The work herein employed a rotating packed bed(RPB)to intensify the sulfonation process of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone leuco(DL)in an attempt to improve the yield of the product 1,4-diaminoanthra quinone-2-sulfonic acid(...The work herein employed a rotating packed bed(RPB)to intensify the sulfonation process of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone leuco(DL)in an attempt to improve the yield of the product 1,4-diaminoanthra quinone-2-sulfonic acid(DSA).First,the effects of operating conditions in a stirred tank reactor(STR),including stirring speed,chlorosulfonic acid/DL molar ratio(η),solvent/DL mass ratio(ζ),reaction temperature and dropping speed of chlorosulfonic acid,on the yield of DSA were investigated.The yield of DSA can reach 87.34%under the optimal operating conditions:stirring speed of 500 r·min^(-1),ηof 4.5,ζof 7,reaction temperature of 150℃,dropping speed of 0.61 ml·min^(-1).In addition,the kinetics of the sulfonation process via the shrinking core model revealed that the reaction is controlled by diffusion via a product layer under the reaction temperature of 140℃.Furthermore,the RPB was employed to intensify the mass transfer between liquid and solid phases during the sulfonation reaction process.The results showed that the DSA yield of 92.69%obtained by RPB was 5.35%higher than that by STR,indicating that RPB can significantly intensify the mass transfer in the liquid-solid phase sulfonation reaction process.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have attracted increased interest because of the high theoretical energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.Conducting polymers(CPs),as one of the most promising materials us...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have attracted increased interest because of the high theoretical energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.Conducting polymers(CPs),as one of the most promising materials used in Li-S batteries,can not only facilitate electron transfer and buffer the large volumetric change of sulfur benefiting from their porous structure and excellent flexibility,but also enable stronger physical/chemical adsorption capacity toward polysulfides(LiPSs)when doped with abundant heteroatoms to promote the sulfur redox kinetics and achieve the high sulfur loading.This review firstly introduces the properties of various CPs including structural CPs(polypyrrole(PPy),polyaniline(PANi),polyethylene dioxothiophene[PEDOT])and compound CPs(polyethylene oxide(PEO),polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and poly(acrylic acid)[PAA]),and their application potential in Li-S batteries.Furthermore,the research progress of various CPs in different components(cathode,separator,and interlayer)of Li-S batteries is systematically summarized.Finally,the application perspective of the CPs in Li-S batteries as a potential guidance is comprehensively discussed.展开更多
Neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)have become one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide,and cause enormous pain and suffering for both patients and their families.Some of the most common NDs include Alz...Neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)have become one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide,and cause enormous pain and suffering for both patients and their families.Some of the most common NDs include Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease(PD)and Huntington’s disease,among others(Feng,2020).PD is a widespread neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 10 million people worldwide(No author listed,2021).The direct cause of the disease is unknown,but it is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain in the substantia nigra.This leads to the depletion of dopamine(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine,DA)in the striatum of patients,in addition to the existence of abnormalα-synuclein in nerve cells and the development of toxic protein aggregates in neurons called Lewy bodies,which causes muscle stiffness,slowness of movements and tremors.It is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may be the cause of PD,but the exact reason for the disease is not yet fully understood.展开更多
Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)have been broadly accepted as a promising candidate for the next generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with high energy density,long duration,and high safety.The intrinsic non-flamm...Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)have been broadly accepted as a promising candidate for the next generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with high energy density,long duration,and high safety.The intrinsic non-flammable nature and electrochemical/thermal/mechanical stability of solid electrolytes are expected to fundamentally solve the safety problems of conventional LIBs.However,thermal degradation and thermal runaway could also happen in SSLBs.For example,the large interfacial resistance between solid electrolytes and electrodes could aggravate the joule heat generation;the anisotropic thermal diffusion could trigger the uneven temperature distribution and formation of hotspots further leading to lithium dendrite growth.Considerable research efforts have been devoted to exploring solid electrolytes with outstanding performance and harmonizing interfacial incompatibility in the past decades.There have been fewer comprehensive reports investigating the thermal reaction process,thermal degradation,and thermal runaway of SSLBs.This review seeks to highlight advanced thermal-related analysis techniques for SSLBs,by focusing particularly on multiscale and multidimensional thermal-related characterization,thermal monitoring techniques such as sensors,thermal experimental techniques imitating the abuse operating condition,and thermalrelated advanced simulations.Insightful perspectives are proposed to bridge fundamental studies to technological relevance for better understanding and performance optimization of SSLBs.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0301500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878009)。
文摘The work herein employed a rotating packed bed(RPB)to intensify the sulfonation process of 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone leuco(DL)in an attempt to improve the yield of the product 1,4-diaminoanthra quinone-2-sulfonic acid(DSA).First,the effects of operating conditions in a stirred tank reactor(STR),including stirring speed,chlorosulfonic acid/DL molar ratio(η),solvent/DL mass ratio(ζ),reaction temperature and dropping speed of chlorosulfonic acid,on the yield of DSA were investigated.The yield of DSA can reach 87.34%under the optimal operating conditions:stirring speed of 500 r·min^(-1),ηof 4.5,ζof 7,reaction temperature of 150℃,dropping speed of 0.61 ml·min^(-1).In addition,the kinetics of the sulfonation process via the shrinking core model revealed that the reaction is controlled by diffusion via a product layer under the reaction temperature of 140℃.Furthermore,the RPB was employed to intensify the mass transfer between liquid and solid phases during the sulfonation reaction process.The results showed that the DSA yield of 92.69%obtained by RPB was 5.35%higher than that by STR,indicating that RPB can significantly intensify the mass transfer in the liquid-solid phase sulfonation reaction process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978569 and 52172097)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2022GY-301)+4 种基金Basic and Public Projects of Zhejiang Province(LGF21E020001)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020 M683467)Basic Research Operating Expenses of XJTU(xzy022022041)China Scholarship Council foundation(201906285020 and 202206280212)support from Faraday Institution LiSTAR Programme(EP/S003053/1,Grant FIRG014).
