Intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) often results in greater yields than the respective sole crops. However, there is limited knowledge of aboveground and belowground interspecific inte...Intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) often results in greater yields than the respective sole crops. However, there is limited knowledge of aboveground and belowground interspecific interactions between maize and peanut in field. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of interspecific interactions on plant growth and grain yield for a peanut/maize intercropping system under different nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) levels. The method of root separation was employed to differentiate belowground from aboveground interspecific interactions. We observed that the global interspecific interaction effect on the shoot biomass of the intercropping system decreased with the coexistence period, and belowground interaction contributed more than aboveground interaction to advantages of the intercropping in terms of shoot biomass and grain yield. There was a positive effect from aboveground and belowground interspecific interactions on crop plant growth in the intercropping system, except that aboveground interaction had a negative effect on peanut during the late coexistence period. The advantage of intercropping on grain came mainly from increased maize yield(means 95%) due to aboveground interspecific competition for light and belowground interaction(61%–72% vs. 28%–39% in fertilizer treatments). There was a negative effect on grain yield from aboveground interaction for peanut, but belowground interspecific interaction positively affected peanut grain yield.The supply of N, P, or N + P increased grain yield of intercropped maize and the contribution from aboveground interspecific interaction. Our study suggests that the advantages of peanut/maize intercropping for yield mainly comes from aboveground interspecific competition for maize and belowground interspecific facilitation for peanut, and their respective yield can be enhanced by N and P. These findings are important for managing the intercropping system and optimizing the benefits from using this system.展开更多
BACKGROUND Over the last few decades,3 pathogenic pandemics have impacted the global population;severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV),Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)and SARS-Co...BACKGROUND Over the last few decades,3 pathogenic pandemics have impacted the global population;severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV),Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)and SARS-CoV-2.The global disease burden has attributed to millions of deaths and morbidities,with the majority being attributed to SARS-CoV-2.As such,the evaluation of the mental health(MH)impact across healthcare professionals(HCPs),patients and the general public would be an important facet to evaluate to better understand short,medium and long-term exposures.AIM To identify and report:(1)MH conditions commonly observed across all 3 pandemics;(2)Impact of MH outcomes across HCPs,patients and the general public associated with all 3 pandemics;and(3)The prevalence of the MH impact and clinical epidemiological significance.METHODS A systematic methodology was developed and published on PROSPERO(CRD42021228697).The databases PubMed,EMBASE,ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were used as part of the data extraction process,and publications from January 1,1990 to August 1,2021 were searched.MeSH terms and keywords used included Mood disorders,PTSD,Anxiety,Depression,Psychological stress,Psychosis,Bipolar,Mental Health,Unipolar,Self-harm,BAME,Psychiatry disorders and Psychological distress.The terms were expanded with a‘snowballing’method.Cox-regression and the Monte-Carlo simulation method was used in addition to I2 and Egger’s tests to determine heterogeneity and publication bias.RESULTS In comparison to MERS and SARS-CoV,it is evident SAR-CoV-2 has an ongoing MH impact,with emphasis on depression,anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.CONCLUSION It was evident MH studies during MERS and SARS-CoV was limited in comparison to SARS-CoV-2,with much emphasis on reporting symptoms of depression,anxiety,stress and sleep disturbances.The lack of comprehensive studies conducted during previous pandemics have introduced limitations to the“know-how”for clinicians and researchers to better support patients and deliver care with limited healthcare resources.展开更多
Filamentous fungi can be used to form easily harvested pellets with microalgae (fungal-assisted algal harvesting) in order to advance the sustainability and economic feasibility of wastewater treatment using microalga...Filamentous fungi can be used to form easily harvested pellets with microalgae (fungal-assisted algal harvesting) in order to advance the sustainability and economic feasibility of wastewater treatment using microalgae. In experiments employing the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger for harvesting, this study investigated the effect on water quality and the quantity and quality of lipids in the biomass produced. Major reductions in the concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and total phosphorus were observed after addition of the fungal spores (day 5) and during fungal growth and entrapment of the algal cells. At harvest (day 8), the decrease in total nitrogen was 47.4% ± 18.4% of the initial value, corresponding to a reduction of 41.9 ± 17.1 mg·nitrogen·L-1. For total phosphorus, the decrease was 94.4% ± 3.2%, corresponding to a reduction of 6.4 ± 0.2 mg·phosphorus·L-1. A significant decrease in concentration of the micropollutant diclofenac was observed at harvest, to 5.1 ± 4.0 μg·L-1 compared with an initial concentration of 9.5 ± 0.6 μg·L-1. A significant decrease in total lipids in the biomass was observed after fungal-assisted algal harvesting, from 58.7 ± 2.7 μg·mg-1 at day 5 (algal biomass only) to 34.2 ± 2.7 μg·mg-1 at day 8 (fungal-algal biomass). However, because of high biomass production, the amount of lipids produced per litre of wastewater increased from 5.6 ± 0.9 mg on day 5 to 20.6 ± 4.9 mg on day 8.展开更多
