This study investigates the feasibility and efficiency of geothermal energy for heating applications in Azerbaijan,with a specific focus on the Khachmaz region.Despite the country’s growing interest in sustainable en...This study investigates the feasibility and efficiency of geothermal energy for heating applications in Azerbaijan,with a specific focus on the Khachmaz region.Despite the country’s growing interest in sustainable energy,limited research has addressed the potential of ground-source heat pump(GSHP)systems under local climatic and soil conditions.To address this gap,the study employs GeoT*SOL simulation to evaluate systemperformance,incorporating site-specific parameters such as soil thermal conductivity,heating demand profiles,and regional weather data.The results show that the GSHP system achieves a maximum seasonal performance factor(SPF)of 5.62 and an average SPF of 4.86,indicating high operational efficiency.Additionally,the system provides an estimated annual CO_(2) emissions reduction of 1956 kg per household,highlighting its environmental benefits.Comparative analysis with conventional heating systems demonstrates considerable energy savings and emissions mitigation.The study identifies technical(e.g.,initial installation complexity)and economic(e.g.,high upfront costs)challenges to widespread implementation.Based on these insights,practical recommendations are proposed:policymakers are encouraged to support financial incentives and policy frameworks;urban planners should consider GSHP integration in regional heating plans;and engineers may adopt the simulation-based approach presented here for feasibility studies.This research contributes to the strategic advancement of renewable heating technologies in Azerbaijan.展开更多
Renewable energy technologies, while often labeled as clean or net-zero alternatives to fossil fuels, involve substantial use of critical minerals in products like electric vehicles, solar panels, wind turbines, and b...Renewable energy technologies, while often labeled as clean or net-zero alternatives to fossil fuels, involve substantial use of critical minerals in products like electric vehicles, solar panels, wind turbines, and battery storage systems. This aspect is frequently underappreciated, yet studies indicate it could be a significant area of environmental impact. For instance, research has shown that a typical electric vehicle needs around six times the mineral resources of a conventional vehicle, while an onshore wind turbine requires nine times the mineral input compared to a gas power plant of similar capacity. This paper seeks to analyze the environmental effects linked to the critical minerals required by certain renewable energy technologies. The study begins with an estimation of the future megawatt capacities for each type of renewable technology. Next, it calculates the specific mineral quantities necessary for each model, followed by an assessment of the environmental repercussions tied to their extraction and processing. The results highlight the unique environmental challenges posed by the rising demand for minerals in solar and wind energy systems, taking into account various adoption scenarios.展开更多
This paper examines a model that combines vortex generators and leading-edge tubercles for controlling the laminar separation bubble(LSB)over an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers(Re).This new concept of passive flow con...This paper examines a model that combines vortex generators and leading-edge tubercles for controlling the laminar separation bubble(LSB)over an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers(Re).This new concept of passive flow control technique utilizing a tubercle and vortex generator(VG)close to the leading edge was analyzed numerically for a NACA0015 airfoil.In this study,the Shear Stress Transport(SST)turbulence model was employed in the numerical modelling.Numerical modelling was completed using the ANSYS-Fluent 18.2 solver.Analyses were conducted to investigate the flow pattern and understand the underlying LSB control phenomena that enabled the new passive flow control method to provide this significant performance benefit.The findings indicated that the new concept of passive flow control technique suppressed the formation of an LSB at the suction surface of the NACA0015 airfoil,resulting in a higher lift coefficient and improved aerodynamic performance.Improvements in LSB dynamics and aerodynamic performance through the passive flow control method lead to increased energy output and enhanced stability.展开更多
The geothermal resources in hot dry rock(HDR)are considered the future trend in geothermal energy extraction due to their abundant reserves.However,exploitation of the resources is fraught with complexity and technica...The geothermal resources in hot dry rock(HDR)are considered the future trend in geothermal energy extraction due to their abundant reserves.However,exploitation of the resources is fraught with complexity and technical challenges arising from their unique characteristics of high temperature,high strength,and low permeability.With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,intelligent algorithms such as machine learning and evolutionary algorithms are gradually replacing or assisting traditional research methods,providing new solutions for HDR geothermal resource exploitation.This study first provides an overview of HDR geothermal resource exploitation technologies and AI methods.Then,the latest research progress is systematically reviewed in AI applications in HDR geothermal reservoir characterization,deep drilling,heat production,and operational parameter optimization.Additionally,this study discusses the potential limitations of AI methods in HDR geothermal resource exploitation and highlights the corresponding opportunities for AI's application.Notably,the study proposes the framework of an intelligent HDR exploitation system,offering a valuable reference for future research and practice.展开更多
The fundamental scientific and engineering knowledge concerning the solar power curve,which maps solar irradiance and other auxiliary meteorological variables to photovoltaic output power,has been gathered and put for...The fundamental scientific and engineering knowledge concerning the solar power curve,which maps solar irradiance and other auxiliary meteorological variables to photovoltaic output power,has been gathered and put forward in the preceding tutorial review.Despite the many pages of that review,it was incomplete in the sense that it did not elaborate on the applications of this very important tool of solar energy meteorology.Indeed,solar power curves are ubiquitously needed in a broad spectrum of solar forecasting and solar resource assessment tasks.Hence,this tutorial review should continue from where it left off and present examples concerning the usage of solar power curves.In a nutshell,this tutorial review,together with the preceding one,should elucidate how surface shortwave radiation data,be they ground-based,satelliteretrieved,or model-output,are bridged to various power system operations via solar power curves.展开更多
