The structure-performance relationship of Cu/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts in the hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate(DEO)for the synthesis of alcohol ether esters has been investigated by various characterization techniques inc...The structure-performance relationship of Cu/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts in the hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate(DEO)for the synthesis of alcohol ether esters has been investigated by various characterization techniques including XRD,XPS,N2O titration,and 27Al MAS-NMR.The results showed that when the crystal configurations of Al_(2)O_(3) were the same,increasing the specific surface area could effectively refine the size of copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs),and ultimately improve the conversion of DEO.Meanwhile,the smaller size ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(HSAl and SBAl)loaded Cu NPs promotes the reaction towards the deep hydrogenation to produce ethanol(EtOH)and ethylene glycol(EG).Besides,the larger size of Cu NPs on the surface of amorphous Al_(2)O_(3)(HTAl and SolAl)resulted in a lower conversion rate,where ethyl glycolate(Egly)is the main product.Despite there are differences in Al^(3+)ionic coordination in Al_(2)O_(3) with different crystal structures,the experimental data showed that the differences in Al^(3+)ionic coordination did not significantly affect the catalytic performance in the hydrogenation reaction.The formation of alcohol-ether ester chemicals is critically dependent on the interactions between Cu sites and acidic sites.Among them,EG and EtOH were dehydrated to form 2-ethoxyethanol via the SN2 mechanism,while Egly and EtOH were reacted to form ethyl ethoxyacetate(EEA)via the SN2 mechanism.This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the coal-based glycol processes to achieve a diversified product portfolio.展开更多
Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversio...Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversion and storage systems is one of their challenges and concerns.In this article,the thermal management of these systems using thermoelectric modules is reviewed.The results show that by choosing the right option to remove heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric modules,it will be a suitable local cooling,and the thermoelectric modules increase the power and lifespan of the system by reducing the spot temperature.Thermoelectric modules were effective in reducing panel temperature.They increase the time to reach a temperature above 50℃ in batteries by 3 to 4 times.Also,in their integration with fuel cells,they increase the power density of the fuel cell.展开更多
An enhanced geothermal system(EGS)represents a promising approach to sustainable energy generation by harnessing subsurface heat from deep geological formations with low natural permeability.Sedimentary basins-such as...An enhanced geothermal system(EGS)represents a promising approach to sustainable energy generation by harnessing subsurface heat from deep geological formations with low natural permeability.Sedimentary basins-such as the Williston Basin in North Dakota-are considered viable candidates for EGS development due to their broad geographic extent and moderate geothermal potential.Notably,depleted or non-productive oil wells within these basins offer a cost-effective opportunity for EGS implementation as they can be repurposed,thereby significantly reducing the need for new drilling.This study evaluates the feasibility of EGS deployment in McKenzie County,North Dakota.Core samples from five partially abandoned or dry oil wells associated with production from the Red River Formation were obtained from the Core Library of the North Dakota Geological Survey.These samples,spanning the entire thickness of the formation,were sectioned and polished at defined depth intervals for detailed analyses and precise measurements of key reservoir properties critical to geothermal assessment.Several parameters were analyzed to assess the geothermal viability of these wells,including formation temperature,temperature gradient,porosity,thermal conductivity,energy storage potential,and estimated power output via the Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC).The results demonstrate significant depth-dependent variations in thermal and petrophysical properties.Specifically,the depth range of 4000-4500 m is identified as a promising target for EGS stimulation since it is characterized by elevated temperatures,high thermal conductivity,favorable temperature gradients,and sufficient porosity-all essential properties for enhancing permeability through hydraulic fracturing.Furthermore,the calculated energy content and potential ORC power output at these depths indicate that effective geothermal energy extraction is technically feasible.This suggests a compelling opportunity to repurpose existing fossil energy infrastructure-such as abandoned oil wells-for renewable geothermal applications.Overall,the findings of this study underscore the potential of sedimentary formations for EGS development and contribute to advancing low-carbon,diversified energy solutions in alignment with national decarbonization goals.展开更多
Renewable energy technologies, while often labeled as clean or net-zero alternatives to fossil fuels, involve substantial use of critical minerals in products like electric vehicles, solar panels, wind turbines, and b...Renewable energy technologies, while often labeled as clean or net-zero alternatives to fossil fuels, involve substantial use of critical minerals in products like electric vehicles, solar panels, wind turbines, and battery storage systems. This aspect is frequently underappreciated, yet studies indicate it could be a significant area of environmental impact. For instance, research has shown that a typical electric vehicle needs around six times the mineral resources of a conventional vehicle, while an onshore wind turbine requires nine times the mineral input compared to a gas power plant of similar capacity. This paper seeks to analyze the environmental effects linked to the critical minerals required by certain renewable energy technologies. The study begins with an estimation of the future megawatt capacities for each type of renewable technology. Next, it calculates the specific mineral quantities necessary for each model, followed by an assessment of the environmental repercussions tied to their extraction and processing. The results highlight the unique environmental challenges posed by the rising demand for minerals in solar and wind energy systems, taking into account various adoption scenarios.展开更多
This study investigates the feasibility and efficiency of geothermal energy for heating applications in Azerbaijan,with a specific focus on the Khachmaz region.Despite the country’s growing interest in sustainable en...This study investigates the feasibility and efficiency of geothermal energy for heating applications in Azerbaijan,with a specific focus on the Khachmaz region.Despite the country’s growing interest in sustainable energy,limited research has addressed the potential of ground-source heat pump(GSHP)systems under local climatic and soil conditions.To address this gap,the study employs GeoT*SOL simulation to evaluate systemperformance,incorporating site-specific parameters such as soil thermal conductivity,heating demand profiles,and regional weather data.The results show that the GSHP system achieves a maximum seasonal performance factor(SPF)of 5.62 and an average SPF of 4.86,indicating high operational efficiency.Additionally,the system provides an estimated annual CO_(2) emissions reduction of 1956 kg per household,highlighting its environmental benefits.Comparative analysis with conventional heating systems demonstrates considerable energy savings and emissions mitigation.The study identifies technical(e.g.,initial installation complexity)and economic(e.g.,high upfront costs)challenges to widespread implementation.Based on these insights,practical recommendations are proposed:policymakers are encouraged to support financial incentives and policy frameworks;urban planners should consider GSHP integration in regional heating plans;and engineers may adopt the simulation-based approach presented here for feasibility studies.This research contributes to the strategic advancement of renewable heating technologies in Azerbaijan.展开更多