Aloe vera is being identified as a potential medicinal plant for its application in industries as well as traditional usage. The gel obtained from the leaves of A. vera has numerous properties. In this study, using th...Aloe vera is being identified as a potential medicinal plant for its application in industries as well as traditional usage. The gel obtained from the leaves of A. vera has numerous properties. In this study, using the gel to extend the shelf life of Ampalavi mango fruits was studied. Even sized, uniform coloured, matured Ampalavi cultivar mango fruits were surface cleaned and coated with 33%, 66% and 100% gel, respectively. Results revealed that the ripening was delayed due to the coating. The total soluble solid （TSS）, pH and weight loss were high in uncoated fruits. The mean pH of the pulp from fruits kept as control was 4.94 at 4 d fruit preservation period （FPP） and was slightly increased to 5.43 within 12 d FPP, whereas the minimal pH （4.69 at 4 d FPP and 5.03 at 9 d FPP） was noticed in 100% gel coated fruits. The TSS （brix） was significantly in higher levels （13.67°Bx within 4 d FPP and 20.77°Bx within 12 d FPP） in control fruits, whereas the minimum TSS value was 9.27°Bx and 18.03° Bx within 4 d and 12 d FPP, respectively, recorded from the 100% gel coated fruits in storage. The weight loss percentage （WLP） was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in control fruits （8.46%）, whereas the lower WLP （1.13%） was found in 100% gel coated fruits after 12 d of storage. This low-scale gel coating technique prolonged the fruits shelf life by delaying the fruit ripening. This effect has to be further investigated to commercialize the natural product for large scale ready-made application.展开更多
This field study sought to determine the all-weather surface construction providing the least contaminated runoff and drainage effluent when exposed to moderate to heavy precipitation and different manure loads in hor...This field study sought to determine the all-weather surface construction providing the least contaminated runoff and drainage effluent when exposed to moderate to heavy precipitation and different manure loads in horse paddocks during wintertime. Two different combinations of non-woven and woven geotextile together with two gravel fractions of 200 nlm were exposed to precipitation and horse manure/urine for two years under two manure regimes （manure removal and manure accumulation）. In a simulated rainfall （SR） study, the test areas were also exposed to 50 mm precipitation for 30 min and 15 kg of horse manure under the two manure regimes. Runoff, drainage effluent and leachate flow were measured and sampled for both regimes. The geotextile-gravel construction reduced runoff and drained the test area throughout the two-year period, confirming construction stability and a dry walking surface area at a mean drain flow of 3.65 L m2 h1. The concentrations of total N, total phosphorus （TP）, chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total solids （TS） in fluids leaving the test areas in winter were lower than in previous studies, due to lower horse density. The mean drainage concentration of TP, COD and TS was 3.4, 231, 739 mg L1, respectively, due to manure removal in the SR study. The TP （1.9 mg L-1） concentration in drain fluids was reduced by 47% in the test area consisting of a single geotextile compared with previously reported values （3.6 mg Ll）. With the paddock designs tested here, non-point pollution from paddocks could be controlled and reduced.展开更多
Waste and waste generation are inevitable aspects of human life,especially organic waste,and have evolved with societal and industrial development.Waste generation cannot be entirely prevented,but it can be treated,ma...Waste and waste generation are inevitable aspects of human life,especially organic waste,and have evolved with societal and industrial development.Waste generation cannot be entirely prevented,but it can be treated,managed,and minimized through various sustainable practices to mitigate its environmental and health impacts.Current organic waste management techniques include composting,anaerobic digestion,incineration,and hydrothermal treatment.Even though these techniques help to treat and manage organic waste,they face numerous challenges,such as the complexity of organic waste,difficulty in collection and segregation,water pollution,and greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions.Notably,there is an urgent need to reduce and control the large volume of waste generated in a short timeframe.Artificial intelligence(AI)-and machine learning(ML)-based waste management systems have recently been considered