Recently,the Internet of Things(IoT)technology has been utilized in a wide range of services and applications which significantly transforms digital ecosystems through seamless interconnectivity between various smart ...Recently,the Internet of Things(IoT)technology has been utilized in a wide range of services and applications which significantly transforms digital ecosystems through seamless interconnectivity between various smart devices.Furthermore,the IoT plays a key role in multiple domains,including industrial automation,smart homes,and intelligent transportation systems.However,an increasing number of connected devices presents significant challenges related to efficient resource allocation and system responsiveness.To address these issue,this research proposes a Modified Walrus Optimization Algorithm(MWaOA)for effective resource management in smart IoT systems.In the proposed MWaOA,a crowding process is incorporated to maintain diversity and avoid premature convergence thereby enhancing the global search capability.During resource allocation,the MWaOA prevents early convergence,which aids in achieving a better balance between the exploration and exploitation phases during optimization.Empirical evaluations show that the MWaOA reduces energy consumption by approximately 4% to 34%and minimizes the response time by 6% to 33% across different service arrival rates.Compared to traditional optimization algorithms,MWaOA reduces energy consumption by 5% to 30%and minimizes the response time by 4% to 28% across different simulation epochs.The proposed MWaOA provides adaptive and robust resource allocation,thereby minimizing transmission cost while considering network constraints and real-time performance parameters.展开更多
This paper presents an image encryption scheme for underwater optical wireless communication(UOWC)systems based on dynamically generated hyperchaotic S-boxes,aiming to enhance both data security and transmission perfo...This paper presents an image encryption scheme for underwater optical wireless communication(UOWC)systems based on dynamically generated hyperchaotic S-boxes,aiming to enhance both data security and transmission performance in underwater environments.The proposed encryption approach provides strong confusion and diffusion properties and is evaluated over five Jerlov water types with different optical attenuation characteristics.Security analysis demonstrates that the encrypted images achieve information entropy values close to the ideal value of 8(7.9925–7.9993),with very low correlation coefficients in horizontal,vertical,and diagonal directions,as well as the system achieves high values in key metrics such as the Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI)and Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR),ranging from 33.42 to 33.47 and from 99.58%to 99.62%,respectively,both near their theoretical optima.In addition to improving confidentiality,the hyperchaotic encryption process decorrelates pixel intensities and redistributes image spectral content,which enhances robustness against underwater absorption and scattering effects.As a result,improved transmission performance is observed;for example,in Jerlov type I(JI)water,the effective transmission distance is extended from16mfor plain images to 24mfor encrypted images,while the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR)at 24 m increases from 9.25 to 20.13 dB after decryption and enhancement.These results confirmthat the proposed scheme provides a dual benefit of secure and reliable image transmission in UOWC systems.展开更多
Over the years,Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs)have revolutionized the medical imaging industry for applications such as image synthesis,denoising,super resolution,data augmentation,and cross-modality translation...Over the years,Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs)have revolutionized the medical imaging industry for applications such as image synthesis,denoising,super resolution,data augmentation,and cross-modality translation.The objective of this review is to evaluate the advances,relevances,and limitations of GANs in medical imaging.An organised literature review was conducted following the guidelines of PRISMA(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses).The literature considered included peer-reviewed papers published between 2020 and 2025 across databases including PubMed,IEEE Xplore,and Scopus.The studies related to applications of GAN architectures in medical imaging with reported experimental outcomes and published in English in reputable journals and conferences were considered for the review.Thesis,white papers,communication letters,and non-English articles were not included for the same.CLAIM based quality assessment criteria were applied to the included studies to assess the quality.The study classifies diverse GAN architectures,summarizing their clinical applications,technical performances,and their implementation hardships.Key findings reveal the increasing applications of GANs for enhancing diagnostic accuracy,reducing data scarcity through synthetic data generation,and supporting modality translation.However,concerns such as limited generalizability,lack of clinical validation,and regulatory constraints persist.This review provides a comprehensive study of the prevailing scenario of GANs in medical imaging and highlights crucial research gaps and future directions.Though GANs hold transformative capability for medical imaging,their integration into clinical use demands further validation,interpretability,and regulatory alignment.展开更多
