethnicities.Most chronic disease deaths occur in middle-to low-income countries but are also a signifi...Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence in all age groups,genders,and ethnicities.Most chronic disease deaths occur in middle-to low-income countries but are also a significant health problem in developed nations.Multiple chronic diseases now affect children and adolescents as well as adults.Being physically inactive is associated with increased chronic disease risk.Global societies are being negatively impacted by the increasing prevalence of chronic disease which is directly related to rising healthcare expenditures,workforce complications regarding attendance and productivity,military personnel recruitment,and academic success.However,increased physical activity(PA)and exercise are associated with reduced chronic disease risk.Most physiologic systems in the body benefit positively from PA and exercise by primary disease prevention and secondary disease prevention/treatment.The purpose of this brief review is to describe the significant global problem of chronic diseases for adults and children,and how PA and exercise can provide a noninvasive means for added prevention and treatment.展开更多
Objective:To determine which intrinsic and extrinsic exertional heat illness(EHI)risk factors exist in youth American football players and observe perceptual and physiological responses of players during events(games ...Objective:To determine which intrinsic and extrinsic exertional heat illness(EHI)risk factors exist in youth American football players and observe perceptual and physiological responses of players during events(games and practices).Methods:Cross-sectional cohort study observing 63 youth football players,varying in position.Independent variables were league(weightrestricted(WR,n=27)and age-restricted(AR,n=36))and event type.Dependent variables were anthropometrics,work-to-rest ratio,and wet bulb globe temperature.Descriptive variables included preparticipation examination and uniform configuration.A subset of 16 players participated in physiological variables(heart rate and gastrointestinal temperature).Data collection occurred on 7 AR and 8 WR nonconsecutive practices and the first 3 games of the season.Results:Mean values for anthropometric variables were higher(p<0.05)in the AR league than the WR league.Work time(χ^2(1,111)=4.232;p=0.039)and rest time(χ^2(1,111)=43.41;p<0.001)were significantly greater for games,but ratios were significantly higher for practices(χ^2(1,111)=40.62;p<0.001).The majority of events(77%)observed were in black and red flag wet bulb globe temperature risk categories.A total of 57%of the players had a preparticipation examination,and up to 82%of events observed were in full uniforms.Individual gastrointestinal temperature and heart rate responses ranged widely and no players reached critical thresholds.Conclusion:Extrinsic(disproportionate work ratios,environmental conditions)and intrinsic(higher body mass index)EHI risk factors exist in youth football.Certain risk factors may be influenced by event and league type.National youth football organizations need to create thorough guidelines that address EHI risk factors for local leagues to adopt.展开更多
The significant increase in the number of older adults in China,coupled with continuing industrialization and urbanization,has profound social and economic ramifications,including the evolution of major challenges to ...The significant increase in the number of older adults in China,coupled with continuing industrialization and urbanization,has profound social and economic ramifications,including the evolution of major challenges to public health,elder care services,policy-making,and the nation’s healthcare system.While the unprecedented changes in political and economic structures have obviously increased China’s productivity and revenues,what is less well understood is how they展开更多
Background:This study examined the joint associations of sleep patterns and physical activity(PA) with all-cause,cardiovascular disease(CVD),and cancer mortality.Methods:A total of 341,248 adults(mean age=39.7 years;m...Background:This study examined the joint associations of sleep patterns and physical activity(PA) with all-cause,cardiovascular disease(CVD),and cancer mortality.Methods:A total of 341,248 adults(mean age=39.7 years;men:48.3%) were included in the study,with a 15-year follow-up.Participants reported sleep duration and disturbances(difficulty falling asleep,easily awakened,or use of sleeping medication).PA was classified into 4 levels:<7.5,7.5-14.9,15.0-29.9,and>30.0 metabolic equivalent hours per week(MET-h/week).To understand the joint associations of sleep patterns and PA with mortality,Cox proportional hazard models were conducted,with exposure variables combining sleep duration/disturbances and PA.Results:Compared with the reference group(sleeping 6-8 h/day),individuals who slept>8 h/day had higher risk for all-cause mortality(hazard ratio(HR)=1.307,95% confidence interval(95%CI):1.248-1.369),CVD mortality(HR=1.298,95%CI:1.165-1.445),and cancer mortality(HR=1.128,95%CI:1.042-1.220).Short sleep duration was not associated with mortality risk.Increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality was found in participants who had difficulty falling asleep(HR=1.120,95%CI:1.068-1.175;HR=1.163,95%CI:1.038-1.304,respectively),and used sleeping medication(HR=1.261,95%CI:1.159-1.372;HR=1.335,95%CI:1.102-1.618,respectively) compared with those who slept well.Long sleep duration and sleep disturbances were not associated with risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among individuals achieving a PA level of>15 MET-h/week,and in particular among those achieving> 30 MET-h/week.Conclusion:Long sleep duration,difficulty falling asleep,and use of sleeping medication were related to a higher risk of death.Being physically active at a moderate intensity for 25-65 min/day eliminated these detrimental associations.展开更多
