Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,an...Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,and two-dimensional(2D)materials,crystal silicon continues to maintain its stronghold,owing to its superior functionality,scalability,stability,reliability,and uniformity.Nonetheless,the inherent rigidity of the bulk silicon leads to incompatibility with soft tissues,hindering the utilization amid biomedical applications.Because of such issues,decades of research have enabled successful utilization of various techniques to precisely control the thickness and morphology of silicon layers at the scale of several nanometres.This review provides a comprehensive exploration on the features of ultra-thin single crystalline silicon as a semiconducting material,and its role especially among the frontier of advanced bioelectronics.Key processes that enable the transition of rigid silicon to flexible form factors are exhibited,in accordance with their chronological sequence.The inspected stages span both prior and subsequent to transferring the silicon membrane,categorized respectively as on-wafer manufacturing and rigid-to-soft integration.Extensive guidelines to unlock the full potential of flexible electronics are provided through ordered analysis of each manufacturing procedure,the latest findings of biomedical applications,along with practical perspectives for researchers and manufacturers.展开更多
Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom a...Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom arrays,scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers,and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond∼10,000 tweezers.Moreover,these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots,which further complicates system integration and scalability.Here,we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280 spots using a metasurface,nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems.The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light,enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope.This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power.Furthermore,the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%,making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,000 atoms in the near future.展开更多
TheIndustrial Internet of Things(IIoT)has emerged as a cornerstone of Industry 4.0,enabling large-scale automation and data-driven decision-making across factories,supply chains,and critical infrastructures.However,th...TheIndustrial Internet of Things(IIoT)has emerged as a cornerstone of Industry 4.0,enabling large-scale automation and data-driven decision-making across factories,supply chains,and critical infrastructures.However,the massive interconnection of resource-constrained devices also amplifies the risks of eavesdropping,data tampering,and device impersonation.While digital signatures are indispensable for ensuring authenticity and non-repudiation,conventional schemes such as RSA and ECCare vulnerable to quantumalgorithms,jeopardizing long-termtrust in IIoT deployments.This study proposes a lightweight,stateless,hash-based signature scheme that achieves post-quantum security while addressing the stringent efficiency demands of IIoT.The design introduces two key optimizations:(1)Forest ofRandomSubsets(FORS)onDemand,where subset secret keys are generated dynamically via a PseudoRandom Function(PRF),thereby minimizing storage overhead and eliminating key-reuse risks;and(2)Winternitz One-Time Signature Plus(WOTS+)partial hash-chain caching,which precomputes intermediate hash values at edge gateways,reducing device-side computations,latency,and energy consumption.The architecture integrates a multi-layerMerkle authentication tree(Merkle tree)and role-based delegation across sensors,gateways,and a Signature Authority Center(SAC),supporting scalable cross-site deployment and key rotation.Froma theoretical perspective,we establish a formal(Existential Unforgeability under Chosen Message Attack)EUF-CMA security proof using a game-based reduction framework.The proof demonstrates that any successful forgerymust reduce to breaking the underlying assumptions of PRF indistinguishability,(second)preimage resistance,or collision resistance,thus quantifying adversarial advantage and ensuring unforgeability.On the implementation side,our design achieves a balanced trade-off between postquantum security and lightweight performance,offering concrete deployment guidelines for real-time industrial systems.In summary,the proposed method contributes both practical system design and formal security guarantees,providing IIoT with a deployable signature substrate that enhances resilience against quantum-era threats and supports future extensions such as device attestation,group signatures,and anomaly detection.展开更多
Smart pest control is crucial for building farmresilience andensuringsustainable agriculture inthe faceof climate change and environmental challenges.To achieve effective intelligent monitoring systems,agricultural pe...Smart pest control is crucial for building farmresilience andensuringsustainable agriculture inthe faceof climate change and environmental challenges.To achieve effective intelligent monitoring systems,agricultural pest and disease detectionmust overcome three fundamental challenges:feature degradation in dense vegetation environments,limited detection capability for sub-32×32 pixel targets,and inadequate bounding box regression for irregular pest morphologies.This study proposes YOLOv12-KMA,a novel detection framework that addresses these limitations through four synergistic architectural innovations,specifically optimized for agricultural environments.First,we introduce efficient multi-head attention(C3K2-EMA),which reduces noise interference by 41%through selective regional attention while maintaining O(k⋅n⋅d)computational complexity vs.O(n2⋅d)for standard attention.Second,we develop A2C2f-KAN modules embedding Kolmogorov-Arnold networks(KAN)with B-spline activation functions,achieving 15%better feature representation for small targets without global distortion.Third,we propose minimum point distance intersection over union(MPDIoU)loss that resolves aspect ratio degeneration issues in complete intersection over union(CIoU),accelerating convergence by 23%for irregular pest shapes.Fourth,we implement the dynamic sampling(DySample)module that reduces computational overhead by 72%while preserving 94%feature fidelity compared to conventional interpolation methods.Comprehensive validation on 8742 annotated agricultural images demonstrates significant improvements:2.6 percentage point increase in mean average precision(mAP)@0.5(91.0%→93.6%),3.2 percentage point gain in mAP@0.5:0.95,with precision and recall improvements of 4.8%and 2.4%,respectively.Statistical analysis confirms significance(p<0.001)with large effect sizes(η2=0.78).The optimized architecture maintains real-time performance at 159 frames per second(FPS)on consumer hardware,enabling practical deployment in precision agriculture monitoring systems.展开更多