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have attracted increased interest because of the high theoretical energy density,low cost,and environmental friendliness.Conducting polymers(CPs),as one of the most promising materials used in Li-S batteries,can not only facilitate electron transfer and buffer the large volumetric change of sulfur benefiting from their porous structure and excellent flexibility,but also enable stronger physical/chemical adsorption capacity toward polysulfides(LiPSs)when doped with abundant heteroatoms to promote the sulfur redox kinetics and achieve the high sulfur loading.This review firstly introduces the properties of various CPs including structural CPs(polypyrrole(PPy),polyaniline(PANi),polyethylene dioxothiophene[PEDOT])and compound CPs(polyethylene oxide(PEO),polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)and poly(acrylic acid)[PAA]),and their application potential in Li-S batteries.Furthermore,the research progress of various CPs in different components(cathode,separator,and interlayer)of Li-S batteries is systematically summarized.Finally,the application perspective of the CPs in Li-S batteries as a potential guidance is comprehensively discussed.
基金The financial support of the Spanish government(Grant No.CTQ2014-57858-R and CTQ2017-88642-R projects,to RAGM)。
文摘Neurodegenerative diseases(NDs)have become one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide,and cause enormous pain and suffering for both patients and their families.Some of the most common NDs include Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease(PD)and Huntington’s disease,among others(Feng,2020).PD is a widespread neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 10 million people worldwide(No author listed,2021).The direct cause of the disease is unknown,but it is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain in the substantia nigra.This leads to the depletion of dopamine(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine,DA)in the striatum of patients,in addition to the existence of abnormalα-synuclein in nerve cells and the development of toxic protein aggregates in neurons called Lewy bodies,which causes muscle stiffness,slowness of movements and tremors.It is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may be the cause of PD,but the exact reason for the disease is not yet fully understood.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172097)National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB2400200)+7 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2022GY-301)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LGF21E020001)the Fundamental Research Foundation for the Central Universities of China(xjh012020031)China Scholarship Council foundation(201906285020)International Exchanges 2021 Cost Share(NSFC)scheme(IEC\NSFC\211074)EPSRC Project(EP/V002260/1)Faraday Institute Seed Project(FIRG052)Faraday Institution LiSTAR Programme(EP/S003053/1,Grant FIRG014).
文摘Solid-state lithium batteries(SSLBs)have been broadly accepted as a promising candidate for the next generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)with high energy density,long duration,and high safety.The intrinsic non-flammable nature and electrochemical/thermal/mechanical stability of solid electrolytes are expected to fundamentally solve the safety problems of conventional LIBs.However,thermal degradation and thermal runaway could also happen in SSLBs.For example,the large interfacial resistance between solid electrolytes and electrodes could aggravate the joule heat generation;the anisotropic thermal diffusion could trigger the uneven temperature distribution and formation of hotspots further leading to lithium dendrite growth.Considerable research efforts have been devoted to exploring solid electrolytes with outstanding performance and harmonizing interfacial incompatibility in the past decades.There have been fewer comprehensive reports investigating the thermal reaction process,thermal degradation,and thermal runaway of SSLBs.This review seeks to highlight advanced thermal-related analysis techniques for SSLBs,by focusing particularly on multiscale and multidimensional thermal-related characterization,thermal monitoring techniques such as sensors,thermal experimental techniques imitating the abuse operating condition,and thermalrelated advanced simulations.Insightful perspectives are proposed to bridge fundamental studies to technological relevance for better understanding and performance optimization of SSLBs.
