We present the novel use of a neuroimaging technique, magnetoenceph-alography (MEG), for examining therapy-related changes in neural activity during a speech and a non-speech motor task in children with speech sound d...We present the novel use of a neuroimaging technique, magnetoenceph-alography (MEG), for examining therapy-related changes in neural activity during a speech and a non-speech motor task in children with speech sound disorders (SSD). Nine children (mean age = 4.2 years) with SSD were scanned in the MEG before and after an eight-week course of intensive motor speech therapy. MEG tasks involved an oromotor and a syllable production task. MEG analyses identified significant post-therapy changes in brain regions related to oromotor control and speech production. Behavioral assessments showed significant improvements on measures of motor speech skills and articulation following intervention. This is the first demonstration of the ability of MEG to: 1) capture brain activations resulting from oromotor movements and simple syllable production in young children, and 2) capture brain changes related to speech therapy. As the findings from this study are promising, we discuss directions for the design of future studies to further examine specific neural dysfunctions in speech sound disorders.展开更多
Background/purpose:With increasing accessibility to the Internet,patients frequently use the Internet for hearing healthcare information.No study has examined the information about hearing loss available in the Mandar...Background/purpose:With increasing accessibility to the Internet,patients frequently use the Internet for hearing healthcare information.No study has examined the information about hearing loss available in the Mandarin language on online video-sharing platforms.The study’s primary purpose is to investigate the content,source,understandability,and actionability of hearing loss information in the Mandarin language’s one hundred most popular online videos.Method:In this project,publicly accessible online videos were analyzed.One hundred of the most popular Mandarin-language videos about hearing loss were identified(51 videos on YouTube and 49 on the Bilibili video-sharing platform).They were manually coded for different popularity metrics,sources,and content.Each video was also rated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials(PEMAT-AV)to measure the understandability and actionability scores.Results:The video sources were classified as either media(n=36),professional(n=39),or consumer(n=25).The videos covered various topics,including symptoms,consequences,and treatment of hearing loss.Overall,videos attained adequate understandability scores(mean=73.6%)but low(mean=43.4%)actionability scores.Conclusions:While existing online content related to hearing loss is quite diverse and largely understandable,those videos provide limited actionable information.Hearing healthcare professionals,media,and content creators can help patients better understand their conditions and make educated hearing healthcare decisions by focusing on the actionability information in their online videos.展开更多
Social determinants of health are some indicating factors such as income, education, class, gender, and race that influence the socio-economic status of people living in a society. Coronavirus affects the social, econ...Social determinants of health are some indicating factors such as income, education, class, gender, and race that influence the socio-economic status of people living in a society. Coronavirus affects the social, economic, and also political sectors of people all over the world. In Bangladesh, during the Covid-19 pandemic, people of all ages and classes have faced social and economic crises based on the social determinants of health. Higher-class families had the facility of advanced medical services rather than the lower and lower-middle classes. This article aims to show the relationship between the social determinants of health and the socio-economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. This paper presents some secondary data to describe the socio-economic impact of Covid-19 and the functions of the social determinants of health in this case.展开更多
Background:Aging is almost assocaited with inner ear disorders(InEarDs)by means of age-related hearing impairment(ARHI)or vertigo-anddizziness as well as the carotid artery disease requiring revascularization(CAD-R).O...Background:Aging is almost assocaited with inner ear disorders(InEarDs)by means of age-related hearing impairment(ARHI)or vertigo-anddizziness as well as the carotid artery disease requiring revascularization(CAD-R).Objective:The present study aimed to study the prevalence and characteristics of InEarDs in older adults diagnosed with CAD-R.The other aim was to determine if InEarDs in CAD-R patients is age-related or might be explained by a concomitant CAD-R.Method:A retrospective,case-control study was conducted at the Mayo Clinic,Florida.The study cohort includes 919 patients who had CAD-R.The control group consisted of 244 age-and gender-matched patients presenting with cardiac or peripheral artery disease.The InEarDs were assessed based on the diagnosis upon presentation to the Audiology Clinic and follow-up.Results:Of the 919,348 had ARHI that includes significant peripheral signs and central symptoms(24.9%),vertigo-and-dizziness events that are recurrent and persistent with normal objective vestibular testing(12.9%),or a combination of both(11.0%).These percentages were significantly higher in the study group relative to the control group.After adjustment for the vascular risk factors,the study group had significantly higher odds of ARHI(OR=1.94;95%CI:1.09-3.44;P<0.05).Conclusion:CAD-R patients had significantly higher InEarDs than the control group.CAD-R is more likely to be associated with ARHI rather than the vertigo-and-dizziness even after adjusting for the vascular risk factors.展开更多