AIM:To develop an automated diagnostic system for early detection of diabetic retinopathy(DR)using fundus images by identifying exudates,hemorrhages,and microaneurysms with advanced image processing and machine learni...AIM:To develop an automated diagnostic system for early detection of diabetic retinopathy(DR)using fundus images by identifying exudates,hemorrhages,and microaneurysms with advanced image processing and machine learning techniques.METHODS:Fundus images from the IDRiD dataset and additional Kaggle datasets were used.A wavelet-based band-pass filter was applied for edge enhancement of retinal features.Gaussian mixture model(GMM)clustering was used to segment and extract texture features.These extracted features were classified using machine learning algorithms,including a random forest classifier and a multilayer perceptron neural network.Performance metrics such as sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy were computed to evaluate the proposed model’s diagnostic effectiveness.RESULTS:The random forest-based classification system achieved a sensitivity of 95.08%,specificity of 86.67%,and overall accuracy of 95.20%in detecting DR lesions.The combination of wavelet-based edge enhancement,GMM clustering,and neural network-based feature classification demonstrated high reliability in lesion identification.CONCLUSION:The proposed method effectively detects early signs of DR from fundus images,offering a highaccuracy,automated,and scalable solution for assisting ophthalmologists.Its application can support large-scale screening programs,particularly in regions with limited access to specialized eye care.展开更多
Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potent...Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.展开更多
Modern wireless communications gadgets demand multi-standard communications facilities with least overlap between different input radio channels. A sharp digital filter of extremely narrow transition-width with lower ...Modern wireless communications gadgets demand multi-standard communications facilities with least overlap between different input radio channels. A sharp digital filter of extremely narrow transition-width with lower stop band ripples offers alias-free switching among the preferred frequency bands. A computationally competent low pass filter (LPF) structure based on the multistage frequency response masking (FRM) approach is proposed for the design of sharp finite impulse response (FIR) filters which are suitable for wireless communications applications. In comparison of basic FRM with other existing multistage FRM structures, the proposed structure has a narrow transition bandwidth and higher stop band attenuation with significant reduction in terms of the number of computational steps. A design example is incorporated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach. Simulation results establish the improvement of the proposed scheme over other recently published design strategies.展开更多
Quantum dot cellular automata(QCA)is promising nanotechnology due to the three main advantages:faster speed,nanoscale size,and ultrasmall power consumption.This paper proposed a simple data path selector cum router as...Quantum dot cellular automata(QCA)is promising nanotechnology due to the three main advantages:faster speed,nanoscale size,and ultrasmall power consumption.This paper proposed a simple data path selector cum router as the‘multiplexerchannel-demultiplexer’unit using QCA,an unavoidable building block of nano communication.A Simple 2×2 block and the extended 4×4 block of data path selectors have been proposed in this article.The layouts of the proposed designs have been verified in QCADesigner,and the energy dissipation has been evaluated using two tools,QCAPro and QCQDesigner-E(QDE).The suggested designs reached a significant improvement in cell complexity(cell count)and covered area over the existing designs.In precise,the proposed 2×2(4×4)block shows 86%(63%)lower cell complexity and 87%(37%)smaller area than the prior reported similar designs.In addition,the currently reported 2×2(4×4)unit has 86%(60%)lower QDE based energy dissipation compared with prior reported designs.展开更多
Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique wa...Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique was adopted to investigate integration with other complicated circuits.Using a unique XOR gate,the recommended circuit’s cell complexity has been decreased.The findings produced using the QCADesigner-2.0.3,a reliable simulation tool,prove the effectiveness of the current structure over earlier designs by considering the number of cells deployed,the area occupied,and the latency as design metrics.In addition,the popular tool QCAPro was used to estimate the energy dissipation of the proposed design.The proposed technique reduces the occupied space by∼40%,improves cell complexity by∼20%,and reduces energy dissipation by∼1.8 times(atγ=1.5EK)compared to the current scalable designs.This paper also studied the suggested structure’s energy dissipation and compared it to existing works for a better performance evaluation.展开更多
In the recent past power line communication has emerged as an attractive choice for high speed data transfer and is looked upon as inexpensive and reliable media suitable for broadband internet access, home and office...In the recent past power line communication has emerged as an attractive choice for high speed data transfer and is looked upon as inexpensive and reliable media suitable for broadband internet access, home and office automation, in-vehicle data communication etc. In this paper we present an architecture for the physical layer of a PLC transceiver based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and the impact on multipath distortion for PLC transmission in terms of bit error rate. Since there is no standard PLC channel model available, a widely accepted multipath channel model is used for simulation purpose. Simulation results as well as FPGA synthesis verify the effectiveness of the proposed architecture for PLC modem design at 110 Mbps data rate.展开更多
This manuscript explores the behavior of a junctionless tri-gate FinFET at the nano-scale region using SiGe material for the channel.For the analysis,three different channel structures are used:(a)tri-layer stack chan...This manuscript explores the behavior of a junctionless tri-gate FinFET at the nano-scale region using SiGe material for the channel.For the analysis,three different channel structures are used:(a)tri-layer stack channel(TLSC)(Si-SiGe-Si),(b)double layer stack channel(DLSC)(SiGe-Si),(c)single layer channel(SLC)(S_(i)).The I−V characteristics,subthreshold swing(SS),drain-induced barrier lowering(DIBL),threshold voltage(V_(t)),drain current(ION),OFF current(IOFF),and ON-OFF current ratio(ION/IOFF)are observed for the structures at a 20 nm gate length.It is seen that TLSC provides 21.3%and 14.3%more ON current than DLSC and SLC,respectively.The paper also explores the analog and RF factors such as input transconductance(g_(m)),output transconductance(gds),gain(gm/gds),transconductance generation factor(TGF),cut-off frequency(f_(T)),maximum oscillation frequency(f_(max)),gain frequency product(GFP)and linearity performance parameters such as second and third-order harmonics(g_(m2),g_(m3)),voltage intercept points(VIP_(2),VIP_(3))and 1-dB compression points for the three structures.The results show that the TLSC has a high analog performance due to more gm and provides 16.3%,48.4%more gain than SLC and DLSC,respectively and it also provides better linearity.All the results are obtained using the VisualTCAD tool.展开更多