Strategic design and synergistic interactions between the electrodes and electroactive materials profoundly influence the energy storage efficiency of supercapacitor devices. Herein, we present the interfacial enginee...Strategic design and synergistic interactions between the electrodes and electroactive materials profoundly influence the energy storage efficiency of supercapacitor devices. Herein, we present the interfacial engineering of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2) with a well-defined construction of amorphous/crystalline hetero-phases deposited on carbon cloth using a hydrothermal technique. The optimal in-situ growth of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC boasts an impressive areal capacity of 1341 mC cm^(-2) and retains ∼91 % capacity after 5000 cycles, attributed to the synergy effect and improved conductivity of multi-metallic sulfide ions over the CFC substrate. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals the metallic nature of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC and favorable OH- ion adsorption energy of -4.35 eV, enhancing its charge storage capabilities. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) and Pouch HSC are assembled utilizing the CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC as a positrode and marine waste jellyfish-derived AC as a negatrode with an aqueous electrolyte. The HSC and PHSC demonstrate superior specific energies of 51.99 and 58.4 W h kg^(-1), respectively, along with corresponding specific powers of 800 and 780 W kg^(-1), maintaining robust stability of ∼90 % stability over 10000 cycles. Additionally, the HSC and PHSC have successfully illuminated several light-emitting diodes (LEDs) demonstrating superior energy storage performance. This work advances the design of hetero-phase multi-metal sulfides, paving the way for high-performance supercapacitor devices.展开更多
Temperature-programmed desorption(TPD)is a fundamental technique in surface science and heterogeneous catalysis for characterizing adsorption behavior,and for extracting key parameters such as adsorption energy.Howeve...Temperature-programmed desorption(TPD)is a fundamental technique in surface science and heterogeneous catalysis for characterizing adsorption behavior,and for extracting key parameters such as adsorption energy.However,the majority of existing TPD data is accessible in the form of published images,which lacks structured and quantitative datasets.This constrains its utility for rigorous quantitative analysis and computational modelling.Using carbon monoxide(CO)which is a widely adopted probe molecule,a curated and standardized dataset of CO-TPD is constructed,encompassing 14 transition-metal single-crystal surfaces,including copper(Cu)and ruthenium(Ru).By systematically extracting numerical data points from published spectra and applying normalization,essential spectral features such as peak shape are fully preserved.The dataset also documents relevant experimental parameters,including heating rates,and was developed using a standardized protocol for data collection and quality control.This resource serves as both a reference library to support the deconvolution of TPD spectra from complex catalysts and an experimental benchmark for calibrating parameters in theoretical models.By providing a reliable and accessible data function,this work advances the microscopic understanding and the rational design of catalyst active centers.展开更多
Introduction The Department of Energy and Power Engineering,originally known as the Power group in the Department of Mechanical Engineering,was established in 1952 under the name of the Department of Power System,whil...Introduction The Department of Energy and Power Engineering,originally known as the Power group in the Department of Mechanical Engineering,was established in 1952 under the name of the Department of Power System,while the Department of Mechanical Engineering had been originally established in 1932.At present,for teaching and scientific research,in the Department of Energy and Power Engineering there are five institutes,namely,Institute of Energy and Power Engineering,Institute of Power Mechanics and Engineering,Institute of Thermophysics.展开更多
A unique department was created in 2006 at Washington University in St Louis,the very first Department of Energy,Environmental and Chemical Engineering,combining Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering and ...A unique department was created in 2006 at Washington University in St Louis,the very first Department of Energy,Environmental and Chemical Engineering,combining Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering and adding Energy programmes(Table 1).展开更多
Aerodynamic performances of axial compressors are significantly affected by variation of Reynolds number in aero-engines.In the design and analysis of compressors,previous correction methods for cascades and stages ha...Aerodynamic performances of axial compressors are significantly affected by variation of Reynolds number in aero-engines.In the design and analysis of compressors,previous correction methods for cascades and stages have difficulties in predicting comprehensively Reynolds number effects on airfoils,matching and characteristics curves.This study proposes Re-correction models for loss,deviation angle and endwall blockage based on classical theories and cascade tests,and loss and deviation models show good agreement in test data of NACA65 and C4 cascades.Throughflow method considering Reynolds number effects is developed by integrating the correction models into a verified Streamline Curvature(SLC)tool.A three-stage axial compressor is investigated through SLC and CFD methods from design Reynolds number(Red=2106)to low Re=4104,and the numerical methods are validated with test data of characteristic curves and spanwise distributions at Red.With Re reduction,SLC method with correction models well predicts variation in overall performances compared with CFD calculations and Wassell's model.Streamwise and spanwise matching such as total pressure and loss distributions in SLC predictions are basically consistent with those in CFD results at near-stall points under design and low Reynolds numbers.SLC and CFD methods share similar detections of stall risks in the third stage(Stg3),and their analyses of diffusion processes deviate to some extent due to different predictions in separated endwall flow.The correction models can be adopted to consider Reynolds number effects in through-flow design and analysis of axial compressors.展开更多
GANSim is a generative adversarial networks(GANs)-based geomodelling framework with direct conditioning capabilities.To extend GANSim for geomodelling of multi-scenario and non-stationary reservoirs,and to address its...GANSim is a generative adversarial networks(GANs)-based geomodelling framework with direct conditioning capabilities.To extend GANSim for geomodelling of multi-scenario and non-stationary reservoirs,and to address its tendency to overlook single-pixel well facies conditioning data that can cause local facies disconnections around wells,an enhanced GANSim framework is proposed.The effectiveness of the enhanced GANSim is validated using a 3D multi-scenario,non-stationary turbidite fan reservoir.For reservoirs that may involve multiple geological scenarios,two GANSim geomodelling workflows are proposed:(1)training a comprehensive GANSim model that covers all possible geological scenarios;and(2)first performing geological scenario falsification and then training GANSim models only for the unfalsified scenarios.On this basis,a local discriminator architecture is designed to improve facies continuity around wells.The modelling results show that both workflows can generate non-stationary facies models that conform to expected geological patterns and honor conditioning data,and the facies discontinuity issue around wells is effectively resolved.Compared with multipoint geostatistical methods(SNESIM),GANSim exhibits superior capability in reproducing geological patterns and modelling efficiency.Although GANSim requires a long training time,once training is completed,it can be applied to geomodelling reservoirs of arbitrary scale with similar geological structures,achieving modelling speeds approximately 1000 times faster than SNESIM.展开更多
