Accurately predicting the mechanical behaviour of geological materials is crucial for ensuring the safety of geotechnical structures.However,calibrating advanced models for heterogeneous rocks,such as Copenhagen limes...Accurately predicting the mechanical behaviour of geological materials is crucial for ensuring the safety of geotechnical structures.However,calibrating advanced models for heterogeneous rocks,such as Copenhagen limestone,which exhibits diverse properties due to silicification,cementation,and glaciotectonic fractures,poses significantchallenges.Deterministic approaches often encounter limitations due to data variability and scarcity.Upon embracing a probabilistic approach,recent research emphasises the importance of considering correlations among geotechnical properties to reduce structural variability.This study focuses on the Hoek-Brown(H-B)constitutive model,addressing the challenges of determining parameters,especially with scattered data.The objective is to establish a comprehensive multivariate distribution function encompassing seven pivotal intact rock properties,which are crucial for calibrating the H-B model in the compression zone.Notably,three distinct distribution functions were developed based on the bulk density of intact samples,informed by observed behaviours under triaxial loading(σ_(1)-σ_(3)plane).Rigorous validation using an independent database,including unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and tensile tests,demonstrates the effectiveness of the constructed distributions.The analyses reveal the fundamental role of bulk density through correlations with other parameters.The validated model was employed to back analyse large-scale triaxial tests of layered rock mass samples.The results indicated that under compressive loading,the weakest layer determines the strength and stiffness of the samples when variability within the representative volume is significant.The proposed equivalent rock mass stiffness showed excellent agreement with the observed response.This study establishes a set of probabilistically calibrated H-B multivariate models and provides a practical tool for reliability-based design of underground constructions within Copenhagen limestone.展开更多
The rheological characters of omphacites in Dabie ultra-high-pressure eclogite have been studied in terms of fabric, dislocation and micro-structures. 1. The eclogite has undergone high-temperature deformation, thus f...The rheological characters of omphacites in Dabie ultra-high-pressure eclogite have been studied in terms of fabric, dislocation and micro-structures. 1. The eclogite has undergone high-temperature deformation, thus forming omphacite lattice preferred orientation. In addition to creep dislocation, the omphacite ductile deformation may have other mechanisms, such as diffusion creep and grain boundary migration. 2. The main-phase deformation of eclogite is coaxial, but asymmetry strain also exists due to strain partitioning in the Dabie orogenic belt. 3. The twin measured by the universal stage is (100), indicating that omphacite high-T deformation was superimposed by low-T deformation. 4. Subgrain structure is common in omphacite, but the deformation features of the omphacites in the Shuanghe area and Bixiling area are different, the latter being dominated by dynamic recrystallization. 5. The Flinn plots show that the strain of omphacite belongs to the constriction ellipsoid and stretching strain, which is similar to the result of the omphacite fabric analysis.展开更多
Climate conditions play a crucial role in the survival of mountain communities, whose survival already critically depends on socioeconomic factors. In the case of montane areas that are prone to natural haz-ards, such...Climate conditions play a crucial role in the survival of mountain communities, whose survival already critically depends on socioeconomic factors. In the case of montane areas that are prone to natural haz-ards, such as alpine slope failure and debris flows, climatic factors exert a major influence that should be considered when creating appropriate sustainable scenarios. In fact, it has been shown that climate change alters the availability of ecosystem services （ES）, thus increasing the risks of declining soil fertility and reduced water availability, as well as the loss of grassland, potential shifts in regulatory services （e.g., protection from natural hazards）, and cultural services. This study offers a preliminary discussion on a case study of a region in the Italian Alps that is experiencing increased extreme precipitation and erosion, and where an isolated and historically resilient community directly depends on a natural resource econ- omy. Preliminary results show that economic factors have influenced past population trends of the Novalesa community in the Piemonte Region in northwest Italy. However, the increasing number of rock fall and debris flow events, which are triggered by meteo-climatic factors, may further influence the livelihood and weflbeing of this community, and of other similar communities around the world, Therefore, environmental monitoring and data analysis will be important means of detecting trends in landscape and climate change and choosing appropriate planning options. Such analysis, in turn, would ensure the survival of about 10% of the global population, and would also represent a possibility for future economic development in critical areas prone to poverty conditions.展开更多