Background:Recognizing sport-related concussion(SRC)is challenging and relies heavily on subjective symptom reports.An objective,biological marker could improve recognition and understanding of SRC.There is emerging e...Background:Recognizing sport-related concussion(SRC)is challenging and relies heavily on subjective symptom reports.An objective,biological marker could improve recognition and understanding of SRC.There is emerging evidence that salivary micro-ribonucleic acids(miRNAs)may serve as biomarkers of concussion;however,it remains unclear whether concussion-related miRNAs are impacted by exercise.We sought to determine whether40 miRNAs previously implicated in concussion pathophysiology were affected by participation in a variety of contact and non-contact sports.Our goal was to refine a miRNA-based tool capable of identifying athletes with SRC without the confounding effects of exercise.Methods:This case-control study harmonized data from concussed and non-concussed athletes recruited across 10 sites.Levels of salivary miRNAs within 455 samples from 314 individuals were measured with RNA sequencing.Within-subjects testing was used to identify and exclude miRNAs that changed with either(a)a single episode of exercise(166 samples from 83 individuals)or(b)season-long participation in contact sports(212 samples from 106 individuals).The miRNAs that were not impacted by exercise were interrogated for SRC diagnostic utility using logistic regression(172 samples from 75 concussed and 97 non-concussed individuals).Results:Two miRNAs(miR-532-5p and miR-182-5p)decreased(adjusted p<0.05)after a single episode of exercise,and 1 miRNA(miR-4510)increased only after contact sports participation.Twenty-three miRNAs changed at the end of a contact sports season.Two of these miRNAs(miR-26b-3p and miR-29c-3p)were associated(R>0.50;adjusted p<0.05)with the number of head impacts sustained in a single football practice.Among the 15 miRNAs not confounded by exercise or season-long contact sports participation,11 demonstrated a significant difference(adjusted p<0.05)between concussed and non-concussed participants,and 6 displayed moderate ability(area under curve>0.70)to identify concussion.A single ratio(miR-27a-5p/miR-30a-3p)displayed the highest accuracy(AUC=0.810,sensitivity=82.4%,specificity=73.3%)for differentiating concussed and non-concussed participants.Accuracy did not differ between participants with SRC and non-SRC(z=0.5,p=0.60).Conclusion:Salivary miRNA levels may accurately identify SRC when not confounded by exercise.Refinement of this approach in a large cohort of athletes could eventually lead to a non-invasive,sideline adjunct for SRC assessment.展开更多
Purpose:The purposes of the present study were:(1)to determine whether the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold(PWCFT)model that has been used for estimating the onset of neuromuscular fatigue in the vas...Purpose:The purposes of the present study were:(1)to determine whether the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold(PWCFT)model that has been used for estimating the onset of neuromuscular fatigue in the vastus lateralis(VL)during incremental treadmill running could also be applied to the vastus medialis(VM),biceps femoris(BF),and semitendinosus(ST)muscles;and(2)if applicable,to compare the running velocities associated with the PWCFT among these muscles.Methods:Eleven subjects(age 21.7±1.8 years)performed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion with electromyographic signals recorded from the VL,VM,BF,and ST.Results:The results indicated there were no significant(p>0.05)mean differences in the running velocities associated with the PWCFT for the VL(14.4±2.0 km/h),VM(14.3±1.9 km/h),BF(13.8±1.8 km/h),and ST(14.7±2.3 km/h).In addition,there were significant inter-correlations(r=0.68-0.88)among running velocities associated with the PWCFT of each muscle.Individual results also indicated that 9 of the 11 subjects exhibited identical PWCFT values for at least 3 of the 4 muscles,but there were no uniform patterns for any intra-individual differences.Conclusion:The findings of the present study suggested that the PWCFT test is a viable method to identify neuromuscular fatigue in the quadriceps and hamstrings during incremental treadmill exercise and results in consistent PWCFT values among these muscles.展开更多
基金supported by the National Institutes of Health for the Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research(award No.P20GM144269)support from the Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health(award No.KL2TR002367)supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health(award No.TL1TR002368)。
文摘Overweight and obesity are significant public health concerns worldwide due to their association with many chronic health conditions.This has resulted in the development of various interventions focused on weight loss to reduce the associated health burden.Physical activity is an important lifestyle behavior associated with enhanced health.Evidence supports that many of the benefits of physical activity are realized independent of initial weight status or whether weight loss is achieved,with some benefits additive to what is achieved with weight loss alone.These benefits include enhanced cardiometabolic,brain,cognitive and psychological health,and others.Moreover,in adults with overweight or obesity,physical activity has independent effects on cardiorespiratory fitness,muscular strength,physical function,and mobility.There are also benefits to body composition,with physical activity improving the quality of key tissues,such as skeletal muscle,which may not occur with diet-induced weight loss.Therefore,physical activity is an important public health target for adults with overweight or obesity to provide a wide range of health benefits that extend beyond those of weight loss alone.However,physical activity recommendations and programming efforts should consider the unique characteristics of adults with overweight or obesity to be most effective,and should support a focus on mobility,physical function,and other health outcomes.
