The mobility,bioavailability,and environmental fate of heavy metals in soil are controlled by their adsorption onto soil minerals and solid organic matter.The adsorption is strongly affected by the presence of various...The mobility,bioavailability,and environmental fate of heavy metals in soil are controlled by their adsorption onto soil minerals and solid organic matter.The adsorption is strongly affected by the presence of various low-molecular-weight organic acids.In this study,effect of hydroxamate siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) on cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) adsorption onto two micaceous clay minerals,muscovite and phlogopite,was evaluated in batch experiments.Results showed that the presence of DFOB diminished the adsorption of Cd and Zn onto both minerals,particularly under neutral to alkaline pH conditions.For instance,at pH 8.2,the presence of DFOB caused a decrease in the adsorption of Zn onto phlogopite by nearly 50%.The equilibrium adsorption of Cd and Zn was satisfactorily described using Freundlich isotherm.The adsorption isotherms showed that the affinity of Cd and Zn onto the minerals decreased in the presence of DFOB.For example,at pH 8.0,the presence of siderophore caused a decrease in the Freundlich adsorption isotherm coefficient KF for Zn adsorption onto muscovite and phlogopite from 4.60 to 0.07 L g^-1 and from 3.56 to 0.36 L g^-1,respectively.These findings confirm the potential influence of siderophore on the fate of Cd and Zn in arid soils containing substantial contributions of micaceous silicate minerals.展开更多
Pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type used to produce biochar influence the physicochemical properties of the obtained product, which in turn display a range of results when used as soil amendment. From soil carbon...Pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type used to produce biochar influence the physicochemical properties of the obtained product, which in turn display a range of results when used as soil amendment. From soil carbon (C) sequestration strategy to nutrient source, biochar is used to enhance soil properties and to improve agricultural production. However, contrasting effects are observed from biochar application to soil results from a wide range of biochar’s properties in combination with specific environmental conditions. Therefore, elucidation on the effect of pyrolysis conditions and feedstock type on biochar properties may provide basic information to the understanding of soil and biochar interactions. In this study, biochar was produced from four different agricultural organic residues: Poultry litter, sugarcane straw, rice hull and sawdust pyrolysed at final temperatures of 350°C, 450°C, 550°C and 650°C. The effect of temperature and feedstock type on the variability of physicochemical properties of biochars was evaluated through measurements of pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, macronutrient content, proximate and elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analyses. Additionally, an incubation trial was carried under controlled conditions to determine the effect of biochar stability on CO2-eq emissions. Results showed that increasing pyrolysis temperature supported biochar stability regardless of feedstock, however, agricultural properties varied widely both as an effect of temperature and feedstock. Animal manure biochar showed higher potential as nutrient source rather than a C sequestration strategy. Improving the knowledge on the influence of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type on the final properties of biochar will enable the use of better tailored materials that correspond to the expected results while considering its interactions with environmental conditions.展开更多
Nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)are among the major components of brown carbon(BrC)in the atmosphere,causing negative impacts on regional climate,air quality,and ecological health.Due to the extensive origins,it is stil...Nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)are among the major components of brown carbon(BrC)in the atmosphere,causing negative impacts on regional climate,air quality,and ecological health.Due to the extensive origins,it is still a challenge to figure out the contributions and originating regions for different sources of atmospheric NACs.Here,field observations on fine particulate NACs were conducted at a coastal rural area in Qingdao,China in the winter of 2018 and 2019.The mean total concentrations of fine particulate nitro-aromatic compounds were 125.0±89.5 and 27.7±21.1 ng/m^(3)in the winter of 2018 and 2019,respectively.Among the measured eleven NACs,nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were the most abundant species.Variation characteristics and correlation analysis showed that humidity and anthropogenic primary emissions had significant influences on the NAC abundances.In this study,two tracing methods of the improved spatial concentration weighted trajectory(SCWT)model and the receptor model of positive matrix factorization(PMF)were combined to comprehensively understand the origins of NACs in fine particles at coastal Qingdao.Four major sources were identified,including coal combustion,biomass burning,vehicle exhaust,and secondary formation.Surprisingly,coal combustion was responsible for about half of the observed nitro-aromatic compounds,followed by biomass burning(~30%).The results by SCWT demonstrated that the coal combustion dominated NACs mainly originated from the Shandong peninsula and the areas to the north and southwest,while those dominated by biomass burning primarily came from local Qingdao and the areas to the west.展开更多
Background:Forests perform various important ecosystem functions that contribute to ecosystem services.In many parts of the world,forest management has shifted from a focus on timber production to multi-purpose forest...Background:Forests perform various important ecosystem functions that contribute to ecosystem services.In many parts of the world,forest management has shifted from a focus on timber production to multi-purpose forestry,combining timber production with the supply of other forest ecosystem services.However,it is unclear which forest types provide which ecosystem services and to what extent forests primarily managed for timber already supply multiple ecosystem services.Based on a comprehensive dataset collected across 150 forest plots in three regions differing in management intensity and species composition,we develop models to predict the potential supply of 13 ecosystem services.We use those models to assess the level of multifunctionality of managed forests at the national level using national forest inventory data.Results:Looking at the potential supply of ecosystem services,we found