The geothermal resources in hot dry rock(HDR)are considered the future trend in geothermal energy extraction due to their abundant reserves.However,exploitation of the resources is fraught with complexity and technica...The geothermal resources in hot dry rock(HDR)are considered the future trend in geothermal energy extraction due to their abundant reserves.However,exploitation of the resources is fraught with complexity and technical challenges arising from their unique characteristics of high temperature,high strength,and low permeability.With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,intelligent algorithms such as machine learning and evolutionary algorithms are gradually replacing or assisting traditional research methods,providing new solutions for HDR geothermal resource exploitation.This study first provides an overview of HDR geothermal resource exploitation technologies and AI methods.Then,the latest research progress is systematically reviewed in AI applications in HDR geothermal reservoir characterization,deep drilling,heat production,and operational parameter optimization.Additionally,this study discusses the potential limitations of AI methods in HDR geothermal resource exploitation and highlights the corresponding opportunities for AI's application.Notably,the study proposes the framework of an intelligent HDR exploitation system,offering a valuable reference for future research and practice.展开更多
Recently,we developed an innovative CO_(2)capture and storage method based on simple chemical reactions using NaOH and CaCl_(2).In this technology,it was newly found that the addition of CO_(2)gas produced CaCO_(3)(li...Recently,we developed an innovative CO_(2)capture and storage method based on simple chemical reactions using NaOH and CaCl_(2).In this technology,it was newly found that the addition of CO_(2)gas produced CaCO_(3)(limestone)in the solution of NaOH and CaCl_(2)at less than 0.2 N NaOH,while at more than 0.2 N NaOH,Ca(OH)_(2)formation occurred merely without CO_(2).The present study has been designed to develop an integrated system in which the electrolysis unit is combined with the CO_(2)fixation unit.As the electrolysis of NaCl produces simultaneously not only electricity but also H_(2)and Cl_(2),the produced H_(2)could be supplied to the hydrogen generator to produce further electricity,which could be used for the initial NaCl electrolysis for NaOH production.Contrarily,the combination of incinerators with electrolytic generators has already been established to supply electricity,as thermal power plants use coals or wastes.This electricity-providing unit could be replaced with a solar panel plant or with a storage buttery.The present integrated system,consisting of various electricity-providing methods and CO_(2)fixation units,is a sustainable circulating energy system and carbon capture,usage,and storage(CCUS)system without environmental concerns.In addition,an unexpected-tremendous amount of the burned wood,which was produced by the big mountain or forest fires,could be disposed of by our integrated CO_(2)fixing system with the incinerator without environmental concerns along with both H_(2)and CaCO_(3)productions.Thus,our simple technology must contribute immediately and economically to disaster recovery.展开更多
The fundamental scientific and engineering knowledge concerning the solar power curve,which maps solar irradiance and other auxiliary meteorological variables to photovoltaic output power,has been gathered and put for...The fundamental scientific and engineering knowledge concerning the solar power curve,which maps solar irradiance and other auxiliary meteorological variables to photovoltaic output power,has been gathered and put forward in the preceding tutorial review.Despite the many pages of that review,it was incomplete in the sense that it did not elaborate on the applications of this very important tool of solar energy meteorology.Indeed,solar power curves are ubiquitously needed in a broad spectrum of solar forecasting and solar resource assessment tasks.Hence,this tutorial review should continue from where it left off and present examples concerning the usage of solar power curves.In a nutshell,this tutorial review,together with the preceding one,should elucidate how surface shortwave radiation data,be they ground-based,satelliteretrieved,or model-output,are bridged to various power system operations via solar power curves.展开更多
Carbon capture and storage(CCS)remains one of the most feasible techniques for the control of Greenhouse gas emission levels.However,there will always be risks attached to the subsurface injection of CO_(2).These coul...Carbon capture and storage(CCS)remains one of the most feasible techniques for the control of Greenhouse gas emission levels.However,there will always be risks attached to the subsurface injection of CO_(2).These could be in the form of leakages from the injection wellbore due to completion failure;escape of the injected CO_(2)to neighboring aquifers due to the heterogeneous or fractured nature of the storage site;or seepage at the surface due to inadequacy of the sealing cap rock.While all these may occur,the most cost-effective and timely way to reduce the risk of leakages is by plugging the pathways.This is done using either traditional Cementous materials or more augmented sealants like organic gels and resins.A lot of studies in the literature have described this collection of materials within the context of CO_(2)conformance control.So also,there are reviews on the classification and description of these chemicals.This review provides a more systemic evaluation of these classes of chemicals.This is by providing critical analyses of how external factors like CO_(2),pH,brine salinity and hardness,rock mineralogy,pressure,temperature,and injectivity could affect the performance of different sealants that can be utilized.Based on these assessments,best practices for the application of the sealants,both at the testing stage in the laboratory and the pilot stage and field deployment,are suggested.展开更多
Maintaining low nitrate concentrations in aquaponic systems is crucial for improving water quality and maximizing the growth efficiency of fish and vegetables.Downflow hanging sponge(DHS)and upflow sludge blanket(USB)...Maintaining low nitrate concentrations in aquaponic systems is crucial for improving water quality and maximizing the growth efficiency of fish and vegetables.Downflow hanging sponge(DHS)and upflow sludge blanket(USB)reactors have shown potential for wastewater treatment,but their use in aquaponic systems is relatively underexplored,particularly for overall performance and efficiency.In this study,a DHS reactor was coupled with a denitrifying USB reactor in an aquaponic system comprising Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)and kale(Brassica oleracea L.var.acephala DC).The USB reactor achieved a nitrate removal rate of 80.8%±20.5%.The specific growth rate of tilapia was 6.11%per day from day 16 to day 30.On day 45,kale growth achieved stem lengths of(4.1±1.2)cm,root lengths of(12.2±6.0)cm,and leaf counts of(6.3±2.0)leaves per plant.Changes in the microbial communities within the reactors positively contributed to denitrification,resulting in a nitrogen utilization efficiency of 88.3%.The DHS–USB aquaponic system effectively maintained optimal water quality and stable parameters(pH,dissolved oxygen,and temperature).It regulated ammonia levels well and achieved 80.8%±20.5%removal rates for nitrite and nitrate after day 10.Microbial analysis highlighted significant shifts in the microbial communities within the DHS and USB reactors,underscoring their critical roles in nitrification and denitrification.Therefore,the DHS–USB aquatic system has the potential to improve agricultural production efficiency and promote sustainable development.展开更多