基金US National Institutes of Health Grants(K99AG031297 and RR024992)(Washington University School of Medicine Clinical Translational Science Award)
文摘Background： Poor sleep quality is associated with adverse effects on health outcomes. It is not clear whether exercise can improve sleep quality and whether intensity of exercise affects any of the effects. Methods： Fifteen healthy, non-obese （body mass index = 24.4 ± 2.1 kg/m^2, mean 4- SD）, sedentary （〈20 min of exercise on no more than 3 times/week） older women （66.1 ± 3.9 years） volunteered for the study. Peak oxygen consumption （VO2peak） was evaluated using a graded exercise test on a treadmill with a metabolic cart. Following a 7-day baseline period, each participant completed two exercise sessions （separated by 1 week） with equal caloric expenditure, but at different intensities （60% and 45% VO2peak, sequence randomized） between 9：00 and 11：00 am. A wrist ActiGraph monitor was used to assess sleep at baseline and two nights following each exercise session. Results： The average duration of the exercise was 54 and 72 rain, respectively at 60% （moderate-intensity） and 45% VO2peak （light-intensity）. Wake time after sleep onset was significantly shorter （p = 0.016）, the number of awakenings was less （p = 0.046）, and total activity counts were lower （p = 0.05） after the moderate-intensity exercise compared to baseline no-exercise condition. Conclusion： Our data showed that a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session improved sleep quality in older women.
基金supported in part by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology to Yu-Kai Chang (NSC 102-2410-H-179-014-MY3)
文摘Purpose： The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute exercise on motor response inhibition using both behavioral and electrophysiological approaches. Methods： The P3 and N1 event-related potential （ERP） components were recorded while performing a stop-signal task in 21 college students following a moderately intense acute exercise bout for 30 min and a sedentary control session that involved reading. Results： Acute exercise induced a shorter stop signal response time （SSRT） as compared to control; however, the go response time （Go RT） remained unchanged. In examining the ERP data, acute exercise increased both P3 amplitude and latency but did not affect the N1 component. Conclusion： Acute exercise has a selective and beneficial effect on cognitive function, specifically affecting the motor response inhibition aspect of executive function. Furthermore, acute exercise predominately impacts later stages of information processing during motor response inhibition, which may lead to an increase in attentional resource allocation and confer the ability to successfully withhold a response to achieve motor response inhibition.
文摘Background:Patients undergoing dialysis have high mortality rates and a unique risk factor profile. Some improvements elicited by exercise training have been shown in dialysis populations, here we aimed to further explore the bene-fits of exercise. As well as changes in physical fitness we quantified cardiac function, depression, serum biochemistry, dialysis adequacy and energy intake following exercise training in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undertaking dialysis. Methods:A systematic literature search was completed in December 2012 identifying randomized, controlled trials of exercise training studies in haemodialysis (HD) patients. A subsequent meta-analysis was conducted.Results: Twenty four studies were included, totalling 879 patients. Exercise training produced significant improvements in physical fitness: peak VO2 5.03 mlO2·kg-1·min-1 (95% CI 3.73, 6.33, p 0.0001), Knee extensor strength 2.99 kg (95% CI 0.46, 5.52, p = 0.02) and 6 minute walk distance 60.7 metres (95% CI 18.9, 103, p = 0.004). Significant increases in energy intake MD 238 Kcal·day-1 (95% CI 94, 383, p = 0.001), serum Interleukin-6 MD-0.58 pg·ml-1 (95% CI-1.01, -0.15, p = 0.008) and Creactive protein MD 0.92 mg/L-1 (95% CI 0.29, 1.56, p = 0.004), but not Albumin or BMI, were reported. Improved Beck Depression scores were reported MD-6.9 (95% CI-9.7,-4.1, p 0.00001). Dialysis adequacy was reduced MD-0.23 (95% CI -0.29, -0.17, p 0.00001), while serum potassium was higher MD 0.14 mmol·L-1 (95% CI 0.01, 0.27, p = 0.04). Moreover exercise training appeared safe, with no direct exercise-associated deaths in over 30,000 patient-hours. Conclusions: Our pooled analyses confirmed improvements in physical fitness following exercise training and suggested additional improvements in dialysis efficiency (kt/v), serum potassium, inflammation and depression in HD patients.