In the non-conventional media like underwater and underground,the Radio Frequency(RF)communication technique does not perform well due to large antenna size requirement and high path loss.In such media,magnetic induct...In the non-conventional media like underwater and underground,the Radio Frequency(RF)communication technique does not perform well due to large antenna size requirement and high path loss.In such media,magnetic induction(MI)communication technique is very promising due to small coil size and constant channel behavior.Unlike the RF technique,the communication range in MI technique is relatively less.To enhance this range,a waveguide technique is already brought in practice.This technique employs single layer coils to enhance the performance of MI waveguide.To further enhance the system functioning,in this paper,we investigated the performance of multi-layer coil(MLC)antenna based MI waveguide communication system in terms of transmission range,path loss,bit error rate(BER)and bandwidth.Besides,the system performance is quantitatively evaluated in three different non-conventional media viz.,dry soil,fresh water and wet soil.As compared with the single layer counterpart,the MLC system shows a significant improvement in transmission range,BER even in loosely coupled scenarios and shows a corresponding reduction in path loss.However,the bandwidth is observed to be low(<1 KHz).In this analysis,the eddy current effects and parasitic capacitance are compared for single and multilayer coils.It is observed that the proposed system performs better in dry soil medium due to less medium conductivity.展开更多
There are numerous goals in next-generation cellular networks(5G),which is expected to be available soon.They want to increase data rates,reduce end-to-end latencies,and improve end-user service quality.Modern network...There are numerous goals in next-generation cellular networks(5G),which is expected to be available soon.They want to increase data rates,reduce end-to-end latencies,and improve end-user service quality.Modern networks need to change because there has been a significant rise in the number of base stations required to meet these needs and put the operators’low-cost constraints to the test.Because it can withstand interference from other wireless networks,and Adaptive Complex Multicarrier Modulation(ACMM)system is being looked at as a possible choice for the 5th Generation(5G)of wireless networks.Many arithmetic units need to be used on the hardware side of multicarrier systems to do the pulse-shaping filters and inverse FFT.The main goal of this study is to adapt complex multicarrier modulation(ACMM)for baseband transmission with low complexity and the ability to change it.We found that this is the first recon-figurable architecture that lets you choose how many subcarriers a subband has while still having the same amount of hardware resources as before.Also,under the new design with a single selection line,it selects from a set of filters.The baseband modulating signal is evaluated and tested using a Field-Programmable Gate Array(FPGA)device.This device is available from a commercial source.New technology outperforms current technology in terms of computational com-plexity,simple design,and ease of implementation.Additionally,it has a higher power spectrum density,spectral efficiency,a lower bit error rate,and a higher peak to average power ratio than existing technology.展开更多
Cooperative communication is going to play a vital role in the next generation wireless networks. In this paper we derive the expression for symbol error probability (SEP) of a two-user cooperative diversity system, w...Cooperative communication is going to play a vital role in the next generation wireless networks. In this paper we derive the expression for symbol error probability (SEP) of a two-user cooperative diversity system, where two users cooperate through the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation in a flat Rayleigh fading environment. We compare the computational results obtained by the SEP expression with the simulation results using maximal-ratio combining (MRC), equal-gain combining (EGC) and selection combining (SC) techniques. Numerical results show the performance of a cooperative diversity system with maximal-ratio combining is giving better results compared to SC and EGC techniques.展开更多
At 12.8 MHz center frequency,the advanced miniaturized polymer-based planar high quality factor(Q)passive elements embedded bandpassfilter works in the L-band.Because most of the demands operate inside the spectrum,the...At 12.8 MHz center frequency,the advanced miniaturized polymer-based planar high quality factor(Q)passive elements embedded bandpassfilter works in the L-band.Because most of the demands operate inside the spectrum,the wideband or high-speed operation necessary to enhance must be acquired in microwave frequency ranges.The channel has a quiet,high-performance micro-filter with wideband rejection.Capacitors and inductors are used in the high quality factor(Q)passive components,and related networks are incorporated in thefilter.Embedded layers are concatenated using Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit(3D-IC)integration,parasitics are removed,and interconnection losses are negotiated using de-embedding methods.A wireless application-based Liquid Crystalline Polymer(LCP)viewpoint is employed as a substrate material in this work.The polymer processes,their properties,and the incorporated high-Q Band Pass Filter Framework.The suggestedfilter model is computed and manufactured utilizing the L-band frequency spectrum,decreasing total physical length by 31%while increasing bandwidth by 45%.展开更多
