The rapid growth of IoT networks necessitates efficient Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)capable of addressing dynamic security threats under constrained resource environments.This paper proposes a hybrid IDS for IoT n...The rapid growth of IoT networks necessitates efficient Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)capable of addressing dynamic security threats under constrained resource environments.This paper proposes a hybrid IDS for IoT networks,integrating Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Genetic Algorithm(GA)for feature selection and parameter optimization.The GA reduces the feature set from 41 to 7,achieving a 30%reduction in overhead while maintaining an attack detection rate of 98.79%.Evaluated on the NSL-KDD dataset,the system demonstrates an accuracy of 97.36%,a recall of 98.42%,and an F1-score of 96.67%,with a low false positive rate of 1.5%.Additionally,it effectively detects critical User-to-Root(U2R)attacks at a rate of 96.2%and Remote-to-Local(R2L)attacks at 95.8%.Performance tests validate the system’s scalability for networks with up to 2000 nodes,with detection latencies of 120 ms at 65%CPU utilization in small-scale deployments and 250 ms at 85%CPU utilization in large-scale scenarios.Parameter sensitivity analysis enhances model robustness,while false positive examination aids in reducing administrative overhead for practical deployment.This IDS offers an effective,scalable,and resource-efficient solution for real-world IoT system security,outperforming traditional approaches.展开更多
This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational ...This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational efficiencies,and technological advancements.Linear generators,such as Induction,permanent magnet synchronous,and switched reluctance types,are highlighted for their direct conversion capability,eliminating the need for mechanical gearboxes.Rotary Induction generators,permanent magnet synchronous generators,and doubly-fed Induction generators are evaluated for their established engineering principles and integration with existing grid infrastructure.The paper discusses the historical development,environmental benefits,and ongoing advancements in wave energy technologies,emphasizing the increasing feasibility and scalability of wave energy as a renewable source.Through a comprehensive analysis,this review provides insights into the current state and future prospects of electrical generators in wave energy conversion,underscoring their potential to significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental impacts.展开更多
With the growing importance of wearable and portable electronics in modern society and industry,researchers from all over the world have reported on advances in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing technologies....With the growing importance of wearable and portable electronics in modern society and industry,researchers from all over the world have reported on advances in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing technologies.The current review discusses recent developments in triboelectric platforms from a manufacturing perspective,including material,design,application,and industrialization.Manufacturing is an essential component of both industry and technology.The use of a proper manufacturing process enables cutting-edge technology in a lab-scale stage to progress to commercialization and popularization with scalability,availability,commercial advantage,and consistent quality.Furthermore,much literature has emphasized that the most powerful advantage of the triboelectric platform is its wide range of available materials and simple working mechanism,both of which are important characteristics in manufacturing engineering.As a result,different manufacturing processes can be implemented as needed.Because the practical process can have a synergetic effect on the fundamental development,resulting in the growth of both,the development of the triboelectric platform from the standpoint of manufacturing engineering can be further advanced.However,research into the development of a productive manufacturing process is still in its early stages in the field of triboelectric platforms.This review looks at the various manufacturing technologies used in previous studies and discusses the potential benefits of the appropriate process for triboelectric platforms.Given its unique strength,which includes a diverse material selection and a simple working mechanism,the triboelectric platform can use a variety of manufacturing technologies and the process can be optimized as needed.Numerous research groups have clearly demonstrated the triboelectric platform's advantages.As a result,using appropriate manufacturing processes can accelerate the technological advancement of triboelectric platforms in a variety of research and industrial fields by allowing them to move beyond the lab-scale fabrication stage.展开更多
Federated Learning(FL)has become a leading decentralized solution that enables multiple clients to train a model in a collaborative environment without directly sharing raw data,making it suitable for privacy-sensitiv...Federated Learning(FL)has become a leading decentralized solution that enables multiple clients to train a model in a collaborative environment without directly sharing raw data,making it suitable for privacy-sensitive applications such as healthcare,finance,and smart systems.As the field continues to evolve,the research field has become more complex and scattered,covering different system designs,training methods,and privacy techniques.This survey is organized around the three core challenges:how the data is distributed,how models are synchronized,and how to defend against attacks.It provides a structured and up-to-date review of FL research from 2023 to 2025,offering a unified taxonomy that categorizes works by data distribution(Horizontal FL,Vertical FL,Federated Transfer Learning,and Personalized FL),training synchronization(synchronous and asynchronous FL),optimization strategies,and threat models(data leakage and poisoning attacks).In particular,we summarize the latest contributions in Vertical FL frameworks for secure multi-party learning,communication-efficient Horizontal FL,and domain-adaptive Federated Transfer Learning.Furthermore,we examine synchronization techniques addressing system heterogeneity,including straggler mitigation in synchronous FL and staleness management in asynchronous FL.The survey covers security threats in FL,such as gradient inversion,membership inference,and poisoning attacks,as well as their defense strategies that include privacy-preserving aggregation and anomaly detection.The paper concludes by outlining unresolved issues and highlighting challenges in handling personalized models,scalability,and real-world adoption.展开更多