The performance degradation of micro light-emitting diodes(micro-LEDs)is closely associated with the deterioration of sidewall passivation layers under prolonged electrical bias.We investigate reliability improvements...The performance degradation of micro light-emitting diodes(micro-LEDs)is closely associated with the deterioration of sidewall passivation layers under prolonged electrical bias.We investigate reliability improvements in 20μm×20μm InGaN/GaN blue micro-LEDs by suppressing the formation of an unstable interfacial layer during sidewall passivation.SiO_(2)is deposited on the etched mesa sidewalls using either Sputtering or plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD).Comparative analysis reveals that PECVD-passivated devices experience more severe performance degradation,primarily due to the increased leakage current.After 100 h of accelerated aging,external quantum efficiency decreases by 44%in PECVD-passivated samples,whereas Sputter-passivated devices exhibit only an11%reduction.This discrepancy is attributed to the formation of a thicker and chemically unstable gallium oxynitride(Ga-O_(X)-N_(1-X))interfacial layer at the SiO_(2)∕GaN-based interface,which facilitates the generation of sidewall defects.Suppressing the formation of this interlayer enhances the crystallinity and structural stability of the passivation layer,thereby mitigating the activation of point defects.Notably,Sputter deposition is more effective in minimizing the formation of Ga-O-N interlayer.These findings emphasize the critical role of achieving low-defect-density sidewall passivation to improve the reliability of micro-LEDs for next-generation high-resolution display applications.展开更多
The photovoltaic performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells often respond divergently to environmental conditions during storage.In particular,light exposure can either enhance or degrade device efficiency,yet...The photovoltaic performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells often respond divergently to environmental conditions during storage.In particular,light exposure can either enhance or degrade device efficiency,yet the mechanisms underlying these antithetical behaviors are still under investigation.In this study,we explore the modulation of the open-circuit voltage(Voc)in triple-cation mixed-halide perovskite solar cells by systematically controlling storage environments.While light intensity exhibits minimal impact during storage,the spectral composition of illumination selectively enhances Voc comprising reversible and irreversible contributions.Structural characterization reveals that prolonged storage degrades the quality of perovskite crystals in the upper region of the perovskite layer,whereas light storage promotes the relaxation of microstrain at the buried interface with a p-type organic layer.This structural reorganization at the interface,accompanied by lattice expansion,accounts for suppressed nonradiative recombination and a corresponding increase in quasi-Fermi level splitting.Consequently,devices fabricated without chemical defect passivation achieve a power conversion efficiency of higher than 40%under indoor lighting conditions after preconditioned by continuous exposure to ambient light during storage.These findings highlight the critical role of controlled light exposure during storage not only in enhancing efficiency,but also in ensuring reproducibility of perovskite solar cell characterization.展开更多
This study investigated the efficient conversion of greenhouse gases(GHGs),CO_(2)and CH_(4)mixtures,into few-walled carbon nanotubes(FWCNTs)through an optimized single-step and dual-step chemical vapor deposition(CVD)...This study investigated the efficient conversion of greenhouse gases(GHGs),CO_(2)and CH_(4)mixtures,into few-walled carbon nanotubes(FWCNTs)through an optimized single-step and dual-step chemical vapor deposition(CVD)process.In the single-step process for directly synthesizing FWCNTs from greenhouse gases,CO_(2)concentration,gas flowrates,and H_(2)addition were identified as factors influencing the growth of FWCNTs.It was demonstrated that minimizing the amounts of CO_(2)and H_(2)was essential for achieving complete CO_(2)conversion because CO_(2)acts as an oxidizing agent that hinders CNT growth,while an excess of H_(2)disrupts the chemical equilibrium of the CO_(2)conversion reaction,leading to side reactions that suppress FWCNTs formation.To overcome these limitations,a dual-step approach incorporating sequential catalytic reactions was developed.In the first step,the Ni/SiO_(2)catalyst was utilized to facilitate CO_(2)methanation,reducing CO_(2)amounts while generating CH_(4)-rich gas.In the second step,CH_(4)pyrolysis was performed over the FeMo/MgO catalyst,enabling the growth of high-quality FWCNTs.This sequential configuration successfully synthesized FWCNTs under conditions previously unattainable in the single-step process,validating the effectiveness of the dual-step design.The strategic optimization of process parameters and sequential catalytic reactions established a viable route for converting GHGs into valuable FWCNTs.展开更多
Though the formation of polysulfide is desirable,as it contributes to the capacity build-up,it must not leak into the electrolyte.The loss of polysulfide causes capacity fade,a change in the local chemistry of the ele...Though the formation of polysulfide is desirable,as it contributes to the capacity build-up,it must not leak into the electrolyte.The loss of polysulfide causes capacity fade,a change in the local chemistry of the electrolyte,and anode poisoning.Constant efforts are in progress to find suitable polysulfide-absorbing materials;however,the magical polysulfide absorber is yet to be discovered or developed.Experimental methods alone often fall short in accelerating the investigations may be due to the complex Nature of the testing.This review focuses on the importance of computational methods,particularly density functional theory(DFT),in screening suitable polysulfide absorbers.It highlights the critical role of anchoring materials in improving Na-S battery performance,including pristine and doped graphene,metal–organic frameworks,carbon Nanofibers,vanadium disulfide,MXenes,and metal sulfides.By examining adsorption energies,charge transfer mechanisms,and catalytic properties,this review provides insights into the design of advanced materials that can effectively immobilize polysulfides and enhance battery stability.The review aims to guide future research efforts toward the development of high-performance RT Na-S batteries through a comprehensive understanding of the polysulfide-absorbing materials.展开更多
Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migrati...Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migration behaviors,ecotoxicology,absorption mechanisms,and effects of MPs has also been fully summarized.Microplastics interact with contaminants,such as antibiotics,pesticides,heavy metals,etc.,and may act as vectors for contaminant transfer in terrestrial ecosystems.The transportation and retention of MPs in soil are governed by interactions among their inherent properties,such as size,shape,surface charge,and density.Interestingly,MP migration into soil is lacking research.The MPs and nanoplastics were also found in edible fruits and vegetables.The MP contamination in soil affects ecosystems,causing soil structure changes,fertility reduction,and pollutant leaching into groundwater.The MP concentration lies in the range of 43-2443 and 40-43000 items kg-1in agricultural and urban soils,respectively.This review provides a comprehensive roadmap for future research and a framework for soil MP risk assessment.Future studies on the uptake,accumulation,and translocation of MPs and their associated toxins by plants are essential for evaluating their risks to food security and human health.Research on MPs in terrestrial habitats lacks comprehensive data on their long-term persistence,degradation pathways,and interactions with soil components under varying environmental conditions.Additionally,limited understanding exists regarding MP impacts on soil biodiversity,pollutant mobility,and plant uptake,highlighting the need for innovative detection methods and effective pollution abatement strategies.展开更多