Compounds in the atmosphere contaminate samples of groundwater. An inexpensive and simple method for collecting groundwater samples is developed to prevent contamination when the background concentration of contaminan...Compounds in the atmosphere contaminate samples of groundwater. An inexpensive and simple method for collecting groundwater samples is developed to prevent contamination when the background concentration of contaminants is high. This new design of groundwater sampling device involves a glass sampling bottle with a Teflon-lined valve at each end. A cleaned and dried sampling bottle was connected to a low flow-rate peristaltic pump with Teflon tubing and was filled with water. No headspace volume was remained in the sampling bottle. The sample bottle was then packed in a PVC bag to prevent the target component from infiltrating into the water sample through the valves. In this study, groundwater was sampled at six wells using both the conventional method and the improved method. The analysis of trichlorofluoromethane（ CFC-11 ） concentrations at these six wells indicates that all the groundwater samples obtained by the conventional sampling method were contaminated by CFC-11 from the atmosphere. The improved sampling method greatly eliminated the problems of contamination, preservation and quantitative analysis of natural water.展开更多
The English Channel(the Channel)represents a major sink and transport pathway of anthropogenic radioactive ^(129)I.Despite this important role,data concerning the distribution of ^(129)I in seawater of the Channel are...The English Channel(the Channel)represents a major sink and transport pathway of anthropogenic radioactive ^(129)I.Despite this important role,data concerning the distribution of ^(129)I in seawater of the Channel are scarce,and most of existing data are restricted to the eastern part of the Channel.The advection and dispersion of ^(129)I from the French coast toward the central and further the English coast,especially in the Channel west of Cap de La Hague,are not fully investigated.We present results of iodine isotopes( ^(127)I and ^(129)I)analyses of surface water samples collected along the central English Channel in October,2010.The data show high ^(129)I concentrations between Dover Strait and La Hague,followed by a dramatic drop towards the Celtic Sea and reveal the dispersal of ^(129)I towards central and northern part of the Channel.Our observation also implies that the entire British coast is contaminated by ^(129)I. ^(129)I levels in the westernmost English Channel,close to the English coast,may reflect combined influences from La Hague and Sellafield.Evolution of ^(129)I between 2005 and 2010 suggests a strong link to temporal marine discharges from La Hague plant.The discharges from the nuclear reprocessing facility have continued since 2010 and thus an ecological evaluation of ^(129)I radioactive hazards in the environment of the Channel may be needed.展开更多
As the world’s largest digital economy,China has a significant demand for data centers,which are energy-intensive.With an annual growth rate of 28%in installed capacity,these centers are primarily located in the deve...As the world’s largest digital economy,China has a significant demand for data centers,which are energy-intensive.With an annual growth rate of 28%in installed capacity,these centers are primarily located in the developed eastern region,where land and energy resources are limited.This localization poses a major challenge to the industry’s net-zero goal.To address this,China has launched a bold initiative to relocate data centers to the western region,leveraging natural cooling,clean energy,and cost-effective resources.By 2030,this move is expected to reduce emissions from the data center sector by 16%–20%,generating direct economic benefits of approximately 53 billion USD.The success of this initiative can serve as a model for other countries to develop their internet infrastructure.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by SARS-CoV-2,highlighted the importance of understanding transmission modes and implementing effective mitigation strategies.Recognizing airborne transmission as a primary route has resha...The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by SARS-CoV-2,highlighted the importance of understanding transmission modes and implementing effective mitigation strategies.Recognizing airborne transmission as a primary route has reshaped public health measures,emphasizing the need to optimize indoor environments to reduce risks.Numerous tools have emerged to assess airborne infection risks in enclosed spaces,providing valuable resources for public health authorities,researchers,and the general public.However,comparing the outputs of these tools