for treating organic waste due to their optimized waste collection routes,automatic sorting,efficient recovery,and contaminant reduction.In particular,AI models can facilitate and accelerate the implementation of the circular economy concept,thereby maximizing resource optimization to achieve the United Nations(UN) sustainable development goals(SDGs).The current review summarizes recently published research studies on AI-based technologies and their applications in organic waste treatment and management,including the prediction and monitoring of waste generation,automated waste collection,sorting,classification,bioconversion and treatment process optimization,waste recycling,bin-level monitoring,and vehicle routing.The major prospects and challenges of using AI technology in organic waste treatment,as well as the future directions of AI-based waste management practices,are also discussed.This review also provides exclusive coverage of various types of organic waste,conventional organic waste treatment methods and their limitations,as well as the role of organic waste management in achieving the SDGs.展开更多
Background Cystatin C(Cys-C)is an emerging biomarker of renal diseases and its clinical use,particularly for screening the communities affected by chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu),is hindered due to th...Background Cystatin C(Cys-C)is an emerging biomarker of renal diseases and its clinical use,particularly for screening the communities affected by chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu),is hindered due to the lack of reference intervals(RIs)for diverse ethnic and age groups.The present study aimed to define RIs for urinary Cys-C(uCys-C)for a healthy pediatric population in Sri Lanka and in turn compare the renal function of the residential children in CKDu endemic and non-endemic regions in Sri Lanka.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 850 healthy children(10-17 years)from selected locations for reference interval establishment,while a total of 892 children were recruited for the comparative study.Urine samples were collected and analyzed for Cys-C,creatinine(Cr)and albumin.Cr-adjusted uCys-C levels were partitioned by age,and RIs were determined with quantile regression(2.5th,50th and 97.5th quantiles)at 90%confidence interval.Results The range of median RIs for uCys-C in healthy children was 45.94-64.44 ng/mg Cr for boys and 53.58-69.97 ng/mg Cr for girls.The median(interquartile range)uCys-C levels of children in the CKDu endemic and non-endemic regions were 58.18(21.8-141.9)and 58.31(23.9-155.3)ng/mg Cr with no significant difference(P=0.781).A significant variation of uCys-C was noted in the children across age.Conclusions Notably high uCys-C levels were observed in children with elevated proteinuria.Thus,uCys-C could be a potential biomarker in identifying communities at high risk of CKDu susceptibility.展开更多
Mammalian skeletal muscles play a pivotal role in the body and are mainly responsible for movement,meta-bolism,and energy consumption.Proteins that regulate muscle hypertrophy and atrophy are involved in muscle growth...Mammalian skeletal muscles play a pivotal role in the body and are mainly responsible for movement,meta-bolism,and energy consumption.Proteins that regulate muscle hypertrophy and atrophy are involved in muscle growth.A sufficient intake of dietary protein is essential for maintaining good health during normal growth and aging.Olive flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)is one of the most common flatfish species in the South Korean aquaculture industry,and its consumption has been associated with various health benefits,such as a lower risk of cancers,heart failure,and chronic diseases.The present study attempted to determine the effect on muscle growth of flounder meat digest prepared using an in vitro gastric model.The capacity of digested flounder meat to enhance muscle growth was evaluated by examining glycogen levels and creatine kinase activity during muscle differentiation.The expression of muscle growth regulatory proteins was also evaluated.Treatment with flounder meat digest significantly and dose-dependently increased glycogen levels and creatine kinase activity in C2C12 cells.Moreover,proteins that are responsible for muscle hypertrophy and atrophy were significantly upregulated and downregulated,respectively.These results were confirmed using western blotting and immu-nofluorescence assays.The results of this study suggest that digested flounder meat has great potential for skeletal muscle growth and can be used as a functional food ingredient.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal stability of the rice bran extract (RBE) and analyze the effect of RBE on the shelf-life of sunflower oil and the quality characteristics and shelf-life of baked c...The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal stability of the rice bran extract (RBE) and analyze the effect of RBE on the shelf-life of sunflower oil and the quality characteristics and shelf-life of baked cake. The thermal stability of RBE was evaluated by a Rancimat test using sunflower oil. Properties such as moisture content, porosity, crumb density and pore area of cakes baked with RBE and the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were compared. Sensory properties such as taste, aroma, texture, color and overall acceptability of the cake samples were compared using a sensory panel test. The shelf-life of