A spectral reflectance sensor(SRS)fixed on the near-surface ground was developed to support the continuous monitoring of vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and photochemical ref...A spectral reflectance sensor(SRS)fixed on the near-surface ground was developed to support the continuous monitoring of vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and photochemical reflectance index(PRI).NDVI is useful for indicating crop growth/phenology,whereas PRI was developed for observing physiological conditions.Thus,the seasonal change patterns of NDVI and PRI are two valuable pieces of information in a crop-monitoring system.However,capturing the seasonal patterns is considered challenging because the vegetation index values estimated by the reflection from vegetation are often governed by meteorological conditions,such as solar irradiance and precipitation.Further,unlike growth/phenology,the physiological condition has diurnal changes as well as seasonal characteristics.This study proposed a novel filtering method for extracting the seasonal signals of SRS-based NDVI and PRI in paddy rice,barley,and garlic.First,the measurement accuracy of SRSs was compared with handheld spectrometers,and the R^(2)values between the two devices were 0.96 and 0.81 for NDVI and PRI,respectively.Second,the experimental study of threshold criteria with respect to meteorological variables(i.e.,insolation,cloudiness,sunshine duration,and precipitation)was conducted,and sunshine duration was the most useful one for excluding distorted values of the vegetation indices.After data processing based on sunshine duration,the R^(2)values between the measured vegetation indices and the extracted seasonal signals of vegetation indices increased by approximately 0.002–0.004(NDVI)and 0.065–0.298(PRI)on the three crops,and the seasonal signals of vegetation indices became noticeably improved.This method will contribute to an agricultural monitoring system by identifying the seasonal changes in crop growth and physiological conditions.展开更多
Based on RNA sequences using transcriptome analysis, 37 new simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets were developed for Perilla species. These new SSR markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity among 15 acc...Based on RNA sequences using transcriptome analysis, 37 new simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets were developed for Perilla species. These new SSR markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity among 15 accessions of Perilla species. A total of 182 alleles were confirmed in 37 loci, with an average of 4.9 alleles per locus and from 2 to 9 alleles per locus. The MAF (major allele frequency) per locus varied from 0.200 to 0.733, with an average of 0.463. The gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.391 to 0.853, with an average of 0.670. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.624, ranging from 0.315 to 0.838. The new SSR markers of Perilla species reported in this study may provide potential markers to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic relationships of Perilla species. In addition, new Perilla SSR markers developed from transcriptome analysis can be useful for the identification of cultivars, conservation of Perilla germplasm resources, and genetic mapping and designating of important genes/QTLs for future Perilla crop breeding programs.展开更多
Thirteen diverse anthocyanin pigmented wheat genotypes originating from different countries were investigated for agronomic and chemical traits. The results showed significant variation among wheat genotypes in yield ...Thirteen diverse anthocyanin pigmented wheat genotypes originating from different countries were investigated for agronomic and chemical traits. The results showed significant variation among wheat genotypes in yield and grain physical characteristics, Released cultivars were superior in grain yield, but other genetic resources exceeded the cultivars in regard to test weight, grain mass, or seed plumpness. In case of phytochemical content both genotypic and environmental effects were important for the observed variations. The total phenolic content varied from 120 to 177 mg ferulic acid equivalent per 100 g dry weight; total anthocyanin content from 3.4 to 75.2 ppm cyanidin glucoside equivalent; yellow pigment content from 2.6 and 7.6 ppm beta-carotene equivalent; protein content from 11.3 to 19.1%. The study demonstrated that Ethiopian wheats are a source of high levels of anthocyanins and protein content.展开更多