is challenging because of variations in assumptions,mathematical models,and data sources.We conducted a comprehensive review,comparing digital airborne infection risk calculators using standardized buildingspecific input parameters.These tools generally produce similar and consistent outputs with identical inputs.Variations mainly stem from model selection and the handling of unsteady viral load conditions.Differences in source term calculations,including particle emission concentrations and respiratory activity,also contribute to disparities.These differences are minor compared to the inherent uncertainties in risk assessment.Consistency in results increases with higher ventilation rates,showing a robust trend across models.However,inconsistencies arose in the inclusion of face masks,often due to the lack of detailed efficiency values.Despite some differences,the overall consistency underscores the value of these tools in public health strategy and infectious disease control.We also compared some of the model's efforts to conduct retrospective assessments against reported transmission events by assuming input parameters to the models so that the calculated risk would closely fit the original outbreak infection rate.Thus,validating these models against past outbreaks remains challenging because of the lack of essential input information from observed events.This comparative analysis demonstrates the importance of transparent data sources and justifiable model assumptions to enhance the reliability and precision of risk assessments.展开更多
Magnetotactic bacteria reside in sediments and stratified water columns.They are named after their ability to synthesize internal magnetic particles that allow them to align and swim along the Earth’s magnetic field ...Magnetotactic bacteria reside in sediments and stratified water columns.They are named after their ability to synthesize internal magnetic particles that allow them to align and swim along the Earth’s magnetic field lines.Here,we show that two magnetotactic species,Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1,are electroactive.Both M.magneticum and M.gryphiswaldense were able to generate current in microbial fuel cells with maximum power densities of 27 and 11μW/m^(2),respectively.In the presence of the electron shuttle resazurin both species were able to reduce the crystalline iron oxide hematite(Fe_(2)O_(3)).In addition,M.magneticum could reduce poorly crystalline iron oxide(FeOOH).Our study adds M.magneticum and M.gryphiswaldense to the growing list of known electroactive bacteria,and implies that electroactivity might be common for bacteria within the Magnetospirillum genus.展开更多
Microbial electrochemical system(MES)offers sustainable solutions for environmental applications such as wastewater treatment,energy generation,and chemical synthesis by leveraging microbial metabolism and electrochem...Microbial electrochemical system(MES)offers sustainable solutions for environmental applications such as wastewater treatment,energy generation,and chemical synthesis by leveraging microbial metabolism and electrochemical processes.This review explores the transformative role of 3D printing in MES research,focusing on reactor body design,electrode fabrication,and bioprinting applications.Rapid prototyping facilitated by 3D printing expedites MES development while unlocking design flexibility,which enhances performance in optimising fluid dynamics and mass transfer efficiency.Tailored ink materials further improve the conductivity and biocompatibility of electrodes,paving the way for environmental applications.3D-printed bio-anodes and bio-cathodes offer enhanced electrogenesis and boosted electron acceptance processes,respectively,by fine-tuning electrode architectures.Additionally,3D bioprinting presents opportunities for scaffold fabrication and bioink formulation,enhancing biofilm stability and electron transfer efficiency.Despite current challenges,including material selection and cost,the integration of 3D printing in MES holds immense promise for advancing energy generation,wastewater treatment,resource recovery,carbon utilisation,and biosensing technologies.展开更多
Large-scale production of plastics began in the 1950s followed by an onset of exponential growth,leading to its current widespread and dominant use.Despite this,no holistic risk assessment has yet been made on the hea...Large-scale production of plastics began in the 1950s followed by an onset of exponential growth,leading to its current widespread and dominant use.Despite this,no holistic risk assessment has yet been made on the health and environmental impacts of plastics,their degradation products,or their constituent chemicals.Once entering the environment,plastics undergo structural,chemical,and functional transformations,leading to the creation of microplastics and nanoplastics[1,2,3].Environmental exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics becomes inevitable,causing direct human dietary exposure.展开更多