This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene...This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene’s distinctive properties include its anisotropic crystal structures that contribute to its exceptional mechanical and electronic properties.The material exhibits superior electrical and thermal conductivity,surpassing many other 2D materials.Borophene’s unique atomic spin arrangements further diversify its potential application for magnetism.Surface and interface engineering,through doping,functionalization,and synthesis of hybridized and nanocomposite borophene-based systems,is crucial for tailoring borophene’s properties to specific applications.This review aims to address this knowledge gap through a comprehensive and critical analysis of different synthetic and functionalisation methods,to enhance surface reactivity by increasing active sites through doping and surface modifications.These approaches optimize diffusion pathways improving accessibility for catalytic reactions,and tailor the electronic density to tune the optical and electronic behavior.Key applications explored include energy systems(batteries,supercapacitors,and hydrogen storage),catalysis for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions,sensors,and optoelectronics for advanced photonic devices.The key to all these applications relies on strategies to introduce heteroatoms for tuning electronic and catalytic properties,employ chemical modifications to enhance stability and leverage borophene’s conductivity and reactivity for advanced photonics.Finally,the review addresses challenges and proposes solutions such as encapsulation,functionalization,and integration with composites to mitigate oxidation sensitivity and overcome scalability barriers,enabling sustainable,commercial-scale applications.展开更多
As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.Ho...As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.展开更多
Accurate blood pressure(BP)monitoring is essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease.Advancements in materials science,medicine,flexible electronic,and artificial intelligence(AI)have enabled cuffless...Accurate blood pressure(BP)monitoring is essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease.Advancements in materials science,medicine,flexible electronic,and artificial intelligence(AI)have enabled cuffless,unobtrusive BP monitoring systems,offering an alternative to traditional sphygmomanometers.However,extending these advances to real-world cardiovascular care particularly in resource-limited settings remains challenging due to constraints in computational resources,power efficiency,and deployment scalability.This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of AI-enhanced wearable BP monitoring,emphasizing its potential for personalized,scalable,and accessible healthcare.We systematically analyze the end-to-end system architecture,from mechano-electric sensing principles and AI-based estimation models to edge-aware deployment strategies tailored for low-resource environments.We further discuss clinical validation metrics and implementation barriers and prospective strategies.To bridge lab-to-field translation,we propose an innovative"sensor-model-deployment-assessment"co-design framework.This roadmap highlights how AI-enhanced BP technologies can support proactive hypertension control and promote cardiovascular health equity on a global scale.展开更多
Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide,and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic outcomes in selected patient groups.This study performed a comprehensive analysis of mul...Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide,and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic outcomes in selected patient groups.This study performed a comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas colorectal adenocarcinoma cohort(TCGA-COADREAD),accessed through cBioPortal,to develop machine learning models for predicting progression-free survival(PFS)following immunotherapy.The dataset included clinical variables,genomic alterations in Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog(KRAS),B-Raf Proto-Oncogene(BRAF),and Neuroblastoma RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog(NRAS),microsatellite instability(MSI)status,tumor mutation burden(TMB),and expression of immune checkpoint genes.Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that KRAS mutations were significantly associated with reduced PFS,while BRAF and NRAS mutations had no significant impact.MSI-high tumors exhibited elevated TMB and increased immune checkpoint expression,reflecting their immunologically active phenotype.We developed both survival and classification models,with the Extra Trees classifier achieving the best performance(accuracy=0.86,precision=0.67,recall=0.70,F1-score=0.68,AUC=0.84).These findings highlight the potential of combining genomic and immune biomarkers with machine learning to improve patient stratification and guide personalized immunotherapy decisions.An interactive web application was also developed to enable clinicians to input patient-specific molecular and clinical data and visualize individualized PFS predictions,supporting timely,data-driven treatment planning.展开更多
Modern power systems are evolving into sociotechnical systems with massive complexity, whose real-time operation and dispatch go beyond human capability. Thus,the need for developing and applying new intelligent power...Modern power systems are evolving into sociotechnical systems with massive complexity, whose real-time operation and dispatch go beyond human capability. Thus,the need for developing and applying new intelligent power system dispatch tools are of great practical significance. In this paper, we introduce the overall business model of power system dispatch, the top level design approach of an intelligent dispatch system, and the parallel intelligent technology with its dispatch applications. We expect that a new dispatch paradigm,namely the parallel dispatch, can be established by incorporating various intelligent technologies, especially the parallel intelligent technology, to enable secure operation of complex power grids,extend system operators' capabilities, suggest optimal dispatch strategies, and to provide decision-making recommendations according to power system operational goals.展开更多
A procedure for joining polyol-synthesized silver nanowires in air using current-induced Joule heat welding is reported. Using a common probe station and photolithographically patterned gold electrodes, the welding pr...A procedure for joining polyol-synthesized silver nanowires in air using current-induced Joule heat welding is reported. Using a common probe station and photolithographically patterned gold electrodes, the welding process is completed using a common semiconductor analyzer. A unique two-step procedure eliminates the dielectric barrier at the point of contact without damaging the nanowires away from the junction. This procedure is designed for metal–metal contacts where a strong dielectric intermediate layer might exist, which can occur with metals prone to oxidation or corrosion in air, or as a result of the electrode deposition process. Ohmic connections are also established in cases where there is an initial gap between two nanowires.展开更多