Strategic design and synergistic interactions between the electrodes and electroactive materials profoundly influence the energy storage efficiency of supercapacitor devices. Herein, we present the interfacial enginee...Strategic design and synergistic interactions between the electrodes and electroactive materials profoundly influence the energy storage efficiency of supercapacitor devices. Herein, we present the interfacial engineering of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2) with a well-defined construction of amorphous/crystalline hetero-phases deposited on carbon cloth using a hydrothermal technique. The optimal in-situ growth of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC boasts an impressive areal capacity of 1341 mC cm^(-2) and retains ∼91 % capacity after 5000 cycles, attributed to the synergy effect and improved conductivity of multi-metallic sulfide ions over the CFC substrate. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals the metallic nature of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC and favorable OH- ion adsorption energy of -4.35 eV, enhancing its charge storage capabilities. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) and Pouch HSC are assembled utilizing the CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC as a positrode and marine waste jellyfish-derived AC as a negatrode with an aqueous electrolyte. The HSC and PHSC demonstrate superior specific energies of 51.99 and 58.4 W h kg^(-1), respectively, along with corresponding specific powers of 800 and 780 W kg^(-1), maintaining robust stability of ∼90 % stability over 10000 cycles. Additionally, the HSC and PHSC have successfully illuminated several light-emitting diodes (LEDs) demonstrating superior energy storage performance. This work advances the design of hetero-phase multi-metal sulfides, paving the way for high-performance supercapacitor devices.展开更多
This study presents a comprehensive impact analysis of the rotor angle stability of a proposed international connection between the Philippines and Sabah,Malaysia,as part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(...This study presents a comprehensive impact analysis of the rotor angle stability of a proposed international connection between the Philippines and Sabah,Malaysia,as part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)Power Grid.This study focuses on modeling and evaluating the dynamic performance of the interconnected system,considering the high penetration of renewable sources.Power flow,small signal stability,and transient stability analyses were conducted to assess the ability of the proposed linked power system models to withstand small and large disturbances,utilizing the Power Systems Analysis Toolbox(PSAT)software in MATLAB.All components used in the model are documented in the PSAT library.Currently,there is a lack of publicly available studies regarding the implementation of this specific system.Additionally,the study investigates the behavior of a system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources.Based on the findings,this study concludes that a system is generally stable when interconnection is realized,given its appropriate location and dynamic component parameters.Furthermore,the critical eigenvalues of the system also exhibited improvement as the renewable energy sources were augmented.展开更多
In this paper,the installation of energy storage systems(EES)and their role in grid peak load shaving in two echelons,their distribution and generation are investigated.First,the optimal placement and capacity of the ...In this paper,the installation of energy storage systems(EES)and their role in grid peak load shaving in two echelons,their distribution and generation are investigated.First,the optimal placement and capacity of the energy storage is taken into consideration,then,the charge-discharge strategy for this equipment is determined.Here,Genetic Algorithm(GA)and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)are used to calculate the minimum and maximum load in the network with the presence of energy storage systems.The energy storage systems were utilized in a distribution system with the aid of a peak load shaving approach.Ultimately,the battery charge-discharge is managed at any time during the day,considering the load consumption at each hour.The results depict that the load curve reached a constant state by managing charge-discharge with no significant changes.This shows the significance of such matters in terms of economy and technicality.展开更多
Uttarakhand state comes under special category state where approximately 69.45% population lived in rural area under the population density with varied range of 37 to 607 persons per sq.km. Although Uttarakhand is hav...Uttarakhand state comes under special category state where approximately 69.45% population lived in rural area under the population density with varied range of 37 to 607 persons per sq.km. Although Uttarakhand is having per capita consumption of 1112.29 kWh which is higher than national average per capita consumption of 779 kWh as till date, but remote communities, villages are not able to access clean, cheep and good quality of energy due to uneven terrain, lack of proper transmission & distribution lines [1]. 100% villages are electrified under the RGGVY scheme as per the Ministry of Power Government of India, but due to poor loading of transformer, lack of grid infrastructure and natural calamities, remote house owners are not able to get good quality of power thus affect the livelihood and source of income generation in various means [2]. As Uttarakhand state having future plans to be make state energy sufficient and energy access to all by year 2016-2017, so major ground level initiative have been taken by Government of Uttarakhand. The government of Uttarakhand has incorporated innovative business model to provide good quality of power with non-conventional energy source. Under the initiative invlovement of local people and village level, panchayats have ownership and responsibility to operate these clean energy business model to improve livelihood in remote hilly places of Uttarakhand. Under this analysis, five different type of community models are categorized as Community 1, Community 2, Community 3, Standalone 1 & Standalone 2 for rural &remote communities based on number of unclustered households with the distance covered between 200 m to 20 km, and electrical loads i.e. lighting, fan, mobile chargers, television along with time of day energy consumption patterns. These community models are for remote hilly location where grid integration and distribution lines are not feasible to built due to hilly terrain, low soil strength and huge expenses for expanding power cables for supplying good quality power. The preliminary studies and simulations has been done in HOMER tool by considering the various composite source of power, i.e. Solar PV with battery bank, Solar PV with battery Bank & Generator, and Solar PV along with DG. These three hybrid source of power generation with Solar PV as base source under five different community models, the techno-commercial feasibility has been analyzed in terms of load sharing proposition with Solar PV and battery, DG, Energy production through PV, load consumption per year, Excess and unmet energy monitoring, battery sizing to meet the load during nights, DG operation when the solar energy not available due to weather condition and non availability of sunshine in night. Financial feasibility has been examined in terms of levelized cost of energy, cost summary and O&M cost per year of three integrated sources of energy generation with Solar PV under each community model. Solar PV power plant , which is the best renewable source of energy to cater energy access issue in remote hilly places. The Uttarakhand receives good amout of daily average radiation level of 5.14 - 5.50 kWh/m2/day. Financial feasible community models for different hilly region based on their energy consumption need to be implemented with the help of local community by providing ownership to local people, panchayat, for it not only caters energy access issue but also provides clean, cheep, uninterruptable energy and improves livelihood standard to locals by engaging them into operation maintenance and tariff or rent collection. The study shows that Solar PV power plant with battery bank is the optimal solution considering life cycle cost of hybrid system. It is feasible due to low operation and maintenance cost, price declination of battery and Solar PV module, battery prices at time of replacement.展开更多
Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems.However,challenges,such as poor cathode conductivity,anode dendrite formation,polysulfide shuttling,and electrolyte degradation...Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems.However,challenges,such as poor cathode conductivity,anode dendrite formation,polysulfide shuttling,and electrolyte degradation,continue to limit performance and stability.Molecular and ionic dipole interactions have emerged as an effective strategy to address these issues by regulating ionic transport,modulating solvation structures,optimizing interfacial chemistry,and enhancing charge transfer kinetics.These interactions also stabilize electrode interfaces,suppress side reactions,and mitigate anode corrosion,collectively improving the durability of high-energy batteries.A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential to guide the design of next-generation battery materials.Herein,this review summarizes the development,classification,and advantages of dipole interactions in high-energy batteries.The roles of dipoles,including facilitating ion transport,controlling solvation dynamics,stabilizing the electric double layer,optimizing solid electrolyte interphase and cathode–electrolyte interface layers,and inhibiting parasitic reactions—are comprehensively discussed.Finally,perspectives on future research directions are proposed to advance dipole-enabled strategies for high-performance energy storage.This review aims to provide insights into the rational design of dipole-interactive systems and promote the progress of electrochemical energy storage technologies.展开更多
The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials off...The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.展开更多
Preparation of hierarchically porous, heteroatom-rich nanostructured carbons through green and scalable routes plays a key role for practical energy storage applications. In this work, naturally abundant lignocellulos...Preparation of hierarchically porous, heteroatom-rich nanostructured carbons through green and scalable routes plays a key role for practical energy storage applications. In this work, naturally abundant lignocellulosic agricultural waste with high initial oxygen content, hazelnut shells, were hydrothermally carbonized and converted into nanostructured ‘hydrochar’. Environmentally benign ceramic/magnesium oxide（Mg O） templating was used to introduce porosity into the hydrochar. Electrochemical performance of the resulting material（HM700） was investigated in aqueous solutions of 1 M H;SO;, 6 M KOH and1 M Na;SO;, using a three-electrode cell. HM700 achieved a high specific capacitance of 323.2 F/g in 1 M H;SO;（at 1 A/g,-0.3 to 0.9 V vs. Ag/Ag Cl） due to the contributions of oxygen heteroatoms（13.5 wt%）to the total capacitance by pseudo-capacitive effect. Moreover, a maximum energy density of 11.1 Wh/kg and a maximum power density of 3686.2 W/kg were attained for the symmetric supercapacitor employing HM700 as electrode material（1 M Na;SO;, E = 2 V）, making the device promising for green supercapacitor applications.展开更多
Thick electrodes can substantially enhance the overall energy density of batteries.However,insufficient wettability of aqueous electrolytes toward electrodes with conventional hydrophobic binders severely limits utili...Thick electrodes can substantially enhance the overall energy density of batteries.However,insufficient wettability of aqueous electrolytes toward electrodes with conventional hydrophobic binders severely limits utilization of active materials with increasing the thickness of electrodes for aqueous batteries,resulting in battery performance deterioration with a reduced capacity.Here,we demonstrate that controlling the hydrophilicity of the thicker electrodes is critical to enhancing the overall energy density of batteries.Hydrophilic binders are synthesized via a simple sulfonation process of conventional polyvinylidene fluoride binders,considering physicochemical properties such as mechanical properties and adhesion.The introduction of abundant sulfonate groups of binders(i)allows fast and sufficient electrolyte wetting,and(ii)improves ionic conduction in thick electrodes,enabling a significant increase in reversible capacities under various current densities.Further,the sulfonated binder effectively inhibits the dissolution of cathode materials in reactive aqueous electrolytes.Overall,our findings significantly enhance the energy density and contribute to the development of practical zinc-ion batteries.展开更多
This study aims to comprehensively analyze the Greenhouse Gases(GHGs)emissions from current sewage sludge treatment and disposal technologies(buildingmaterial,landfill,land spreading,anaerobic digestion,and thermochem...This study aims to comprehensively analyze the Greenhouse Gases(GHGs)emissions from current sewage sludge treatment and disposal technologies(buildingmaterial,landfill,land spreading,anaerobic digestion,and thermochemical processes)based on the database of Science Citation Index(SCI)and Social Science Citation Index(SSCI)from 1998 to 2020.The general patterns,spatial distribution,and hotspotswere provided by bibliometric analysis.A comparative quantitative analysis based on life cycle assessment(LCA)put forward the current emission situation and the key influencing factors of different technologies.The effective GHG emissions reduction methods were proposed to mitigate climate change.Results showed that incineration or building materials manufacturing of highly dewatered sludge,and land spreading after anaerobic digestion have the best GHG emissions reduction benefits.Biological treatment technologies and thermochemical processes have great potential for reducing GHGs.Enhancement of pretreatment effect,co-digestion,and newtechnologies(e.g.,injection of carbon dioxide,directional acidification)are major approaches to facilitate substitution emissions in sludge anaerobic digestion.The relationship between the quality and efficiency of secondary energy in thermochemical process and GHGs emission still needs further study.Solid sludge products generated by bio-stabilization or thermochemical processes are considered to have a certain carbon sequestration value and can improve the soil environment to control GHG emissions.The findings are useful for future development and processes selection of sludge treatment and disposal facing carbon footprint reduction.展开更多
In this study a new dynamic model of a rotor system is established based on the Hamilton principle and the finite element method (FEM). We analyze the dynamic behavior of the rotor system with the coupled effects of t...In this study a new dynamic model of a rotor system is established based on the Hamilton principle and the finite element method (FEM). We analyze the dynamic behavior of the rotor system with the coupled effects of the nonlinear oil film force, the nonlinear seal force, and the mass eccentricity of the disk. The equations of the motion are solved effectively using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method in MATLAB. The dynamic behavior of the system is illustrated by bifurcation diagrams, largest Lyapunov exponents, phase trajectory diagrams, and Poincaré maps. The numerical results show that the rotational speed of the rotor, the pressure drop in the seal, the seal length, the seal clearance, and the mass eccentricity of the disk are the key parameters that significantly affect the dynamic characteristics of the rotor system. The motion of the rotor system exhibits complex types of periodic, quasi-periodic, double-periodic, multi-periodic, and chaotic vibrations. This analysis can be used to guide the design of seal parameters and to diagnose the vibration of rotor/bearing/seal systems.展开更多