Climate change (CC) impedes smallholder dairy industry in Kenya. Consequently, farmers’ adaptation to CC effects would greatly determine their resilience, profitability, and sustainable contribution to the economy. S...Climate change (CC) impedes smallholder dairy industry in Kenya. Consequently, farmers’ adaptation to CC effects would greatly determine their resilience, profitability, and sustainable contribution to the economy. Socio-demography among other factors, determine smallholder farmers’ adaptive strategies to CC effects. This study sought to understand how smallholder dairy farmers in South Western Kenya adapt to climate changes and determine the relationship between famers’ adaptive strategies and their socio-demographics of sex, age, marital status, highest educational level, household size, and experience in dairying. Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods were used to collect primary and secondary data. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience obtained through multi-stage sampling of respondents from 4 sub counties of Migori county. The data collected included the respondents’ socio-demographics, climate changes and adaptability to CC effects. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with heads of government departments of Livestock Production, Cooperative Development, Meteorology, Environment and Agriculture Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) in Migori County. Others included the leadership of Rongo Dairy Farmers’ Cooperative Society, Lichota Livestock Development Farm, and a Research Officer for Livestock Production Systems with Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). Focus group discussions (FGDs), on the other hand, were conducted with old men and women (aged 60 years and above), and farmer groups from Rongo Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society, Cham Gi Wadu Dairy and Multipurpose Cooperative Society, and East Sakwa Farmers’ Development Group. These were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Descriptive statistics (percentages) were used to describe climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Percentages, minimum and maximum values, means, range, and standard deviations were used to describe respondents’ socio-demographics. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of farmers’ socio-demographics on their adaptive strategies to CC effects. Results indicated that individually, male farmers were more likely to adopt mixed crop and livestock farming (Odds = 3.97;p = 0.02) and experience an increasing trend in income earning from milk sales (Odds = 0.63;p = 0.04). Individually, older farmers were significantly more likely to establish own fodder (Odds = 0.96;p = 0.03), keep non-Friesians and their crosses (Odds = 0.97;p = 0.02), and experience increasing trends in income earned from milk sales (odds = 1.02;p = 0.02). Individually, household size significantly influenced establishment of own fodder (Odds = 0.69;p = 0.00) and jointly with the other 5 socio-demographic factors (Odds = 0.70;p = 0.00). With other socio-demographic factors, male farmers were more likely to rely mainly on household labour (Odds = 0.32;p = 0.05). Thus, gender, age and household size were found to have significant effects on smallholder dairy farmers’ adaptation to climate change effects in the study area.展开更多
Despite great potential, Kenyan smallholder dairying faces diminishing land sizes, high input costs, poor extension contacts, non-responsive price policies, and new pests and diseases. Climate change will worsen the s...Despite great potential, Kenyan smallholder dairying faces diminishing land sizes, high input costs, poor extension contacts, non-responsive price policies, and new pests and diseases. Climate change will worsen the situation. This study sought to assess smallholder dairy farmers’ climate change adaptation level in Southwestern Kenya. Adopting Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods, primary and secondary data was collected. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire for climate changes and farmers’ adaptiveness was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience, obtained by multi-stage sampling from 4 sub-counties. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with farmer groups, heads of research, government departments and livestock farms;and the old that were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Percentages were used for climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Principal component analysis was used for factors with great influence on respondents’ climate change adaptiveness;while one proportion Z-score test was used for significant differences between adapters and non-adapters (p < 0.05). Flexible and systematic Framework Approach was used for qualitative data analysis by cases and 5 themes. Findings indicated that despite Migori County’s great dairying potential, climate changes have partly hindered full exploitation. Temperatures and rainfall increased slightly in 30 years;with feeds and water diminishing, and resistant diseases and parasites emerging. Upon ranking, pasture loss (42.2%);over-grazing (41.1%);cattle under-feeding (39.5%);and increasing cattle diseases and pests (61.0%) had high impact;while drying water sources (37.1%) had moderate effect. Farmers’ adaptiveness included mixed farming (96.5%);non-intensive dairying (95.1%);establishing own fodder (92.4%);rearing crossbred dairy cattle (87.7%);reducing dairy herd size to 2 (92.9%);relying mainly on household labour (94.6%);and maintaining a 10-year increasing trend in milk-income (68.4%). Z-scores indicated significant differences between adapters and non-adopters (p < 0.05). Civil societies, academic and research institutions should intensify farmer advisory services to complement government extension.展开更多