Accurate blood pressure(BP)monitoring is essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease.Advancements in materials science,medicine,flexible electronic,and artificial intelligence(AI)have enabled cuffless...Accurate blood pressure(BP)monitoring is essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease.Advancements in materials science,medicine,flexible electronic,and artificial intelligence(AI)have enabled cuffless,unobtrusive BP monitoring systems,offering an alternative to traditional sphygmomanometers.However,extending these advances to real-world cardiovascular care particularly in resource-limited settings remains challenging due to constraints in computational resources,power efficiency,and deployment scalability.This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of AI-enhanced wearable BP monitoring,emphasizing its potential for personalized,scalable,and accessible healthcare.We systematically analyze the end-to-end system architecture,from mechano-electric sensing principles and AI-based estimation models to edge-aware deployment strategies tailored for low-resource environments.We further discuss clinical validation metrics and implementation barriers and prospective strategies.To bridge lab-to-field translation,we propose an innovative"sensor-model-deployment-assessment"co-design framework.This roadmap highlights how AI-enhanced BP technologies can support proactive hypertension control and promote cardiovascular health equity on a global scale.展开更多
Over the past decade,the landscape of cybersecurity has been increasingly shaped by the growing sophistication and frequency of malware attacks.Traditional detection techniques,while still in use,often fall short when...Over the past decade,the landscape of cybersecurity has been increasingly shaped by the growing sophistication and frequency of malware attacks.Traditional detection techniques,while still in use,often fall short when confronted with modern threats that use advanced evasion strategies.This systematic review critically examines recent developments in malware detection,with a particular emphasis on the role of artificial intelligence(AI)and machine learning(ML)in enhancing detection capabilities.Drawing on literature published between 2019 and 2025,this study reviews 105 peer-reviewed contributions from prominent digital libraries including IEEE Xplore,SpringerLink,ScienceDirect,and ACM Digital Library.In doing so,it explores the evolution of malware,evaluates detection methods,assesses the quality and limitations of widely used datasets,and identifies key challenges facing the field.Unlike existing surveys,this work offers a structured comparison of AI-driven frameworks and provides a detailed account of emerging techniques such as hybrid detection frameworks and image-based analysis.The findings indicate that AIbased models trained on diverse,high-quality datasets consistently outperform conventional methods,particularly when supported by feature engineering,explainable AI and a multi-faceted strategy.The review concludes by outlining future research directions,including the need for standardized datasets,enhanced adversarial robustness,and the integration of privacy-preserving mechanisms in malware detection systems.展开更多
Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)g...Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission.Although laboratory-scale Pe LEDs have achieved neartheoretical efficiencies,challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films,improving material stability,and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization.This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for Pe LEDs,focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays.Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques(spin-coating,blade-coating,and thermal evaporation)and patterning strategies,including top-down(photolithography,laser/e-beam lithography,and nanoimprinting)and bottom-up(patterned crystal growth,inkjet printing,and electrohydrodynamic jet printing)approaches.In this review,we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy,highlight current challenges,and outlook possible pathways towards scalable,high-performance Pe LEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Sepsis is one of the main causes of mortality in intensive care units(ICUs).Early prediction is critical for reducing injury.As approximately 36%of sepsis occur within 24 h after emergency department(ED)adm...BACKGROUND:Sepsis is one of the main causes of mortality in intensive care units(ICUs).Early prediction is critical for reducing injury.As approximately 36%of sepsis occur within 24 h after emergency department(ED)admission in Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care(MIMIC-IV),a prediction system for the ED triage stage would be helpful.Previous methods such as the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(qSOFA)are more suitable for screening than for prediction in the ED,and we aimed to fi nd a light-weight,convenient prediction method through machine learning.METHODS:We accessed the MIMIC-IV for sepsis patient data in the EDs.Our dataset comprised demographic information,vital signs,and synthetic features.Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)was used to predict the risk of developing sepsis within 24 h after ED admission.Additionally,SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)was employed to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the model's results.Ten percent of the patients were randomly selected as the testing set,while the remaining patients were used for training with 10-fold cross-validation.RESULTS:For 10-fold cross-validation on 14,957 samples,we reached an accuracy of 84.1%±0.3%and an area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of 0.92±0.02.The model achieved similar performance on the testing set of 1,662 patients.SHAP values showed that the fi ve most important features were acuity,arrival transportation,age,shock index,and respiratory rate.CONCLUSION:Machine learning models such as XGBoost may be used for sepsis prediction using only a small amount of data conveniently collected in the ED triage stage.This may help reduce workload in the ED and warn medical workers against the risk of sepsis in advance.展开更多
In this work, a Fe-based nanocrystalline microwire of 20 mm in length and 25 μm in diameter was placed in the center of a 316 stainless steel pipe. The pipe was 500 μm in diameter and a little shorter than the micro...In this work, a Fe-based nanocrystalline microwire of 20 mm in length and 25 μm in diameter was placed in the center of a 316 stainless steel pipe. The pipe was 500 μm in diameter and a little shorter than the microwire. A series of voltages were applied on the pipe to study the influence of the electrical field on the Giant-Magneto-Impedance(GMI) effect of the microwire. Experimental results showed that the electronic field between the wire and the pipe reduced the hysteresis of the GMI effect. The results were explained based on equivalent circuit and eddy current consumptions analysis.展开更多
Indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole（IDTBT） has emerged as one of the most exciting semiconducting polymers in recent years because of its high electronic mobility and charge transport along the polymer backbone....Indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole（IDTBT） has emerged as one of the most exciting semiconducting polymers in recent years because of its high electronic mobility and charge transport along the polymer backbone. By using the recently developed ion gel gating technique we studied the charge transport of IDTBT at carrier densities up to 10^21cm^-3.While the conductivity in IDTBT was found to be enhanced by nearly six orders of magnitude by ionic gating, the charge transport in IDTBT was found to remain 3D Mott variable range hopping even down to the lowest temperature of our measurements, 12 K. The maximum mobility was found to be around 0.2 cm^2·V^-1·s^-1, lower than that of Cytop gated field effect transistors reported previously. We attribute the lower mobility to the additional disorder induced by the ionic gating.展开更多
