This study evaluated the water delivery performance of Nkhafi irrigation scheme based on adequacy, water delivery efficiency, equity, dependability and irrigation efficiency. Primary data were collected from </span...This study evaluated the water delivery performance of Nkhafi irrigation scheme based on adequacy, water delivery efficiency, equity, dependability and irrigation efficiency. Primary data were collected from </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">field measurements, scheduled interviews, group discussions and use of a structured questionnaire. CROPWAT 8.0 computer model was used to determine crop water requirements and irrigation requirements. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The results revealed that adequacy, water delivery efficiency, equity, dependability and overall water delivery performance were (0.74;0.82), (0.70;0.80), (0.15;0.20), (0.11;0.21) and (0.80;0.80) for 2017 and 2018 seasons respectively. The scheme overall irrigation efficiencies were 20% and 25% for 2017 and 2018 respectively. These findings revealed that scheme users failed to deliver adequate and dependable water in an effective manner in both growing seasons. This occurred due to insufficient water supply, poor irrigation scheduling, lack of adequate knowledge and skills in operating and rehabilitating hydraulic structures, siltation and water losses through seepage in canals. Therefore, it is recommended that major maintenance works need to be done along the whole canal network in order to achieve good overall water delivery performance. Furthermore, farmers need to be trained in water management, sustainable agricultural production practices, operation and maintenance of irrigation structures. The study has provided an insight on the status of the scheme hence encouraging scheme users to improve water delivery performance.展开更多
The publication of Levinson's celebrated Pragmatics in 1983 systematized the field of pragmatics and marked the coming of age of pragmatics as a linguistic discipline in its own right.Today pragmatics is one of th...The publication of Levinson's celebrated Pragmatics in 1983 systematized the field of pragmatics and marked the coming of age of pragmatics as a linguistic discipline in its own right.Today pragmatics is one of the most vibrant and rapidly growing fields in linguistics and the philosophy of language.It is also a particularly complex subject with all kinds of disciplinary influence,and few,if any,clear boundaries.The aim of this article is to survey the representative research areas in contemporary pragmatics and present an authoritative and up-to-date description of the contemporary landscape of pragmatics,in the hope that it will help shape the development of the discipline in the next decade or so.展开更多
文摘This study evaluated the water delivery performance of Nkhafi irrigation scheme based on adequacy, water delivery efficiency, equity, dependability and irrigation efficiency. Primary data were collected from </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">field measurements, scheduled interviews, group discussions and use of a structured questionnaire. CROPWAT 8.0 computer model was used to determine crop water requirements and irrigation requirements. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The results revealed that adequacy, water delivery efficiency, equity, dependability and overall water delivery performance were (0.74;0.82), (0.70;0.80), (0.15;0.20), (0.11;0.21) and (0.80;0.80) for 2017 and 2018 seasons respectively. The scheme overall irrigation efficiencies were 20% and 25% for 2017 and 2018 respectively. These findings revealed that scheme users failed to deliver adequate and dependable water in an effective manner in both growing seasons. This occurred due to insufficient water supply, poor irrigation scheduling, lack of adequate knowledge and skills in operating and rehabilitating hydraulic structures, siltation and water losses through seepage in canals. Therefore, it is recommended that major maintenance works need to be done along the whole canal network in order to achieve good overall water delivery performance. Furthermore, farmers need to be trained in water management, sustainable agricultural production practices, operation and maintenance of irrigation structures. The study has provided an insight on the status of the scheme hence encouraging scheme users to improve water delivery performance.
文摘The publication of Levinson's celebrated Pragmatics in 1983 systematized the field of pragmatics and marked the coming of age of pragmatics as a linguistic discipline in its own right.Today pragmatics is one of the most vibrant and rapidly growing fields in linguistics and the philosophy of language.It is also a particularly complex subject with all kinds of disciplinary influence,and few,if any,clear boundaries.The aim of this article is to survey the representative research areas in contemporary pragmatics and present an authoritative and up-to-date description of the contemporary landscape of pragmatics,in the hope that it will help shape the development of the discipline in the next decade or so.