DURING our discussion at workshops for writing“What Does ChatGPT Say:The DAO from Algorithmic Intelligence to Linguistic Intelligence”[1],we had expected the next milestone for Artificial Intelligence(AI)would be in...DURING our discussion at workshops for writing“What Does ChatGPT Say:The DAO from Algorithmic Intelligence to Linguistic Intelligence”[1],we had expected the next milestone for Artificial Intelligence(AI)would be in the direction of Imaginative Intelligence(II),i.e.,something similar to automatic wordsto-videos generation or intelligent digital movies/theater technology that could be used for conducting new“Artificiofactual Experiments”[2]to replace conventional“Counterfactual Experiments”in scientific research and technical development for both natural and social studies[2]-[6].Now we have OpenAI’s Sora,so soon,but this is not the final,actually far away,and it is just the beginning.展开更多
The synthesis of renewable chemical fuels from CO_(2) and H_(2)O via photoelectrochemical(PEC)route reprensents a promising room-temperature approach for transforming greenhouse gas into value-added chemicals(e.g.,syn...The synthesis of renewable chemical fuels from CO_(2) and H_(2)O via photoelectrochemical(PEC)route reprensents a promising room-temperature approach for transforming greenhouse gas into value-added chemicals(e.g.,syngas),but to date it has been hampered by the lack of efficient photocathode for CO_(2) reduction.Herein,we report efficient PEC CO_(2) reduction into syngas by photocathode engineering.The photocathode is consisting of a planar p-n Si junction for strong light harvesting,GaN nanowires for efficient electron extraction and transfer,and Au/TiO_(2)for rapid electrocatalytic syngas production.The photocathode yields a record-high solar energy conversion efficiency of 2.3%.Furthermore,desirable syngas compositions with CO/H_(2)ratios such as 1:2 and 1:1 can be produced by simply varying the size of Au nanoparticle.Theoretical calculations reveal that the active sites for CO and H_(2)generation are the facet and undercoordinated sites of Au particles,respectively.展开更多
Optical emission spectroscopy parallel to the axis of a low-pressure radio-frequency discharge in nitrogen was realized, i. e. end-on instead of customary side-on measurements. A specially designed optical feedthrough...Optical emission spectroscopy parallel to the axis of a low-pressure radio-frequency discharge in nitrogen was realized, i. e. end-on instead of customary side-on measurements. A specially designed optical feedthrough was fabricated and installed co-planar with the anode elec- trode, allowing non-invasive observations perpendicular to the plasma sheath. The principal ex- cited species flowing towards the grounded electrode were identified and, by assuming Boltzmann distributions, the vibrational temperature of the molecules on the X1 ∑＋/g and C3Ⅱu levels was estimated under various operating conditions.展开更多
In this paper, a two-dimensional nanometer scale tip-plate discharge model has been employed to study nanoscale electrical discharge in atmospheric conditions. The field strength dis- tributions in a nanometer scale t...In this paper, a two-dimensional nanometer scale tip-plate discharge model has been employed to study nanoscale electrical discharge in atmospheric conditions. The field strength dis- tributions in a nanometer scale tip-to-plate electrode arrangement were calculated using the finite element analysis （FEA） method, and the influences of applied voltage amplitude and frequency as well as gas gap distance on the variation of effective discharge range （EDR） on the plate were also investigated and discussed. The simulation results show that the probe with a wide tip will cause a larger effective discharge range on the plate; the field strength in the gap is notably higher than that induced by the sharp tip probe; the effective discharge range will increase linearly with the rise of excitation voltage, and decrease nonlinearly with the rise of gap length. In addition, probe dimension, especially the width/height ratio, affects the effective discharge range in different manners. With the width/height ratio rising from 1 ： 1 to 1 ： 10, the effective discharge range will maintain stable when the excitation voltage is around 50 V. This will increase when the excitation voltage gets higher and decrease as the excitation voltage gets lower. Fhrthermore, when the gap length is 5 nm and the excitation voltage is below 20 V, the diameter of EDR in our simulation is about 150 nm, which is consistent with the experiment results reported by other research groups. Our work provides a preliminary understanding of nanometer scale discharges and establishes a predictive structure-behavior relationship.展开更多
In this paper,we design a total infrared(IR)absorber based on a dispersive band structure of two-dimensional(2D)multiwall carbon nanotube(MWCNTs)square array working from near IR(NIR)to mid IR(MIR)regime.The absorptio...In this paper,we design a total infrared(IR)absorber based on a dispersive band structure of two-dimensional(2D)multiwall carbon nanotube(MWCNTs)square array working from near IR(NIR)to mid IR(MIR)regime.The absorption characteristics have been investigated by the 2D finite-difference time domain(FDTD)method in square lattice photonic crystal(PC)of the multipole Drude-Lorentz model inserted to the dispersive dielectric function of MWCNTs.Dispersive photonic band structure and scattering parameters for the wide range of lattice constants from 15 nm to 3500 nm with various filling ratios have been calculated.The results show that for large lattice constant(>2000 nm),the Bragg gap moves to the IR regime and leads to MWCNTs arrays acting as a total absorber.For a structure with lattice constant of 3500 nm and filling factor of 12%,an enhanced absorption coefficient up to 99%is achieved in the range of 0.35 eV(λ=3.5μm)nominated in the MIR regime.Also,the absorption spectrum peak can be tuned in the range of 0.27—0.38 eV(λ=4.59—3.26μm)with a changing filling factor.Our results and methodology can be used to design new MWCNTs based photonic devices for applications like night-vision,thermal detector,and total IR absorbers.展开更多
Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent bioc...Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.展开更多