文摘Glycemic variability is a more sensitive assessment of glycemic health as opposed to traditional clinical mea-surements.It considers all blood glucose concentrations over a given period to better account for glucose oscil-lations that occur and provides clinicians with insight into how individuals regulate and/or maintain their glycemic health.The advancement of continuous glucose monitoring(CGM)allows for the measurement of free-living glucose concentrations while providing a more reliable assessment of treatment of dysregulated glycemic.CGM coupled with management of lifestyle behavioral factors,such as reduced sedentary behavior and increased physical activity and regular exercise,potentially offers a previously untapped method for promoting improved glycemic health through greater regulation of glucose concentrations.The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the evidence regarding the measurement of glycemic variability and summarize the current under-standing of the relationship between glycemic variability,sedentary behavior,physical activity,the influence of a single exercise session or repeated exercise sessions,and exercise training.This review considers information pertaining to the strengths and limitations for measuring glycemic variability and provides insight into future study designs aimed at evaluating the relationship between sedentary behavior and physical activity with,as well as the influence of exercise on,glycemic variability as a primary outcome.
基金supported by NIH grants R01-AG/ DK20583,P30-AG21332,and M01-RR07122
文摘Background:Hormone sensitive lipase(HSL) is an enzyme that regulates adipose tissue lipolysis and plays an important role in chronic exerciseinduced changes in adipose tissue metabolism.The purpose of this study was to determine whether aerobic exercise intensity influences abdominal adipose tissue HSL gene expression in obese women under weight loss. Methods:Thirty women(body mass index(BMI) = 33.0±0.7 kg/m^2,age = 58±1 years) completed one of three 20-week interventions: caloric restriction alone(CR only,n = 8),CR plus moderate-intensity exercise(CR + moderate-intensity,45%—50%heart rate reserve(HRR). 3 day/week,n = 9),or CR plus vigorous-intensity exercise(CR + vigorous-intensity,70%—75%HRR,3 day/week,n = 13).Each group had a similar prescribed energy deficit comprised of underfeeding alone(2800 kcal/week for CR only) or underfeeding(2400 kcal/week) plus exercise(400 kcal/week).Body composition and maximal aerobic capacity(VO_2max) were measured,and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue samples were collected before and after the interventions.Adipose tissue HSL gene expression was measured by real time reversetranscriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results:All three interventions reduced body weight,fat mass,percent fat.and waist to a similar degree(all p < 0.01).In addition,all interventions did not change absolute VO_2 max,but increased relative VO_2 max(p < 0.05 to P < 0.01).Compared to pre-intervention.neither CR only nor CR + moderate-intensity changed adipose tissue HSL gene expression,but CR + vigorous-intensity significantly increased adipose tissue HSL gene expression(p < 0.01).The changes of HSL gene expression levels in the CR + vigorous-intensity group were significantly different from those in the CR only(p < 0.05) and CR + moderate-intensity(p < 0.01) groups.In the whole cohort,changes in adipose tissue HSL gene expression correlated positively to changes in absolute(r = 0.55,p < 0.01) and relative(r = 0.32,p = 0.09) VO_2 max. Conclusion:These results support a potential effect of aerobic exercise training intensity on hormone sensitive lipase pathway in adipose tissue metabolism in obese women under weight loss.
文摘Lymphedema is an atypical accumulation of high-proteinfluid located just beneath the skin, which often occurs in the arm or leg. Exercising with lymphedema was traditionally considered to be unsafe. However, recent research indicates that exercise may be beneficial to individuals with lymphedema. Studies indicate that exercise can improve the range of motion and strength of the afflicted limb(s), as well as overall fitness and functional quality of life, and can be performed without exacerbating symptoms of lymphedema.