The search for high-abundance compounds containing rare earth elements to develop high-performance magnetic refrigeration materials for hydrogen liquefaction has become a particularly attractive research direction.We ...The search for high-abundance compounds containing rare earth elements to develop high-performance magnetic refrigeration materials for hydrogen liquefaction has become a particularly attractive research direction.We successfully manipulated the magnetic interactions in tetragonal rare earth carbides(RE_(3)C_(4))by doping them with boron(B)element,transforming their state from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic.Theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that the transition in magnetic interactions may be due to the synergistic effects of electronic structure and lattice distortions.Building on this,further doping with holmium(Ho)element was used to adjust the magnetic transition temperature of the system.The results show that the magnetic transition temperature of this series of compounds can be effectively altered within the range of 26-42.8 K.By optimizing the composition of rare earth elements,a series of novel candidate materials exhibiting significant magnetocaloric effects within the temperature range required for hydrogen liquefaction is successfully developed.展开更多
Aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)are considered promising candidates owing to their inherent safety and low cost.However,the conventional glass fiber(GF)separator used in AZIBs suffers from poor physicochemical proper...Aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)are considered promising candidates owing to their inherent safety and low cost.However,the conventional glass fiber(GF)separator used in AZIBs suffers from poor physicochemical properties,leading to uncontrolled zinc(Zn)dendrite formation and undesirable side reactions.To address these limitations and enhance the electrochemical performance of AZIBs,a precisely designed functional separator is developed by incorporating UiO-66-(COOH)_(2)into a poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)framework(U-PVDF)via a direct in situ growth method.This approach enables uniform distribution of UiO-66-(COOH)_(2)both on the surface and within the PVDF backbone,without increasing separator thickness.Owing to the strong interaction between Zn^(2+)and the abundant carboxyl groups in UiO-66-(COOH)_(2),the U-PVDF separator regulates the Zn^(2+)solvation structure toward a contact ion pair-dominated structure by reducing coordinated water molecules,which effectively mitigates water-induced parasitic reactions and promotes compact Zn deposition.Consequently,a Zn/Zn symmetric cell employing the U-PVDF separator demonstrates superior cycling stability over 1500 cycles without internal short-circuiting at a current density of 6 mA cm^(−2)and an areal capacity of 2 mAh cm^(−2).Moreover,Zn/NaV_(3)O_(8)·xH_(2)O(NVO)cell with the U-PVDF separator exhibits markedly improved cyclability and rate performance compared with those using conventional GF separator.展开更多
In-situ heating conversion is the most practical recovery method for lacustrine low-to-medium maturity shale oil.However,the energy output-input ratio must exceed the economic threshold to achieve commercial developme...In-situ heating conversion is the most practical recovery method for lacustrine low-to-medium maturity shale oil.However,the energy output-input ratio must exceed the economic threshold to achieve commercial development.This paper systematically investigates the mechanism of super-rich accumulation of organic matter in continental shale,sweet spot evaluation,optimal heating windows,and appropriate well types and patterns from the perspectives of enhancing energy output and reducing energy input.(1)The super-rich accumulation of organic matter in lacustrine shale is primarily controlled by the intensity,frequency,and preservation of external material inputs,and is related to moderate volcanic and hydrothermal activities,marine transgressions,with total organic carbon content greater than or equal to 6%.(2)The quality of organic-rich intervals is related to the type of source material and hydrocarbon generation potential.The in-situ conversion-derived hydrocarbon quality index(HQI)is established,and the zones exhibiting HQI>450 are defined as sweet spots.(3)Considering the characteristics of the organic matter conversion material field and seepage field,the temperature interval 300-370℃is recommended as the optimal heating window for the Chang 7_(3)sub-member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin.Based on the advantages of thermal conductivity,permeability,and hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency along the bedding direction during in-situ heating,the“horizontal well heating+vertical well development”scheme is proposed,which has demonstrated significant enhancement in both recovery factor and energy output-input ratio,making it the optimal in-situ conversion process.The research findings provide a theoretical and technical foundation for the economical and efficient development of low-to-medium maturity shale oil.展开更多
With the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles,their charging loads pose new challenges to power grid stability and operational efficiency.To address this,this study employs a Monte Carlo simulation model to analyz...With the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles,their charging loads pose new challenges to power grid stability and operational efficiency.To address this,this study employs a Monte Carlo simulation model to analyze the charging load characteristics of six battery electric vehicle categories in Hebei Province,leveraging multi-source probabilistic distribution data under typical operational scenarios.The findings reveal that electric vehicle charging loads are primarily concentrated during midday and nighttime periods,with significant load fluctuations exerting substantial pressure on the grid.In response,this paper proposes strategic interventions including optimized charging infrastructure planning,time-of-use electricity pricing mechanisms,and smart charging technologies to balance grid loads.The results provide a theoretical foundation for electric vehicle load forecasting,smart grid dispatching,and vehicle-grid integration,thereby enhancing grid operational efficiency and sustainability.展开更多
文摘This study investigates the feasibility and efficiency of geothermal energy for heating applications in Azerbaijan,with a specific focus on the Khachmaz region.Despite the country’s growing interest in sustainable energy,limited research has addressed the potential of ground-source heat pump(GSHP)systems under local climatic and soil conditions.To address this gap,the study employs GeoT*SOL simulation to evaluate systemperformance,incorporating site-specific parameters such as soil thermal conductivity,heating demand profiles,and regional weather data.The results show that the GSHP system achieves a maximum seasonal performance factor(SPF)of 5.62 and an average SPF of 4.86,indicating high operational efficiency.Additionally,the system provides an estimated annual CO_(2) emissions reduction of 1956 kg per household,highlighting its environmental benefits.Comparative analysis with conventional heating systems demonstrates considerable energy savings and emissions mitigation.The study identifies technical(e.g.,initial installation complexity)and economic(e.g.,high upfront costs)challenges to widespread implementation.Based on these insights,practical recommendations are proposed:policymakers are encouraged to support financial incentives and policy frameworks;urban planners should consider GSHP integration in regional heating plans;and engineers may adopt the simulation-based approach presented here for feasibility studies.This research contributes to the strategic advancement of renewable heating technologies in Azerbaijan.