Large footprint waveform LiDAR data have been widely used to extract tree heights.These heights are typically estimated by subtracting the top height from the ground.Compared to the top height detection,the identifica...Large footprint waveform LiDAR data have been widely used to extract tree heights.These heights are typically estimated by subtracting the top height from the ground.Compared to the top height detection,the identification of the ground peak in awaveform is more challenging.This is particularly evident in ground detection in shrubareas,where the reflection of the shrub canopy may significantly overlap with theground reflection.To tackle this problem,a novel method based on Partial Curve-Fitting(PCF)of the shrub peak was developed to detect the ground peak.Resultsindicated that the PCF method improves ground identification by 32-42%,comparedto existing methods.To offer further improvement,a Multi-Algorithm IntegrationClassifier(MAIC)was built to fuse multiple ground peak algorithms and selectivelyapply the best method for each waveform plot.The PCF ground peak identificationmethod along with the MAIC-based fusion is expected to significantly improve grounddetection and shrub height estimation,thus assisting biodiversity,forest succession,and carbon sequestration studies,while offering an early example of future multiplealgorithm integration.展开更多
Introduction:We conducted season-long observations of evaporation and carbon flux at the Gulf of Aqaba coast,northern Red Sea.We used the eddy-covariance method with a two-tower setup to measure evaporation rates over...Introduction:We conducted season-long observations of evaporation and carbon flux at the Gulf of Aqaba coast,northern Red Sea.We used the eddy-covariance method with a two-tower setup to measure evaporation rates over land and sea and the advection between them.Using a three-dimensional mass balance approach,we calculated total evaporation as the sum of two main components in our site:horizontal advection and turbulent vertical flux,with half-hourly change of water vapor storage and horizontal flux divergence found to be negligible.Outcomes:Average evaporation rates were 11.4[mm/day]from April through May(early summer)and 10.5[mm/day]from June through August(summer).The coastal reef was a CO_(2)sink over the period of measurements,significantly higher in June through August than in April through May.The main environmental drivers of CO_(2)flux were humidity,water temperature,sensible heat flux,and wind speed.Discussion:The rates of evaporation near the shore were considerably higher than values reported in other studies typically used to represent the mean for the whole Gulf area.We found that evaporation rates computed by common bulk models approximate the mean values of evaporation but have poor representativeness of the intra-daily temporal variation of evaporation.There was a significant correlation between CO_(2)flux and evaporation attributed to common environmental drivers of gas diffusion,turbulent fluxes,and horizontal transport.Conclusion:We conclude that observations of fluxes in coastal waters need to use at least a two-tower system to account for the effect of horizontal advection on the total flux.展开更多
文摘Accurately predicting the mechanical behaviour of geological materials is crucial for ensuring the safety of geotechnical structures.However,calibrating advanced models for heterogeneous rocks,such as Copenhagen limestone,which exhibits diverse properties due to silicification,cementation,and glaciotectonic fractures,poses significantchallenges.Deterministic approaches often encounter limitations due to data variability and scarcity.Upon embracing a probabilistic approach,recent research emphasises the importance of considering correlations among geotechnical properties to reduce structural variability.This study focuses on the Hoek-Brown(H-B)constitutive model,addressing the challenges of determining parameters,especially with scattered data.The objective is to establish a comprehensive multivariate distribution function encompassing seven pivotal intact rock properties,which are crucial for calibrating the H-B model in the compression zone.Notably,three distinct distribution functions were developed based on the bulk density of intact samples,informed by observed behaviours under triaxial loading(σ_(1)-σ_(3)plane).Rigorous validation using an independent database,including unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and tensile tests,demonstrates the effectiveness of the constructed distributions.The analyses reveal the fundamental role of bulk density through correlations with other parameters.The validated model was employed to back analyse large-scale triaxial tests of layered rock mass samples.The results indicated that under compressive loading,the weakest layer determines the strength and stiffness of the samples when variability within the representative volume is significant.The proposed equivalent rock mass stiffness showed excellent agreement with the observed response.This study establishes a set of probabilistically calibrated H-B multivariate models and provides a practical tool for reliability-based design of underground constructions within Copenhagen limestone.