A wireless ad-hoc network is a self-organized wireless network without fixed or backbone infrastructure. All nodes have routing capability and use peer-to-peer packet transmission or forward packets to other node usin...A wireless ad-hoc network is a self-organized wireless network without fixed or backbone infrastructure. All nodes have routing capability and use peer-to-peer packet transmission or forward packets to other node using multi hop communication. Now days mobile ad-hoc networks are being used for different applications and traffics, so it require quality of service (QoS) support in routing protocol. In this paper, a modified QoS routing protocol using directional antenna has been proposed. High and normal priority can be assigned based on type of traffic. All the nodes in the path used by high priority flow are reserved as high priority flow for that flow and normal priority flow will avoid the paths used by high priority flows. If no disjoint paths are available, there may be two possibilities: Normal priority flows are blocked and other is, normal priority flows are allow using the coupled path with high priority flow. Blocking the normal priority flow, QoS routing protocol improves the performance of high priority flow. This concept may be use in emergency communication. Simulation results show that by assigning the priorities to flows, performance of high priority flows are improved and it will further improved by blocking the normal priority flow.展开更多
Currently, communication system requires multiband small antennas for 5G mobile applications. Driven this motivation, this paper proposes a multiband patch antenna for Wi-Fi, WiMAX and 5G applications. The proposed an...Currently, communication system requires multiband small antennas for 5G mobile applications. Driven this motivation, this paper proposes a multiband patch antenna for Wi-Fi, WiMAX and 5G applications. The proposed antenna can effectively operate at 2.4 GHz as Wi-Fi, 7.8 GHz as WiMAX and 33.5 GHz as 5G communication purposes. The proposed antenna arrays have given directional radiation patterns, very small voltage standing wave ratio, high gain (VSWR) and directivity for each aforementioned systems operating frequency. This antenna is made for multiband purpose which can be effective for not only Wi-Fi and WiMAX but also 5G applications.展开更多
This paper deals with the design of bidirectional coupler for broadband power line communication and the impedance matching technique with the power line. This coupler can be used for both transmitting and receiving t...This paper deals with the design of bidirectional coupler for broadband power line communication and the impedance matching technique with the power line. This coupler can be used for both transmitting and receiving the data, acting as transceiver. The impedance mismatching problem is also solved here using line trap circuit. The coupler circuit is capable of transmitting or receiving modulated signals with carrier frequency of 15 MHz which can be used for domestic as well as distribution power networks. Laboratory prototype tested using power line network consists of electrical household appliances and results show that the circuit is able to facilitate bidirectional band pass transmission.展开更多
The wireless communication serves the efficient information among two or more points wirelessly. Antenna is the main component in the communica-tion, which radiates and receives the radio waves or in broad way. The an...The wireless communication serves the efficient information among two or more points wirelessly. Antenna is the main component in the communica-tion, which radiates and receives the radio waves or in broad way. The an-tenna also plays a role of impedance matching device, which performs the mat- ching of impedances like free-space & transmitter and receiver im-pedances at receiver end. The antennas can be categorized as Wire Antenna, Reflector Antenna, Multi-strip Antenna, Aperture Antenna, Lens Antenna, and Array Antenna. In this paper, the Multi-strip Antenna fundamentals are discussed with its categorization. In this paper various aspects of the Multi-strip antenna are discussed along with the existing researches in it. A research gap is formulated based on the research survey and presents a future scope of research. The existing research gap in Multi-strip Antenna is formulated along with the future line of research in order to overcome the existing research gap.展开更多
This research presents an ultra-wideband (UWB) textile antenna designfor body-centric applications. The antenna is printed on a 1 mm thick denim substrate with a 1.7 relative permittivity. The jeans substrate is sandw...This research presents an ultra-wideband (UWB) textile antenna designfor body-centric applications. The antenna is printed on a 1 mm thick denim substrate with a 1.7 relative permittivity. The jeans substrate is sandwiched between apartial ground plane and a radiating patch with a Q-shaped slot. The slotted radiating patch is placed above the substrate and measures 27.8 mm × 23.8 mm. In freespace, the antenna covers the ultra-wideband spectrum designated by the FederalCommunication Commission (FCC). Various parameters of the antenna designwere changed for further performance evaluation. Depending on the operating frequency, the antenna's realized gain varied from 2.7 to 5 dB. The antenna achievedhigh radiation efficiency with an omnidirectional radiation pattern. A parametricstudy was performed in research on varying antenna substrates and other components of the antenna. The three outermost layers of the human body are used tomodel a human phantom for on-body simulation. After that, the antenna wasplaced at five different distances from the phantom. The findings demonstrate thatat close distances to the phantom, the antenna's gain and efficiency at lower frequencies are reduced. The antenna's radiation efficiency and gain were muchhigher at higher frequencies for distances greater than 6 mm. Compared to freespace, the antenna's radiation pattern was more omnidirectional, especially athigher frequencies. This antenna is novel, compact and has an ultra wide bandwidth, a maximum of 94.60% radiation efficiency and a 5 dBi gain that will makeit a good candidate for body-centric communications.展开更多