the cakes was evaluated by microbial counts and chemical methods. Thermally treated RBE and BHT for 2 h at 180 °C retained 75% of their initial capacity in protecting sunflower oil while RBE had a significantly higher protection factor (p < 0.05). Cakes baked with RBE received higher scores for taste, color and overall acceptability compared to control or BHT-added cake. BHT-added cake and RBE-added cake exceeded the aerobic plate count (APC) and yeast and mold count (YMC) on days 11 and 13 respectively, while the control cakes without added antioxidants exceeded the APC and YMC on day 7. Both BHT- and RBE-added cakes maintained hexanal levels below 5 mg/kg over 28 days while the control cake exceeded this level on day 21. The results suggest that RBE can be used as a natural food additive to improve the quality and shelf-life of baked foods and edible oils.展开更多
The field of mycology has grown from an underappreciated subset of botany,to a valuable,modern scientific discipline.As this field of study has grown,there have been significant contributions to science,technology,and...The field of mycology has grown from an underappreciated subset of botany,to a valuable,modern scientific discipline.As this field of study has grown,there have been significant contributions to science,technology,and industry,highlighting the value of fungi in the modern era.This paper looks at the current research,along with the existing limitations,and suggests future areas where scientists can focus their efforts,in the field mycology.We show how fungi have become important emerging diseases in medical mycology.We discuss current trends and the potential of fungi in drug and novel compound discovery.We explore the current trends in phylogenomics,its potential,and outcomes and address the question of how phylogenomics can be applied in fungal ecology.In addition,the trends in functional genomics studies of fungi are discussed with their importance in unravelling the intricate mechanisms underlying fungal behaviour,interactions,and adaptations,paving the way for a comprehensive understanding of fungal biology.We look at the current research in building materials,how they can be used as carbon sinks,and how fungi can be used in biocircular economies.The numbers of fungi have always been of great interest and have often been written about and estimates have varied greatly.Thus,we discuss current trends and future research needs in order to obtain more reliable estimates.We address the aspects of machine learning(AI)and how it can be used in mycological research.Plant pathogens are affecting food production systems on a global scale,and as such,we look at the current trends and future research needed in this area,particularly in disease detection.We look at the latest data from High Throughput Sequencing studies and question if we are still gaining new knowledge at the same rate as before.A review of current trends in nanotechnology is provided and its future potential is addressed.The importance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi is addressed and future trends are acknowledged.Fungal databases are becoming more and more important,and we therefore provide a review of the current major databases.Edible and medicinal fungi have a huge potential as food and medicines,especially in Asia and their prospects are discussed.Lifestyle changes in fungi(e.g.,from endophytes,to pathogens,and/or saprobes)are also extremely important and a current research trend and are therefore addressed in this special issue of Fungal Diversity.展开更多
The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project“Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”.The objective w...The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project“Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”.The objective was to share firsthand experience of participatory research among researchers who were mostly not familiar with this approach.Workshop participants were divided into smaller multidisciplinary groups and given the opportunity to interact with representatives from eight actor positions in the value chain of the agrifood cooperative Terrena located in Western France.The four stages of the workshop were:(1)key actor interviews,(2)sharing proposed solutions for overcoming barriers,and(3)developing possible interdisciplinary concepts.Expressions of frustration were recorded serving both as a motivation for group members to become more aware of the scientific concerns and practices of their colleagues,as well as a recognition that some researchers have better skills integrating qualitative approaches than others.Nevertheless,the workshop format was an effective way to gain a common understanding of the pertinent issues that need to be addressed to meet overall multiactorapproach objectives.Working with the actor networks was identified and emphasized as a means to overcome existing barriers between academia and practice in order to coproduce a shared vision of the benefits of species mixture benefits.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0200202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1404315)+1 种基金the China Scholarship Council(201608410278)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(182300410014)。