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a brain disorder that eventually causes memory loss and the ability to perform simple cognitive functions;research efforts within pharmaceuticals and other medical treatments have minimal ...Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a brain disorder that eventually causes memory loss and the ability to perform simple cognitive functions;research efforts within pharmaceuticals and other medical treatments have minimal impact on the disease. Our preliminary biological studies showed that Repeated Electromagnetic Field Stimulation (REFMS) applying an EM frequency of 64 MHz and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.4 - 0.9 W/kg decrease the level of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which is the most likely etiology of AD. This study emphasizes uniform E/H field and SAR distribution with adequate penetration depth penetration through multiple human head layers driven with low input power for safety treatments. In this work, we performed numerical modeling and computer simulations of a portable Meander Line antenna (MLA) to achieve the required EMF parameters to treat AD. The MLA device features a low cost, small size, wide bandwidth, and the ability to integrate into a portable system. This study utilized a High-Frequency Simulation System (HFSS) in the design of the MLA with the desired characteristics suited for AD treatment in humans. The team designed a 24-turn antenna with a 60 cm length and 25 cm width and achieved the required resonant frequency of 64 MHz. Here we used two numerical human head phantoms to test the antenna, the MIDA and spherical head phantom with six and seven tissue layers, respectively. The antenna was fed from a 50-Watt input source to obtain the SAR of 0.6 W/kg requirement in the center of the simulated brain tissue layer. We found that the E/H field and SAR distribution produced was not homogeneous;there were areas of high SAR values close to the antenna transmitter, also areas of low SAR value far away from the antenna. This paper details the antenna parameters, the scattering parameters response, the efficiency response, and the E and H field distribution;we presented the computer simulation results and discussed future work for a practical model.展开更多
The communication in the physical layer between an interrogator and a tag of a passive Radio Frequency Identification （RFID） system operating between 860-960 MHz is defined by the Gen 2 protocol. The tag can be cons...The communication in the physical layer between an interrogator and a tag of a passive Radio Frequency Identification （RFID） system operating between 860-960 MHz is defined by the Gen 2 protocol. The tag can be considered a remote executing unit or a computer that executes instructions from the Gen 2 protocol. The selection of the parameter and command configuration within the protocol limitations is critical especially if the time available for the memory operations in a passive RFID system is limited. An effort is made to map the operation of the tag not in its states of operation as elaborately explained in the protocol but rather in its elementary format. The research reported in this article identifies all the parameters that affect the dynamic operation of the tag. The operation is further divided into singulation, read and write; identifying the significant parameters in each case. The choices of the different commands that can be adopted to perform identical operations on the tag are analyzed. The elements to consider in selecting the optimum command configuration are described. The impact of the different parameter and command configuration on the singulation, read and write time is calculated and recorded using a tested Gen 2 simulator program.展开更多
Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage funct...Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage functions within a single transparent platform.However,significant challenges persist in achieving efficient patterning,ensuring long-term stability,and fast color-switching kinetics for these devices.In this study,heterogeneous tungsten oxide nanowires(W_(17)O_(47)/Na_(0.1)WO_(3),WNOs)are formulated into inkjet printing ink to assemble patternable ZECDs.The heterogeneous electrode structure of WNO enables a highly capacitive-controlled mechanism that promotes fast electrochromic/electrochemical behavior.Notably,by utilizing a three-dimensional MXene mesh modified substrate,the inkjet-printed ZECDs exhibit a wide optical modulation range of 69.13%,rapid color-changing kinetics(t_(c)=4.1 s,t_(b)=5.4 s),and highly reversible capacities of 70 mAh cm^(-2)over 1000 cycles.This scalable strategy develops the patterned electrodes with a wide optical modulation range and substantial energy storage properties,offering promising prospects for their application in next-generation smart electronics.展开更多
Single cylindrical submicron pores in PMMA polymer membranes are micropatterned by electron beam lithography and integrated into all PMMA-based electrophoretic flow detector systems. Pore dimensions are 450 nm in diam...Single cylindrical submicron pores in PMMA polymer membranes are micropatterned by electron beam lithography and integrated into all PMMA-based electrophoretic flow detector systems. Pore dimensions are 450 nm in diameter and 1 μm in length. The pores are electrically characterized in aqueous KCl electrolyte, exhibiting a stable time-independent ionic current through the pore with a noise level of less than 1% of the open-pore current. The current-voltage curves are linear and scale with electrolyte concentration. The negative surface charge of the membrane over-proportionally decreases pore conductance at low electrolyte concentrations (≤0.1 M) that are still beyond those typically applied in biological experiments. Pores do not exhibit rectification of current flowing through them, allowing for operation with either polarity. To allow for detection of yet much smaller particles, the described PMMA-based system also was successfully equipped with pores of 1.5 nm instead of 450 nm in diameter. This was achieved by introducing naturally occurring biological protein pores of α-hemolysin on a lipid bilayer into the prepatterned PMMA membrane of an assembled PMMA-based electrophoretic flow detector system. Characteristics of translocation events of single-stranded linear plasmid DNA molecules through the pores were recorded, and ionic current deductions during biomolecule translocation were clear and distinguished. Based on the presented submicron scale open pore ionic current transport properties, as well as the observed passage of DNA molecules through protein pores inserted into PMMA membranes, our current research proposes that all PMMA electrophoretic flow detectors exhibit an excellent potential for future use as biomedical resistive-pulse sensors, as long as pore dimensions match those of biomolecules to be detected.展开更多
文摘The rapid growth of IoT networks necessitates efficient Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS)capable of addressing dynamic security threats under constrained resource environments.This paper proposes a hybrid IDS for IoT networks,integrating Support Vector Machine(SVM)and Genetic Algorithm(GA)for feature selection and parameter optimization.The GA reduces the feature set from 41 to 7,achieving a 30%reduction in overhead while maintaining an attack detection rate of 98.79%.Evaluated on the NSL-KDD dataset,the system demonstrates an accuracy of 97.36%,a recall of 98.42%,and an F1-score of 96.67%,with a low false positive rate of 1.5%.Additionally,it effectively detects critical User-to-Root(U2R)attacks at a rate of 96.2%and Remote-to-Local(R2L)attacks at 95.8%.Performance tests validate the system’s scalability for networks with up to 2000 nodes,with detection latencies of 120 ms at 65%CPU utilization in small-scale deployments and 250 ms at 85%CPU utilization in large-scale scenarios.Parameter sensitivity analysis enhances model robustness,while false positive examination aids in reducing administrative overhead for practical deployment.This IDS offers an effective,scalable,and resource-efficient solution for real-world IoT system security,outperforming traditional approaches.