trade-offs(e.g.between both bark beetle control or dung decomposition and both productivity or soil carbon stocks)as well as synergies(e.g.for temperature regulation,carbon storage and culturally interesting plants)across the 53 most dominant forest types in Germany.No single forest type provided all ecosystem services equally.Some ecosystem services showed comparable levels across forest types(e.g.decomposition or richness of saprotrophs),while others varied strongly,depending on forest structural attributes(e.g.phosphorous availability or cover of edible plants)or tree species composition(e.g.potential nitrification activity).Variability in potential supply of ecosystem services was only to a lesser extent driven by environmental conditions.However,the geographic variation in ecosystem function supply across Germany was closely linked with the distribution of main tree species.Conclusions:Our results show that forest multifunctionality is limited to subsets of ecosystem services.The importance of tree species composition highlights that a lack of multifunctionality at the stand level can be compensated by managing forests at the landscape level,when stands of complementary forest types are combined.These results imply that multi-purpose forestry should be based on a variety of forest types requiring coordinated planning across larger spatial scales.展开更多
Seeking the possibility of the formation of benzoic acids from benzyl halides in natural soil, a model oxidation reaction of the halides was carried out in the presence of water and soil in an open air under UV light ...Seeking the possibility of the formation of benzoic acids from benzyl halides in natural soil, a model oxidation reaction of the halides was carried out in the presence of water and soil in an open air under UV light irradiation. Addition of TiO2 to soil raised the yield of the acid, implying such a metal oxide plays a real catalytic role in this oxidation. By these supplementary experiments, one of the possibilities for the formation of benzoic acids in natural soil from benzyl chlorides was supported.展开更多
This study examined the effect of reducing disposable plastic checkout bags used in supermarkets, convenience stores, and so on in Japan. Considering that even when these checkout bags are abolished, alternative waste...This study examined the effect of reducing disposable plastic checkout bags used in supermarkets, convenience stores, and so on in Japan. Considering that even when these checkout bags are abolished, alternative waste bags should be newly produced, because these checkout bags have been reused as household waste bags so far, and the corresponding amount of oil is still necessary to produce them, the amount of oil saved by this bag reduction was found to be 0.2 L/person/year at most. Further, it was demonstrated that the necessity to purchase substitute bags may increase the household and financial burden on consumers.展开更多
The present study examined the effects of air pollutants on people’s health, focusing on dust produced from automobile tires while cars drive on roads. The annual volume of dust resulting from tire wear, calculated b...The present study examined the effects of air pollutants on people’s health, focusing on dust produced from automobile tires while cars drive on roads. The annual volume of dust resulting from tire wear, calculated based on the number of automobiles registered in Japan, was 1747245.4 m3. To put it simply, this translates to approximately 1.4 times the volume of the Tokyo Dome, a famous Japanese baseball stadium. Particulate substances are categorized into three groups depending on their size, and dust resulting from tire wear is classified into the coarse particle mode along with mold spores, pollen, and dust produced from brake pads. This study examined whether or not tire dust causes health damage similarly to pollen, a particulate substance in the same group. There were 38/cm2 dust particles resulting from tire wear on a busy road in Osaka Prefecture, and this number was larger than that of cedar pollen/cm2 (35), a cause of hay fever, identified in Hokkaido. The results suggest that tire dust may also adversely affect the health of people if any of its constituents has a toxicity or causes allergies.展开更多
Heat stress(HS)has become a significant challenge for poultry farming due to an increase in global temperatures.Existing literature suggests that the health effects of HS in chickens are related to its impact on the g...Heat stress(HS)has become a significant challenge for poultry farming due to an increase in global temperatures.Existing literature suggests that the health effects of HS in chickens are related to its impact on the gastrointestinal tract.While there is evidence of the detrimental consequences of HS on the gut structure,little is known about the effects of HS on the microbial population inhabiting this organ.Fortunately,recent advancements in"omics"technologies have made investigating the interaction between HS and the gut microbiota possible.Therefore,a systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of HS on chicken gut microbiota.In July 2024,a comprehensive literature search was performed across scientific repositories,including Scopus,PubMed,Science Direct,and Google Scholar.Eighteen studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion and a qualitative synthesis of their results was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.Current evidence indicates that HS poses a significant challenge to the gastrointestinal system of chickens,resulting in a range of physiological reactions.These changes trigger fierce competition among beneficial microbial species for limited nutrients,promote microbial shifts from obligate to facultative anaerobes,and increase the abundance of microbial species with high resistance to elevated environmental temperatures.Furthermore,the proliferation of pathogens is exacerbated.Ultimately,gut microbiota profiling highlights changes in microbial diversity,alterations in the composition of microbial populations,disruptions in specific microbial functional pathways(tricarboxylic acid cycle,amino acid metabolism,antioxidant biosynthesis,and fatty acid degradation),and the breakdown of complex networks that govern microbial interactions.Understanding the complex relationship between HS and microbial shifts within the chicken gut can provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable mitigation strategies.Further research is needed to expand the current knowledge and employ more advanced literature synthesis techniques such as meta-analyses.展开更多