文摘The rheological characters of omphacites in Dabie ultra-high-pressure eclogite have been studied in terms of fabric, dislocation and micro-structures. 1. The eclogite has undergone high-temperature deformation, thus forming omphacite lattice preferred orientation. In addition to creep dislocation, the omphacite ductile deformation may have other mechanisms, such as diffusion creep and grain boundary migration. 2. The main-phase deformation of eclogite is coaxial, but asymmetry strain also exists due to strain partitioning in the Dabie orogenic belt. 3. The twin measured by the universal stage is (100), indicating that omphacite high-T deformation was superimposed by low-T deformation. 4. Subgrain structure is common in omphacite, but the deformation features of the omphacites in the Shuanghe area and Bixiling area are different, the latter being dominated by dynamic recrystallization. 5. The Flinn plots show that the strain of omphacite belongs to the constriction ellipsoid and stretching strain, which is similar to the result of the omphacite fabric analysis.
基金supported by the China 111 Project (B17005)the financial support received by the Parthenope University of Napoli under ‘‘Bando di sostegno alla ricerca individuale per il triennio 2015–2017."partly supported by the U.S.–Italy Fulbright Commission and Parthenope University through a Fulbright Scholar grant to Theodore Endreny
文摘Climate conditions play a crucial role in the survival of mountain communities, whose survival already critically depends on socioeconomic factors. In the case of montane areas that are prone to natural haz-ards, such as alpine slope failure and debris flows, climatic factors exert a major influence that should be considered when creating appropriate sustainable scenarios. In fact, it has been shown that climate change alters the availability of ecosystem services （ES）, thus increasing the risks of declining soil fertility and reduced water availability, as well as the loss of grassland, potential shifts in regulatory services （e.g., protection from natural hazards）, and cultural services. This study offers a preliminary discussion on a case study of a region in the Italian Alps that is experiencing increased extreme precipitation and erosion, and where an isolated and historically resilient community directly depends on a natural resource econ- omy. Preliminary results show that economic factors have influenced past population trends of the Novalesa community in the Piemonte Region in northwest Italy. However, the increasing number of rock fall and debris flow events, which are triggered by meteo-climatic factors, may further influence the livelihood and weflbeing of this community, and of other similar communities around the world, Therefore, environmental monitoring and data analysis will be important means of detecting trends in landscape and climate change and choosing appropriate planning options. Such analysis, in turn, would ensure the survival of about 10% of the global population, and would also represent a possibility for future economic development in critical areas prone to poverty conditions.
文摘Compounds in the atmosphere contaminate samples of groundwater. An inexpensive and simple method for collecting groundwater samples is developed to prevent contamination when the background concentration of contaminants is high. This new design of groundwater sampling device involves a glass sampling bottle with a Teflon-lined valve at each end. A cleaned and dried sampling bottle was connected to a low flow-rate peristaltic pump with Teflon tubing and was filled with water. No headspace volume was remained in the sampling bottle. The sample bottle was then packed in a PVC bag to prevent the target component from infiltrating into the water sample through the valves. In this study, groundwater was sampled at six wells using both the conventional method and the improved method. The analysis of trichlorofluoromethane（ CFC-11 ） concentrations at these six wells indicates that all the groundwater samples obtained by the conventional sampling method were contaminated by CFC-11 from the atmosphere. The improved sampling method greatly eliminated the problems of contamination, preservation and quantitative analysis of natural water.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41603122the Everest Scientific Research Program of Chengdu University of Technology under contract Nos 2020ZF11405 and 2021ZF11419+3 种基金the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection under contract No.SKLGP2019K013the Open Fund of Sichuan Vanadium&Titanium Industry Development Research Center under contract No.2020VTCY-Z-01the Fund of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province under contract No.2021JDTD0013the Foundation for Young Backbone Teachers of Chengdu University of Technology,2022。
文摘The English Channel(the Channel)represents a major sink and transport pathway of anthropogenic radioactive ^(129)I.Despite this important role,data concerning the distribution of ^(129)I in seawater of the Channel are scarce,and most of existing data are restricted to the eastern part of the Channel.The advection and dispersion of ^(129)I from the French coast toward the central and further the English coast,especially in the Channel west of Cap de La Hague,are not fully investigated.We present results of iodine isotopes( ^(127)I and ^(129)I)analyses of surface water samples collected along the central English Channel in October,2010.The data show high ^(129)I concentrations between Dover Strait and La Hague,followed by a dramatic drop towards the Celtic Sea and reveal the dispersal of ^(129)I towards central and northern part of the Channel.Our observation also implies that the entire British coast is contaminated by ^(129)I. ^(129)I levels in the westernmost English Channel,close to the English coast,may reflect combined influences from La Hague and Sellafield.Evolution of ^(129)I between 2005 and 2010 suggests a strong link to temporal marine discharges from La Hague plant.The discharges from the nuclear reprocessing facility have continued since 2010 and thus an ecological evaluation of ^(129)I radioactive hazards in the environment of the Channel may be needed.