文摘Renewable energy technologies, while often labeled as clean or net-zero alternatives to fossil fuels, involve substantial use of critical minerals in products like electric vehicles, solar panels, wind turbines, and battery storage systems. This aspect is frequently underappreciated, yet studies indicate it could be a significant area of environmental impact. For instance, research has shown that a typical electric vehicle needs around six times the mineral resources of a conventional vehicle, while an onshore wind turbine requires nine times the mineral input compared to a gas power plant of similar capacity. This paper seeks to analyze the environmental effects linked to the critical minerals required by certain renewable energy technologies. The study begins with an estimation of the future megawatt capacities for each type of renewable technology. Next, it calculates the specific mineral quantities necessary for each model, followed by an assessment of the environmental repercussions tied to their extraction and processing. The results highlight the unique environmental challenges posed by the rising demand for minerals in solar and wind energy systems, taking into account various adoption scenarios.
基金the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Erciyes University under contract no:FDS-2022-11532 and FOA-2025-14773.
文摘This paper examines a model that combines vortex generators and leading-edge tubercles for controlling the laminar separation bubble(LSB)over an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers(Re).This new concept of passive flow control technique utilizing a tubercle and vortex generator(VG)close to the leading edge was analyzed numerically for a NACA0015 airfoil.In this study,the Shear Stress Transport(SST)turbulence model was employed in the numerical modelling.Numerical modelling was completed using the ANSYS-Fluent 18.2 solver.Analyses were conducted to investigate the flow pattern and understand the underlying LSB control phenomena that enabled the new passive flow control method to provide this significant performance benefit.The findings indicated that the new concept of passive flow control technique suppressed the formation of an LSB at the suction surface of the NACA0015 airfoil,resulting in a higher lift coefficient and improved aerodynamic performance.Improvements in LSB dynamics and aerodynamic performance through the passive flow control method lead to increased energy output and enhanced stability.
基金Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering,Grant/Award Number:DESEYU202303Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:DUT24GJ205。
文摘The geothermal resources in hot dry rock(HDR)are considered the future trend in geothermal energy extraction due to their abundant reserves.However,exploitation of the resources is fraught with complexity and technical challenges arising from their unique characteristics of high temperature,high strength,and low permeability.With the continuous advancement of artificial intelligence(AI)technology,intelligent algorithms such as machine learning and evolutionary algorithms are gradually replacing or assisting traditional research methods,providing new solutions for HDR geothermal resource exploitation.This study first provides an overview of HDR geothermal resource exploitation technologies and AI methods.Then,the latest research progress is systematically reviewed in AI applications in HDR geothermal reservoir characterization,deep drilling,heat production,and operational parameter optimization.Additionally,this study discusses the potential limitations of AI methods in HDR geothermal resource exploitation and highlights the corresponding opportunities for AI's application.Notably,the study proposes the framework of an intelligent HDR exploitation system,offering a valuable reference for future research and practice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project no.42375192)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(project no.42030608)+3 种基金China Meteorological Administration Climate Change Special Program(CMA-CCSPproject no.QBZ202315)supported by the National Research,Development and Innovation Fund,project no.OTKA-FK 142702the János Bolyai Research Scholarship。
文摘The fundamental scientific and engineering knowledge concerning the solar power curve,which maps solar irradiance and other auxiliary meteorological variables to photovoltaic output power,has been gathered and put forward in the preceding tutorial review.Despite the many pages of that review,it was incomplete in the sense that it did not elaborate on the applications of this very important tool of solar energy meteorology.Indeed,solar power curves are ubiquitously needed in a broad spectrum of solar forecasting and solar resource assessment tasks.Hence,this tutorial review should continue from where it left off and present examples concerning the usage of solar power curves.In a nutshell,this tutorial review,together with the preceding one,should elucidate how surface shortwave radiation data,be they ground-based,satelliteretrieved,or model-output,are bridged to various power system operations via solar power curves.
基金supported by the Technology Devel-opment Program(No.S3218794)funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups(MSS,Korea)supported by the Nano&Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Min-istry of Science and ICT(No.RS-2024-00446825).