Highlights ZmMYC2 promoter contains favorable haplotypes selected during domestication,enhancing its expression level in modern maize.ZmMYC2 may balance the trade-off between growth and defense via jasmonate and auxin...Highlights ZmMYC2 promoter contains favorable haplotypes selected during domestication,enhancing its expression level in modern maize.ZmMYC2 may balance the trade-off between growth and defense via jasmonate and auxin signaling pathways.ZmMYC2 regulates drought-response genes(CER2 and TIP3c)to optimize drought stress resilience.展开更多
Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are crucial for tree growth and survival under climatic stress,yet their spatial dynamics across broad climate gradients remain unclear.Pines(Pinus spp.),one of the most widely distri...Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are crucial for tree growth and survival under climatic stress,yet their spatial dynamics across broad climate gradients remain unclear.Pines(Pinus spp.),one of the most widely distributed tree genera worldwide,provide an ideal system for investigating large-scale spatial patterns of NSC within a single genus along extensive climatic gradients.Here,we compiled a global NSC database for pines across 74 sites,and assessed the spatial variation in total NSC,starch(St),and soluble sugars(SS)concentrations in stem sapwood,the primary reserve tissue,along site-specific mean annual temperature(MAT)and precipitation(MAP).Our results show that MAP exerted a stronger influence(R^(2)=20%–47%)on the spatial variation in total NSC and its components than did MAT(R^(2)=6%–16%).Tota concentrations declined nonlinearly with increasing MAP,with the rate of decline slowing beyond approximately 800 mm.While MAT had weaker effects on total NSC concentrations,both MAT and MAP jointly regulated NSC partitioning:Higher MAT and MAP were associated with reduced St concentrations but elevated SS concentrations and SS:St ratios.These findings suggest that pine species in cold and arid environments prioritize storing NSC as St,whereas in relatively warm and humid environments,NSC are preferentially mobilized into SS to support immediate metabolic and growth demands.展开更多
In recent years,a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics,includ-ing the carbon emissions related to plastics,which has promoted the application of biodegradable plas-tics.Coun...In recent years,a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics,includ-ing the carbon emissions related to plastics,which has promoted the application of biodegradable plas-tics.Countries worldwide have shown high interest in replacing traditional plastics with biodegradable plastics.However,no systematic comparison has been conducted on the carbon emissions of biodegrad-able versus traditional plastic products.This study evaluates the carbon emissions of traditional and biodegradable plastic products(BPPs)over four stages and briefly discusses environmental and economic perspectives.Four scenarios-namely,the traditional method,chemical recycling,industrial composting,and anaerobic digestion-are considered for the disposal of waste BPPs(WBPPs).The analysis takes China as a case study.The results show that the carbon emissions of 1000traditional plastic products(plastic bags,lunch boxes,cups,etc.)were52.09-150.36 carbon emissions equivalent of per kilogram(kg CO_(2)eq),with the stage of plastic production contributing 50.71%-50.77%.In comparison,1000 similar BPPs topped out at 21.06-56.86 kg CO_(2)eq,approximately 13.53%-62.19%lower than traditional plastic prod-ucts.The difference was mainly at the stages of plastic production and waste disposal,and the BPPs showed significant carbon reduction potential at the raw material acquisition stage.Waste disposal plays an important role in environmental impact,and composting and anaerobic digestion are considered to be preferable disposal methods for WBPPs.However,the high cost of biodegradable plastics is a challenge for their widespread use.This study has important reference significance for the sustainable development of the biodegradableplastics industry.展开更多
Although the accomplishments of microbiome engineering highlight its significance for the targeted manipulation of microbial communities,knowledge and technical gaps still limit the applications of microbiome engineer...Although the accomplishments of microbiome engineering highlight its significance for the targeted manipulation of microbial communities,knowledge and technical gaps still limit the applications of microbiome engineering in biotechnology,especially for environmental use.Addressing the environmental challenges of refractory pollutants and fluctuating environmental conditions requires an adequate understanding of the theoretical achievements and practical applications of microbiome engineering.Here,we review recent cutting-edge studies on microbiome engineering strategies and their classical applications in bioremediation.Moreover,a framework is summarized for combining both top-down and bottom-up approaches in microbiome engineering toward improved applications.A strategy to engineer microbiomes for environmental use,which avoids the build-up of toxic intermediates that pose a risk to human health,is suggested.We anticipate that the highlighted framework and strategy will be beneficial for engineering microbiomes to address difficult environmental challenges such as degrading multiple refractory pollutants and sustain the performance of engineered microbiomes in situ with indigenous microorganisms under fluctuating conditions.展开更多
For the very first time,morpho-anatomical features of both fruiting bodies as well as below-ground structures have been confronted with a newly produced multigene phylogeny of root symbiotic basidiomycetes using one o...For the very first time,morpho-anatomical features of both fruiting bodies as well as below-ground structures have been confronted with a newly produced multigene phylogeny of root symbiotic basidiomycetes using one of the most speciose genera of ectomycorrhizal fungi(Russula,Russulales)as an example.In this first of two papers,the authors focus more specifically on below-ground structures.Our five-gene phylogeny divides the genus in five main clades,here interpreted as representing seven subgenera,all significantly supported.Although more conserved than features of fruiting bodies,the anatomy of ectomycorrhiza does not allow for an unambiguous characterization of the main clades resolved by phylogenetic analysis,but the anatomy of ectomycorrhiza performs better to naturally classify the species of this genus.Features of fruiting bodies remain much more adequate for the delimitation of terminal clades and are irreplaceable for morphological species identification.Tropical taxa mostly nest in ancient lineages,but are also present in some terminal clades of otherwise temperate species groups.The shift from plectenchymatic to pseudoparenchymatic ECM outer mantle structures happened most likely already in the paleotropics,and is here hypothesized to have facilitated a major diversification of the genus with new hosts in the northern hemisphere.Available data as well as our own observations on below ground structures of several Lactifluus species suggests that this genus shares with Russula the absence of lactifers in ECM mantles and rhizomorphs,contrary to species of Lactarius where lactifers are always present.First observations on rhizomorphs of species in Multifurca confirm the presence of vessel-like and ladder-like hyphae,also found in the other agarioid genera of this family,while distinct lactifers are only present in the lactarioid,but not in russuloid members of this genus.展开更多