文摘BRICS is the acronym for an international association of 5 major emerging national economies： Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.According to the World Economic Forum, the BRICS economies are the most competitive among all cotmtries and are distinguished by their significant regional and global influence. The health and wellness of the people within these countries is a primary agenda item of these governments for connecting their fast economic growth and the need to provide a better quality of life. As of 2015, BRICS countries represent 〉3.6 billion people or one-half of the world population. All 5 countries are members of the top 25 countries of the world by population and 4 of these cotmtries make the top 10 on this list.
文摘Exercise has widely been shown to improve cognition, potentially by making individuals more receptive to sensory stimulation or inhibiting irrelevant information. Caffeine, one of the world’s most widely used stimulants, seems to have similar effects. It seems that both exercise and caffeine improve cognitive function separately, but little research has been done examining their combined effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of caffeine and exercise, independently and combined, on cognitive function. 20 healthy college students completed the study. These participants were low caffeine consumers. Each participant came to the lab 5 times. During the first session, they completed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine ventilatory threshold (VT). The following four sessions were test sessions involving supplementation and exercise. During these, each participant engaged in 30 minutes of cycling (at 90% VT) or 30 minutes of quiet reading after consuming either caffeine (at 4 mg/kg body weight) or a placebo. The Contingent Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Task were used to measure cognitive function and were completed 5 minutes and 20 minutes after exercise or quiet reading. There were no significant differences found for any variables tested, for condition effect, time effect or condition*time interaction, except for a significant time effect on false alarms on the Contingent CPT (p = 0.017). This study may have been limited by multiple variables including the population, executive function measures, caffeine dosage, or exercise prescription. These findings point to the need for future research to understand the changes in cognition from exercise and caffeine in combination. Future research may include looking at exercise at different intensities, different dosages of caffeine, or looking at the long-term cognitive effects.
文摘Background: Taichi softball was voted as one of the most popular health-promoting exercises in the category of ball games, which is attributed to that Taichi softball is not only beneficial for lower extremity-related physical health (e.g., balance, leg strength, and flexibility), but can also develop manipulative skill and hand-eye coordination (eating, bathing, dressing, bathing required manipulative skills, grips movement and strength). However, the positive effects of Taichi softball on physical health have rarely been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of Taichi softball on physical health. Methods: Five electronic databases were used to conduct literature searches. Two review authors independently extracted data in a standardized manner. The methodological quality of studies included was independently evaluated according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s for Assessing Risk of Bias from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review Interventions. The standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using more conservative random effects model were calculated. Results: The sample size of 411 participants ranged from 32 to 150 in the RCTs, along with a wide age range from 18 to 75. The length of Taichi softball intervention peri-ods in the eligible studies ranged from 12 weeks to 12 months. The participants in the studies consisted of healthy college students, patients with Type 2 diabe-tes, and older adults from community centers. Six randomized controlled trials were used for the meta-analysis. The aggregated results are in favor of Taichi softball on improving physical health in participants with healthy status and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The improvement on the primary components of the physical health consisted of handgrip strength (SMD, -0.6, 95% CI -0.84 to 0.36, p < 0.00001), trunk flexibility (SMD, -0.4, 95% CI -0.74 to -0.05, p = 0.03), static (SMD, -0.73, 95% CI -0.94 to -0.51, p < 0.00001) and dynamic balance (SMD, -0.68, 95% CI -1.2 to -0.17, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Taichi softball appears to be beneficial for improving physical health (hand strength, physical balance, flexibility, aerobic endurance, resting heart rate, diastolic and systolic pressures) among healthy adults and patients with Type 2 Diabetes. However, because of the low methodological quality of assessment, ill-designed experimental designs, and small study size, a definite conclusion of Taichi softball improving physical health can be confirmed along with high-quality studies with long follow-up.