文摘Intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) often results in greater yields than the respective sole crops. However, there is limited knowledge of aboveground and belowground interspecific interactions between maize and peanut in field. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of interspecific interactions on plant growth and grain yield for a peanut/maize intercropping system under different nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) levels. The method of root separation was employed to differentiate belowground from aboveground interspecific interactions. We observed that the global interspecific interaction effect on the shoot biomass of the intercropping system decreased with the coexistence period, and belowground interaction contributed more than aboveground interaction to advantages of the intercropping in terms of shoot biomass and grain yield. There was a positive effect from aboveground and belowground interspecific interactions on crop plant growth in the intercropping system, except that aboveground interaction had a negative effect on peanut during the late coexistence period. The advantage of intercropping on grain came mainly from increased maize yield(means 95%) due to aboveground interspecific competition for light and belowground interaction(61%–72% vs. 28%–39% in fertilizer treatments). There was a negative effect on grain yield from aboveground interaction for peanut, but belowground interspecific interaction positively affected peanut grain yield.The supply of N, P, or N + P increased grain yield of intercropped maize and the contribution from aboveground interspecific interaction. Our study suggests that the advantages of peanut/maize intercropping for yield mainly comes from aboveground interspecific competition for maize and belowground interspecific facilitation for peanut, and their respective yield can be enhanced by N and P. These findings are important for managing the intercropping system and optimizing the benefits from using this system.
基金Supported by Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust.
文摘BACKGROUND Over the last few decades,3 pathogenic pandemics have impacted the global population;severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV),Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV)and SARS-CoV-2.The global disease burden has attributed to millions of deaths and morbidities,with the majority being attributed to SARS-CoV-2.As such,the evaluation of the mental health(MH)impact across healthcare professionals(HCPs),patients and the general public would be an important facet to evaluate to better understand short,medium and long-term exposures.AIM To identify and report:(1)MH conditions commonly observed across all 3 pandemics;(2)Impact of MH outcomes across HCPs,patients and the general public associated with all 3 pandemics;and(3)The prevalence of the MH impact and clinical epidemiological significance.METHODS A systematic methodology was developed and published on PROSPERO(CRD42021228697).The databases PubMed,EMBASE,ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were used as part of the data extraction process,and publications from January 1,1990 to August 1,2021 were searched.MeSH terms and keywords used included Mood disorders,PTSD,Anxiety,Depression,Psychological stress,Psychosis,Bipolar,Mental Health,Unipolar,Self-harm,BAME,Psychiatry disorders and Psychological distress.The terms were expanded with a‘snowballing’method.Cox-regression and the Monte-Carlo simulation method was used in addition to I2 and Egger’s tests to determine heterogeneity and publication bias.RESULTS In comparison to MERS and SARS-CoV,it is evident SAR-CoV-2 has an ongoing MH impact,with emphasis on depression,anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.CONCLUSION It was evident MH studies during MERS and SARS-CoV was limited in comparison to SARS-CoV-2,with much emphasis on reporting symptoms of depression,anxiety,stress and sleep disturbances.The lack of comprehensive studies conducted during previous pandemics have introduced limitations to the“know-how”for clinicians and researchers to better support patients and deliver care with limited healthcare resources.
文摘Filamentous fungi can be used to form easily harvested pellets with microalgae (fungal-assisted algal harvesting) in order to advance the sustainability and economic feasibility of wastewater treatment using microalgae. In experiments employing the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger for harvesting, this study investigated the effect on water quality and the quantity and quality of lipids in the biomass produced. Major reductions in the concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen and total phosphorus were observed after addition of the fungal spores (day 5) and during fungal growth and entrapment of the algal cells. At harvest (day 8), the decrease in total nitrogen was 47.4% ± 18.4% of the initial value, corresponding to a reduction of 41.9 ± 17.1 mg·nitrogen·L-1. For total phosphorus, the decrease was 94.4% ± 3.2%, corresponding to a reduction of 6.4 ± 0.2 mg·phosphorus·L-1. A significant decrease in concentration of the micropollutant diclofenac was observed at harvest, to 5.1 ± 4.0 μg·L-1 compared with an initial concentration of 9.5 ± 0.6 μg·L-1. A significant decrease in total lipids in the biomass was observed after fungal-assisted algal harvesting, from 58.7 ± 2.7 μg·mg-1 at day 5 (algal biomass only) to 34.2 ± 2.7 μg·mg-1 at day 8 (fungal-algal biomass). However, because of high biomass production, the amount of lipids produced per litre of wastewater increased from 5.6 ± 0.9 mg on day 5 to 20.6 ± 4.9 mg on day 8.