MYB34, MYB51, and MYB122 transcription factors are known as decisive regulators of indolic glucosinolate （IG） biosynthesis with a strong impact on expression of genes encoding CYP79B2 and CYP79B3 enzymes that redund...MYB34, MYB51, and MYB122 transcription factors are known as decisive regulators of indolic glucosinolate （IG） biosynthesis with a strong impact on expression of genes encoding CYP79B2 and CYP79B3 enzymes that redundantly convert tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime （IAOx）. This intermediate represents a branching point for IG biosynthesis, and pathways leading to camalexin and indole-carboxylic acids （ICA）. Here we investigate how these MYBs affect the pathogen-triggered Trp metabolism. Our experiments indicated that these three MYBs affect not only IG production but also constitutive biosynthesis of other IAOx- derived metabolites. Strikingly, the PENETRATION 2 （PEN2）-dependent IG-metabolism products, which are absent in myb34/51/122 and pen2 mutants, were indispensable for full flg22-mediated induction of other IAOx-dedved compounds. However, germ induction and accumulation of ICAs and camalexin upon path- ogen infection was not compromised in myb34/51/122 plants, despite strongly reduced IG levels. Hence, in comparison with cyp79B2/B3, which lacks all IAOx-derived metabolites, we found myb34/51/122 an ideal tool to analyze IG contribution to resistance against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina. The susceptibility of myb34/51/122 was similar to that of pen2, but much lower than susceptibility of cyp79B2/B3, indicating that MYB34/51/122 contribute to resistance toward P. cucumerina exclu- sively through IG biosynthesis, and that PEN2 is the main leaf myrosinase activating IGs in response to microbial pathogens.展开更多
Aims Harsh environmental conditions in alpine ecosystems shape vegetation structure into patches,where many different plant species cluster and grow together.Yet,which factors are important for the structure and dynam...Aims Harsh environmental conditions in alpine ecosystems shape vegetation structure into patches,where many different plant species cluster and grow together.Yet,which factors are important for the structure and dynamics of such plant–patch networks remains poorly understood.We aim to assess which and how environmental and biotic factors predict the assembly of plant–patch networks along a mountain range.Methods We examined the distribution of plant species in more than 5500 vegetation patches in 37 Mediterranean alpine grasslands distributed along a 500 m altitudinal gradient(National Park of Sierra Guadarrama,Spain).We established a plant–patch network for each grassland community and analyzed how nestedness and modularity vary with environmental(altitude,insolation and soil conditions)and biotic factors(number of species per plot,mean patch area and total pasture area).Important Findings Plant–patch networks showed consistent,non-random patterns characterized by a nested,but not modular,structure,which suggests that positive associations among co-occurring specialists promote their growth within patches as subsets of a pool with more generalist species.Both nestedness and modularity of plant–patch networks varied among grasslands.Specifically,nestedness decreased with increasing species per plot and increased with mean patch area,while it was independent of environmental variables;modularity increased with increasing pasture area and species per plot.The negative relationship between species per plot and nested patterns may be linked to the restricted number of species that can coexist within the same patch at a given size.Moreover,the positive relationship between patch size and nestedness indicates that the growth of rare plant species within vegetation patches occupied by more abundant species is facilitated in bigger rather than smaller patches.Furthermore,these results indicate that the nested assembly of vegetation patches may be independent of abiotic conditions.These findings suggest that large and unfragmented vegetation patches are fundamental for the maintenance of plant diversity in alpine grasslands.Looking at species distribution at fine spatial scales may shed new light on the biotic processes underlying plant network assembly and provide novel ways for conserving biodiversity.展开更多
Aims Climate warming and agricultural non-point source pollution both resulting from anthropogenic activities have been projected to affect plant reproduction and growth in wetlands worldwide.In order to predict and m...Aims Climate warming and agricultural non-point source pollution both resulting from anthropogenic activities have been projected to affect plant reproduction and growth in wetlands worldwide.In order to predict and mitigate impacts of these anthropogenic activities,it is important to investigate how marsh plants respond to such environmental changes.Methods In this study,Bolboschoenus planiculmis,a tuberous sedge with a wide distribution range in Eurasia,was selected to examine the effect of air temperature changes(15,20 and 25°C over 24 h;20/10 and 30/15°C,day/night)and K supply(0,1,3,9 and 18 mmol/L)on its reproductive and growth traits in climate chambers.Important Findings We found that high constant temperatures(20 and 25°C)were more beneficial for tuberization of B.planiculmis than high alternating temperatures(30/15°C),whereas aboveground biomass and shoot height were generally largest at high temperatures(30/15 and 25°C).Both reproductive and growth traits of B.planiculmis showed hump-shaped relationships with K supply,with an optimum K concentration of around 1–3 mmol/L.The combination of high constant temperatures and optimal K concentrations promoted reproductive traits the most,whereas the combination of higher temperatures(30/15 and 25°C)and K concentrations up to 9 mmol/L increased growth traits only.We therefore conclude that population abundance of B.planiculmis might benefit from global warming and the additional K supply.展开更多