People with complex communication needs can use a high-technology augmentative and alternative communication device to communicate with others.Currently,researchers and clinicians often use data logging from high-tech...People with complex communication needs can use a high-technology augmentative and alternative communication device to communicate with others.Currently,researchers and clinicians often use data logging from high-tech augmentative and alternative communication devices to analyze augmentative and alternative communication user performance.However,existing automated data logging systems cannot differentiate the authorship of the data log when more than one user accesses the device.This issue reduces the validity of the data logs and increases the difficulties of performance analysis.Therefore,this paper presents a solution using a deep neural network-based visual analysis approach to process videos to detect different augmentative and alternative communication users in practice sessions.This approach has significant potential to improve the validity of data logs and ultimately to enhance augmentative and alternative communication outcome measures.展开更多
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a common disorder among children.ADHD often prevails into adulthood,unless proper treatments are facilitated to engage self-regulatory systems.Thus,there is a need for ...Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a common disorder among children.ADHD often prevails into adulthood,unless proper treatments are facilitated to engage self-regulatory systems.Thus,there is a need for effective and reliable mechanisms for the early identification of ADHD.This paper presents a decision support system for the ADHD identification process.The proposed system uses both functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)data and eye movement data.The classification processes contain enhanced pipelines,and consist of pre-processing,feature extraction,and feature selection mechanisms.fMRI data are processed by extracting seed-based correlation features in default mode network(DMN)and eye movement data using aggregated features of fixations and saccades.For the classification using eye movement data,an ensemble model is obtained with 81%overall accuracy.For the fMRI classification,a convolutional neural network(CNN)is used with 82%accuracy for the ADHD identification.Both ensemble models are proved for overfitting avoidance.展开更多
Vocal fold geometry plays an important role in human phonation. The intraglottal quasi-steady pressure; velocity distributions depend upon the shape, size,; diameter of the glottis. This study reports the effects of t...Vocal fold geometry plays an important role in human phonation. The intraglottal quasi-steady pressure; velocity distributions depend upon the shape, size,; diameter of the glottis. This study reports the effects of the variation of glottal shapes on intraglottal pressures; velocities using a Plexiglas model with a glottis having nine symmetric glottal angles (uniform, as well as convergent; divergent 5°, 10°, 20°; 40°), while the minimal glottal diameter was held constant at 0.06 cm. The empirical data were supported by penalty finite element computational results. The results suggest that larger convergent glottal angles correspond to increased pressures; decreased velocities in the glottis upstream of the minimum glottal location, with a reversal of this pattern at the minimal glottal diameter location. The pressure dip near the glottal entrance for divergent glottal angles was greatest for the 10° divergence angle condition,; was sequentially less for 5°, 20°,; 40°. Flow resistance was greater for a convergent angle than a divergent angle of the same value,; least for the 10° divergent condition. Pressure recovery in the glottis suggested that the optimal glottal diffuser angle was near 10°. Results suggest that the glottal geometry has a critical relationship with phonation (especially for vocal efficiency),; therefore important significance to understanding artistic voice; clinical voice management.展开更多
Background School safety has been a major public health issue in the United States and internationally for more than three decades.Many policies and programs have been developed and implemented to prevent school viole...Background School safety has been a major public health issue in the United States and internationally for more than three decades.Many policies and programs have been developed and implemented to prevent school violence,improve the school climate,and increase safety.There are only a few peer-reviewed studies of changes in school violence over time.The study examined changes over time in school victimization,weapon involvement and school climate,comparing change trajectories by gender and race and different change trajectories among schools.Methods A longitudinal study of the biennial California Healthy Kids Survey in secondary schools from 2001 to 2019.The representative sample included 6,219,166 students in grades 7,9,and 11(48.8%male)from 3253 schools(66%high schools).Results All victimization and weapon involvement items had significant and substantial linear reductions.The largest reduction involved being in a physical fight(from 25.4%to 11.0%).There were reductions in weapon involvement(d=0.46)and victimization(d=0.38).Biased-based victimization only declined slightly(d=−0.05).School belongingness and safety increased(d=0.27),adult support increased a small amount(d=0.05),and student participation declined(d=−0.10).Changes were smallest among White students.Ninety-five percent of the schools showed the same pattern of reductions.Conclusions The findings are in contrast to the public’s concerns that school violence is a growing problem.Reductions in school violence may result from social investment in school safety.A distinction should be made between school shootings and other forms of school violence.展开更多