Interference significantly impacts the performance of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),highlighting the need for advanced interference localization technology to bolster anti-interference and defense capa...Interference significantly impacts the performance of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),highlighting the need for advanced interference localization technology to bolster anti-interference and defense capabilities.The Uniform Circular Array(UCA)enables concurrent estimation of the Direction of Arrival(DOA)in both azimuth and elevation.Given the paramount importance of stability and real-time performance in interference localization,this work proposes an innovative approach to reduce the complexity and increase the robustness of the DOA estimation.The proposed method reduces computational complexity by selecting a reduced number of array elements to reconstruct a non-uniform sparse array from a UCA.To ensure DOA estimation accuracy,minimizing the Cramér-Rao Bound(CRB)is the objective,and the Spatial Correlation Coefficient(SCC)is incorporated as a constraint to mitigate side-lobe.The optimization model is a quadratic fractional model,which is solved by Semi-Definite Relaxation(SDR).When the array has perturbations,the mathematical expressions for CRB and SCC are re-derived to enhance the robustness of the reconstructed array.Simulation and hardware experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in estimating interference DOA,showing high robustness and reductions in hardware and computational costs associated with DOA estimation.展开更多
Advanced OER/HER electrocatalytic alternatives are crucial for the wide adaptation of green hydrogen energy.Herein,Ru/NiMnB spherical cluster pillar(SCP),denoted as Ru/NiMnB,is synthesized using a combination of elect...Advanced OER/HER electrocatalytic alternatives are crucial for the wide adaptation of green hydrogen energy.Herein,Ru/NiMnB spherical cluster pillar(SCP),denoted as Ru/NiMnB,is synthesized using a combination of electro-deposition and hydrothermal reaction.Systematic investigation of Ru doping in the NiMnB matrix revealed significant improvements in electrocatalytic performance.The Ru/NiMnB SCPs demonstrate superior OER/HER activity with low overpotentials of 150 and 103 mV at 50mA/cm^(2)in 1 M KOH,making them highly competitive with state-of-the-art electrocatalysts.Remarkably,the Ru/NiMnB SCPs exhibit a low 2-E cell voltage of 2.80 V at ultra-high current density of 2,000 m A/cm^(2)in 1 M KOH,outperforming the standard benchmark electrodes of RuO_(2)||Pt/C,thereby positioning Ru/NiMnB as one of the best bifunctional electrocatalysts.These SCPs exhibit exceptional high-current characteristics,stability and corrosion resistance,as evidenced by continuous operation at 1,000 mA/cm^(2)high-current density for over 150 h in 6 M KOH at elevated temperatures under harsh industrial conditions.Only a small amount of Ru incorporation significantly enhances the electrocatalytic performances of NiMnB,attributed to increased active sites and improved intrinsic properties such as conductivity,adsorption/desorption capability and reaction rates.Consequently,Ru/NiMnB SCPs present a promising bi-functional electrode concept for efficient green H_(2)production.展开更多
Extremely large-scale array(XL-array)communications can significantly improve the transmission rate,spectral efficiency,and spatial resolution,and has great potential in next-generation mobile communication networks.A...Extremely large-scale array(XL-array)communications can significantly improve the transmission rate,spectral efficiency,and spatial resolution,and has great potential in next-generation mobile communication networks.A crucial problem in XLarray communications is to determine the boundary of applicable regions of the plane wave model(PWM)and spherical wave model(SWM).In this paper,we propose new PWM/SWM demarcations for XL-arrays from the viewpoint of channel gain and rank.Four sets of results are derived for four different array setups.First,an equi-power line is derived for a point-touniform linear array(ULA)scenario,where an inflection point is found at±π6 central incident angles.Second,an equi-power surface is derived for a point-touniform planar array(UPA)scenario,and it is proved that cos2(ϕ)cos2(φ)=12 is a dividing curve,where ϕ andφdenote the elevation and azimuth angles,respectively.Third,an accurate and explicit expression of the equi-rank surface is obtained for a ULA-to-ULA scenario.Finally,an approximated expression of the equirank surface is obtained for a ULA-to-UPA scenario.With the obtained closed-form expressions,the equirank surface for any antenna structure and any angle can be well estimated.Furthermore,the effect of scatterers is also investigated,from which some insights are drawn.展开更多
The global population is increasing,compelling a greater food supply for survival and agricultural activity to support economic development.On the other hand,traditional farm machinery and activities result in the ove...The global population is increasing,compelling a greater food supply for survival and agricultural activity to support economic development.On the other hand,traditional farm machinery and activities result in the overuse of fertilizers,irrigation water,and land,thereby undermining environmental sustainability.The current study aims to present advanced ground robots as effective solutions for autonomous operations,enhancing efficiency,productivity,and revenues in agriculture while consuming fewer resources and preserving the environment.In this regard,an overview of diverse imaging sensors and navigation technologies for ground robots is provided as key components that assist in automation and autonomy.Recent trends adopted for deploying ground robots while integrating the internet-of-things(IoT),artificial intelligence(AI),cloud computing,edge computing,collaborative robotics,and energy and resource-efficient systems are elucidated,driving smart and sustainable agriculture.Moreover,state-of-the-art applications of ground robots in three agricultural branches are explored.Three case studies from Ireland are presented as evidence of the transformation of traditional agriculture.Some limitations that necessitates future considerations are highlighted.The current study signifies the importance of employing ground robots to leap from conventional agricultural practices to precision and sustainable operations.展开更多