Trade-offs between performance and tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress have been proposed to explain both the success of invasive species and frequently observed size differences between native and introduced popul...Trade-offs between performance and tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress have been proposed to explain both the success of invasive species and frequently observed size differences between native and introduced populations.Canada thistle seeds collected from across the introduced North American and the native European range were grown in benign and stressful conditions(nutrient stress,shading,simulated herbivory,drought,and mowing),to evaluate whether native and introduced individuals differ in performance or stress tolerance.An additional experiment assessed the strength of maternal effects by comparing plants derived from field-collected seeds with those derived from clones grown in the glasshouse.Introduced populations tended to be larger in size,but no trade-off of stress tolerance with performance was detected;introduced populations had either superior performance or equivalent trait values and survivorship in the treatment common gardens.We also detected evidence of parallel latitudinal clines of some traits in both the native and introduced ranges and associations with climate variables in some treatments,consistent with recent climate adaptation within the introduced range.Our results are consistent with rapid adaptation of introduced populations,but,contrary to predictions,the evolution of invasive traits did not come at the cost of reduced stress tolerance.展开更多
基金the Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran, for ?nancial support (No. 436753)
文摘The mobility,bioavailability,and environmental fate of heavy metals in soil are controlled by their adsorption onto soil minerals and solid organic matter.The adsorption is strongly affected by the presence of various low-molecular-weight organic acids.In this study,effect of hydroxamate siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) on cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) adsorption onto two micaceous clay minerals,muscovite and phlogopite,was evaluated in batch experiments.Results showed that the presence of DFOB diminished the adsorption of Cd and Zn onto both minerals,particularly under neutral to alkaline pH conditions.For instance,at pH 8.2,the presence of DFOB caused a decrease in the adsorption of Zn onto phlogopite by nearly 50%.The equilibrium adsorption of Cd and Zn was satisfactorily described using Freundlich isotherm.The adsorption isotherms showed that the affinity of Cd and Zn onto the minerals decreased in the presence of DFOB.For example,at pH 8.0,the presence of siderophore caused a decrease in the Freundlich adsorption isotherm coefficient KF for Zn adsorption onto muscovite and phlogopite from 4.60 to 0.07 L g^-1 and from 3.56 to 0.36 L g^-1,respectively.These findings confirm the potential influence of siderophore on the fate of Cd and Zn in arid soils containing substantial contributions of micaceous silicate minerals.
文摘Pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type used to produce biochar influence the physicochemical properties of the obtained product, which in turn display a range of results when used as soil amendment. From soil carbon (C) sequestration strategy to nutrient source, biochar is used to enhance soil properties and to improve agricultural production. However, contrasting effects are observed from biochar application to soil results from a wide range of biochar’s properties in combination with specific environmental conditions. Therefore, elucidation on the effect of pyrolysis conditions and feedstock type on biochar properties may provide basic information to the understanding of soil and biochar interactions. In this study, biochar was produced from four different agricultural organic residues: Poultry litter, sugarcane straw, rice hull and sawdust pyrolysed at final temperatures of 350°C, 450°C, 550°C and 650°C. The effect of temperature and feedstock type on the variability of physicochemical properties of biochars was evaluated through measurements of pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, macronutrient content, proximate and elemental analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analyses. Additionally, an incubation trial was carried under controlled conditions to determine the effect of biochar stability on CO2-eq emissions. Results showed that increasing pyrolysis temperature supported biochar stability regardless of feedstock, however, agricultural properties varied widely both as an effect of temperature and feedstock. Animal manure biochar showed higher potential as nutrient source rather than a C sequestration strategy. Improving the knowledge on the influence of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type on the final properties of biochar will enable the use of better tailored materials that correspond to the expected results while considering its interactions with environmental conditions.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No.ZR2020YQ30)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.42005089,41775118)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Program of Universities in Shandong Province (No.2019KJD007)received financial support from Shandong University (No.2020QNQT012)。
文摘Nitro-aromatic compounds(NACs)are among the major components of brown carbon(BrC)in the atmosphere,causing negative impacts on regional climate,air quality,and ecological health.Due to the extensive origins,it is still a challenge to figure out the contributions and originating regions for different sources of atmospheric NACs.Here,field observations on fine particulate NACs were conducted at a coastal rural area in Qingdao,China in the winter of 2018 and 2019.The mean total concentrations of fine particulate nitro-aromatic compounds were 125.0±89.5 and 27.7±21.1 ng/m^(3)in the winter of 2018 and 2019,respectively.Among the measured eleven NACs,nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were the most abundant species.Variation characteristics and correlation analysis showed that humidity and anthropogenic primary emissions had significant influences on the NAC abundances.In this study,two tracing methods of the improved spatial concentration weighted trajectory(SCWT)model and the receptor model of positive matrix factorization(PMF)were combined to comprehensively understand the origins of NACs in fine particles at coastal Qingdao.Four major sources were identified,including coal combustion,biomass burning,vehicle exhaust,and secondary formation.Surprisingly,coal combustion was responsible for about half of the observed nitro-aromatic compounds,followed by biomass burning(~30%).The results by SCWT demonstrated that the coal combustion dominated NACs mainly originated from the Shandong peninsula and the areas to the north and southwest,while those dominated by biomass burning primarily came from local Qingdao and the areas to the west.