文摘This review paper examines the various types of electrical generators used to convert wave energy into electrical energy.The focus is on both linear and rotary generators,including their design principles,operational efficiencies,and technological advancements.Linear generators,such as Induction,permanent magnet synchronous,and switched reluctance types,are highlighted for their direct conversion capability,eliminating the need for mechanical gearboxes.Rotary Induction generators,permanent magnet synchronous generators,and doubly-fed Induction generators are evaluated for their established engineering principles and integration with existing grid infrastructure.The paper discusses the historical development,environmental benefits,and ongoing advancements in wave energy technologies,emphasizing the increasing feasibility and scalability of wave energy as a renewable source.Through a comprehensive analysis,this review provides insights into the current state and future prospects of electrical generators in wave energy conversion,underscoring their potential to significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate environmental impacts.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(No.2021R1C1C2009703)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)Grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2024-00344920)supported by the Human Resources Development of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP)Grant funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy of Korea(No.RS2023-00244330)。
文摘With the growing importance of wearable and portable electronics in modern society and industry,researchers from all over the world have reported on advances in energy harvesting and self-powered sensing technologies.The current review discusses recent developments in triboelectric platforms from a manufacturing perspective,including material,design,application,and industrialization.Manufacturing is an essential component of both industry and technology.The use of a proper manufacturing process enables cutting-edge technology in a lab-scale stage to progress to commercialization and popularization with scalability,availability,commercial advantage,and consistent quality.Furthermore,much literature has emphasized that the most powerful advantage of the triboelectric platform is its wide range of available materials and simple working mechanism,both of which are important characteristics in manufacturing engineering.As a result,different manufacturing processes can be implemented as needed.Because the practical process can have a synergetic effect on the fundamental development,resulting in the growth of both,the development of the triboelectric platform from the standpoint of manufacturing engineering can be further advanced.However,research into the development of a productive manufacturing process is still in its early stages in the field of triboelectric platforms.This review looks at the various manufacturing technologies used in previous studies and discusses the potential benefits of the appropriate process for triboelectric platforms.Given its unique strength,which includes a diverse material selection and a simple working mechanism,the triboelectric platform can use a variety of manufacturing technologies and the process can be optimized as needed.Numerous research groups have clearly demonstrated the triboelectric platform's advantages.As a result,using appropriate manufacturing processes can accelerate the technological advancement of triboelectric platforms in a variety of research and industrial fields by allowing them to move beyond the lab-scale fabrication stage.
文摘Federated Learning(FL)has become a leading decentralized solution that enables multiple clients to train a model in a collaborative environment without directly sharing raw data,making it suitable for privacy-sensitive applications such as healthcare,finance,and smart systems.As the field continues to evolve,the research field has become more complex and scattered,covering different system designs,training methods,and privacy techniques.This survey is organized around the three core challenges:how the data is distributed,how models are synchronized,and how to defend against attacks.It provides a structured and up-to-date review of FL research from 2023 to 2025,offering a unified taxonomy that categorizes works by data distribution(Horizontal FL,Vertical FL,Federated Transfer Learning,and Personalized FL),training synchronization(synchronous and asynchronous FL),optimization strategies,and threat models(data leakage and poisoning attacks).In particular,we summarize the latest contributions in Vertical FL frameworks for secure multi-party learning,communication-efficient Horizontal FL,and domain-adaptive Federated Transfer Learning.Furthermore,we examine synchronization techniques addressing system heterogeneity,including straggler mitigation in synchronous FL and staleness management in asynchronous FL.The survey covers security threats in FL,such as gradient inversion,membership inference,and poisoning attacks,as well as their defense strategies that include privacy-preserving aggregation and anomaly detection.The paper concludes by outlining unresolved issues and highlighting challenges in handling personalized models,scalability,and real-world adoption.
基金the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)for funding the researchUK India Education Research Initiative(UKIERI)for funding support.
文摘This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene’s distinctive properties include its anisotropic crystal structures that contribute to its exceptional mechanical and electronic properties.The material exhibits superior electrical and thermal conductivity,surpassing many other 2D materials.Borophene’s unique atomic spin arrangements further diversify its potential application for magnetism.Surface and interface engineering,through doping,functionalization,and synthesis of hybridized and nanocomposite borophene-based systems,is crucial for tailoring borophene’s properties to specific applications.This review aims to address this knowledge gap through a comprehensive and critical analysis of different synthetic and functionalisation methods,to enhance surface reactivity by increasing active sites through doping and surface modifications.These approaches optimize diffusion pathways improving accessibility for catalytic reactions,and tailor the electronic density to tune the optical and electronic behavior.Key applications explored include energy systems(batteries,supercapacitors,and hydrogen storage),catalysis for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions,sensors,and optoelectronics for advanced photonic devices.The key to all these applications relies on strategies to introduce heteroatoms for tuning electronic and catalytic properties,employ chemical modifications to enhance stability and leverage borophene’s conductivity and reactivity for advanced photonics.Finally,the review addresses challenges and proposes solutions such as encapsulation,functionalization,and integration with composites to mitigate oxidation sensitivity and overcome scalability barriers,enabling sustainable,commercial-scale applications.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),South Korea(RS-2024-00421181)financially supported in part by National R&D Program(2021M3H4A3A02086430)through NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT+2 种基金the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL25021-210)The Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center,Institute of Engineering Research,and Soft Foundry Institute at Seoul National University provided research facilities for this workhe grant by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NSF)supported by the Korea government(MIST)(RS-2025-16903034)。
文摘As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.