The innovative development of Wearable Electronics (WE) is creating exciting opportunities for application across many industries. Two sectors with high potential are healthcare and childcare. However, it is in these ...The innovative development of Wearable Electronics (WE) is creating exciting opportunities for application across many industries. Two sectors with high potential are healthcare and childcare. However, it is in these two sectors where the challenges of privacy are presumed to be of the highest. In order to ascertain the personal views of people about potential privacy problems in WE application in these two sectors, interviews with questionnaires were conducted in two different countries: Finland and the United Kingdom (UK). The results indicated that the majority of people in both countries are positive about the use of WE in healthcare and childcare environments. However, when more information is added to be read wirelessly, the attitudes become more negative. In general, the application of WE is more favorable in the UK and the reason as to the difference will make for interesting further research. Several interesting viewpoints and concerns were presented in the interviews. It can be concluded that the implementation of WE in these two sectors will require the collaboration of work on several areas and the development of versatile user studies.展开更多
文摘Recently,the Internet of Things(IoT)technology has been utilized in a wide range of services and applications which significantly transforms digital ecosystems through seamless interconnectivity between various smart devices.Furthermore,the IoT plays a key role in multiple domains,including industrial automation,smart homes,and intelligent transportation systems.However,an increasing number of connected devices presents significant challenges related to efficient resource allocation and system responsiveness.To address these issue,this research proposes a Modified Walrus Optimization Algorithm(MWaOA)for effective resource management in smart IoT systems.In the proposed MWaOA,a crowding process is incorporated to maintain diversity and avoid premature convergence thereby enhancing the global search capability.During resource allocation,the MWaOA prevents early convergence,which aids in achieving a better balance between the exploration and exploitation phases during optimization.Empirical evaluations show that the MWaOA reduces energy consumption by approximately 4% to 34%and minimizes the response time by 6% to 33% across different service arrival rates.Compared to traditional optimization algorithms,MWaOA reduces energy consumption by 5% to 30%and minimizes the response time by 4% to 28% across different simulation epochs.The proposed MWaOA provides adaptive and robust resource allocation,thereby minimizing transmission cost while considering network constraints and real-time performance parameters.
基金funded by Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University,grant number PSAU/2025/01/34620.
文摘This paper presents an image encryption scheme for underwater optical wireless communication(UOWC)systems based on dynamically generated hyperchaotic S-boxes,aiming to enhance both data security and transmission performance in underwater environments.The proposed encryption approach provides strong confusion and diffusion properties and is evaluated over five Jerlov water types with different optical attenuation characteristics.Security analysis demonstrates that the encrypted images achieve information entropy values close to the ideal value of 8(7.9925–7.9993),with very low correlation coefficients in horizontal,vertical,and diagonal directions,as well as the system achieves high values in key metrics such as the Unified Average Changing Intensity(UACI)and Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR),ranging from 33.42 to 33.47 and from 99.58%to 99.62%,respectively,both near their theoretical optima.In addition to improving confidentiality,the hyperchaotic encryption process decorrelates pixel intensities and redistributes image spectral content,which enhances robustness against underwater absorption and scattering effects.As a result,improved transmission performance is observed;for example,in Jerlov type I(JI)water,the effective transmission distance is extended from16mfor plain images to 24mfor encrypted images,while the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR)at 24 m increases from 9.25 to 20.13 dB after decryption and enhancement.These results confirmthat the proposed scheme provides a dual benefit of secure and reliable image transmission in UOWC systems.
基金supported by Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Research Project under grant number RGP2/540/46.
文摘Over the years,Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs)have revolutionized the medical imaging industry for applications such as image synthesis,denoising,super resolution,data augmentation,and cross-modality translation.The objective of this review is to evaluate the advances,relevances,and limitations of GANs in medical imaging.An organised literature review was conducted following the guidelines of PRISMA(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses).The literature considered included peer-reviewed papers published between 2020 and 2025 across databases including PubMed,IEEE Xplore,and Scopus.The studies related to applications of GAN architectures in medical imaging with reported experimental outcomes and published in English in reputable journals and conferences were considered for the review.Thesis,white papers,communication letters,and non-English articles were not included for the same.CLAIM based quality assessment criteria were applied to the included studies to assess the quality.The study classifies diverse GAN architectures,summarizing their clinical applications,technical performances,and their implementation hardships.Key findings reveal the increasing applications of GANs for enhancing diagnostic accuracy,reducing data scarcity through synthetic data generation,and supporting modality translation.However,concerns such as limited generalizability,lack of clinical validation,and regulatory constraints persist.This review provides a comprehensive study of the prevailing scenario of GANs in medical imaging and highlights crucial research gaps and future directions.Though GANs hold transformative capability for medical imaging,their integration into clinical use demands further validation,interpretability,and regulatory alignment.