文摘The structure-performance relationship of Cu/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts in the hydrogenation of diethyl oxalate(DEO)for the synthesis of alcohol ether esters has been investigated by various characterization techniques including XRD,XPS,N2O titration,and 27Al MAS-NMR.The results showed that when the crystal configurations of Al_(2)O_(3) were the same,increasing the specific surface area could effectively refine the size of copper nanoparticles(Cu NPs),and ultimately improve the conversion of DEO.Meanwhile,the smaller size ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3)(HSAl and SBAl)loaded Cu NPs promotes the reaction towards the deep hydrogenation to produce ethanol(EtOH)and ethylene glycol(EG).Besides,the larger size of Cu NPs on the surface of amorphous Al_(2)O_(3)(HTAl and SolAl)resulted in a lower conversion rate,where ethyl glycolate(Egly)is the main product.Despite there are differences in Al^(3+)ionic coordination in Al_(2)O_(3) with different crystal structures,the experimental data showed that the differences in Al^(3+)ionic coordination did not significantly affect the catalytic performance in the hydrogenation reaction.The formation of alcohol-ether ester chemicals is critically dependent on the interactions between Cu sites and acidic sites.Among them,EG and EtOH were dehydrated to form 2-ethoxyethanol via the SN2 mechanism,while Egly and EtOH were reacted to form ethyl ethoxyacetate(EEA)via the SN2 mechanism.This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the coal-based glycol processes to achieve a diversified product portfolio.
文摘Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversion and storage systems is one of their challenges and concerns.In this article,the thermal management of these systems using thermoelectric modules is reviewed.The results show that by choosing the right option to remove heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric modules,it will be a suitable local cooling,and the thermoelectric modules increase the power and lifespan of the system by reducing the spot temperature.Thermoelectric modules were effective in reducing panel temperature.They increase the time to reach a temperature above 50℃ in batteries by 3 to 4 times.Also,in their integration with fuel cells,they increase the power density of the fuel cell.
文摘An enhanced geothermal system(EGS)represents a promising approach to sustainable energy generation by harnessing subsurface heat from deep geological formations with low natural permeability.Sedimentary basins-such as the Williston Basin in North Dakota-are considered viable candidates for EGS development due to their broad geographic extent and moderate geothermal potential.Notably,depleted or non-productive oil wells within these basins offer a cost-effective opportunity for EGS implementation as they can be repurposed,thereby significantly reducing the need for new drilling.This study evaluates the feasibility of EGS deployment in McKenzie County,North Dakota.Core samples from five partially abandoned or dry oil wells associated with production from the Red River Formation were obtained from the Core Library of the North Dakota Geological Survey.These samples,spanning the entire thickness of the formation,were sectioned and polished at defined depth intervals for detailed analyses and precise measurements of key reservoir properties critical to geothermal assessment.Several parameters were analyzed to assess the geothermal viability of these wells,including formation temperature,temperature gradient,porosity,thermal conductivity,energy storage potential,and estimated power output via the Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC).The results demonstrate significant depth-dependent variations in thermal and petrophysical properties.Specifically,the depth range of 4000-4500 m is identified as a promising target for EGS stimulation since it is characterized by elevated temperatures,high thermal conductivity,favorable temperature gradients,and sufficient porosity-all essential properties for enhancing permeability through hydraulic fracturing.Furthermore,the calculated energy content and potential ORC power output at these depths indicate that effective geothermal energy extraction is technically feasible.This suggests a compelling opportunity to repurpose existing fossil energy infrastructure-such as abandoned oil wells-for renewable geothermal applications.Overall,the findings of this study underscore the potential of sedimentary formations for EGS development and contribute to advancing low-carbon,diversified energy solutions in alignment with national decarbonization goals.
文摘Renewable energy technologies, while often labeled as clean or net-zero alternatives to fossil fuels, involve substantial use of critical minerals in products like electric vehicles, solar panels, wind turbines, and battery storage systems. This aspect is frequently underappreciated, yet studies indicate it could be a significant area of environmental impact. For instance, research has shown that a typical electric vehicle needs around six times the mineral resources of a conventional vehicle, while an onshore wind turbine requires nine times the mineral input compared to a gas power plant of similar capacity. This paper seeks to analyze the environmental effects linked to the critical minerals required by certain renewable energy technologies. The study begins with an estimation of the future megawatt capacities for each type of renewable technology. Next, it calculates the specific mineral quantities necessary for each model, followed by an assessment of the environmental repercussions tied to their extraction and processing. The results highlight the unique environmental challenges posed by the rising demand for minerals in solar and wind energy systems, taking into account various adoption scenarios.
文摘This study investigates the feasibility and efficiency of geothermal energy for heating applications in Azerbaijan,with a specific focus on the Khachmaz region.Despite the country’s growing interest in sustainable energy,limited research has addressed the potential of ground-source heat pump(GSHP)systems under local climatic and soil conditions.To address this gap,the study employs GeoT*SOL simulation to evaluate systemperformance,incorporating site-specific parameters such as soil thermal conductivity,heating demand profiles,and regional weather data.The results show that the GSHP system achieves a maximum seasonal performance factor(SPF)of 5.62 and an average SPF of 4.86,indicating high operational efficiency.Additionally,the system provides an estimated annual CO_(2) emissions reduction of 1956 kg per household,highlighting its environmental benefits.Comparative analysis with conventional heating systems demonstrates considerable energy savings and emissions mitigation.The study identifies technical(e.g.,initial installation complexity)and economic(e.g.,high upfront costs)challenges to widespread implementation.Based on these insights,practical recommendations are proposed:policymakers are encouraged to support financial incentives and policy frameworks;urban planners should consider GSHP integration in regional heating plans;and engineers may adopt the simulation-based approach presented here for feasibility studies.This research contributes to the strategic advancement of renewable heating technologies in Azerbaijan.