文摘Accurate blood pressure(BP)monitoring is essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular disease.Advancements in materials science,medicine,flexible electronic,and artificial intelligence(AI)have enabled cuffless,unobtrusive BP monitoring systems,offering an alternative to traditional sphygmomanometers.However,extending these advances to real-world cardiovascular care particularly in resource-limited settings remains challenging due to constraints in computational resources,power efficiency,and deployment scalability.This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of AI-enhanced wearable BP monitoring,emphasizing its potential for personalized,scalable,and accessible healthcare.We systematically analyze the end-to-end system architecture,from mechano-electric sensing principles and AI-based estimation models to edge-aware deployment strategies tailored for low-resource environments.We further discuss clinical validation metrics and implementation barriers and prospective strategies.To bridge lab-to-field translation,we propose an innovative"sensor-model-deployment-assessment"co-design framework.This roadmap highlights how AI-enhanced BP technologies can support proactive hypertension control and promote cardiovascular health equity on a global scale.
基金funded by the Research,Development,and Innovation Authority(RDIA)—Kingdom of Saudi Arabia(Grant No.13292-psu-2023-PSNU-R-3-1-EF-).
文摘Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide,and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic outcomes in selected patient groups.This study performed a comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas colorectal adenocarcinoma cohort(TCGA-COADREAD),accessed through cBioPortal,to develop machine learning models for predicting progression-free survival(PFS)following immunotherapy.The dataset included clinical variables,genomic alterations in Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog(KRAS),B-Raf Proto-Oncogene(BRAF),and Neuroblastoma RAS Viral Oncogene Homolog(NRAS),microsatellite instability(MSI)status,tumor mutation burden(TMB),and expression of immune checkpoint genes.Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that KRAS mutations were significantly associated with reduced PFS,while BRAF and NRAS mutations had no significant impact.MSI-high tumors exhibited elevated TMB and increased immune checkpoint expression,reflecting their immunologically active phenotype.We developed both survival and classification models,with the Extra Trees classifier achieving the best performance(accuracy=0.86,precision=0.67,recall=0.70,F1-score=0.68,AUC=0.84).These findings highlight the potential of combining genomic and immune biomarkers with machine learning to improve patient stratification and guide personalized immunotherapy decisions.An interactive web application was also developed to enable clinicians to input patient-specific molecular and clinical data and visualize individualized PFS predictions,supporting timely,data-driven treatment planning.
基金supported by State Grid Corporation of China(SGCC)Science and Technology Project SGTJDK00DWJS1700060
文摘Modern power systems are evolving into sociotechnical systems with massive complexity, whose real-time operation and dispatch go beyond human capability. Thus,the need for developing and applying new intelligent power system dispatch tools are of great practical significance. In this paper, we introduce the overall business model of power system dispatch, the top level design approach of an intelligent dispatch system, and the parallel intelligent technology with its dispatch applications. We expect that a new dispatch paradigm,namely the parallel dispatch, can be established by incorporating various intelligent technologies, especially the parallel intelligent technology, to enable secure operation of complex power grids,extend system operators' capabilities, suggest optimal dispatch strategies, and to provide decision-making recommendations according to power system operational goals.
基金partially supported by the strategic research funds from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
文摘A procedure for joining polyol-synthesized silver nanowires in air using current-induced Joule heat welding is reported. Using a common probe station and photolithographically patterned gold electrodes, the welding process is completed using a common semiconductor analyzer. A unique two-step procedure eliminates the dielectric barrier at the point of contact without damaging the nanowires away from the junction. This procedure is designed for metal–metal contacts where a strong dielectric intermediate layer might exist, which can occur with metals prone to oxidation or corrosion in air, or as a result of the electrode deposition process. Ohmic connections are also established in cases where there is an initial gap between two nanowires.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62271485,61903363,U1811463,62103411,62203250)the Science and Technology Development Fund of Macao SAR(0093/2023/RIA2,0050/2020/A1)。
文摘DURING our discussion at workshops for writing“What Does ChatGPT Say:The DAO from Algorithmic Intelligence to Linguistic Intelligence”[1],we had expected the next milestone for Artificial Intelligence(AI)would be in the direction of Imaginative Intelligence(II),i.e.,something similar to automatic wordsto-videos generation or intelligent digital movies/theater technology that could be used for conducting new“Artificiofactual Experiments”[2]to replace conventional“Counterfactual Experiments”in scientific research and technical development for both natural and social studies[2]-[6].Now we have OpenAI’s Sora,so soon,but this is not the final,actually far away,and it is just the beginning.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005048,51822604,51906040)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grants No BK20200399)+2 种基金Emissions Reduction Alberta(ERA)McGill Engineering Doctoral AwardNational Sciences and Engineering Research Council(NSERC)Discovery grant(grant#RGPIN2017-05187)support from“Zhishan Young Scholar”Program of Southeast University。
文摘The synthesis of renewable chemical fuels from CO_(2) and H_(2)O via photoelectrochemical(PEC)route reprensents a promising room-temperature approach for transforming greenhouse gas into value-added chemicals(e.g.,syngas),but to date it has been hampered by the lack of efficient photocathode for CO_(2) reduction.Herein,we report efficient PEC CO_(2) reduction into syngas by photocathode engineering.The photocathode is consisting of a planar p-n Si junction for strong light harvesting,GaN nanowires for efficient electron extraction and transfer,and Au/TiO_(2)for rapid electrocatalytic syngas production.The photocathode yields a record-high solar energy conversion efficiency of 2.3%.Furthermore,desirable syngas compositions with CO/H_(2)ratios such as 1:2 and 1:1 can be produced by simply varying the size of Au nanoparticle.Theoretical calculations reveal that the active sites for CO and H_(2)generation are the facet and undercoordinated sites of Au particles,respectively.