文摘Aloe vera is being identified as a potential medicinal plant for its application in industries as well as traditional usage. The gel obtained from the leaves of A. vera has numerous properties. In this study, using the gel to extend the shelf life of Ampalavi mango fruits was studied. Even sized, uniform coloured, matured Ampalavi cultivar mango fruits were surface cleaned and coated with 33%, 66% and 100% gel, respectively. Results revealed that the ripening was delayed due to the coating. The total soluble solid （TSS）, pH and weight loss were high in uncoated fruits. The mean pH of the pulp from fruits kept as control was 4.94 at 4 d fruit preservation period （FPP） and was slightly increased to 5.43 within 12 d FPP, whereas the minimal pH （4.69 at 4 d FPP and 5.03 at 9 d FPP） was noticed in 100% gel coated fruits. The TSS （brix） was significantly in higher levels （13.67°Bx within 4 d FPP and 20.77°Bx within 12 d FPP） in control fruits, whereas the minimum TSS value was 9.27°Bx and 18.03° Bx within 4 d and 12 d FPP, respectively, recorded from the 100% gel coated fruits in storage. The weight loss percentage （WLP） was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in control fruits （8.46%）, whereas the lower WLP （1.13%） was found in 100% gel coated fruits after 12 d of storage. This low-scale gel coating technique prolonged the fruits shelf life by delaying the fruit ripening. This effect has to be further investigated to commercialize the natural product for large scale ready-made application.
文摘This field study sought to determine the all-weather surface construction providing the least contaminated runoff and drainage effluent when exposed to moderate to heavy precipitation and different manure loads in horse paddocks during wintertime. Two different combinations of non-woven and woven geotextile together with two gravel fractions of 200 nlm were exposed to precipitation and horse manure/urine for two years under two manure regimes （manure removal and manure accumulation）. In a simulated rainfall （SR） study, the test areas were also exposed to 50 mm precipitation for 30 min and 15 kg of horse manure under the two manure regimes. Runoff, drainage effluent and leachate flow were measured and sampled for both regimes. The geotextile-gravel construction reduced runoff and drained the test area throughout the two-year period, confirming construction stability and a dry walking surface area at a mean drain flow of 3.65 L m2 h1. The concentrations of total N, total phosphorus （TP）, chemical oxygen demand （COD） and total solids （TS） in fluids leaving the test areas in winter were lower than in previous studies, due to lower horse density. The mean drainage concentration of TP, COD and TS was 3.4, 231, 739 mg L1, respectively, due to manure removal in the SR study. The TP （1.9 mg L-1） concentration in drain fluids was reduced by 47% in the test area consisting of a single geotextile compared with previously reported values （3.6 mg Ll）. With the paddock designs tested here, non-point pollution from paddocks could be controlled and reduced.
文摘Waste and waste generation are inevitable aspects of human life,especially organic waste,and have evolved with societal and industrial development.Waste generation cannot be entirely prevented,but it can be treated,managed,and minimized through various sustainable practices to mitigate its environmental and health impacts.Current organic waste management techniques include composting,anaerobic digestion,incineration,and hydrothermal treatment.Even though these techniques help to treat and manage organic waste,they face numerous challenges,such as the complexity of organic waste,difficulty in collection and segregation,water pollution,and greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions.Notably,there is an urgent need to reduce and control the large volume of waste generated in a short timeframe.Artificial intelligence(AI)-and machine learning(ML)-based waste management systems have recently been considered for treating organic waste due to their optimized waste collection routes,automatic sorting,efficient recovery,and contaminant reduction.In particular,AI models can facilitate and accelerate the implementation of the circular economy concept,thereby maximizing resource optimization to achieve the United Nations(UN) sustainable development goals(SDGs).The current review summarizes recently published research studies on AI-based technologies and their applications in organic waste treatment and management,including the prediction and monitoring of waste generation,automated waste collection,sorting,classification,bioconversion and treatment process optimization,waste recycling,bin-level monitoring,and vehicle routing.The major prospects and challenges of using AI technology in organic waste treatment,as well as the future directions of AI-based waste management practices,are also discussed.This review also provides exclusive coverage of various types of organic waste,conventional organic waste treatment methods and their limitations,as well as the role of organic waste management in achieving the SDGs.