文摘Strategic design and synergistic interactions between the electrodes and electroactive materials profoundly influence the energy storage efficiency of supercapacitor devices. Herein, we present the interfacial engineering of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2) with a well-defined construction of amorphous/crystalline hetero-phases deposited on carbon cloth using a hydrothermal technique. The optimal in-situ growth of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC boasts an impressive areal capacity of 1341 mC cm^(-2) and retains ∼91 % capacity after 5000 cycles, attributed to the synergy effect and improved conductivity of multi-metallic sulfide ions over the CFC substrate. Density functional theory (DFT) reveals the metallic nature of CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC and favorable OH- ion adsorption energy of -4.35 eV, enhancing its charge storage capabilities. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) and Pouch HSC are assembled utilizing the CoMoS_(4)-NiS_(2)@CFC as a positrode and marine waste jellyfish-derived AC as a negatrode with an aqueous electrolyte. The HSC and PHSC demonstrate superior specific energies of 51.99 and 58.4 W h kg^(-1), respectively, along with corresponding specific powers of 800 and 780 W kg^(-1), maintaining robust stability of ∼90 % stability over 10000 cycles. Additionally, the HSC and PHSC have successfully illuminated several light-emitting diodes (LEDs) demonstrating superior energy storage performance. This work advances the design of hetero-phase multi-metal sulfides, paving the way for high-performance supercapacitor devices.
基金Supported by the Robotic AI-Scientist Platform of Chinese Academy of SciencesNational Natural Science Foundation of China(22372185)+2 种基金Youth Talent Development Program of SKLCC(2025BWZ009)Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(202203021221219)Research on the Construction of Scientific and Technological Innovation Think Tank of Shanxi Association for Science and Technology(KXKT202542)。
文摘Temperature-programmed desorption(TPD)is a fundamental technique in surface science and heterogeneous catalysis for characterizing adsorption behavior,and for extracting key parameters such as adsorption energy.However,the majority of existing TPD data is accessible in the form of published images,which lacks structured and quantitative datasets.This constrains its utility for rigorous quantitative analysis and computational modelling.Using carbon monoxide(CO)which is a widely adopted probe molecule,a curated and standardized dataset of CO-TPD is constructed,encompassing 14 transition-metal single-crystal surfaces,including copper(Cu)and ruthenium(Ru).By systematically extracting numerical data points from published spectra and applying normalization,essential spectral features such as peak shape are fully preserved.The dataset also documents relevant experimental parameters,including heating rates,and was developed using a standardized protocol for data collection and quality control.This resource serves as both a reference library to support the deconvolution of TPD spectra from complex catalysts and an experimental benchmark for calibrating parameters in theoretical models.By providing a reliable and accessible data function,this work advances the microscopic understanding and the rational design of catalyst active centers.
文摘Introduction The Department of Energy and Power Engineering,originally known as the Power group in the Department of Mechanical Engineering,was established in 1952 under the name of the Department of Power System,while the Department of Mechanical Engineering had been originally established in 1932.At present,for teaching and scientific research,in the Department of Energy and Power Engineering there are five institutes,namely,Institute of Energy and Power Engineering,Institute of Power Mechanics and Engineering,Institute of Thermophysics.
文摘A unique department was created in 2006 at Washington University in St Louis,the very first Department of Energy,Environmental and Chemical Engineering,combining Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering and adding Energy programmes(Table 1).
基金supported by the National Science and Tech-nology Major Project of China(Nos.2017-II-0007-0021 and J2019-II-0017-0038)。
文摘Aerodynamic performances of axial compressors are significantly affected by variation of Reynolds number in aero-engines.In the design and analysis of compressors,previous correction methods for cascades and stages have difficulties in predicting comprehensively Reynolds number effects on airfoils,matching and characteristics curves.This study proposes Re-correction models for loss,deviation angle and endwall blockage based on classical theories and cascade tests,and loss and deviation models show good agreement in test data of NACA65 and C4 cascades.Throughflow method considering Reynolds number effects is developed by integrating the correction models into a verified Streamline Curvature(SLC)tool.A three-stage axial compressor is investigated through SLC and CFD methods from design Reynolds number(Red=2106)to low Re=4104,and the numerical methods are validated with test data of characteristic curves and spanwise distributions at Red.With Re reduction,SLC method with correction models well predicts variation in overall performances compared with CFD calculations and Wassell's model.Streamwise and spanwise matching such as total pressure and loss distributions in SLC predictions are basically consistent with those in CFD results at near-stall points under design and low Reynolds numbers.SLC and CFD methods share similar detections of stall risks in the third stage(Stg3),and their analyses of diffusion processes deviate to some extent due to different predictions in separated endwall flow.The correction models can be adopted to consider Reynolds number effects in through-flow design and analysis of axial compressors.
文摘GANSim is a generative adversarial networks(GANs)-based geomodelling framework with direct conditioning capabilities.To extend GANSim for geomodelling of multi-scenario and non-stationary reservoirs,and to address its tendency to overlook single-pixel well facies conditioning data that can cause local facies disconnections around wells,an enhanced GANSim framework is proposed.The effectiveness of the enhanced GANSim is validated using a 3D multi-scenario,non-stationary turbidite fan reservoir.For reservoirs that may involve multiple geological scenarios,two GANSim geomodelling workflows are proposed:(1)training a comprehensive GANSim model that covers all possible geological scenarios;and(2)first performing geological scenario falsification and then training GANSim models only for the unfalsified scenarios.On this basis,a local discriminator architecture is designed to improve facies continuity around wells.The modelling results show that both workflows can generate non-stationary facies models that conform to expected geological patterns and honor conditioning data,and the facies discontinuity issue around wells is effectively resolved.Compared with multipoint geostatistical methods(SNESIM),GANSim exhibits superior capability in reproducing geological patterns and modelling efficiency.Although GANSim requires a long training time,once training is completed,it can be applied to geomodelling reservoirs of arbitrary scale with similar geological structures,achieving modelling speeds approximately 1000 times faster than SNESIM.