基金funded through the project‘Bio Holz’(grant no.01LC1323A)in the funding program‘Research for the Implementation of the National Biodiversity Strategy(F&U NBS)’by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research(BMBF)and the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation(Bf N)with funds provided by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Building and Nuclear Safety(BMUB)supported by the DFG Priority Program 1374‘Infrastructure-Biodiversity-Exploratories’。
文摘Background:Forests perform various important ecosystem functions that contribute to ecosystem services.In many parts of the world,forest management has shifted from a focus on timber production to multi-purpose forestry,combining timber production with the supply of other forest ecosystem services.However,it is unclear which forest types provide which ecosystem services and to what extent forests primarily managed for timber already supply multiple ecosystem services.Based on a comprehensive dataset collected across 150 forest plots in three regions differing in management intensity and species composition,we develop models to predict the potential supply of 13 ecosystem services.We use those models to assess the level of multifunctionality of managed forests at the national level using national forest inventory data.Results:Looking at the potential supply of ecosystem services,we found trade-offs(e.g.between both bark beetle control or dung decomposition and both productivity or soil carbon stocks)as well as synergies(e.g.for temperature regulation,carbon storage and culturally interesting plants)across the 53 most dominant forest types in Germany.No single forest type provided all ecosystem services equally.Some ecosystem services showed comparable levels across forest types(e.g.decomposition or richness of saprotrophs),while others varied strongly,depending on forest structural attributes(e.g.phosphorous availability or cover of edible plants)or tree species composition(e.g.potential nitrification activity).Variability in potential supply of ecosystem services was only to a lesser extent driven by environmental conditions.However,the geographic variation in ecosystem function supply across Germany was closely linked with the distribution of main tree species.Conclusions:Our results show that forest multifunctionality is limited to subsets of ecosystem services.The importance of tree species composition highlights that a lack of multifunctionality at the stand level can be compensated by managing forests at the landscape level,when stands of complementary forest types are combined.These results imply that multi-purpose forestry should be based on a variety of forest types requiring coordinated planning across larger spatial scales.
文摘Seeking the possibility of the formation of benzoic acids from benzyl halides in natural soil, a model oxidation reaction of the halides was carried out in the presence of water and soil in an open air under UV light irradiation. Addition of TiO2 to soil raised the yield of the acid, implying such a metal oxide plays a real catalytic role in this oxidation. By these supplementary experiments, one of the possibilities for the formation of benzoic acids in natural soil from benzyl chlorides was supported.
文摘This study examined the effect of reducing disposable plastic checkout bags used in supermarkets, convenience stores, and so on in Japan. Considering that even when these checkout bags are abolished, alternative waste bags should be newly produced, because these checkout bags have been reused as household waste bags so far, and the corresponding amount of oil is still necessary to produce them, the amount of oil saved by this bag reduction was found to be 0.2 L/person/year at most. Further, it was demonstrated that the necessity to purchase substitute bags may increase the household and financial burden on consumers.
文摘The present study examined the effects of air pollutants on people’s health, focusing on dust produced from automobile tires while cars drive on roads. The annual volume of dust resulting from tire wear, calculated based on the number of automobiles registered in Japan, was 1747245.4 m3. To put it simply, this translates to approximately 1.4 times the volume of the Tokyo Dome, a famous Japanese baseball stadium. Particulate substances are categorized into three groups depending on their size, and dust resulting from tire wear is classified into the coarse particle mode along with mold spores, pollen, and dust produced from brake pads. This study examined whether or not tire dust causes health damage similarly to pollen, a particulate substance in the same group. There were 38/cm2 dust particles resulting from tire wear on a busy road in Osaka Prefecture, and this number was larger than that of cedar pollen/cm2 (35), a cause of hay fever, identified in Hokkaido. The results suggest that tire dust may also adversely affect the health of people if any of its constituents has a toxicity or causes allergies.
基金Open access funding provided by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.
文摘Heat stress(HS)has become a significant challenge for poultry farming due to an increase in global temperatures.Existing literature suggests that the health effects of HS in chickens are related to its impact on the gastrointestinal tract.While there is evidence of the detrimental consequences of HS on the gut structure,little is known about the effects of HS on the microbial population inhabiting this organ.Fortunately,recent advancements in"omics"technologies have made investigating the interaction between HS and the gut microbiota possible.Therefore,a systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of HS on chicken gut microbiota.In July 2024,a comprehensive literature search was performed across scientific repositories,including Scopus,PubMed,Science Direct,and Google Scholar.Eighteen studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion and a qualitative synthesis of their results was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines.Current evidence indicates that HS poses a significant challenge to the gastrointestinal system of chickens,resulting in a range of physiological reactions.These changes trigger fierce competition among beneficial microbial species for limited nutrients,promote microbial shifts from obligate to facultative anaerobes,and increase the abundance of microbial species with high resistance to elevated environmental temperatures.Furthermore,the proliferation of pathogens is exacerbated.Ultimately,gut microbiota profiling highlights changes in microbial diversity,alterations in the composition of microbial populations,disruptions in specific microbial functional pathways(tricarboxylic acid cycle,amino acid metabolism,antioxidant biosynthesis,and fatty acid degradation),and the breakdown of complex networks that govern microbial interactions.Understanding the complex relationship between HS and microbial shifts within the chicken gut can provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable mitigation strategies.Further research is needed to expand the current knowledge and employ more advanced literature synthesis techniques such as meta-analyses.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200503 to Shuai Ma and 2021YFD1200700 to Tianyu Wang)。
文摘Highlights ZmMYC2 promoter contains favorable haplotypes selected during domestication,enhancing its expression level in modern maize.ZmMYC2 may balance the trade-off between growth and defense via jasmonate and auxin signaling pathways.ZmMYC2 regulates drought-response genes(CER2 and TIP3c)to optimize drought stress resilience.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42430503 and 42271048)the Hebei Natural Science Foundation(No.D2025205003)the Science Foundation of Hebei Normal University(No.L2025B31)。
文摘Non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)are crucial for tree growth and survival under climatic stress,yet their spatial dynamics across broad climate gradients remain unclear.Pines(Pinus spp.),one of the most widely distributed tree genera worldwide,provide an ideal system for investigating large-scale spatial patterns of NSC within a single genus along extensive climatic gradients.Here,we compiled a global NSC database for pines across 74 sites,and assessed the spatial variation in total NSC,starch(St),and soluble sugars(SS)concentrations in stem sapwood,the primary reserve tissue,along site-specific mean annual temperature(MAT)and precipitation(MAP).Our results show that MAP exerted a stronger influence(R^(2)=20%–47%)on the spatial variation in total NSC and its components than did MAT(R^(2)=6%–16%).Tota concentrations declined nonlinearly with increasing MAP,with the rate of decline slowing beyond approximately 800 mm.While MAT had weaker effects on total NSC concentrations,both MAT and MAP jointly regulated NSC partitioning:Higher MAT and MAP were associated with reduced St concentrations but elevated SS concentrations and SS:St ratios.These findings suggest that pine species in cold and arid environments prioritize storing NSC as St,whereas in relatively warm and humid environments,NSC are preferentially mobilized into SS to support immediate metabolic and growth demands.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52100157,52176197,and 52100156)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1601100).