文摘This study examined the effects of combined anti-inflammatories and specific nutrients on recovery from resistance exercises. Trained individuals （n = 14） performed three sets to failure at a 8-12 repetition maximum load for six resistance exercises, then repeated this workout after 24 h. Participants consumed a protein-carbohydrate shake （330 ml; 20 g protein; 45 g carbohydrate）, vitamin C （1000 mg）, vitamin E （400 I.U.） and ibuprofen （100 mg） immediately after the initial workout. Another dose of vitamin C and ibuprofen were respectively consumed 1 h or 30 min before the second workout. On another occasion （counterbalanced） a placebo of flavored water, two imitation vitamins （gummy candies）, and two replica ibuprofen （sugar pills） were consumed. A 10-cm visual analog scale （VAS） assessed pain, ratings of perceived exertion （RPE）, and ratings of perceived recovery （RPR）. Treatment enhanced performance-based recovery （repetitions after 24h） for the chest press （P 〈 0.010） and latissimus pull-down （P 〈 0.010）. Within-condition comparisons revealed performance decrements （P 〈 0.050） after 24 h for 83% of the exercises under placebo, compared to 50% of exercises under treatment. Treatment enhanced RPR （P = 0.038） compared to placebo, but had no significant effects on residual （P = 0.215） or exercise （P 〉 0.050） pain. RPE was lower under the treatment for the chest press （P = 0.016） and overall workout （P = 0.038） on Day 1, but similar among all exercises on Day 2 （P 〉 0.050）. This treatment may promote increases in performance without increasing pain or RPE.
文摘The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of an acute bout of aerobic exercise （AE） and resistance exercise （RE） on body composition measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis （MBIA） in adults. Ninety-five recreationally active young adults （46 women and 49 men） reported for testing on three occasions. After an initial MBIA assessment, subjects performed 45 minutes of continuous AE, RE, or did nothing, which served as the control （CON）. During the AE trial, subjects performed an acute bout of treadmill exercise at 60%-75% of their age predicted maximal heart rate （APHRmax）. The RE trial consisted of an 8-exercise circuit consisting of; 3 sets of 10-12 repetitions at 65%-75% of their one-repetition max （1RM） for each exercise. During the CON trial, subjects sat quietly in the laboratory. Body composition was reassessed immediately following the exercise bouts for comparison. Mean percent body fat （%BF） decreased following the exercise bouts （AE = 0.7%, RE = 1.6%; P 〈 0.001） likely due to significant （P 〈 0.001） reductions in impedance （AE： 40Ω, 32Ω, and 29Ω; RE： 4592, 29Ω, and 28Ω） measured at 5, 50 and 500 kHz. Conversely, significant increases in %BF （0.7%, P 〈 0.05）, body mass （0.2 kg, P 〈 0.001）, and impedance at 5 and 50 kHz （15Ω and 16Ω; P 〈0.001） were observed following the CON trial. These findings support that MBIA assessments should be performed prior to exercise in order to prevent exercise-induced reductions in %BF values.
文摘Background:This paper aimed to systematically review the literature regarding the effects of resistance training(RT)performed at longer-muscle length(LML)versus shorter-muscle length(SML)on proxy measurements for longitudinal hypertrophy.Methods:We included studies that satisfied the following criteria:(1)be a resistance training intervention with a comparison of LML vs SML-RT;(2)assess both fascicle length(FL)and muscle size pre-and post-intervention;(3)involve healthy adults aged≥18 years;(4)be published in an English-language journal,and;(5)have a minimum training intervention duration of 4 weeks.Three databases were searched in February 2024(Google Scholar,PubMed/Medline,Scopus)for relevant articles,alongside'forward'and'backward'citation searching of articles included and additions via authors'personal knowledge.The results of studies were described narratively,compared,and contrasted.Eight studies met the inclusion criteria,totaling a sample size of 120.Results:Our results suggest that both muscle size and fascicle length increases may be greater following LML-RT versus SML-RT,suggesting LML-RT may lead to greater longitudinal hypertrophy than SML-RT.Notably,evidence is largely mixed;no studies to date have attempted to estimate serial sarcomere number changes from LML versus SML-RT,and all but one study used linear extrapolation methods to estimate FL,which has questionable validity.Therefore,the structural adaptations underlying hypertrophy from LML-RT remain undetermined.Conclusion:In conclusion,results suggest that LML-RT may be superior to SML-RT for inducing muscle hypertrophy and,more specifically,longitudinal growth,though evidence is mixed.