To address the significant degradation of Space-Time Adaptive Processing(STAP)performance when the array elements have mutual coupling and gain/phase errors,a STAP algorithm with adaptive calibration for the above two...To address the significant degradation of Space-Time Adaptive Processing(STAP)performance when the array elements have mutual coupling and gain/phase errors,a STAP algorithm with adaptive calibration for the above two array errors is proposed in this article.First,based on a defined error matrix that simultaneously considers both array mutual coupling and gain/phase errors,a STAP signal model including these errors is given.Then,utilizing the defined signal model,it is demonstrated that the estimation of the defined error matrix can be formulized as a standard convex optimization problem with the low-rank structure of the clutter covariance matrix and the subspace projection theory.Once the defined error matrix is estimated by solving the convex optimization problem,it is illustrated that a STAP method with adaptive calibration of the mutual coupling and gain/phase errors is coined.Analyses also show that the proposed adaptive calibration algorithm only needs one training sample to construct the adaptive weight vector.Therefore,it can achieve a good detection performance even with severe non-homogeneous clutter environments.Finally,the simulation experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the correctness of the analytical results.展开更多
Many applications for locating a radio signal source employ Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)to obtain a sensor’s position.By using GNSS,a sensor can also synchronize with other sensors.For a sensor that is eq...Many applications for locating a radio signal source employ Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)to obtain a sensor’s position.By using GNSS,a sensor can also synchronize with other sensors.For a sensor that is equipped with a GNSS receiver,it can be independent and is readily to be loaded on a flexible platform,such as an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV).In this paper,we consider using such sensors and timeof-arrival(TOA)techniques to locate a radio signal source,and analyze the performance limit of source localization.Besides the performance analysis,this paper provides the geometric interpretation of the performance limit,which can illustrate how a sensor contributes to the source localization accuracy.The performance analysis and the geometric interpretation together give important insights into how to make better use of GNSS receiver for passive localization.Another contribution is we propose a modified closedform solution for this localization problem.Compared with previous literature,this solution takes both sensor position and synchronization uncertainty into account,and it does not need proper initial guess of source position and is computationally efficient.Our simulation results validate the efficiency of this solution.展开更多
The novel structure of the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)with a groove double field-plate is proposed in this paper,which resolves the issue of the current collapse caused by the high electric field...The novel structure of the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)with a groove double field-plate is proposed in this paper,which resolves the issue of the current collapse caused by the high electric field at the gate edge of conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMT.The current transport mechanism of the novel device and its effectiveness to suppress current collapse are studied.Based on the introduction of the groove dual-field plate,the depletion region of the novel device is extended.The electric field peak at the gate edge is reduced and the distribution of the electric field is more uniform.As a result,the new structure can improve the current collapse without significantly reducing the drain current.Compared with the conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMT,the suppression effect of the new device on the current collapse effect is increased by 94.1%when L_(fp1)=0.3μm and L_(fp2)=0.7μm.展开更多
The authors regret that there were errors in the affiliations and the funding declaration in the original published version.The affiliations a and b of the original manuscript are"School of Information Engineerin...The authors regret that there were errors in the affiliations and the funding declaration in the original published version.The affiliations a and b of the original manuscript are"School of Information Engineering,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Signal Processing and Intelligent Communications,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China",and"School of Internet of Things Engineering,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China",respectively.The order of the two affiliations are not correct.展开更多
Space laser communication(SLC)is an emerging technology to support high-throughput data transmissions in space networks.In this paper,to guarantee the reliability of high-speed SLC links,we aim at practical implementa...Space laser communication(SLC)is an emerging technology to support high-throughput data transmissions in space networks.In this paper,to guarantee the reliability of high-speed SLC links,we aim at practical implementation of low-density paritycheck(LDPC)decoding under resource-restricted space platforms.Particularly,due to the supply restriction and cost issues of high-speed on-board devices such as analog-to-digital converters(ADCs),the input of LDPC decoding will be usually constrained by hard-decision channel output.To tackle this challenge,density-evolution-based theoretical analysis is firstly performed to identify the cause of performance degradation in the conventional binaryinitialized iterative decoding(BIID)algorithm.Then,a computation-efficient decoding algorithm named multiary-initialized iterative decoding with early termination(MIID-ET)is proposed,which improves the error-correcting performance and computation efficiency by using a reliability-based initialization method and a threshold-based decoding termination rule.Finally,numerical simulations are conducted on example codes of rates 7/8 and 1/2 to evaluate the performance of different LDPC decoding algorithms,where the proposed MIID-ET outperforms the BIID with a coding gain of 0.38 dB and variable node calculation saving of 37%.With this advantage,the proposed MIID-ET can notably reduce LDPC decoder’s hardware implementation complexity under the same bit error rate performance,which successfully doubles the total throughput to 10 Gbps on a single-chip FPGA.展开更多
Physical layer security is an important method to improve the secrecy performance of wireless communication systems.In this paper,we analyze the effect of employing channel correlation to improve security performance ...Physical layer security is an important method to improve the secrecy performance of wireless communication systems.In this paper,we analyze the effect of employing channel correlation to improve security performance in multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)scenario with antenna selection(AS)scheme.We first derive the analytical expressions of average secrecy capacity(ASC)and secrecy outage probability(SOP)by the first order Marcum Q function.Then,the asymptotic expressions of ASC and SOP in two specific scenarios are further derived.The correctness of analytical and asymptotic expressions is verified by Monte Carlo simulations.The conclusions suggest that the analytical expressions of ASC and SOP are related to the product of transmitting and receiving antennas;increasing the number of antennas is beneficial to ASC and SOP.Besides,when the target rate is set at a low level,strong channel correlation is bad for ASC,but is beneficial to SOP.展开更多
基金support received from National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(RS-2024-00353768)the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(RS-2025-02217919)+1 种基金funded by the Yonsei Fellowshipfunded by Lee Youn Jae and the KIST Institutional Program Project No.2E31603-22-140 (KJY).