文摘AIM:To develop an automated diagnostic system for early detection of diabetic retinopathy(DR)using fundus images by identifying exudates,hemorrhages,and microaneurysms with advanced image processing and machine learning techniques.METHODS:Fundus images from the IDRiD dataset and additional Kaggle datasets were used.A wavelet-based band-pass filter was applied for edge enhancement of retinal features.Gaussian mixture model(GMM)clustering was used to segment and extract texture features.These extracted features were classified using machine learning algorithms,including a random forest classifier and a multilayer perceptron neural network.Performance metrics such as sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy were computed to evaluate the proposed model’s diagnostic effectiveness.RESULTS:The random forest-based classification system achieved a sensitivity of 95.08%,specificity of 86.67%,and overall accuracy of 95.20%in detecting DR lesions.The combination of wavelet-based edge enhancement,GMM clustering,and neural network-based feature classification demonstrated high reliability in lesion identification.CONCLUSION:The proposed method effectively detects early signs of DR from fundus images,offering a highaccuracy,automated,and scalable solution for assisting ophthalmologists.Its application can support large-scale screening programs,particularly in regions with limited access to specialized eye care.
文摘Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.
文摘Modern wireless communications gadgets demand multi-standard communications facilities with least overlap between different input radio channels. A sharp digital filter of extremely narrow transition-width with lower stop band ripples offers alias-free switching among the preferred frequency bands. A computationally competent low pass filter (LPF) structure based on the multistage frequency response masking (FRM) approach is proposed for the design of sharp finite impulse response (FIR) filters which are suitable for wireless communications applications. In comparison of basic FRM with other existing multistage FRM structures, the proposed structure has a narrow transition bandwidth and higher stop band attenuation with significant reduction in terms of the number of computational steps. A design example is incorporated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach. Simulation results establish the improvement of the proposed scheme over other recently published design strategies.
文摘Quantum dot cellular automata(QCA)is promising nanotechnology due to the three main advantages:faster speed,nanoscale size,and ultrasmall power consumption.This paper proposed a simple data path selector cum router as the‘multiplexerchannel-demultiplexer’unit using QCA,an unavoidable building block of nano communication.A Simple 2×2 block and the extended 4×4 block of data path selectors have been proposed in this article.The layouts of the proposed designs have been verified in QCADesigner,and the energy dissipation has been evaluated using two tools,QCAPro and QCQDesigner-E(QDE).The suggested designs reached a significant improvement in cell complexity(cell count)and covered area over the existing designs.In precise,the proposed 2×2(4×4)block shows 86%(63%)lower cell complexity and 87%(37%)smaller area than the prior reported similar designs.In addition,the currently reported 2×2(4×4)unit has 86%(60%)lower QDE based energy dissipation compared with prior reported designs.
文摘Code converters are essential in digital nano communication;therefore,a low-complexity optimal QCA layout for a BCD to Excess-3 code converter has been proposed in this paper.A QCA clockphase-based design technique was adopted to investigate integration with other complicated circuits.Using a unique XOR gate,the recommended circuit’s cell complexity has been decreased.The findings produced using the QCADesigner-2.0.3,a reliable simulation tool,prove the effectiveness of the current structure over earlier designs by considering the number of cells deployed,the area occupied,and the latency as design metrics.In addition,the popular tool QCAPro was used to estimate the energy dissipation of the proposed design.The proposed technique reduces the occupied space by∼40%,improves cell complexity by∼20%,and reduces energy dissipation by∼1.8 times(atγ=1.5EK)compared to the current scalable designs.This paper also studied the suggested structure’s energy dissipation and compared it to existing works for a better performance evaluation.
文摘In the recent past power line communication has emerged as an attractive choice for high speed data transfer and is looked upon as inexpensive and reliable media suitable for broadband internet access, home and office automation, in-vehicle data communication etc. In this paper we present an architecture for the physical layer of a PLC transceiver based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and the impact on multipath distortion for PLC transmission in terms of bit error rate. Since there is no standard PLC channel model available, a widely accepted multipath channel model is used for simulation purpose. Simulation results as well as FPGA synthesis verify the effectiveness of the proposed architecture for PLC modem design at 110 Mbps data rate.