基金supported by the Samsung Research Funding&Incubation Center of Samsung Electronics under Project No.SRFC-MA2402-05supported by the KENTECH Center for Shared Research Facilities。
文摘The performance degradation of micro light-emitting diodes(micro-LEDs)is closely associated with the deterioration of sidewall passivation layers under prolonged electrical bias.We investigate reliability improvements in 20μm×20μm InGaN/GaN blue micro-LEDs by suppressing the formation of an unstable interfacial layer during sidewall passivation.SiO_(2)is deposited on the etched mesa sidewalls using either Sputtering or plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD).Comparative analysis reveals that PECVD-passivated devices experience more severe performance degradation,primarily due to the increased leakage current.After 100 h of accelerated aging,external quantum efficiency decreases by 44%in PECVD-passivated samples,whereas Sputter-passivated devices exhibit only an11%reduction.This discrepancy is attributed to the formation of a thicker and chemically unstable gallium oxynitride(Ga-O_(X)-N_(1-X))interfacial layer at the SiO_(2)∕GaN-based interface,which facilitates the generation of sidewall defects.Suppressing the formation of this interlayer enhances the crystallinity and structural stability of the passivation layer,thereby mitigating the activation of point defects.Notably,Sputter deposition is more effective in minimizing the formation of Ga-O-N interlayer.These findings emphasize the critical role of achieving low-defect-density sidewall passivation to improve the reliability of micro-LEDs for next-generation high-resolution display applications.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2023-NR076521,RS-2025-00519481)the Research Grant of Kwangwoon University in 2023.
文摘The photovoltaic performance of metal halide perovskite solar cells often respond divergently to environmental conditions during storage.In particular,light exposure can either enhance or degrade device efficiency,yet the mechanisms underlying these antithetical behaviors are still under investigation.In this study,we explore the modulation of the open-circuit voltage(Voc)in triple-cation mixed-halide perovskite solar cells by systematically controlling storage environments.While light intensity exhibits minimal impact during storage,the spectral composition of illumination selectively enhances Voc comprising reversible and irreversible contributions.Structural characterization reveals that prolonged storage degrades the quality of perovskite crystals in the upper region of the perovskite layer,whereas light storage promotes the relaxation of microstrain at the buried interface with a p-type organic layer.This structural reorganization at the interface,accompanied by lattice expansion,accounts for suppressed nonradiative recombination and a corresponding increase in quasi-Fermi level splitting.Consequently,devices fabricated without chemical defect passivation achieve a power conversion efficiency of higher than 40%under indoor lighting conditions after preconditioned by continuous exposure to ambient light during storage.These findings highlight the critical role of controlled light exposure during storage not only in enhancing efficiency,but also in ensuring reproducibility of perovskite solar cell characterization.
基金supported by the Ministry of Trade,Industry,and Energy(MOTIE)[Grant number 20016789]the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology(UR-25-0008).
文摘This study investigated the efficient conversion of greenhouse gases(GHGs),CO_(2)and CH_(4)mixtures,into few-walled carbon nanotubes(FWCNTs)through an optimized single-step and dual-step chemical vapor deposition(CVD)process.In the single-step process for directly synthesizing FWCNTs from greenhouse gases,CO_(2)concentration,gas flowrates,and H_(2)addition were identified as factors influencing the growth of FWCNTs.It was demonstrated that minimizing the amounts of CO_(2)and H_(2)was essential for achieving complete CO_(2)conversion because CO_(2)acts as an oxidizing agent that hinders CNT growth,while an excess of H_(2)disrupts the chemical equilibrium of the CO_(2)conversion reaction,leading to side reactions that suppress FWCNTs formation.To overcome these limitations,a dual-step approach incorporating sequential catalytic reactions was developed.In the first step,the Ni/SiO_(2)catalyst was utilized to facilitate CO_(2)methanation,reducing CO_(2)amounts while generating CH_(4)-rich gas.In the second step,CH_(4)pyrolysis was performed over the FeMo/MgO catalyst,enabling the growth of high-quality FWCNTs.This sequential configuration successfully synthesized FWCNTs under conditions previously unattainable in the single-step process,validating the effectiveness of the dual-step design.The strategic optimization of process parameters and sequential catalytic reactions established a viable route for converting GHGs into valuable FWCNTs.
基金supported by the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi)
文摘Though the formation of polysulfide is desirable,as it contributes to the capacity build-up,it must not leak into the electrolyte.The loss of polysulfide causes capacity fade,a change in the local chemistry of the electrolyte,and anode poisoning.Constant efforts are in progress to find suitable polysulfide-absorbing materials;however,the magical polysulfide absorber is yet to be discovered or developed.Experimental methods alone often fall short in accelerating the investigations may be due to the complex Nature of the testing.This review focuses on the importance of computational methods,particularly density functional theory(DFT),in screening suitable polysulfide absorbers.It highlights the critical role of anchoring materials in improving Na-S battery performance,including pristine and doped graphene,metal–organic frameworks,carbon Nanofibers,vanadium disulfide,MXenes,and metal sulfides.By examining adsorption energies,charge transfer mechanisms,and catalytic properties,this review provides insights into the design of advanced materials that can effectively immobilize polysulfides and enhance battery stability.The review aims to guide future research efforts toward the development of high-performance RT Na-S batteries through a comprehensive understanding of the polysulfide-absorbing materials.