Aims Humid savannas,as a result of high precipitation amounts,are highly productive.they are also hotspots for land use change and potential sources of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))due to the large soil carbon(C)stocks.under...Aims Humid savannas,as a result of high precipitation amounts,are highly productive.they are also hotspots for land use change and potential sources of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))due to the large soil carbon(C)stocks.understanding how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange is influenced by changes arising from agricultural land use is vital in future management of these ecosystems and in responding to the ongoing shifts in manage-ment and climate.the aim of this study was to identify how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and biomass productivity of the herbaceous layer of a humid savanna in Kenya respond to current management practices.Methods We used flux chambers to quantify CO_(2) fluxes,while monthly harvests were undertaken to determine biomass development of the herba-ceous layer of three sites that were(i)fenced to exclude livestock graz-ing,(ii)subjected to grazing by livestock and(iii)abandoned after being cultivated for maize production and also open to grazing by livestock.Important findingsthe peak aboveground biomass ranged between 380 and 1449 g m−2 and biomass production was significantly(P<0.05)lower in the grazed and abandoned plots.the maximum gross primary production(gPP)and net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)ranged between 21.8±1.3 to 32.5±2.7 and−9.6±0.7 to−17.9±4.8μmol m−2 s−1,respectively.seasonal NEE fluctuations ranged between 10 and 21μmol m−2s−1,while spatial(among sites)differences ranged between 2 and 10μmol m−2 s−1.Ecosystem respiration(Reco)fluc-tuated between 5 and 10μmol m−2 s−1 during the growing sea-son.Reco was,however,not significantly different among the sites.unlike in other similar ecosystems where ecosystem respiration is determined by the ambient temperature,we did not find any rela-tionship between Reco and temperature in this savanna.Instead,soil moisture accounted for 38-88%of the spatial and seasonal fluc-tuations in ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes and aboveground biomass pro-duction.management influenced the maximum gPP and NEE rates through modification of soil moisture,plant species composition and aboveground biomass.We concluded that soil moisture is the key determinant of ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and productivity in this tropical savanna.management,however,significantly modifies C fluxes and productivity through its influence on soil moisture,plant species composition and aboveground green biomass and should be taken into consideration in future similar studies.展开更多
Global demand for food and bioenergy production has increased rapidly,while the area of arable land has been declining for decades due to damage caused by erosion,pollution,sea level rise,urban development,soil salini...Global demand for food and bioenergy production has increased rapidly,while the area of arable land has been declining for decades due to damage caused by erosion,pollution,sea level rise,urban development,soil salinization,and water scarcity driven by global climate change.In order to overcome this conflict,there is an urgent need to adapt conventional agriculture to water-limited and hotter conditions with plant crop systems that display higher water-use efficiency(WUE).Crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM)species have substantially higher WUE than species performing C3 or C4 photosynthesis.CAM plants are derived from C3 photosynthesis ancestors.However,it is extremely unlikely that the C3 or C4 crop plants would evolve rapidly into CAM photosynthesis without human intervention.Currently,there is growing interest in improving WUE through transferring CAM into C3 crops.However,engineering a major metabolic plant pathway,like CAM,is challenging and requires a comprehensive deep understanding of the enzymatic reactions and regulatory networks in both C3 and CAM photosynthesis,as well as overcoming physiometabolic limitations such as diurnal stomatal regulation.Recent advances in CAM evolutionary genomics research,genome editing,and synthetic biology have increased the likelihood of successful acceleration of C3-to-CAM progression.Here,we first summarize the systems biology-level understanding of the molecular processes in the CAM pathway.Then,we review the principles of CAM engineering in an evolutionary context.Lastly,we discuss the technical approaches to accelerate the C3-to-CAM transition in plants using synthetic biology toolboxes.展开更多