基金supported by the Joint Research Project for the Yangtze River Conservation(Phase II),China(2022-LHYJ-02-0401).
文摘As the world’s largest digital economy,China has a significant demand for data centers,which are energy-intensive.With an annual growth rate of 28%in installed capacity,these centers are primarily located in the developed eastern region,where land and energy resources are limited.This localization poses a major challenge to the industry’s net-zero goal.To address this,China has launched a bold initiative to relocate data centers to the western region,leveraging natural cooling,clean energy,and cost-effective resources.By 2030,this move is expected to reduce emissions from the data center sector by 16%–20%,generating direct economic benefits of approximately 53 billion USD.The success of this initiative can serve as a model for other countries to develop their internet infrastructure.
基金supported by the Australia Research Council(ARC)Linkage Projects Grant“Making Australia Resilient to Airborne Infection Transmission”(LP200201123).
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by SARS-CoV-2,highlighted the importance of understanding transmission modes and implementing effective mitigation strategies.Recognizing airborne transmission as a primary route has reshaped public health measures,emphasizing the need to optimize indoor environments to reduce risks.Numerous tools have emerged to assess airborne infection risks in enclosed spaces,providing valuable resources for public health authorities,researchers,and the general public.However,comparing the outputs of these tools is challenging because of variations in assumptions,mathematical models,and data sources.We conducted a comprehensive review,comparing digital airborne infection risk calculators using standardized buildingspecific input parameters.These tools generally produce similar and consistent outputs with identical inputs.Variations mainly stem from model selection and the handling of unsteady viral load conditions.Differences in source term calculations,including particle emission concentrations and respiratory activity,also contribute to disparities.These differences are minor compared to the inherent uncertainties in risk assessment.Consistency in results increases with higher ventilation rates,showing a robust trend across models.However,inconsistencies arose in the inclusion of face masks,often due to the lack of detailed efficiency values.Despite some differences,the overall consistency underscores the value of these tools in public health strategy and infectious disease control.We also compared some of the model's efforts to conduct retrospective assessments against reported transmission events by assuming input parameters to the models so that the calculated risk would closely fit the original outbreak infection rate.Thus,validating these models against past outbreaks remains challenging because of the lack of essential input information from observed events.This comparative analysis demonstrates the importance of transparent data sources and justifiable model assumptions to enhance the reliability and precision of risk assessments.
基金the Carlsberg Foundation Distinguished Fellowships(No.CF18-0084)the Research Grant(No.00023110)from VILLUM FONDENthe Independent Research Fund Denmark(DFF-Project 1 No.1032-00028B).
文摘Magnetotactic bacteria reside in sediments and stratified water columns.They are named after their ability to synthesize internal magnetic particles that allow them to align and swim along the Earth’s magnetic field lines.Here,we show that two magnetotactic species,Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense strain MSR-1,are electroactive.Both M.magneticum and M.gryphiswaldense were able to generate current in microbial fuel cells with maximum power densities of 27 and 11μW/m^(2),respectively.In the presence of the electron shuttle resazurin both species were able to reduce the crystalline iron oxide hematite(Fe_(2)O_(3)).In addition,M.magneticum could reduce poorly crystalline iron oxide(FeOOH).Our study adds M.magneticum and M.gryphiswaldense to the growing list of known electroactive bacteria,and implies that electroactivity might be common for bacteria within the Magnetospirillum genus.
基金the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark(No.21-08-DTU,Denmark)VILLUM FONDEN(No.40828,Denmark)+1 种基金Independent Research Fund Denmark(Project 1,No.171114,Denmark)Horizon Europe project BIOMETHAVERSE(No.101084200)for partly funding the research.