文摘We present the novel use of a neuroimaging technique, magnetoenceph-alography (MEG), for examining therapy-related changes in neural activity during a speech and a non-speech motor task in children with speech sound disorders (SSD). Nine children (mean age = 4.2 years) with SSD were scanned in the MEG before and after an eight-week course of intensive motor speech therapy. MEG tasks involved an oromotor and a syllable production task. MEG analyses identified significant post-therapy changes in brain regions related to oromotor control and speech production. Behavioral assessments showed significant improvements on measures of motor speech skills and articulation following intervention. This is the first demonstration of the ability of MEG to: 1) capture brain activations resulting from oromotor movements and simple syllable production in young children, and 2) capture brain changes related to speech therapy. As the findings from this study are promising, we discuss directions for the design of future studies to further examine specific neural dysfunctions in speech sound disorders.
文摘Background/purpose:With increasing accessibility to the Internet,patients frequently use the Internet for hearing healthcare information.No study has examined the information about hearing loss available in the Mandarin language on online video-sharing platforms.The study’s primary purpose is to investigate the content,source,understandability,and actionability of hearing loss information in the Mandarin language’s one hundred most popular online videos.Method:In this project,publicly accessible online videos were analyzed.One hundred of the most popular Mandarin-language videos about hearing loss were identified(51 videos on YouTube and 49 on the Bilibili video-sharing platform).They were manually coded for different popularity metrics,sources,and content.Each video was also rated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials(PEMAT-AV)to measure the understandability and actionability scores.Results:The video sources were classified as either media(n=36),professional(n=39),or consumer(n=25).The videos covered various topics,including symptoms,consequences,and treatment of hearing loss.Overall,videos attained adequate understandability scores(mean=73.6%)but low(mean=43.4%)actionability scores.Conclusions:While existing online content related to hearing loss is quite diverse and largely understandable,those videos provide limited actionable information.Hearing healthcare professionals,media,and content creators can help patients better understand their conditions and make educated hearing healthcare decisions by focusing on the actionability information in their online videos.
文摘Social determinants of health are some indicating factors such as income, education, class, gender, and race that influence the socio-economic status of people living in a society. Coronavirus affects the social, economic, and also political sectors of people all over the world. In Bangladesh, during the Covid-19 pandemic, people of all ages and classes have faced social and economic crises based on the social determinants of health. Higher-class families had the facility of advanced medical services rather than the lower and lower-middle classes. This article aims to show the relationship between the social determinants of health and the socio-economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. This paper presents some secondary data to describe the socio-economic impact of Covid-19 and the functions of the social determinants of health in this case.
文摘Background:Aging is almost assocaited with inner ear disorders(InEarDs)by means of age-related hearing impairment(ARHI)or vertigo-anddizziness as well as the carotid artery disease requiring revascularization(CAD-R).Objective:The present study aimed to study the prevalence and characteristics of InEarDs in older adults diagnosed with CAD-R.The other aim was to determine if InEarDs in CAD-R patients is age-related or might be explained by a concomitant CAD-R.Method:A retrospective,case-control study was conducted at the Mayo Clinic,Florida.The study cohort includes 919 patients who had CAD-R.The control group consisted of 244 age-and gender-matched patients presenting with cardiac or peripheral artery disease.The InEarDs were assessed based on the diagnosis upon presentation to the Audiology Clinic and follow-up.Results:Of the 919,348 had ARHI that includes significant peripheral signs and central symptoms(24.9%),vertigo-and-dizziness events that are recurrent and persistent with normal objective vestibular testing(12.9%),or a combination of both(11.0%).These percentages were significantly higher in the study group relative to the control group.After adjustment for the vascular risk factors,the study group had significantly higher odds of ARHI(OR=1.94;95%CI:1.09-3.44;P<0.05).Conclusion:CAD-R patients had significantly higher InEarDs than the control group.CAD-R is more likely to be associated with ARHI rather than the vertigo-and-dizziness even after adjusting for the vascular risk factors.