文摘In recent years,a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics,includ-ing the carbon emissions related to plastics,which has promoted the application of biodegradable plas-tics.Countries worldwide have shown high interest in replacing traditional plastics with biodegradable plastics.However,no systematic comparison has been conducted on the carbon emissions of biodegrad-able versus traditional plastic products.This study evaluates the carbon emissions of traditional and biodegradable plastic products(BPPs)over four stages and briefly discusses environmental and economic perspectives.Four scenarios-namely,the traditional method,chemical recycling,industrial composting,and anaerobic digestion-are considered for the disposal of waste BPPs(WBPPs).The analysis takes China as a case study.The results show that the carbon emissions of 1000traditional plastic products(plastic bags,lunch boxes,cups,etc.)were52.09-150.36 carbon emissions equivalent of per kilogram(kg CO_(2)eq),with the stage of plastic production contributing 50.71%-50.77%.In comparison,1000 similar BPPs topped out at 21.06-56.86 kg CO_(2)eq,approximately 13.53%-62.19%lower than traditional plastic prod-ucts.The difference was mainly at the stages of plastic production and waste disposal,and the BPPs showed significant carbon reduction potential at the raw material acquisition stage.Waste disposal plays an important role in environmental impact,and composting and anaerobic digestion are considered to be preferable disposal methods for WBPPs.However,the high cost of biodegradable plastics is a challenge for their widespread use.This study has important reference significance for the sustainable development of the biodegradableplastics industry.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA0910300)Shanghai Excellent Academic Leaders Program(20XD1421900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100075 and 32030004)。
文摘Although the accomplishments of microbiome engineering highlight its significance for the targeted manipulation of microbial communities,knowledge and technical gaps still limit the applications of microbiome engineering in biotechnology,especially for environmental use.Addressing the environmental challenges of refractory pollutants and fluctuating environmental conditions requires an adequate understanding of the theoretical achievements and practical applications of microbiome engineering.Here,we review recent cutting-edge studies on microbiome engineering strategies and their classical applications in bioremediation.Moreover,a framework is summarized for combining both top-down and bottom-up approaches in microbiome engineering toward improved applications.A strategy to engineer microbiomes for environmental use,which avoids the build-up of toxic intermediates that pose a risk to human health,is suggested.We anticipate that the highlighted framework and strategy will be beneficial for engineering microbiomes to address difficult environmental challenges such as degrading multiple refractory pollutants and sustain the performance of engineered microbiomes in situ with indigenous microorganisms under fluctuating conditions.
文摘For the very first time,morpho-anatomical features of both fruiting bodies as well as below-ground structures have been confronted with a newly produced multigene phylogeny of root symbiotic basidiomycetes using one of the most speciose genera of ectomycorrhizal fungi(Russula,Russulales)as an example.In this first of two papers,the authors focus more specifically on below-ground structures.Our five-gene phylogeny divides the genus in five main clades,here interpreted as representing seven subgenera,all significantly supported.Although more conserved than features of fruiting bodies,the anatomy of ectomycorrhiza does not allow for an unambiguous characterization of the main clades resolved by phylogenetic analysis,but the anatomy of ectomycorrhiza performs better to naturally classify the species of this genus.Features of fruiting bodies remain much more adequate for the delimitation of terminal clades and are irreplaceable for morphological species identification.Tropical taxa mostly nest in ancient lineages,but are also present in some terminal clades of otherwise temperate species groups.The shift from plectenchymatic to pseudoparenchymatic ECM outer mantle structures happened most likely already in the paleotropics,and is here hypothesized to have facilitated a major diversification of the genus with new hosts in the northern hemisphere.Available data as well as our own observations on below ground structures of several Lactifluus species suggests that this genus shares with Russula the absence of lactifers in ECM mantles and rhizomorphs,contrary to species of Lactarius where lactifers are always present.First observations on rhizomorphs of species in Multifurca confirm the presence of vessel-like and ladder-like hyphae,also found in the other agarioid genera of this family,while distinct lactifers are only present in the lactarioid,but not in russuloid members of this genus.