文摘This manuscript explores the behavior of a junctionless tri-gate FinFET at the nano-scale region using SiGe material for the channel.For the analysis,three different channel structures are used:(a)tri-layer stack channel(TLSC)(Si-SiGe-Si),(b)double layer stack channel(DLSC)(SiGe-Si),(c)single layer channel(SLC)(S_(i)).The I−V characteristics,subthreshold swing(SS),drain-induced barrier lowering(DIBL),threshold voltage(V_(t)),drain current(ION),OFF current(IOFF),and ON-OFF current ratio(ION/IOFF)are observed for the structures at a 20 nm gate length.It is seen that TLSC provides 21.3%and 14.3%more ON current than DLSC and SLC,respectively.The paper also explores the analog and RF factors such as input transconductance(g_(m)),output transconductance(gds),gain(gm/gds),transconductance generation factor(TGF),cut-off frequency(f_(T)),maximum oscillation frequency(f_(max)),gain frequency product(GFP)and linearity performance parameters such as second and third-order harmonics(g_(m2),g_(m3)),voltage intercept points(VIP_(2),VIP_(3))and 1-dB compression points for the three structures.The results show that the TLSC has a high analog performance due to more gm and provides 16.3%,48.4%more gain than SLC and DLSC,respectively and it also provides better linearity.All the results are obtained using the VisualTCAD tool.
文摘In the non-conventional media like underwater and underground,the Radio Frequency(RF)communication technique does not perform well due to large antenna size requirement and high path loss.In such media,magnetic induction(MI)communication technique is very promising due to small coil size and constant channel behavior.Unlike the RF technique,the communication range in MI technique is relatively less.To enhance this range,a waveguide technique is already brought in practice.This technique employs single layer coils to enhance the performance of MI waveguide.To further enhance the system functioning,in this paper,we investigated the performance of multi-layer coil(MLC)antenna based MI waveguide communication system in terms of transmission range,path loss,bit error rate(BER)and bandwidth.Besides,the system performance is quantitatively evaluated in three different non-conventional media viz.,dry soil,fresh water and wet soil.As compared with the single layer counterpart,the MLC system shows a significant improvement in transmission range,BER even in loosely coupled scenarios and shows a corresponding reduction in path loss.However,the bandwidth is observed to be low(<1 KHz).In this analysis,the eddy current effects and parasitic capacitance are compared for single and multilayer coils.It is observed that the proposed system performs better in dry soil medium due to less medium conductivity.
文摘There are numerous goals in next-generation cellular networks(5G),which is expected to be available soon.They want to increase data rates,reduce end-to-end latencies,and improve end-user service quality.Modern networks need to change because there has been a significant rise in the number of base stations required to meet these needs and put the operators’low-cost constraints to the test.Because it can withstand interference from other wireless networks,and Adaptive Complex Multicarrier Modulation(ACMM)system is being looked at as a possible choice for the 5th Generation(5G)of wireless networks.Many arithmetic units need to be used on the hardware side of multicarrier systems to do the pulse-shaping filters and inverse FFT.The main goal of this study is to adapt complex multicarrier modulation(ACMM)for baseband transmission with low complexity and the ability to change it.We found that this is the first recon-figurable architecture that lets you choose how many subcarriers a subband has while still having the same amount of hardware resources as before.Also,under the new design with a single selection line,it selects from a set of filters.The baseband modulating signal is evaluated and tested using a Field-Programmable Gate Array(FPGA)device.This device is available from a commercial source.New technology outperforms current technology in terms of computational com-plexity,simple design,and ease of implementation.Additionally,it has a higher power spectrum density,spectral efficiency,a lower bit error rate,and a higher peak to average power ratio than existing technology.
文摘Cooperative communication is going to play a vital role in the next generation wireless networks. In this paper we derive the expression for symbol error probability (SEP) of a two-user cooperative diversity system, where two users cooperate through the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation in a flat Rayleigh fading environment. We compare the computational results obtained by the SEP expression with the simulation results using maximal-ratio combining (MRC), equal-gain combining (EGC) and selection combining (SC) techniques. Numerical results show the performance of a cooperative diversity system with maximal-ratio combining is giving better results compared to SC and EGC techniques.
文摘At 12.8 MHz center frequency,the advanced miniaturized polymer-based planar high quality factor(Q)passive elements embedded bandpassfilter works in the L-band.Because most of the demands operate inside the spectrum,the wideband or high-speed operation necessary to enhance must be acquired in microwave frequency ranges.The channel has a quiet,high-performance micro-filter with wideband rejection.Capacitors and inductors are used in the high quality factor(Q)passive components,and related networks are incorporated in thefilter.Embedded layers are concatenated using Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuit(3D-IC)integration,parasitics are removed,and interconnection losses are negotiated using de-embedding methods.A wireless application-based Liquid Crystalline Polymer(LCP)viewpoint is employed as a substrate material in this work.The polymer processes,their properties,and the incorporated high-Q Band Pass Filter Framework.The suggestedfilter model is computed and manufactured utilizing the L-band frequency spectrum,decreasing total physical length by 31%while increasing bandwidth by 45%.