文摘Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,and two-dimensional(2D)materials,crystal silicon continues to maintain its stronghold,owing to its superior functionality,scalability,stability,reliability,and uniformity.Nonetheless,the inherent rigidity of the bulk silicon leads to incompatibility with soft tissues,hindering the utilization amid biomedical applications.Because of such issues,decades of research have enabled successful utilization of various techniques to precisely control the thickness and morphology of silicon layers at the scale of several nanometres.This review provides a comprehensive exploration on the features of ultra-thin single crystalline silicon as a semiconducting material,and its role especially among the frontier of advanced bioelectronics.Key processes that enable the transition of rigid silicon to flexible form factors are exhibited,in accordance with their chronological sequence.The inspected stages span both prior and subsequent to transferring the silicon membrane,categorized respectively as on-wafer manufacturing and rigid-to-soft integration.Extensive guidelines to unlock the full potential of flexible electronics are provided through ordered analysis of each manufacturing procedure,the latest findings of biomedical applications,along with practical perspectives for researchers and manufacturers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.92576208)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program+1 种基金Beijing Science and Technology Planning ProjectTsinghua University Dushi Program。
文摘Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom arrays,scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers,and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond∼10,000 tweezers.Moreover,these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots,which further complicates system integration and scalability.Here,we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280 spots using a metasurface,nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems.The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light,enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope.This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power.Furthermore,the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%,making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,000 atoms in the near future.
文摘TheIndustrial Internet of Things(IIoT)has emerged as a cornerstone of Industry 4.0,enabling large-scale automation and data-driven decision-making across factories,supply chains,and critical infrastructures.However,the massive interconnection of resource-constrained devices also amplifies the risks of eavesdropping,data tampering,and device impersonation.While digital signatures are indispensable for ensuring authenticity and non-repudiation,conventional schemes such as RSA and ECCare vulnerable to quantumalgorithms,jeopardizing long-termtrust in IIoT deployments.This study proposes a lightweight,stateless,hash-based signature scheme that achieves post-quantum security while addressing the stringent efficiency demands of IIoT.The design introduces two key optimizations:(1)Forest ofRandomSubsets(FORS)onDemand,where subset secret keys are generated dynamically via a PseudoRandom Function(PRF),thereby minimizing storage overhead and eliminating key-reuse risks;and(2)Winternitz One-Time Signature Plus(WOTS+)partial hash-chain caching,which precomputes intermediate hash values at edge gateways,reducing device-side computations,latency,and energy consumption.The architecture integrates a multi-layerMerkle authentication tree(Merkle tree)and role-based delegation across sensors,gateways,and a Signature Authority Center(SAC),supporting scalable cross-site deployment and key rotation.Froma theoretical perspective,we establish a formal(Existential Unforgeability under Chosen Message Attack)EUF-CMA security proof using a game-based reduction framework.The proof demonstrates that any successful forgerymust reduce to breaking the underlying assumptions of PRF indistinguishability,(second)preimage resistance,or collision resistance,thus quantifying adversarial advantage and ensuring unforgeability.On the implementation side,our design achieves a balanced trade-off between postquantum security and lightweight performance,offering concrete deployment guidelines for real-time industrial systems.In summary,the proposed method contributes both practical system design and formal security guarantees,providing IIoT with a deployable signature substrate that enhances resilience against quantum-era threats and supports future extensions such as device attestation,group signatures,and anomaly detection.
文摘Smart pest control is crucial for building farmresilience andensuringsustainable agriculture inthe faceof climate change and environmental challenges.To achieve effective intelligent monitoring systems,agricultural pest and disease detectionmust overcome three fundamental challenges:feature degradation in dense vegetation environments,limited detection capability for sub-32×32 pixel targets,and inadequate bounding box regression for irregular pest morphologies.This study proposes YOLOv12-KMA,a novel detection framework that addresses these limitations through four synergistic architectural innovations,specifically optimized for agricultural environments.First,we introduce efficient multi-head attention(C3K2-EMA),which reduces noise interference by 41%through selective regional attention while maintaining O(k⋅n⋅d)computational complexity vs.O(n2⋅d)for standard attention.Second,we develop A2C2f-KAN modules embedding Kolmogorov-Arnold networks(KAN)with B-spline activation functions,achieving 15%better feature representation for small targets without global distortion.Third,we propose minimum point distance intersection over union(MPDIoU)loss that resolves aspect ratio degeneration issues in complete intersection over union(CIoU),accelerating convergence by 23%for irregular pest shapes.Fourth,we implement the dynamic sampling(DySample)module that reduces computational overhead by 72%while preserving 94%feature fidelity compared to conventional interpolation methods.Comprehensive validation on 8742 annotated agricultural images demonstrates significant improvements:2.6 percentage point increase in mean average precision(mAP)@0.5(91.0%→93.6%),3.2 percentage point gain in mAP@0.5:0.95,with precision and recall improvements of 4.8%and 2.4%,respectively.Statistical analysis confirms significance(p<0.001)with large effect sizes(η2=0.78).The optimized architecture maintains real-time performance at 159 frames per second(FPS)on consumer hardware,enabling practical deployment in precision agriculture monitoring systems.