文摘People with complex communication needs can use a high-technology augmentative and alternative communication device to communicate with others.Currently,researchers and clinicians often use data logging from high-tech augmentative and alternative communication devices to analyze augmentative and alternative communication user performance.However,existing automated data logging systems cannot differentiate the authorship of the data log when more than one user accesses the device.This issue reduces the validity of the data logs and increases the difficulties of performance analysis.Therefore,this paper presents a solution using a deep neural network-based visual analysis approach to process videos to detect different augmentative and alternative communication users in practice sessions.This approach has significant potential to improve the validity of data logs and ultimately to enhance augmentative and alternative communication outcome measures.
基金This work was supported by Old Dominion University,Norfolk,Virginia,USA and University of Moratuwa,Sri Lanka.We thank the participants of the system usability study.
文摘Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a common disorder among children.ADHD often prevails into adulthood,unless proper treatments are facilitated to engage self-regulatory systems.Thus,there is a need for effective and reliable mechanisms for the early identification of ADHD.This paper presents a decision support system for the ADHD identification process.The proposed system uses both functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)data and eye movement data.The classification processes contain enhanced pipelines,and consist of pre-processing,feature extraction,and feature selection mechanisms.fMRI data are processed by extracting seed-based correlation features in default mode network(DMN)and eye movement data using aggregated features of fixations and saccades.For the classification using eye movement data,an ensemble model is obtained with 81%overall accuracy.For the fMRI classification,a convolutional neural network(CNN)is used with 82%accuracy for the ADHD identification.Both ensemble models are proved for overfitting avoidance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.30070212&69925101)the National Institutes of Health of America(Grant No.2 R01 DC03577).
文摘Vocal fold geometry plays an important role in human phonation. The intraglottal quasi-steady pressure; velocity distributions depend upon the shape, size,; diameter of the glottis. This study reports the effects of the variation of glottal shapes on intraglottal pressures; velocities using a Plexiglas model with a glottis having nine symmetric glottal angles (uniform, as well as convergent; divergent 5°, 10°, 20°; 40°), while the minimal glottal diameter was held constant at 0.06 cm. The empirical data were supported by penalty finite element computational results. The results suggest that larger convergent glottal angles correspond to increased pressures; decreased velocities in the glottis upstream of the minimum glottal location, with a reversal of this pattern at the minimal glottal diameter location. The pressure dip near the glottal entrance for divergent glottal angles was greatest for the 10° divergence angle condition,; was sequentially less for 5°, 20°,; 40°. Flow resistance was greater for a convergent angle than a divergent angle of the same value,; least for the 10° divergent condition. Pressure recovery in the glottis suggested that the optimal glottal diffuser angle was near 10°. Results suggest that the glottal geometry has a critical relationship with phonation (especially for vocal efficiency),; therefore important significance to understanding artistic voice; clinical voice management.
文摘Background School safety has been a major public health issue in the United States and internationally for more than three decades.Many policies and programs have been developed and implemented to prevent school violence,improve the school climate,and increase safety.There are only a few peer-reviewed studies of changes in school violence over time.The study examined changes over time in school victimization,weapon involvement and school climate,comparing change trajectories by gender and race and different change trajectories among schools.Methods A longitudinal study of the biennial California Healthy Kids Survey in secondary schools from 2001 to 2019.The representative sample included 6,219,166 students in grades 7,9,and 11(48.8%male)from 3253 schools(66%high schools).Results All victimization and weapon involvement items had significant and substantial linear reductions.The largest reduction involved being in a physical fight(from 25.4%to 11.0%).There were reductions in weapon involvement(d=0.46)and victimization(d=0.38).Biased-based victimization only declined slightly(d=−0.05).School belongingness and safety increased(d=0.27),adult support increased a small amount(d=0.05),and student participation declined(d=−0.10).Changes were smallest among White students.Ninety-five percent of the schools showed the same pattern of reductions.Conclusions The findings are in contrast to the public’s concerns that school violence is a growing problem.Reductions in school violence may result from social investment in school safety.A distinction should be made between school shootings and other forms of school violence.