基金This research was funded by the Accelerating Higher Education Expansion and Development(AHEAD)Operation of the Ministry of Higher Education funded by the World Bank(No.AHEAD DOR 02/40).
文摘Background Cystatin C(Cys-C)is an emerging biomarker of renal diseases and its clinical use,particularly for screening the communities affected by chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology(CKDu),is hindered due to the lack of reference intervals(RIs)for diverse ethnic and age groups.The present study aimed to define RIs for urinary Cys-C(uCys-C)for a healthy pediatric population in Sri Lanka and in turn compare the renal function of the residential children in CKDu endemic and non-endemic regions in Sri Lanka.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 850 healthy children(10-17 years)from selected locations for reference interval establishment,while a total of 892 children were recruited for the comparative study.Urine samples were collected and analyzed for Cys-C,creatinine(Cr)and albumin.Cr-adjusted uCys-C levels were partitioned by age,and RIs were determined with quantile regression(2.5th,50th and 97.5th quantiles)at 90%confidence interval.Results The range of median RIs for uCys-C in healthy children was 45.94-64.44 ng/mg Cr for boys and 53.58-69.97 ng/mg Cr for girls.The median(interquartile range)uCys-C levels of children in the CKDu endemic and non-endemic regions were 58.18(21.8-141.9)and 58.31(23.9-155.3)ng/mg Cr with no significant difference(P=0.781).A significant variation of uCys-C was noted in the children across age.Conclusions Notably high uCys-C levels were observed in children with elevated proteinuria.Thus,uCys-C could be a potential biomarker in identifying communities at high risk of CKDu susceptibility.
基金supported by Development of technology for biomaterialization of marine fisheries by-products of Korea institute of Marine Science&Technology Promotion(KIMST)funded by the Min-istry of Oceans and Fisheries(KIMST-20220128).
文摘Mammalian skeletal muscles play a pivotal role in the body and are mainly responsible for movement,meta-bolism,and energy consumption.Proteins that regulate muscle hypertrophy and atrophy are involved in muscle growth.A sufficient intake of dietary protein is essential for maintaining good health during normal growth and aging.Olive flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)is one of the most common flatfish species in the South Korean aquaculture industry,and its consumption has been associated with various health benefits,such as a lower risk of cancers,heart failure,and chronic diseases.The present study attempted to determine the effect on muscle growth of flounder meat digest prepared using an in vitro gastric model.The capacity of digested flounder meat to enhance muscle growth was evaluated by examining glycogen levels and creatine kinase activity during muscle differentiation.The expression of muscle growth regulatory proteins was also evaluated.Treatment with flounder meat digest significantly and dose-dependently increased glycogen levels and creatine kinase activity in C2C12 cells.Moreover,proteins that are responsible for muscle hypertrophy and atrophy were significantly upregulated and downregulated,respectively.These results were confirmed using western blotting and immu-nofluorescence assays.The results of this study suggest that digested flounder meat has great potential for skeletal muscle growth and can be used as a functional food ingredient.
基金supported by National Science Foundation,Sri Lanka(grant no.RG/2015/AG/03)Ministry of Higher Education and University Grants Commission,Sri Lanka(AHEAD RIC).
文摘The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal stability of the rice bran extract (RBE) and analyze the effect of RBE on the shelf-life of sunflower oil and the quality characteristics and shelf-life of baked cake. The thermal stability of RBE was evaluated by a Rancimat test using sunflower oil. Properties such as moisture content, porosity, crumb density and pore area of cakes baked with RBE and the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were compared. Sensory properties such as taste, aroma, texture, color and overall acceptability of the cake samples were compared using a sensory panel test. The shelf-life of the cakes was evaluated by microbial counts and chemical methods. Thermally treated RBE and BHT for 2 h at 180 °C retained 75% of their initial capacity in protecting sunflower oil while RBE had a significantly higher protection factor (p < 0.05). Cakes baked with RBE received higher scores for taste, color and overall acceptability compared to control or BHT-added cake. BHT-added cake and RBE-added cake exceeded the aerobic plate count (APC) and yeast and mold count (YMC) on days 11 and 13 respectively, while the control cakes without added antioxidants exceeded the APC and YMC on day 7. Both BHT- and RBE-added cakes maintained hexanal levels below 5 mg/kg over 28 days while the control cake exceeded this level on day 21. The results suggest that RBE can be used as a natural food additive to improve the quality and shelf-life of baked foods and edible oils.