文摘Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of landing kinematics and electromyographic （EMG） activities of medial gastrocnemius on a combined inversion and plantarflexion surface on the ankle （MG）, peroneus longus （PL）, and tibialis anterior （TA） muscles. Methods： Twelve recreational athletes performed five drop landings from an overhead bar of 30 cm height on to three surfaces： a flat surface, a 25° inversion surface, and a combined surface of 25° inversion and 25° plantarflexion. The kinematic variables and integrated EMG （IEMG） of the three muscles were assessed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and a 3 × 3 （surface × muscle） ANOVA, respectively （p 〈 0.05）. Results： The IEMG results showed a significant muscle by surface interaction. The flat surface induced higher TA activity than the two tilted surfaces. The inverted surface produced significantly higher inversion peak angle and velocity than the flat surface, but similar PL activity across the surfaces. The MG IEMG, ankle plantarflexion angle, and inversion range of motion were significantly higher for the combined surface compared to the inverted surface. Conclusion： These findings suggest that compared to the inversion surface, the combined plantarflexion and inversion surface seems to provide a more unstable surface condition for lateral ankle sprains during landing.
文摘Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with increasing prevalence in all age groups,genders,and ethnicities.Most chronic disease deaths occur in middle-to low-income countries but are also a significant health problem in developed nations.Multiple chronic diseases now affect children and adolescents as well as adults.Being physically inactive is associated with increased chronic disease risk.Global societies are being negatively impacted by the increasing prevalence of chronic disease which is directly related to rising healthcare expenditures,workforce complications regarding attendance and productivity,military personnel recruitment,and academic success.However,increased physical activity(PA)and exercise are associated with reduced chronic disease risk.Most physiologic systems in the body benefit positively from PA and exercise by primary disease prevention and secondary disease prevention/treatment.The purpose of this brief review is to describe the significant global problem of chronic diseases for adults and children,and how PA and exercise can provide a noninvasive means for added prevention and treatment.
文摘Objective:To determine which intrinsic and extrinsic exertional heat illness(EHI)risk factors exist in youth American football players and observe perceptual and physiological responses of players during events(games and practices).Methods:Cross-sectional cohort study observing 63 youth football players,varying in position.Independent variables were league(weightrestricted(WR,n=27)and age-restricted(AR,n=36))and event type.Dependent variables were anthropometrics,work-to-rest ratio,and wet bulb globe temperature.Descriptive variables included preparticipation examination and uniform configuration.A subset of 16 players participated in physiological variables(heart rate and gastrointestinal temperature).Data collection occurred on 7 AR and 8 WR nonconsecutive practices and the first 3 games of the season.Results:Mean values for anthropometric variables were higher(p<0.05)in the AR league than the WR league.Work time(χ^2(1,111)=4.232;p=0.039)and rest time(χ^2(1,111)=43.41;p<0.001)were significantly greater for games,but ratios were significantly higher for practices(χ^2(1,111)=40.62;p<0.001).The majority of events(77%)observed were in black and red flag wet bulb globe temperature risk categories.A total of 57%of the players had a preparticipation examination,and up to 82%of events observed were in full uniforms.Individual gastrointestinal temperature and heart rate responses ranged widely and no players reached critical thresholds.Conclusion:Extrinsic(disproportionate work ratios,environmental conditions)and intrinsic(higher body mass index)EHI risk factors exist in youth football.Certain risk factors may be influenced by event and league type.National youth football organizations need to create thorough guidelines that address EHI risk factors for local leagues to adopt.
文摘The significant increase in the number of older adults in China,coupled with continuing industrialization and urbanization,has profound social and economic ramifications,including the evolution of major challenges to public health,elder care services,policy-making,and the nation’s healthcare system.While the unprecedented changes in political and economic structures have obviously increased China’s productivity and revenues,what is less well understood is how they
基金PWK’s work is supported in part by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 108-2410-H-018-028-MY3)funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC) through a Senior Research Fellowship。
文摘Background:This study examined the joint associations of sleep patterns and physical activity(PA) with all-cause,cardiovascular disease(CVD),and cancer mortality.Methods:A total of 341,248 adults(mean age=39.7 years;men:48.3%) were included in the study,with a 15-year follow-up.Participants reported sleep duration and disturbances(difficulty falling asleep,easily awakened,or use of sleeping medication).PA was classified into 4 levels:<7.5,7.5-14.9,15.0-29.9,and>30.0 metabolic equivalent hours per week(MET-h/week).To understand the joint associations of sleep patterns and PA with mortality,Cox proportional hazard models were conducted,with exposure variables combining sleep duration/disturbances and PA.Results:Compared with the reference group(sleeping 6-8 h/day),individuals who slept>8 h/day had higher risk for all-cause mortality(hazard ratio(HR)=1.307,95% confidence interval(95%CI):1.248-1.369),CVD mortality(HR=1.298,95%CI:1.165-1.445),and cancer mortality(HR=1.128,95%CI:1.042-1.220).Short sleep duration was not associated with mortality risk.Increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality was found in participants who had difficulty falling asleep(HR=1.120,95%CI:1.068-1.175;HR=1.163,95%CI:1.038-1.304,respectively),and used sleeping medication(HR=1.261,95%CI:1.159-1.372;HR=1.335,95%CI:1.102-1.618,respectively) compared with those who slept well.Long sleep duration and sleep disturbances were not associated with risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among individuals achieving a PA level of>15 MET-h/week,and in particular among those achieving> 30 MET-h/week.Conclusion:Long sleep duration,difficulty falling asleep,and use of sleeping medication were related to a higher risk of death.Being physically active at a moderate intensity for 25-65 min/day eliminated these detrimental associations.