基金Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering,Grant/Award Number:DESEYU202303Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:DUT24GJ205。
文摘The geothermal resources in hot dry rock(HDR)are considered the future trend in geothermal energy extraction due to their abundant reserves.However,exploitation of the resources is fraught with complexity and technical challenges arising from their unique characteristics of high temperature,high strength,and low permeability.With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,intelligent algorithms such as machine learning and evolutionary algorithms are gradually replacing or assisting traditional research methods,providing new solutions for HDR geothermal resource exploitation.This study first provides an overview of HDR geothermal resource exploitation technologies and AI methods.Then,the latest research progress is systematically reviewed in AI applications in HDR geothermal reservoir characterization,deep drilling,heat production,and operational parameter optimization.Additionally,this study discusses the potential limitations of AI methods in HDR geothermal resource exploitation and highlights the corresponding opportunities for AI's application.Notably,the study proposes the framework of an intelligent HDR exploitation system,offering a valuable reference for future research and practice.
文摘Recently,we developed an innovative CO_(2)capture and storage method based on simple chemical reactions using NaOH and CaCl_(2).In this technology,it was newly found that the addition of CO_(2)gas produced CaCO_(3)(limestone)in the solution of NaOH and CaCl_(2)at less than 0.2 N NaOH,while at more than 0.2 N NaOH,Ca(OH)_(2)formation occurred merely without CO_(2).The present study has been designed to develop an integrated system in which the electrolysis unit is combined with the CO_(2)fixation unit.As the electrolysis of NaCl produces simultaneously not only electricity but also H_(2)and Cl_(2),the produced H_(2)could be supplied to the hydrogen generator to produce further electricity,which could be used for the initial NaCl electrolysis for NaOH production.Contrarily,the combination of incinerators with electrolytic generators has already been established to supply electricity,as thermal power plants use coals or wastes.This electricity-providing unit could be replaced with a solar panel plant or with a storage buttery.The present integrated system,consisting of various electricity-providing methods and CO_(2)fixation units,is a sustainable circulating energy system and carbon capture,usage,and storage(CCUS)system without environmental concerns.In addition,an unexpected-tremendous amount of the burned wood,which was produced by the big mountain or forest fires,could be disposed of by our integrated CO_(2)fixing system with the incinerator without environmental concerns along with both H_(2)and CaCO_(3)productions.Thus,our simple technology must contribute immediately and economically to disaster recovery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project no.42375192)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project no.42030608)+3 种基金China Meteorological Administration Climate Change Special Program(CMA-CCSPproject no.QBZ202315)supported by the National Research,Development and Innovation Fund,project no.OTKA-FK 142702the János Bolyai Research Scholarship。
文摘The fundamental scientific and engineering knowledge concerning the solar power curve,which maps solar irradiance and other auxiliary meteorological variables to photovoltaic output power,has been gathered and put forward in the preceding tutorial review.Despite the many pages of that review,it was incomplete in the sense that it did not elaborate on the applications of this very important tool of solar energy meteorology.Indeed,solar power curves are ubiquitously needed in a broad spectrum of solar forecasting and solar resource assessment tasks.Hence,this tutorial review should continue from where it left off and present examples concerning the usage of solar power curves.In a nutshell,this tutorial review,together with the preceding one,should elucidate how surface shortwave radiation data,be they ground-based,satelliteretrieved,or model-output,are bridged to various power system operations via solar power curves.
基金Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation,Grant/Award Number:FSNM-2024-0005Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning,Grant/Award Number:20225B10300080Yayasan UTP,Grant/Award Number:015LC0-526。
文摘Carbon capture and storage(CCS)remains one of the most feasible techniques for the control of Greenhouse gas emission levels.However,there will always be risks attached to the subsurface injection of CO_(2).These could be in the form of leakages from the injection wellbore due to completion failure;escape of the injected CO_(2)to neighboring aquifers due to the heterogeneous or fractured nature of the storage site;or seepage at the surface due to inadequacy of the sealing cap rock.While all these may occur,the most cost-effective and timely way to reduce the risk of leakages is by plugging the pathways.This is done using either traditional Cementous materials or more augmented sealants like organic gels and resins.A lot of studies in the literature have described this collection of materials within the context of CO_(2)conformance control.So also,there are reviews on the classification and description of these chemicals.This review provides a more systemic evaluation of these classes of chemicals.This is by providing critical analyses of how external factors like CO_(2),pH,brine salinity and hardness,rock mineralogy,pressure,temperature,and injectivity could affect the performance of different sealants that can be utilized.Based on these assessments,best practices for the application of the sealants,both at the testing stage in the laboratory and the pilot stage and field deployment,are suggested.
基金supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency(Grant No.JPMJPF2211).
文摘Maintaining low nitrate concentrations in aquaponic systems is crucial for improving water quality and maximizing the growth efficiency of fish and vegetables.Downflow hanging sponge(DHS)and upflow sludge blanket(USB)reactors have shown potential for wastewater treatment,but their use in aquaponic systems is relatively underexplored,particularly for overall performance and efficiency.In this study,a DHS reactor was coupled with a denitrifying USB reactor in an aquaponic system comprising Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)and kale(Brassica oleracea L.var.acephala DC).The USB reactor achieved a nitrate removal rate of 80.8%±20.5%.The specific growth rate of tilapia was 6.11%per day from day 16 to day 30.On day 45,kale growth achieved stem lengths of(4.1±1.2)cm,root lengths of(12.2±6.0)cm,and leaf counts of(6.3±2.0)leaves per plant.Changes in the microbial communities within the reactors positively contributed to denitrification,resulting in a nitrogen utilization efficiency of 88.3%.The DHS–USB aquaponic system effectively maintained optimal water quality and stable parameters(pH,dissolved oxygen,and temperature).It regulated ammonia levels well and achieved 80.8%±20.5%removal rates for nitrite and nitrate after day 10.Microbial analysis highlighted significant shifts in the microbial communities within the DHS and USB reactors,underscoring their critical roles in nitrification and denitrification.Therefore,the DHS–USB aquatic system has the potential to improve agricultural production efficiency and promote sustainable development.