文摘Microbial electrochemical system(MES)offers sustainable solutions for environmental applications such as wastewater treatment,energy generation,and chemical synthesis by leveraging microbial metabolism and electrochemical processes.This review explores the transformative role of 3D printing in MES research,focusing on reactor body design,electrode fabrication,and bioprinting applications.Rapid prototyping facilitated by 3D printing expedites MES development while unlocking design flexibility,which enhances performance in optimising fluid dynamics and mass transfer efficiency.Tailored ink materials further improve the conductivity and biocompatibility of electrodes,paving the way for environmental applications.3D-printed bio-anodes and bio-cathodes offer enhanced electrogenesis and boosted electron acceptance processes,respectively,by fine-tuning electrode architectures.Additionally,3D bioprinting presents opportunities for scaffold fabrication and bioink formulation,enhancing biofilm stability and electron transfer efficiency.Despite current challenges,including material selection and cost,the integration of 3D printing in MES holds immense promise for advancing energy generation,wastewater treatment,resource recovery,carbon utilisation,and biosensing technologies.
基金M.H.and E.G.X.thank the support of the Department of Biology,University of Southern Denmark,and Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond(0165-00056B)。
文摘Large-scale production of plastics began in the 1950s followed by an onset of exponential growth,leading to its current widespread and dominant use.Despite this,no holistic risk assessment has yet been made on the health and environmental impacts of plastics,their degradation products,or their constituent chemicals.Once entering the environment,plastics undergo structural,chemical,and functional transformations,leading to the creation of microplastics and nanoplastics[1,2,3].Environmental exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics becomes inevitable,causing direct human dietary exposure.
基金This work was supported through NASA’s Biodiversity Program[grant number NNX09AK16G].
文摘Large footprint waveform LiDAR data have been widely used to extract tree heights.These heights are typically estimated by subtracting the top height from the ground.Compared to the top height detection,the identification of the ground peak in awaveform is more challenging.This is particularly evident in ground detection in shrubareas,where the reflection of the shrub canopy may significantly overlap with theground reflection.To tackle this problem,a novel method based on Partial Curve-Fitting(PCF)of the shrub peak was developed to detect the ground peak.Resultsindicated that the PCF method improves ground identification by 32-42%,comparedto existing methods.To offer further improvement,a Multi-Algorithm IntegrationClassifier(MAIC)was built to fuse multiple ground peak algorithms and selectivelyapply the best method for each waveform plot.The PCF ground peak identificationmethod along with the MAIC-based fusion is expected to significantly improve grounddetection and shrub height estimation,thus assisting biodiversity,forest succession,and carbon sequestration studies,while offering an early example of future multiplealgorithm integration.
文摘Introduction:We conducted season-long observations of evaporation and carbon flux at the Gulf of Aqaba coast,northern Red Sea.We used the eddy-covariance method with a two-tower setup to measure evaporation rates over land and sea and the advection between them.Using a three-dimensional mass balance approach,we calculated total evaporation as the sum of two main components in our site:horizontal advection and turbulent vertical flux,with half-hourly change of water vapor storage and horizontal flux divergence found to be negligible.Outcomes:Average evaporation rates were 11.4[mm/day]from April through May(early summer)and 10.5[mm/day]from June through August(summer).The coastal reef was a CO_(2)sink over the period of measurements,significantly higher in June through August than in April through May.The main environmental drivers of CO_(2)flux were humidity,water temperature,sensible heat flux,and wind speed.Discussion:The rates of evaporation near the shore were considerably higher than values reported in other studies typically used to represent the mean for the whole Gulf area.We found that evaporation rates computed by common bulk models approximate the mean values of evaporation but have poor representativeness of the intra-daily temporal variation of evaporation.There was a significant correlation between CO_(2)flux and evaporation attributed to common environmental drivers of gas diffusion,turbulent fluxes,and horizontal transport.Conclusion:We conclude that observations of fluxes in coastal waters need to use at least a two-tower system to account for the effect of horizontal advection on the total flux.