基金supported by a sponsored research agreement between Quadrant Biosciences and the Penn State College of Medicine to ACLsupported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences(Grant KL2 TR002015,Grant UL1 TR002014)。
文摘Background:Recognizing sport-related concussion(SRC)is challenging and relies heavily on subjective symptom reports.An objective,biological marker could improve recognition and understanding of SRC.There is emerging evidence that salivary micro-ribonucleic acids(miRNAs)may serve as biomarkers of concussion;however,it remains unclear whether concussion-related miRNAs are impacted by exercise.We sought to determine whether40 miRNAs previously implicated in concussion pathophysiology were affected by participation in a variety of contact and non-contact sports.Our goal was to refine a miRNA-based tool capable of identifying athletes with SRC without the confounding effects of exercise.Methods:This case-control study harmonized data from concussed and non-concussed athletes recruited across 10 sites.Levels of salivary miRNAs within 455 samples from 314 individuals were measured with RNA sequencing.Within-subjects testing was used to identify and exclude miRNAs that changed with either(a)a single episode of exercise(166 samples from 83 individuals)or(b)season-long participation in contact sports(212 samples from 106 individuals).The miRNAs that were not impacted by exercise were interrogated for SRC diagnostic utility using logistic regression(172 samples from 75 concussed and 97 non-concussed individuals).Results:Two miRNAs(miR-532-5p and miR-182-5p)decreased(adjusted p<0.05)after a single episode of exercise,and 1 miRNA(miR-4510)increased only after contact sports participation.Twenty-three miRNAs changed at the end of a contact sports season.Two of these miRNAs(miR-26b-3p and miR-29c-3p)were associated(R>0.50;adjusted p<0.05)with the number of head impacts sustained in a single football practice.Among the 15 miRNAs not confounded by exercise or season-long contact sports participation,11 demonstrated a significant difference(adjusted p<0.05)between concussed and non-concussed participants,and 6 displayed moderate ability(area under curve>0.70)to identify concussion.A single ratio(miR-27a-5p/miR-30a-3p)displayed the highest accuracy(AUC=0.810,sensitivity=82.4%,specificity=73.3%)for differentiating concussed and non-concussed participants.Accuracy did not differ between participants with SRC and non-SRC(z=0.5,p=0.60).Conclusion:Salivary miRNA levels may accurately identify SRC when not confounded by exercise.Refinement of this approach in a large cohort of athletes could eventually lead to a non-invasive,sideline adjunct for SRC assessment.
基金funded by a Faculty Research Grant through the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse,La Crosse,Wisconsin,USA.
文摘Purpose:The purposes of the present study were:(1)to determine whether the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold(PWCFT)model that has been used for estimating the onset of neuromuscular fatigue in the vastus lateralis(VL)during incremental treadmill running could also be applied to the vastus medialis(VM),biceps femoris(BF),and semitendinosus(ST)muscles;and(2)if applicable,to compare the running velocities associated with the PWCFT among these muscles.Methods:Eleven subjects(age 21.7±1.8 years)performed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion with electromyographic signals recorded from the VL,VM,BF,and ST.Results:The results indicated there were no significant(p>0.05)mean differences in the running velocities associated with the PWCFT for the VL(14.4±2.0 km/h),VM(14.3±1.9 km/h),BF(13.8±1.8 km/h),and ST(14.7±2.3 km/h).In addition,there were significant inter-correlations(r=0.68-0.88)among running velocities associated with the PWCFT of each muscle.Individual results also indicated that 9 of the 11 subjects exhibited identical PWCFT values for at least 3 of the 4 muscles,but there were no uniform patterns for any intra-individual differences.Conclusion:The findings of the present study suggested that the PWCFT test is a viable method to identify neuromuscular fatigue in the quadriceps and hamstrings during incremental treadmill exercise and results in consistent PWCFT values among these muscles.