文摘Optical emission spectroscopy parallel to the axis of a low-pressure radio-frequency discharge in nitrogen was realized, i. e. end-on instead of customary side-on measurements. A specially designed optical feedthrough was fabricated and installed co-planar with the anode elec- trode, allowing non-invasive observations perpendicular to the plasma sheath. The principal ex- cited species flowing towards the grounded electrode were identified and, by assuming Boltzmann distributions, the vibrational temperature of the molecules on the X1 ∑＋/g and C3Ⅱu levels was estimated under various operating conditions.
基金supported in part by External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.GJHZ1218)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61004133)SSSTC JRP awards 2011(IZLCZ2 138953)
文摘In this paper, a two-dimensional nanometer scale tip-plate discharge model has been employed to study nanoscale electrical discharge in atmospheric conditions. The field strength dis- tributions in a nanometer scale tip-to-plate electrode arrangement were calculated using the finite element analysis （FEA） method, and the influences of applied voltage amplitude and frequency as well as gas gap distance on the variation of effective discharge range （EDR） on the plate were also investigated and discussed. The simulation results show that the probe with a wide tip will cause a larger effective discharge range on the plate; the field strength in the gap is notably higher than that induced by the sharp tip probe; the effective discharge range will increase linearly with the rise of excitation voltage, and decrease nonlinearly with the rise of gap length. In addition, probe dimension, especially the width/height ratio, affects the effective discharge range in different manners. With the width/height ratio rising from 1 ： 1 to 1 ： 10, the effective discharge range will maintain stable when the excitation voltage is around 50 V. This will increase when the excitation voltage gets higher and decrease as the excitation voltage gets lower. Fhrthermore, when the gap length is 5 nm and the excitation voltage is below 20 V, the diameter of EDR in our simulation is about 150 nm, which is consistent with the experiment results reported by other research groups. Our work provides a preliminary understanding of nanometer scale discharges and establishes a predictive structure-behavior relationship.
文摘In this paper,we design a total infrared(IR)absorber based on a dispersive band structure of two-dimensional(2D)multiwall carbon nanotube(MWCNTs)square array working from near IR(NIR)to mid IR(MIR)regime.The absorption characteristics have been investigated by the 2D finite-difference time domain(FDTD)method in square lattice photonic crystal(PC)of the multipole Drude-Lorentz model inserted to the dispersive dielectric function of MWCNTs.Dispersive photonic band structure and scattering parameters for the wide range of lattice constants from 15 nm to 3500 nm with various filling ratios have been calculated.The results show that for large lattice constant(>2000 nm),the Bragg gap moves to the IR regime and leads to MWCNTs arrays acting as a total absorber.For a structure with lattice constant of 3500 nm and filling factor of 12%,an enhanced absorption coefficient up to 99%is achieved in the range of 0.35 eV(λ=3.5μm)nominated in the MIR regime.Also,the absorption spectrum peak can be tuned in the range of 0.27—0.38 eV(λ=4.59—3.26μm)with a changing filling factor.Our results and methodology can be used to design new MWCNTs based photonic devices for applications like night-vision,thermal detector,and total IR absorbers.
基金supported by the grants from University of Macao,China,Nos.MYRG2022-00221-ICMS(to YZ)and MYRG-CRG2022-00011-ICMS(to RW)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2023A1515010034(to YZ)。
文摘Ischemic stroke is a secondary cause of mortality worldwide,imposing considerable medical and economic burdens on society.Extracellular vesicles,serving as natural nanocarriers for drug delivery,exhibit excellent biocompatibility in vivo and have significant advantages in the management of ischemic stroke.However,the uncertain distribution and rapid clearance of extracellular vesicles impede their delivery efficiency.By utilizing membrane decoration or by encapsulating therapeutic cargo within extracellular vesicles,their delivery efficacy may be greatly improved.Furthermore,previous studies have indicated that microvesicles,a subset of large-sized extracellular vesicles,can transport mitochondria to neighboring cells,thereby aiding in the restoration of mitochondrial function post-ischemic stroke.Small extracellular vesicles have also demonstrated the capability to transfer mitochondrial components,such as proteins or deoxyribonucleic acid,or their sub-components,for extracellular vesicle-based ischemic stroke therapy.In this review,we undertake a comparative analysis of the isolation techniques employed for extracellular vesicles and present an overview of the current dominant extracellular vesicle modification methodologies.Given the complex facets of treating ischemic stroke,we also delineate various extracellular vesicle modification approaches which are suited to different facets of the treatment process.Moreover,given the burgeoning interest in mitochondrial delivery,we delved into the feasibility and existing research findings on the transportation of mitochondrial fractions or intact mitochondria through small extracellular vesicles and microvesicles to offer a fresh perspective on ischemic stroke therapy.