文摘MYB34, MYB51, and MYB122 transcription factors are known as decisive regulators of indolic glucosinolate （IG） biosynthesis with a strong impact on expression of genes encoding CYP79B2 and CYP79B3 enzymes that redundantly convert tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime （IAOx）. This intermediate represents a branching point for IG biosynthesis, and pathways leading to camalexin and indole-carboxylic acids （ICA）. Here we investigate how these MYBs affect the pathogen-triggered Trp metabolism. Our experiments indicated that these three MYBs affect not only IG production but also constitutive biosynthesis of other IAOx- derived metabolites. Strikingly, the PENETRATION 2 （PEN2）-dependent IG-metabolism products, which are absent in myb34/51/122 and pen2 mutants, were indispensable for full flg22-mediated induction of other IAOx-dedved compounds. However, germ induction and accumulation of ICAs and camalexin upon path- ogen infection was not compromised in myb34/51/122 plants, despite strongly reduced IG levels. Hence, in comparison with cyp79B2/B3, which lacks all IAOx-derived metabolites, we found myb34/51/122 an ideal tool to analyze IG contribution to resistance against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Plectosphaerella cucumerina. The susceptibility of myb34/51/122 was similar to that of pen2, but much lower than susceptibility of cyp79B2/B3, indicating that MYB34/51/122 contribute to resistance toward P. cucumerina exclu- sively through IG biosynthesis, and that PEN2 is the main leaf myrosinase activating IGs in response to microbial pathogens.
基金supported by the Madrid Regional Government(grant REMEDINAL TE-CM-S2018/EMT-4338)the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain,(grants ROOTs-CGL2015-66809-P-)and AdAptA-CGL2012-33528)partially by the Swiss National Science Foundation to GL(grants IZSEZ0_180195 and P2ZHP3_187938).
文摘Aims Harsh environmental conditions in alpine ecosystems shape vegetation structure into patches,where many different plant species cluster and grow together.Yet,which factors are important for the structure and dynamics of such plant–patch networks remains poorly understood.We aim to assess which and how environmental and biotic factors predict the assembly of plant–patch networks along a mountain range.Methods We examined the distribution of plant species in more than 5500 vegetation patches in 37 Mediterranean alpine grasslands distributed along a 500 m altitudinal gradient(National Park of Sierra Guadarrama,Spain).We established a plant–patch network for each grassland community and analyzed how nestedness and modularity vary with environmental(altitude,insolation and soil conditions)and biotic factors(number of species per plot,mean patch area and total pasture area).Important Findings Plant–patch networks showed consistent,non-random patterns characterized by a nested,but not modular,structure,which suggests that positive associations among co-occurring specialists promote their growth within patches as subsets of a pool with more generalist species.Both nestedness and modularity of plant–patch networks varied among grasslands.Specifically,nestedness decreased with increasing species per plot and increased with mean patch area,while it was independent of environmental variables;modularity increased with increasing pasture area and species per plot.The negative relationship between species per plot and nested patterns may be linked to the restricted number of species that can coexist within the same patch at a given size.Moreover,the positive relationship between patch size and nestedness indicates that the growth of rare plant species within vegetation patches occupied by more abundant species is facilitated in bigger rather than smaller patches.Furthermore,these results indicate that the nested assembly of vegetation patches may be independent of abiotic conditions.These findings suggest that large and unfragmented vegetation patches are fundamental for the maintenance of plant diversity in alpine grasslands.Looking at species distribution at fine spatial scales may shed new light on the biotic processes underlying plant network assembly and provide novel ways for conserving biodiversity.
基金by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0500408)National Science and Technology Planning Project(41771120)+2 种基金Chongqing Innovation Support Plan Fund for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars(CX2019023)a grant from State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information SystemAn open project programme of the Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions(GTYR201906).
文摘Aims Climate warming and agricultural non-point source pollution both resulting from anthropogenic activities have been projected to affect plant reproduction and growth in wetlands worldwide.In order to predict and mitigate impacts of these anthropogenic activities,it is important to investigate how marsh plants respond to such environmental changes.Methods In this study,Bolboschoenus planiculmis,a tuberous sedge with a wide distribution range in Eurasia,was selected to examine the effect of air temperature changes(15,20 and 25°C over 24 h;20/10 and 30/15°C,day/night)and K supply(0,1,3,9 and 18 mmol/L)on its reproductive and growth traits in climate chambers.Important Findings We found that high constant temperatures(20 and 25°C)were more beneficial for tuberization of B.planiculmis than high alternating temperatures(30/15°C),whereas aboveground biomass and shoot height were generally largest at high temperatures(30/15 and 25°C).Both reproductive and growth traits of B.planiculmis showed hump-shaped relationships with K supply,with an optimum K concentration of around 1–3 mmol/L.The combination of high constant temperatures and optimal K concentrations promoted reproductive traits the most,whereas the combination of higher temperatures(30/15 and 25°C)and K concentrations up to 9 mmol/L increased growth traits only.We therefore conclude that population abundance of B.planiculmis might benefit from global warming and the additional K supply.
基金supported by grants(PBZHP3-123301 and PA00P3_134180)from the Swiss National Science Foundation to A.G.from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Awards(327475 and 353026)to L.H.R.
文摘Trade-offs between performance and tolerance of abiotic and biotic stress have been proposed to explain both the success of invasive species and frequently observed size differences between native and introduced populations.Canada thistle seeds collected from across the introduced North American and the native European range were grown in benign and stressful conditions(nutrient stress,shading,simulated herbivory,drought,and mowing),to evaluate whether native and introduced individuals differ in performance or stress tolerance.An additional experiment assessed the strength of maternal effects by comparing plants derived from field-collected seeds with those derived from clones grown in the glasshouse.Introduced populations tended to be larger in size,but no trade-off of stress tolerance with performance was detected;introduced populations had either superior performance or equivalent trait values and survivorship in the treatment common gardens.We also detected evidence of parallel latitudinal clines of some traits in both the native and introduced ranges and associations with climate variables in some treatments,consistent with recent climate adaptation within the introduced range.Our results are consistent with rapid adaptation of introduced populations,but,contrary to predictions,the evolution of invasive traits did not come at the cost of reduced stress tolerance.