基金funding provided by FCT|FCCN(b-on)This study is supported by Major science and technology projects and key R&D plans/programs,Yunnan Province(202202AE090001)+4 种基金The open research project of“Cross-Cooperative Team”of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.292019312511043)The Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,PR China(2019HJ2096001006)The National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)grant“Total fungal diversity in a given forest area with implications towards species numbers,chemical diversity and biotechnology”(Grant No.N42A650547)Didsanutda Gonkhom thanks the support from Research and researcher for industries(Grant No.PHD62I0018/2562).We thank Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Flexible Talent Introduction Program-(E16441)The authors extend their appreciation to the International Scientific Partnership Program ISPP at King Saud University for funding this research work through ISPP-151.
文摘The field of mycology has grown from an underappreciated subset of botany,to a valuable,modern scientific discipline.As this field of study has grown,there have been significant contributions to science,technology,and industry,highlighting the value of fungi in the modern era.This paper looks at the current research,along with the existing limitations,and suggests future areas where scientists can focus their efforts,in the field mycology.We show how fungi have become important emerging diseases in medical mycology.We discuss current trends and the potential of fungi in drug and novel compound discovery.We explore the current trends in phylogenomics,its potential,and outcomes and address the question of how phylogenomics can be applied in fungal ecology.In addition,the trends in functional genomics studies of fungi are discussed with their importance in unravelling the intricate mechanisms underlying fungal behaviour,interactions,and adaptations,paving the way for a comprehensive understanding of fungal biology.We look at the current research in building materials,how they can be used as carbon sinks,and how fungi can be used in biocircular economies.The numbers of fungi have always been of great interest and have often been written about and estimates have varied greatly.Thus,we discuss current trends and future research needs in order to obtain more reliable estimates.We address the aspects of machine learning(AI)and how it can be used in mycological research.Plant pathogens are affecting food production systems on a global scale,and as such,we look at the current trends and future research needed in this area,particularly in disease detection.We look at the latest data from High Throughput Sequencing studies and question if we are still gaining new knowledge at the same rate as before.A review of current trends in nanotechnology is provided and its future potential is addressed.The importance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi is addressed and future trends are acknowledged.Fungal databases are becoming more and more important,and we therefore provide a review of the current major databases.Edible and medicinal fungi have a huge potential as food and medicines,especially in Asia and their prospects are discussed.Lifestyle changes in fungi(e.g.,from endophytes,to pathogens,and/or saprobes)are also extremely important and a current research trend and are therefore addressed in this special issue of Fungal Diversity.
基金The study was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 program grant#727217.
文摘The EIP-Agri multiactor approach was exemplified during a 3-day workshop with 63 project participants from the EU H2020 funded project“Redesigning European cropping systems based on species MIXtures”.The objective was to share firsthand experience of participatory research among researchers who were mostly not familiar with this approach.Workshop participants were divided into smaller multidisciplinary groups and given the opportunity to interact with representatives from eight actor positions in the value chain of the agrifood cooperative Terrena located in Western France.The four stages of the workshop were:(1)key actor interviews,(2)sharing proposed solutions for overcoming barriers,and(3)developing possible interdisciplinary concepts.Expressions of frustration were recorded serving both as a motivation for group members to become more aware of the scientific concerns and practices of their colleagues,as well as a recognition that some researchers have better skills integrating qualitative approaches than others.Nevertheless,the workshop format was an effective way to gain a common understanding of the pertinent issues that need to be addressed to meet overall multiactorapproach objectives.Working with the actor networks was identified and emphasized as a means to overcome existing barriers between academia and practice in order to coproduce a shared vision of the benefits of species mixture benefits.