文摘Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a brain disorder that eventually causes memory loss and the ability to perform simple cognitive functions;research efforts within pharmaceuticals and other medical treatments have minimal impact on the disease. Our preliminary biological studies showed that Repeated Electromagnetic Field Stimulation (REFMS) applying an EM frequency of 64 MHz and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.4 - 0.9 W/kg decrease the level of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which is the most likely etiology of AD. This study emphasizes uniform E/H field and SAR distribution with adequate penetration depth penetration through multiple human head layers driven with low input power for safety treatments. In this work, we performed numerical modeling and computer simulations of a portable Meander Line antenna (MLA) to achieve the required EMF parameters to treat AD. The MLA device features a low cost, small size, wide bandwidth, and the ability to integrate into a portable system. This study utilized a High-Frequency Simulation System (HFSS) in the design of the MLA with the desired characteristics suited for AD treatment in humans. The team designed a 24-turn antenna with a 60 cm length and 25 cm width and achieved the required resonant frequency of 64 MHz. Here we used two numerical human head phantoms to test the antenna, the MIDA and spherical head phantom with six and seven tissue layers, respectively. The antenna was fed from a 50-Watt input source to obtain the SAR of 0.6 W/kg requirement in the center of the simulated brain tissue layer. We found that the E/H field and SAR distribution produced was not homogeneous;there were areas of high SAR values close to the antenna transmitter, also areas of low SAR value far away from the antenna. This paper details the antenna parameters, the scattering parameters response, the efficiency response, and the E and H field distribution;we presented the computer simulation results and discussed future work for a practical model.
文摘The communication in the physical layer between an interrogator and a tag of a passive Radio Frequency Identification （RFID） system operating between 860-960 MHz is defined by the Gen 2 protocol. The tag can be considered a remote executing unit or a computer that executes instructions from the Gen 2 protocol. The selection of the parameter and command configuration within the protocol limitations is critical especially if the time available for the memory operations in a passive RFID system is limited. An effort is made to map the operation of the tag not in its states of operation as elaborately explained in the protocol but rather in its elementary format. The research reported in this article identifies all the parameters that affect the dynamic operation of the tag. The operation is further divided into singulation, read and write; identifying the significant parameters in each case. The choices of the different commands that can be adopted to perform identical operations on the tag are analyzed. The elements to consider in selecting the optimum command configuration are described. The impact of the different parameter and command configuration on the singulation, read and write time is calculated and recorded using a tested Gen 2 simulator program.
基金funding from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210480)the grant from National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing&Finishing Technology(2022GCJJ08).
文摘Zn anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)stand out as a highly promising technology in the upcoming era of multifunctional electronic devices,offering a blend of electrochromic capabilities and energy storage functions within a single transparent platform.However,significant challenges persist in achieving efficient patterning,ensuring long-term stability,and fast color-switching kinetics for these devices.In this study,heterogeneous tungsten oxide nanowires(W_(17)O_(47)/Na_(0.1)WO_(3),WNOs)are formulated into inkjet printing ink to assemble patternable ZECDs.The heterogeneous electrode structure of WNO enables a highly capacitive-controlled mechanism that promotes fast electrochromic/electrochemical behavior.Notably,by utilizing a three-dimensional MXene mesh modified substrate,the inkjet-printed ZECDs exhibit a wide optical modulation range of 69.13%,rapid color-changing kinetics(t_(c)=4.1 s,t_(b)=5.4 s),and highly reversible capacities of 70 mAh cm^(-2)over 1000 cycles.This scalable strategy develops the patterned electrodes with a wide optical modulation range and substantial energy storage properties,offering promising prospects for their application in next-generation smart electronics.
文摘Single cylindrical submicron pores in PMMA polymer membranes are micropatterned by electron beam lithography and integrated into all PMMA-based electrophoretic flow detector systems. Pore dimensions are 450 nm in diameter and 1 μm in length. The pores are electrically characterized in aqueous KCl electrolyte, exhibiting a stable time-independent ionic current through the pore with a noise level of less than 1% of the open-pore current. The current-voltage curves are linear and scale with electrolyte concentration. The negative surface charge of the membrane over-proportionally decreases pore conductance at low electrolyte concentrations (≤0.1 M) that are still beyond those typically applied in biological experiments. Pores do not exhibit rectification of current flowing through them, allowing for operation with either polarity. To allow for detection of yet much smaller particles, the described PMMA-based system also was successfully equipped with pores of 1.5 nm instead of 450 nm in diameter. This was achieved by introducing naturally occurring biological protein pores of α-hemolysin on a lipid bilayer into the prepatterned PMMA membrane of an assembled PMMA-based electrophoretic flow detector system. Characteristics of translocation events of single-stranded linear plasmid DNA molecules through the pores were recorded, and ionic current deductions during biomolecule translocation were clear and distinguished. Based on the presented submicron scale open pore ionic current transport properties, as well as the observed passage of DNA molecules through protein pores inserted into PMMA membranes, our current research proposes that all PMMA electrophoretic flow detectors exhibit an excellent potential for future use as biomedical resistive-pulse sensors, as long as pore dimensions match those of biomolecules to be detected.