基金supported by the Technology Devel-opment Program(No.S3218794)funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups(MSS,Korea)supported by the Nano&Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Min-istry of Science and ICT(No.RS-2024-00446825).
文摘Strategic design and synergistic interactions between the electrodes and electroactive materials profoundly influence the energy storage efficiency of supercapacitor devices. Herein, we present the interfacial engineering of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2) with a well-defined construction of amorphous/crystalline hetero-phases deposited on carbon cloth using a hydrothermal technique. The optimal in-situ growth of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC boasts an impressive areal capacity of 1341 mC cm^(-2) and retains ∼91 % capacity after 5000 cycles, attributed to the synergy effect and improved conductivity of multi-metallic sulfide ions over the CFC substrate. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals the metallic nature of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC and favorable OH- ion adsorption energy of -4.35 eV, enhancing its charge storage capabilities. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) and Pouch HSC are assembled utilizing the CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC as a positrode and marine waste jellyfish-derived AC as a negatrode with an aqueous electrolyte. The HSC and PHSC demonstrate superior specific energies of 51.99 and 58.4 W h kg^(-1), respectively, along with corresponding specific powers of 800 and 780 W kg^(-1), maintaining robust stability of ∼90 % stability over 10000 cycles. Additionally, the HSC and PHSC have successfully illuminated several light-emitting diodes (LEDs) demonstrating superior energy storage performance. This work advances the design of hetero-phase multi-metal sulfides, paving the way for high-performance supercapacitor devices.
文摘This study presents a comprehensive impact analysis of the rotor angle stability of a proposed international connection between the Philippines and Sabah,Malaysia,as part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)Power Grid.This study focuses on modeling and evaluating the dynamic performance of the interconnected system,considering the high penetration of renewable sources.Power flow,small signal stability,and transient stability analyses were conducted to assess the ability of the proposed linked power system models to withstand small and large disturbances,utilizing the Power Systems Analysis Toolbox(PSAT)software in MATLAB.All components used in the model are documented in the PSAT library.Currently,there is a lack of publicly available studies regarding the implementation of this specific system.Additionally,the study investigates the behavior of a system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources.Based on the findings,this study concludes that a system is generally stable when interconnection is realized,given its appropriate location and dynamic component parameters.Furthermore,the critical eigenvalues of the system also exhibited improvement as the renewable energy sources were augmented.
基金supported in part by an International Research Partnership“Electrical Engineering-Thai French Research Center(EE-TFRC)”under the project framework of the Lorraine Universitéd’Excellence(LUE)in cooperation between Universitéde Lorraine and King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok and in part by the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)under Senior Research Scholar Program under Grant No.N42A640328.
文摘In this paper,the installation of energy storage systems(EES)and their role in grid peak load shaving in two echelons,their distribution and generation are investigated.First,the optimal placement and capacity of the energy storage is taken into consideration,then,the charge-discharge strategy for this equipment is determined.Here,Genetic Algorithm(GA)and Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)are used to calculate the minimum and maximum load in the network with the presence of energy storage systems.The energy storage systems were utilized in a distribution system with the aid of a peak load shaving approach.Ultimately,the battery charge-discharge is managed at any time during the day,considering the load consumption at each hour.The results depict that the load curve reached a constant state by managing charge-discharge with no significant changes.This shows the significance of such matters in terms of economy and technicality.
文摘Uttarakhand state comes under special category state where approximately 69.45% population lived in rural area under the population density with varied range of 37 to 607 persons per sq.km. Although Uttarakhand is having per capita consumption of 1112.29 kWh which is higher than national average per capita consumption of 779 kWh as till date, but remote communities, villages are not able to access clean, cheep and good quality of energy due to uneven terrain, lack of proper transmission & distribution lines [1]. 100% villages are electrified under the RGGVY scheme as per the Ministry of Power Government of India, but due to poor loading of transformer, lack of grid infrastructure and natural calamities, remote house owners are not able to get good quality of power thus affect the livelihood and source of income generation in various means [2]. As Uttarakhand state having future plans to be make state energy sufficient and energy access to all by year 2016-2017, so major ground level initiative have been taken by Government of Uttarakhand. The government of Uttarakhand has incorporated innovative business model to provide good quality of power with non-conventional energy source. Under the initiative invlovement of local people and village level, panchayats have ownership and responsibility to operate these clean energy business model to improve livelihood in remote hilly places of Uttarakhand. Under this analysis, five different type of community models are categorized as Community 1, Community 2, Community 3, Standalone 1 & Standalone 2 for rural &remote communities based on number of unclustered households with the distance covered between 200 m to 20 km, and electrical loads i.e. lighting, fan, mobile chargers, television along with time of day energy consumption patterns. These community models are for remote hilly location where grid integration and distribution lines are not feasible to built due to hilly terrain, low soil strength and huge expenses for expanding power cables for supplying good quality power. The preliminary studies and simulations has been done in HOMER tool by considering the various composite source of power, i.e. Solar PV with battery bank, Solar PV with battery Bank & Generator, and Solar PV along with DG. These three hybrid source of power generation with Solar PV as base source under five different community models, the techno-commercial feasibility has been analyzed in terms of load sharing proposition with Solar PV and battery, DG, Energy production through PV, load consumption per year, Excess and unmet energy monitoring, battery sizing to meet the load during nights, DG operation when the solar energy not available due to weather condition and non availability of sunshine in night. Financial feasibility has been examined in terms of levelized cost of energy, cost summary and O&M cost per year of three integrated sources of energy generation with Solar PV under each community model. Solar PV power plant , which is the best renewable source of energy to cater energy access issue in remote hilly places. The Uttarakhand receives good amout of daily average radiation level of 5.14 - 5.50 kWh/m2/day. Financial feasible community models for different hilly region based on their energy consumption need to be implemented with the help of local community by providing ownership to local people, panchayat, for it not only caters energy access issue but also provides clean, cheep, uninterruptable energy and improves livelihood standard to locals by engaging them into operation maintenance and tariff or rent collection. The study shows that Solar PV power plant with battery bank is the optimal solution considering life cycle cost of hybrid system. It is feasible due to low operation and maintenance cost, price declination of battery and Solar PV module, battery prices at time of replacement.
