BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the late stage of hepatic fibrosis and is characterized by portal hypertension that can clinically lead to decompensation in the form of ascites,esophageal/gastric varices or encephalopat...BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the late stage of hepatic fibrosis and is characterized by portal hypertension that can clinically lead to decompensation in the form of ascites,esophageal/gastric varices or encephalopathy.The most common sequelae associated with liver cirrhosis are neurologic and neuropsychiatric impairments labeled as hepatic encephalopathy(HE).Well established triggers for HE include infection,gastrointestinal bleeding,constipation,and medications.Alterations to the gut microbiome is one of the leading ammonia producers in the body,and therefore may make patients more susceptible to HE.AIM To investigate the relationship between the use of proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)and HE in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS This is a single center,retrospective analysis.Patients were included in the study with an admitting diagnosis of HE.The degree of HE was determined from subjective and objective portions of hospital admission notes using the West Haven Criteria.The primary outcome of the study was to evaluate the grade of HE in PPI users versus non-users at admission to the hospital and throughout their hospital course.Secondary outcomes included rate of infection,gastrointestinal bleeding within the last 12 mo,mean ammonia level,and model for end-stage liver disease scores at admission.RESULTS The HE grade at admission using the West Haven Criteria was 2.3 in the PPI group compared to 1.7 in the PPI nonuser group(P=0.001).The average length of hospital stay in PPI group was 8.3 d compared to 6.5 d in PPI nonusers(P=0.046).Twenty-seven(31.8%)patients in the PPI user group required an Intensive Care Unit admission during their hospital course compared to 6 in the PPI nonuser group(16.7%)(P=0.138).Finally,10(11.8%)patients in the PPI group expired during their hospital stay compared to 1 in the PPI nonuser group(2.8%)(P=0.220).CONCLUSION Chronic PPI use in cirrhotic patients is associated with significantly higher average West Haven Criteria for HE compared to patients that do not use PPIs.展开更多
Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all possible refined inertias of real matrices of order n. The set S is a critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n,if for each n × n irreduci...Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all possible refined inertias of real matrices of order n. The set S is a critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n,if for each n × n irreducible sign pattern A, the condition S ? ri(A) is sufficient for A to be refined inertially arbitrary. If no proper subset of S is a critical set of refined inertias, then S is a minimal critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n.All minimal critical sets of refined inertias for full sign patterns of order 3 have been identified in [Wei GAO, Zhongshan LI, Lihua ZHANG, The minimal critical sets of refined inertias for 3×3 full sign patterns, Linear Algebra Appl. 458(2014), 183–196]. In this paper, the minimal critical sets of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order 3 are identified.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis is the late stage of hepatic fibrosis and is characterized by portal hypertension that can clinically lead to decompensation in the form of ascites,esophageal/gastric varices or encephalopathy.The most common sequelae associated with liver cirrhosis are neurologic and neuropsychiatric impairments labeled as hepatic encephalopathy(HE).Well established triggers for HE include infection,gastrointestinal bleeding,constipation,and medications.Alterations to the gut microbiome is one of the leading ammonia producers in the body,and therefore may make patients more susceptible to HE.AIM To investigate the relationship between the use of proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)and HE in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS This is a single center,retrospective analysis.Patients were included in the study with an admitting diagnosis of HE.The degree of HE was determined from subjective and objective portions of hospital admission notes using the West Haven Criteria.The primary outcome of the study was to evaluate the grade of HE in PPI users versus non-users at admission to the hospital and throughout their hospital course.Secondary outcomes included rate of infection,gastrointestinal bleeding within the last 12 mo,mean ammonia level,and model for end-stage liver disease scores at admission.RESULTS The HE grade at admission using the West Haven Criteria was 2.3 in the PPI group compared to 1.7 in the PPI nonuser group(P=0.001).The average length of hospital stay in PPI group was 8.3 d compared to 6.5 d in PPI nonusers(P=0.046).Twenty-seven(31.8%)patients in the PPI user group required an Intensive Care Unit admission during their hospital course compared to 6 in the PPI nonuser group(16.7%)(P=0.138).Finally,10(11.8%)patients in the PPI group expired during their hospital stay compared to 1 in the PPI nonuser group(2.8%)(P=0.220).CONCLUSION Chronic PPI use in cirrhotic patients is associated with significantly higher average West Haven Criteria for HE compared to patients that do not use PPIs.
基金Supported by Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths(Grant No.201901D211227).
文摘Let S be a nonempty, proper subset of all possible refined inertias of real matrices of order n. The set S is a critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n,if for each n × n irreducible sign pattern A, the condition S ? ri(A) is sufficient for A to be refined inertially arbitrary. If no proper subset of S is a critical set of refined inertias, then S is a minimal critical set of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order n.All minimal critical sets of refined inertias for full sign patterns of order 3 have been identified in [Wei GAO, Zhongshan LI, Lihua ZHANG, The minimal critical sets of refined inertias for 3×3 full sign patterns, Linear Algebra Appl. 458(2014), 183–196]. In this paper, the minimal critical sets of refined inertias for irreducible sign patterns of order 3 are identified.