基金the Chinese University of Hong Kong for providing research resources and institutional support
文摘Accurate blood pressure(BP)monitoring is essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease.Advancements in materials science,medicine,flexible electronic,and artificial intelligence(AI)have enabled cuffless,unobtrusive BP monitoring systems,offering an alternative to traditional sphygmomanometers.However,extending these advances to real-world cardiovascular care particularly in resource-limited settings remains challenging due to constraints in computational resources,power efficiency,and deployment scalability.This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of AI-enhanced wearable BP monitoring,emphasizing its potential for personalized,scalable,and accessible healthcare.We systematically analyze the end-to-end system architecture,from mechano-electric sensing principles and AI-based estimation models to edge-aware deployment strategies tailored for low-resource environments.We further discuss clinical validation metrics and implementation barriers and prospective strategies.To bridge lab-to-field translation,we propose an innovative"sensor-model-deployment-assessment"co-design framework.This roadmap highlights how AI-enhanced BP technologies can support proactive hypertension control and promote cardiovascular health equity on a global scale.
文摘Over the past decade,the landscape of cybersecurity has been increasingly shaped by the growing sophistication and frequency of malware attacks.Traditional detection techniques,while still in use,often fall short when confronted with modern threats that use advanced evasion strategies.This systematic review critically examines recent developments in malware detection,with a particular emphasis on the role of artificial intelligence(AI)and machine learning(ML)in enhancing detection capabilities.Drawing on literature published between 2019 and 2025,this study reviews 105 peer-reviewed contributions from prominent digital libraries including IEEE Xplore,SpringerLink,ScienceDirect,and ACM Digital Library.In doing so,it explores the evolution of malware,evaluates detection methods,assesses the quality and limitations of widely used datasets,and identifies key challenges facing the field.Unlike existing surveys,this work offers a structured comparison of AI-driven frameworks and provides a detailed account of emerging techniques such as hybrid detection frameworks and image-based analysis.The findings indicate that AIbased models trained on diverse,high-quality datasets consistently outperform conventional methods,particularly when supported by feature engineering,explainable AI and a multi-faceted strategy.The review concludes by outlining future research directions,including the need for standardized datasets,enhanced adversarial robustness,and the integration of privacy-preserving mechanisms in malware detection systems.
基金supported by 14th Five-Year Plan Key R&D Plan,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,2024YFB3409002National Natural Science Foundation of China,12302142+4 种基金HKUSTHKUST(GZ)Collaborative Research Scheme,G035Yangcheng Scholars Research Project-Leading Talent Training Project,2024312156Guangzhou-HKUST(GZ)Joint Funding Scheme,2023A03J0157Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project,2024A04J4765Shenzhen Basic Research Project,JCYJ20220530114417040。
文摘Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission.Although laboratory-scale Pe LEDs have achieved neartheoretical efficiencies,challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films,improving material stability,and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization.This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for Pe LEDs,focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays.Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques(spin-coating,blade-coating,and thermal evaporation)and patterning strategies,including top-down(photolithography,laser/e-beam lithography,and nanoimprinting)and bottom-up(patterned crystal growth,inkjet printing,and electrohydrodynamic jet printing)approaches.In this review,we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy,highlight current challenges,and outlook possible pathways towards scalable,high-performance Pe LEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2500803)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-056).
文摘BACKGROUND:Sepsis is one of the main causes of mortality in intensive care units(ICUs).Early prediction is critical for reducing injury.As approximately 36%of sepsis occur within 24 h after emergency department(ED)admission in Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care(MIMIC-IV),a prediction system for the ED triage stage would be helpful.Previous methods such as the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(qSOFA)are more suitable for screening than for prediction in the ED,and we aimed to fi nd a light-weight,convenient prediction method through machine learning.METHODS:We accessed the MIMIC-IV for sepsis patient data in the EDs.Our dataset comprised demographic information,vital signs,and synthetic features.Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)was used to predict the risk of developing sepsis within 24 h after ED admission.Additionally,SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)was employed to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the model's results.Ten percent of the patients were randomly selected as the testing set,while the remaining patients were used for training with 10-fold cross-validation.RESULTS:For 10-fold cross-validation on 14,957 samples,we reached an accuracy of 84.1%±0.3%and an area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve of 0.92±0.02.The model achieved similar performance on the testing set of 1,662 patients.SHAP values showed that the fi ve most important features were acuity,arrival transportation,age,shock index,and respiratory rate.CONCLUSION:Machine learning models such as XGBoost may be used for sepsis prediction using only a small amount of data conveniently collected in the ED triage stage.This may help reduce workload in the ED and warn medical workers against the risk of sepsis in advance.
文摘In this work, a Fe-based nanocrystalline microwire of 20 mm in length and 25 μm in diameter was placed in the center of a 316 stainless steel pipe. The pipe was 500 μm in diameter and a little shorter than the microwire. A series of voltages were applied on the pipe to study the influence of the electrical field on the Giant-Magneto-Impedance(GMI) effect of the microwire. Experimental results showed that the electronic field between the wire and the pipe reduced the hysteresis of the GMI effect. The results were explained based on equivalent circuit and eddy current consumptions analysis.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,China(Grant No.13ZR1456800)Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.20120073110093)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11274229,11474198,61274083,61334008,11274229,11474198,11204175)DOE under DE-FG02-04ER46159
文摘Indacenodithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole（IDTBT） has emerged as one of the most exciting semiconducting polymers in recent years because of its high electronic mobility and charge transport along the polymer backbone. By using the recently developed ion gel gating technique we studied the charge transport of IDTBT at carrier densities up to 10^21cm^-3.While the conductivity in IDTBT was found to be enhanced by nearly six orders of magnitude by ionic gating, the charge transport in IDTBT was found to remain 3D Mott variable range hopping even down to the lowest temperature of our measurements, 12 K. The maximum mobility was found to be around 0.2 cm^2·V^-1·s^-1, lower than that of Cytop gated field effect transistors reported previously. We attribute the lower mobility to the additional disorder induced by the ionic gating.