文摘A wireless ad-hoc network is a self-organized wireless network without fixed or backbone infrastructure. All nodes have routing capability and use peer-to-peer packet transmission or forward packets to other node using multi hop communication. Now days mobile ad-hoc networks are being used for different applications and traffics, so it require quality of service (QoS) support in routing protocol. In this paper, a modified QoS routing protocol using directional antenna has been proposed. High and normal priority can be assigned based on type of traffic. All the nodes in the path used by high priority flow are reserved as high priority flow for that flow and normal priority flow will avoid the paths used by high priority flows. If no disjoint paths are available, there may be two possibilities: Normal priority flows are blocked and other is, normal priority flows are allow using the coupled path with high priority flow. Blocking the normal priority flow, QoS routing protocol improves the performance of high priority flow. This concept may be use in emergency communication. Simulation results show that by assigning the priorities to flows, performance of high priority flows are improved and it will further improved by blocking the normal priority flow.
文摘Currently, communication system requires multiband small antennas for 5G mobile applications. Driven this motivation, this paper proposes a multiband patch antenna for Wi-Fi, WiMAX and 5G applications. The proposed antenna can effectively operate at 2.4 GHz as Wi-Fi, 7.8 GHz as WiMAX and 33.5 GHz as 5G communication purposes. The proposed antenna arrays have given directional radiation patterns, very small voltage standing wave ratio, high gain (VSWR) and directivity for each aforementioned systems operating frequency. This antenna is made for multiband purpose which can be effective for not only Wi-Fi and WiMAX but also 5G applications.
文摘This paper deals with the design of bidirectional coupler for broadband power line communication and the impedance matching technique with the power line. This coupler can be used for both transmitting and receiving the data, acting as transceiver. The impedance mismatching problem is also solved here using line trap circuit. The coupler circuit is capable of transmitting or receiving modulated signals with carrier frequency of 15 MHz which can be used for domestic as well as distribution power networks. Laboratory prototype tested using power line network consists of electrical household appliances and results show that the circuit is able to facilitate bidirectional band pass transmission.
文摘The wireless communication serves the efficient information among two or more points wirelessly. Antenna is the main component in the communica-tion, which radiates and receives the radio waves or in broad way. The an-tenna also plays a role of impedance matching device, which performs the mat- ching of impedances like free-space & transmitter and receiver im-pedances at receiver end. The antennas can be categorized as Wire Antenna, Reflector Antenna, Multi-strip Antenna, Aperture Antenna, Lens Antenna, and Array Antenna. In this paper, the Multi-strip Antenna fundamentals are discussed with its categorization. In this paper various aspects of the Multi-strip antenna are discussed along with the existing researches in it. A research gap is formulated based on the research survey and presents a future scope of research. The existing research gap in Multi-strip Antenna is formulated along with the future line of research in order to overcome the existing research gap.
基金support from Taif University Researchers Supporting Project(TURSP-2020/214),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘This research presents an ultra-wideband (UWB) textile antenna designfor body-centric applications. The antenna is printed on a 1 mm thick denim substrate with a 1.7 relative permittivity. The jeans substrate is sandwiched between apartial ground plane and a radiating patch with a Q-shaped slot. The slotted radiating patch is placed above the substrate and measures 27.8 mm × 23.8 mm. In freespace, the antenna covers the ultra-wideband spectrum designated by the FederalCommunication Commission (FCC). Various parameters of the antenna designwere changed for further performance evaluation. Depending on the operating frequency, the antenna's realized gain varied from 2.7 to 5 dB. The antenna achievedhigh radiation efficiency with an omnidirectional radiation pattern. A parametricstudy was performed in research on varying antenna substrates and other components of the antenna. The three outermost layers of the human body are used tomodel a human phantom for on-body simulation. After that, the antenna wasplaced at five different distances from the phantom. The findings demonstrate thatat close distances to the phantom, the antenna's gain and efficiency at lower frequencies are reduced. The antenna's radiation efficiency and gain were muchhigher at higher frequencies for distances greater than 6 mm. Compared to freespace, the antenna's radiation pattern was more omnidirectional, especially athigher frequencies. This antenna is novel, compact and has an ultra wide bandwidth, a maximum of 94.60% radiation efficiency and a 5 dBi gain that will makeit a good candidate for body-centric communications.
文摘The innovative development of Wearable Electronics (WE) is creating exciting opportunities for application across many industries. Two sectors with high potential are healthcare and childcare. However, it is in these two sectors where the challenges of privacy are presumed to be of the highest. In order to ascertain the personal views of people about potential privacy problems in WE application in these two sectors, interviews with questionnaires were conducted in two different countries: Finland and the United Kingdom (UK). The results indicated that the majority of people in both countries are positive about the use of WE in healthcare and childcare environments. However, when more information is added to be read wirelessly, the attitudes become more negative. In general, the application of WE is more favorable in the UK and the reason as to the difference will make for interesting further research. Several interesting viewpoints and concerns were presented in the interviews. It can be concluded that the implementation of WE in these two sectors will require the collaboration of work on several areas and the development of versatile user studies.