基金supported by the introduction of Talent Research Fund in Nanjing Institute of Technology(YKJ202204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52401282 and 52300206)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230701 and BK20230705).
文摘Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems.However,challenges,such as poor cathode conductivity,anode dendrite formation,polysulfide shuttling,and electrolyte degradation,continue to limit performance and stability.Molecular and ionic dipole interactions have emerged as an effective strategy to address these issues by regulating ionic transport,modulating solvation structures,optimizing interfacial chemistry,and enhancing charge transfer kinetics.These interactions also stabilize electrode interfaces,suppress side reactions,and mitigate anode corrosion,collectively improving the durability of high-energy batteries.A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential to guide the design of next-generation battery materials.Herein,this review summarizes the development,classification,and advantages of dipole interactions in high-energy batteries.The roles of dipoles,including facilitating ion transport,controlling solvation dynamics,stabilizing the electric double layer,optimizing solid electrolyte interphase and cathode–electrolyte interface layers,and inhibiting parasitic reactions—are comprehensively discussed.Finally,perspectives on future research directions are proposed to advance dipole-enabled strategies for high-performance energy storage.This review aims to provide insights into the rational design of dipole-interactive systems and promote the progress of electrochemical energy storage technologies.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT) (IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191, and RS-2025-02303505)partly supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education. (No. 2022R1A6C101A774)the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, through Large Research Project under grant number RGP-2/527/46
文摘The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey(TüBTAK)under Grant 112T570
文摘Preparation of hierarchically porous, heteroatom-rich nanostructured carbons through green and scalable routes plays a key role for practical energy storage applications. In this work, naturally abundant lignocellulosic agricultural waste with high initial oxygen content, hazelnut shells, were hydrothermally carbonized and converted into nanostructured ‘hydrochar’. Environmentally benign ceramic/magnesium oxide（Mg O） templating was used to introduce porosity into the hydrochar. Electrochemical performance of the resulting material（HM700） was investigated in aqueous solutions of 1 M H;SO;, 6 M KOH and1 M Na;SO;, using a three-electrode cell. HM700 achieved a high specific capacitance of 323.2 F/g in 1 M H;SO;（at 1 A/g,-0.3 to 0.9 V vs. Ag/Ag Cl） due to the contributions of oxygen heteroatoms（13.5 wt%）to the total capacitance by pseudo-capacitive effect. Moreover, a maximum energy density of 11.1 Wh/kg and a maximum power density of 3686.2 W/kg were attained for the symmetric supercapacitor employing HM700 as electrode material（1 M Na;SO;, E = 2 V）, making the device promising for green supercapacitor applications.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2022R1F1A1070168,2020R1C1C1004322)the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology as Development of core technology for smart wellness care based on cleaner production process technology(KITECH-PEH23030)+1 种基金supported by the Renewable Surplus Sector Coupling Technology Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy,Republic of Korea(No.20226210100050)the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.CPS21141-100)。
文摘Thick electrodes can substantially enhance the overall energy density of batteries.However,insufficient wettability of aqueous electrolytes toward electrodes with conventional hydrophobic binders severely limits utilization of active materials with increasing the thickness of electrodes for aqueous batteries,resulting in battery performance deterioration with a reduced capacity.Here,we demonstrate that controlling the hydrophilicity of the thicker electrodes is critical to enhancing the overall energy density of batteries.Hydrophilic binders are synthesized via a simple sulfonation process of conventional polyvinylidene fluoride binders,considering physicochemical properties such as mechanical properties and adhesion.The introduction of abundant sulfonate groups of binders(i)allows fast and sufficient electrolyte wetting,and(ii)improves ionic conduction in thick electrodes,enabling a significant increase in reversible capacities under various current densities.Further,the sulfonated binder effectively inhibits the dissolution of cathode materials in reactive aqueous electrolytes.Overall,our findings significantly enhance the energy density and contribute to the development of practical zinc-ion batteries.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFE0106400).
文摘This study aims to comprehensively analyze the Greenhouse Gases(GHGs)emissions from current sewage sludge treatment and disposal technologies(buildingmaterial,landfill,land spreading,anaerobic digestion,and thermochemical processes)based on the database of Science Citation Index(SCI)and Social Science Citation Index(SSCI)from 1998 to 2020.The general patterns,spatial distribution,and hotspotswere provided by bibliometric analysis.A comparative quantitative analysis based on life cycle assessment(LCA)put forward the current emission situation and the key influencing factors of different technologies.The effective GHG emissions reduction methods were proposed to mitigate climate change.Results showed that incineration or building materials manufacturing of highly dewatered sludge,and land spreading after anaerobic digestion have the best GHG emissions reduction benefits.Biological treatment technologies and thermochemical processes have great potential for reducing GHGs.Enhancement of pretreatment effect,co-digestion,and newtechnologies(e.g.,injection of carbon dioxide,directional acidification)are major approaches to facilitate substitution emissions in sludge anaerobic digestion.The relationship between the quality and efficiency of secondary energy in thermochemical process and GHGs emission still needs further study.Solid sludge products generated by bio-stabilization or thermochemical processes are considered to have a certain carbon sequestration value and can improve the soil environment to control GHG emissions.The findings are useful for future development and processes selection of sludge treatment and disposal facing carbon footprint reduction.
基金Project (No. Y107356) supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In this study a new dynamic model of a rotor system is established based on the Hamilton principle and the finite element method (FEM). We analyze the dynamic behavior of the rotor system with the coupled effects of the nonlinear oil film force, the nonlinear seal force, and the mass eccentricity of the disk. The equations of the motion are solved effectively using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method in MATLAB. The dynamic behavior of the system is illustrated by bifurcation diagrams, largest Lyapunov exponents, phase trajectory diagrams, and Poincaré maps. The numerical results show that the rotational speed of the rotor, the pressure drop in the seal, the seal length, the seal clearance, and the mass eccentricity of the disk are the key parameters that significantly affect the dynamic characteristics of the rotor system. The motion of the rotor system exhibits complex types of periodic, quasi-periodic, double-periodic, multi-periodic, and chaotic vibrations. This analysis can be used to guide the design of seal parameters and to diagnose the vibration of rotor/bearing/seal systems.