文摘Microplastics(MPs)are ubiquitous and pose an environmental risk.This review examined MP pollution in terrestrial ecosystems from a myriad of poorly understood sources.Knowledge regarding the occurrence sources,migration behaviors,ecotoxicology,absorption mechanisms,and effects of MPs has also been fully summarized.Microplastics interact with contaminants,such as antibiotics,pesticides,heavy metals,etc.,and may act as vectors for contaminant transfer in terrestrial ecosystems.The transportation and retention of MPs in soil are governed by interactions among their inherent properties,such as size,shape,surface charge,and density.Interestingly,MP migration into soil is lacking research.The MPs and nanoplastics were also found in edible fruits and vegetables.The MP contamination in soil affects ecosystems,causing soil structure changes,fertility reduction,and pollutant leaching into groundwater.The MP concentration lies in the range of 43-2443 and 40-43000 items kg-1in agricultural and urban soils,respectively.This review provides a comprehensive roadmap for future research and a framework for soil MP risk assessment.Future studies on the uptake,accumulation,and translocation of MPs and their associated toxins by plants are essential for evaluating their risks to food security and human health.Research on MPs in terrestrial habitats lacks comprehensive data on their long-term persistence,degradation pathways,and interactions with soil components under varying environmental conditions.Additionally,limited understanding exists regarding MP impacts on soil biodiversity,pollutant mobility,and plant uptake,highlighting the need for innovative detection methods and effective pollution abatement strategies.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3501204)the National Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars(52222107)+1 种基金CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-057)the High-Level and High-Skilled Leading Talent Training Program of Jiangxi Province。
文摘The search for high-abundance compounds containing rare earth elements to develop high-performance magnetic refrigeration materials for hydrogen liquefaction has become a particularly attractive research direction.We successfully manipulated the magnetic interactions in tetragonal rare earth carbides(RE_(3)C_(4))by doping them with boron(B)element,transforming their state from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic.Theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that the transition in magnetic interactions may be due to the synergistic effects of electronic structure and lattice distortions.Building on this,further doping with holmium(Ho)element was used to adjust the magnetic transition temperature of the system.The results show that the magnetic transition temperature of this series of compounds can be effectively altered within the range of 26-42.8 K.By optimizing the composition of rare earth elements,a series of novel candidate materials exhibiting significant magnetocaloric effects within the temperature range required for hydrogen liquefaction is successfully developed.
基金supported by the Basic Science Research Program(RS-2024-00455177)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT.
文摘Aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs)are considered promising candidates owing to their inherent safety and low cost.However,the conventional glass fiber(GF)separator used in AZIBs suffers from poor physicochemical properties,leading to uncontrolled zinc(Zn)dendrite formation and undesirable side reactions.To address these limitations and enhance the electrochemical performance of AZIBs,a precisely designed functional separator is developed by incorporating UiO-66-(COOH)_(2)into a poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)framework(U-PVDF)via a direct in situ growth method.This approach enables uniform distribution of UiO-66-(COOH)_(2)both on the surface and within the PVDF backbone,without increasing separator thickness.Owing to the strong interaction between Zn^(2+)and the abundant carboxyl groups in UiO-66-(COOH)_(2),the U-PVDF separator regulates the Zn^(2+)solvation structure toward a contact ion pair-dominated structure by reducing coordinated water molecules,which effectively mitigates water-induced parasitic reactions and promotes compact Zn deposition.Consequently,a Zn/Zn symmetric cell employing the U-PVDF separator demonstrates superior cycling stability over 1500 cycles without internal short-circuiting at a current density of 6 mA cm^(−2)and an areal capacity of 2 mAh cm^(−2).Moreover,Zn/NaV_(3)O_(8)·xH_(2)O(NVO)cell with the U-PVDF separator exhibits markedly improved cyclability and rate performance compared with those using conventional GF separator.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Enterprise Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project(U22B6004)National Natural Science Foundation of China and Youth Science Fund Project(4250021468)CNPC Changqing Oilfield Company Key Core Technology Research Project(KJZX2023-01)。
文摘In-situ heating conversion is the most practical recovery method for lacustrine low-to-medium maturity shale oil.However,the energy output-input ratio must exceed the economic threshold to achieve commercial development.This paper systematically investigates the mechanism of super-rich accumulation of organic matter in continental shale,sweet spot evaluation,optimal heating windows,and appropriate well types and patterns from the perspectives of enhancing energy output and reducing energy input.(1)The super-rich accumulation of organic matter in lacustrine shale is primarily controlled by the intensity,frequency,and preservation of external material inputs,and is related to moderate volcanic and hydrothermal activities,marine transgressions,with total organic carbon content greater than or equal to 6%.(2)The quality of organic-rich intervals is related to the type of source material and hydrocarbon generation potential.The in-situ conversion-derived hydrocarbon quality index(HQI)is established,and the zones exhibiting HQI>450 are defined as sweet spots.(3)Considering the characteristics of the organic matter conversion material field and seepage field,the temperature interval 300-370℃is recommended as the optimal heating window for the Chang 7_(3)sub-member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin.Based on the advantages of thermal conductivity,permeability,and hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency along the bedding direction during in-situ heating,the“horizontal well heating+vertical well development”scheme is proposed,which has demonstrated significant enhancement in both recovery factor and energy output-input ratio,making it the optimal in-situ conversion process.The research findings provide a theoretical and technical foundation for the economical and efficient development of low-to-medium maturity shale oil.
基金funded by Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education Planning Fund of China,grant number 21YJA790009National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 72140001.
文摘With the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles,their charging loads pose new challenges to power grid stability and operational efficiency.To address this,this study employs a Monte Carlo simulation model to analyze the charging load characteristics of six battery electric vehicle categories in Hebei Province,leveraging multi-source probabilistic distribution data under typical operational scenarios.The findings reveal that electric vehicle charging loads are primarily concentrated during midday and nighttime periods,with significant load fluctuations exerting substantial pressure on the grid.In response,this paper proposes strategic interventions including optimized charging infrastructure planning,time-of-use electricity pricing mechanisms,and smart charging technologies to balance grid loads.The results provide a theoretical foundation for electric vehicle load forecasting,smart grid dispatching,and vehicle-grid integration,thereby enhancing grid operational efficiency and sustainability.