基金the financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB3907001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2233217,62371029)the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC),China(Nos.EP/M026981/1,EP/T021063/1 and EP/T024917/)。
文摘Interference significantly impacts the performance of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),highlighting the need for advanced interference localization technology to bolster anti-interference and defense capabilities.The Uniform Circular Array(UCA)enables concurrent estimation of the Direction of Arrival(DOA)in both azimuth and elevation.Given the paramount importance of stability and real-time performance in interference localization,this work proposes an innovative approach to reduce the complexity and increase the robustness of the DOA estimation.The proposed method reduces computational complexity by selecting a reduced number of array elements to reconstruct a non-uniform sparse array from a UCA.To ensure DOA estimation accuracy,minimizing the Cramér-Rao Bound(CRB)is the objective,and the Spatial Correlation Coefficient(SCC)is incorporated as a constraint to mitigate side-lobe.The optimization model is a quadratic fractional model,which is solved by Semi-Definite Relaxation(SDR).When the array has perturbations,the mathematical expressions for CRB and SCC are re-derived to enhance the robustness of the reconstructed array.Simulation and hardware experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in estimating interference DOA,showing high robustness and reductions in hardware and computational costs associated with DOA estimation.
基金Core Research Institute Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(No.2018R1A6A1A03025242)in part by the research grant of Kwangwoon University in 2024。
文摘Advanced OER/HER electrocatalytic alternatives are crucial for the wide adaptation of green hydrogen energy.Herein,Ru/NiMnB spherical cluster pillar(SCP),denoted as Ru/NiMnB,is synthesized using a combination of electro-deposition and hydrothermal reaction.Systematic investigation of Ru doping in the NiMnB matrix revealed significant improvements in electrocatalytic performance.The Ru/NiMnB SCPs demonstrate superior OER/HER activity with low overpotentials of 150 and 103 mV at 50mA/cm^(2)in 1 M KOH,making them highly competitive with state-of-the-art electrocatalysts.Remarkably,the Ru/NiMnB SCPs exhibit a low 2-E cell voltage of 2.80 V at ultra-high current density of 2,000 m A/cm^(2)in 1 M KOH,outperforming the standard benchmark electrodes of RuO_(2)||Pt/C,thereby positioning Ru/NiMnB as one of the best bifunctional electrocatalysts.These SCPs exhibit exceptional high-current characteristics,stability and corrosion resistance,as evidenced by continuous operation at 1,000 mA/cm^(2)high-current density for over 150 h in 6 M KOH at elevated temperatures under harsh industrial conditions.Only a small amount of Ru incorporation significantly enhances the electrocatalytic performances of NiMnB,attributed to increased active sites and improved intrinsic properties such as conductivity,adsorption/desorption capability and reaction rates.Consequently,Ru/NiMnB SCPs present a promising bi-functional electrode concept for efficient green H_(2)production.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grants 62271310 and 62125108in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Chinain part by the NSFC under Grant 62431014
文摘Extremely large-scale array(XL-array)communications can significantly improve the transmission rate,spectral efficiency,and spatial resolution,and has great potential in next-generation mobile communication networks.A crucial problem in XLarray communications is to determine the boundary of applicable regions of the plane wave model(PWM)and spherical wave model(SWM).In this paper,we propose new PWM/SWM demarcations for XL-arrays from the viewpoint of channel gain and rank.Four sets of results are derived for four different array setups.First,an equi-power line is derived for a point-touniform linear array(ULA)scenario,where an inflection point is found at±π6 central incident angles.Second,an equi-power surface is derived for a point-touniform planar array(UPA)scenario,and it is proved that cos2(ϕ)cos2(φ)=12 is a dividing curve,where ϕ andφdenote the elevation and azimuth angles,respectively.Third,an accurate and explicit expression of the equi-rank surface is obtained for a ULA-to-ULA scenario.Finally,an approximated expression of the equirank surface is obtained for a ULA-to-UPA scenario.With the obtained closed-form expressions,the equirank surface for any antenna structure and any angle can be well estimated.Furthermore,the effect of scatterers is also investigated,from which some insights are drawn.
文摘The global population is increasing,compelling a greater food supply for survival and agricultural activity to support economic development.On the other hand,traditional farm machinery and activities result in the overuse of fertilizers,irrigation water,and land,thereby undermining environmental sustainability.The current study aims to present advanced ground robots as effective solutions for autonomous operations,enhancing efficiency,productivity,and revenues in agriculture while consuming fewer resources and preserving the environment.In this regard,an overview of diverse imaging sensors and navigation technologies for ground robots is provided as key components that assist in automation and autonomy.Recent trends adopted for deploying ground robots while integrating the internet-of-things(IoT),artificial intelligence(AI),cloud computing,edge computing,collaborative robotics,and energy and resource-efficient systems are elucidated,driving smart and sustainable agriculture.Moreover,state-of-the-art applications of ground robots in three agricultural branches are explored.Three case studies from Ireland are presented as evidence of the transformation of traditional agriculture.Some limitations that necessitates future considerations are highlighted.The current study signifies the importance of employing ground robots to leap from conventional agricultural practices to precision and sustainable operations.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12374431)。
文摘To address the significant degradation of Space-Time Adaptive Processing(STAP)performance when the array elements have mutual coupling and gain/phase errors,a STAP algorithm with adaptive calibration for the above two array errors is proposed in this article.First,based on a defined error matrix that simultaneously considers both array mutual coupling and gain/phase errors,a STAP signal model including these errors is given.Then,utilizing the defined signal model,it is demonstrated that the estimation of the defined error matrix can be formulized as a standard convex optimization problem with the low-rank structure of the clutter covariance matrix and the subspace projection theory.Once the defined error matrix is estimated by solving the convex optimization problem,it is illustrated that a STAP method with adaptive calibration of the mutual coupling and gain/phase errors is coined.Analyses also show that the proposed adaptive calibration algorithm only needs one training sample to construct the adaptive weight vector.Therefore,it can achieve a good detection performance even with severe non-homogeneous clutter environments.Finally,the simulation experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the correctness of the analytical results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61973181)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program(Grant No.2018Z05JZY004).
文摘Many applications for locating a radio signal source employ Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)to obtain a sensor’s position.By using GNSS,a sensor can also synchronize with other sensors.For a sensor that is equipped with a GNSS receiver,it can be independent and is readily to be loaded on a flexible platform,such as an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV).In this paper,we consider using such sensors and timeof-arrival(TOA)techniques to locate a radio signal source,and analyze the performance limit of source localization.Besides the performance analysis,this paper provides the geometric interpretation of the performance limit,which can illustrate how a sensor contributes to the source localization accuracy.The performance analysis and the geometric interpretation together give important insights into how to make better use of GNSS receiver for passive localization.Another contribution is we propose a modified closedform solution for this localization problem.Compared with previous literature,this solution takes both sensor position and synchronization uncertainty into account,and it does not need proper initial guess of source position and is computationally efficient.Our simulation results validate the efficiency of this solution.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shannxi under Grant 2022GY-016the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52377197.
文摘The novel structure of the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)with a groove double field-plate is proposed in this paper,which resolves the issue of the current collapse caused by the high electric field at the gate edge of conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMT.The current transport mechanism of the novel device and its effectiveness to suppress current collapse are studied.Based on the introduction of the groove dual-field plate,the depletion region of the novel device is extended.The electric field peak at the gate edge is reduced and the distribution of the electric field is more uniform.As a result,the new structure can improve the current collapse without significantly reducing the drain current.Compared with the conventional AlGaN/GaN HEMT,the suppression effect of the new device on the current collapse effect is increased by 94.1%when L_(fp1)=0.3μm and L_(fp2)=0.7μm.
文摘The authors regret that there were errors in the affiliations and the funding declaration in the original published version.The affiliations a and b of the original manuscript are"School of Information Engineering,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Signal Processing and Intelligent Communications,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,China",and"School of Internet of Things Engineering,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,China",respectively.The order of the two affiliations are not correct.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1005000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62101308 and 62025110).
文摘Space laser communication(SLC)is an emerging technology to support high-throughput data transmissions in space networks.In this paper,to guarantee the reliability of high-speed SLC links,we aim at practical implementation of low-density paritycheck(LDPC)decoding under resource-restricted space platforms.Particularly,due to the supply restriction and cost issues of high-speed on-board devices such as analog-to-digital converters(ADCs),the input of LDPC decoding will be usually constrained by hard-decision channel output.To tackle this challenge,density-evolution-based theoretical analysis is firstly performed to identify the cause of performance degradation in the conventional binaryinitialized iterative decoding(BIID)algorithm.Then,a computation-efficient decoding algorithm named multiary-initialized iterative decoding with early termination(MIID-ET)is proposed,which improves the error-correcting performance and computation efficiency by using a reliability-based initialization method and a threshold-based decoding termination rule.Finally,numerical simulations are conducted on example codes of rates 7/8 and 1/2 to evaluate the performance of different LDPC decoding algorithms,where the proposed MIID-ET outperforms the BIID with a coding gain of 0.38 dB and variable node calculation saving of 37%.With this advantage,the proposed MIID-ET can notably reduce LDPC decoder’s hardware implementation complexity under the same bit error rate performance,which successfully doubles the total throughput to 10 Gbps on a single-chip FPGA.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants NO.61971161 and 62171151in part by the Foundation of Heilongjiang Touyan Team under Grant NO.HITTY-20190009+3 种基金and in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant NO.HIT.OCEF.2021012supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant NO.62171160in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant NO.HIT.OCEF.2022055in part by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program under Grants NO.JCYJ20190806143212658 and ZDSYS20210623091808025.
文摘Physical layer security is an important method to improve the secrecy performance of wireless communication systems.In this paper,we analyze the effect of employing channel correlation to improve security performance in multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)scenario with antenna selection(AS)scheme.We first derive the analytical expressions of average secrecy capacity(ASC)and secrecy outage probability(SOP)by the first order Marcum Q function.Then,the asymptotic expressions of ASC and SOP in two specific scenarios are further derived.The correctness of analytical and asymptotic expressions is verified by Monte Carlo simulations.The conclusions suggest that the analytical expressions of ASC and SOP are related to the product of transmitting and receiving antennas;increasing the number of antennas is beneficial to ASC and SOP.Besides,when the target rate is set at a low level,strong channel correlation is bad for ASC,but is beneficial to SOP.