基金supported by the Rural Development Administration(PJ013821032020),Republic of Korea。
文摘A spectral reflectance sensor(SRS)fixed on the near-surface ground was developed to support the continuous monitoring of vegetation indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and photochemical reflectance index(PRI).NDVI is useful for indicating crop growth/phenology,whereas PRI was developed for observing physiological conditions.Thus,the seasonal change patterns of NDVI and PRI are two valuable pieces of information in a crop-monitoring system.However,capturing the seasonal patterns is considered challenging because the vegetation index values estimated by the reflection from vegetation are often governed by meteorological conditions,such as solar irradiance and precipitation.Further,unlike growth/phenology,the physiological condition has diurnal changes as well as seasonal characteristics.This study proposed a novel filtering method for extracting the seasonal signals of SRS-based NDVI and PRI in paddy rice,barley,and garlic.First,the measurement accuracy of SRSs was compared with handheld spectrometers,and the R^(2)values between the two devices were 0.96 and 0.81 for NDVI and PRI,respectively.Second,the experimental study of threshold criteria with respect to meteorological variables(i.e.,insolation,cloudiness,sunshine duration,and precipitation)was conducted,and sunshine duration was the most useful one for excluding distorted values of the vegetation indices.After data processing based on sunshine duration,the R^(2)values between the measured vegetation indices and the extracted seasonal signals of vegetation indices increased by approximately 0.002–0.004(NDVI)and 0.065–0.298(PRI)on the three crops,and the seasonal signals of vegetation indices became noticeably improved.This method will contribute to an agricultural monitoring system by identifying the seasonal changes in crop growth and physiological conditions.
文摘Based on RNA sequences using transcriptome analysis, 37 new simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets were developed for Perilla species. These new SSR markers were applied to analyze the genetic diversity among 15 accessions of Perilla species. A total of 182 alleles were confirmed in 37 loci, with an average of 4.9 alleles per locus and from 2 to 9 alleles per locus. The MAF (major allele frequency) per locus varied from 0.200 to 0.733, with an average of 0.463. The gene diversity (GD) ranged from 0.391 to 0.853, with an average of 0.670. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.624, ranging from 0.315 to 0.838. The new SSR markers of Perilla species reported in this study may provide potential markers to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic relationships of Perilla species. In addition, new Perilla SSR markers developed from transcriptome analysis can be useful for the identification of cultivars, conservation of Perilla germplasm resources, and genetic mapping and designating of important genes/QTLs for future Perilla crop breeding programs.
文摘Thirteen diverse anthocyanin pigmented wheat genotypes originating from different countries were investigated for agronomic and chemical traits. The results showed significant variation among wheat genotypes in yield and grain physical characteristics, Released cultivars were superior in grain yield, but other genetic resources exceeded the cultivars in regard to test weight, grain mass, or seed plumpness. In case of phytochemical content both genotypic and environmental effects were important for the observed variations. The total phenolic content varied from 120 to 177 mg ferulic acid equivalent per 100 g dry weight; total anthocyanin content from 3.4 to 75.2 ppm cyanidin glucoside equivalent; yellow pigment content from 2.6 and 7.6 ppm beta-carotene equivalent; protein content from 11.3 to 19.1%. The study demonstrated that Ethiopian wheats are a source of high levels of anthocyanins and protein content.
文摘Climate change (CC) impedes smallholder dairy industry in Kenya. Consequently, farmers’ adaptation to CC effects would greatly determine their resilience, profitability, and sustainable contribution to the economy. Socio-demography among other factors, determine smallholder farmers’ adaptive strategies to CC effects. This study sought to understand how smallholder dairy farmers in South Western Kenya adapt to climate changes and determine the relationship between famers’ adaptive strategies and their socio-demographics of sex, age, marital status, highest educational level, household size, and experience in dairying. Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods were used to collect primary and secondary data. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience obtained through multi-stage sampling of respondents from 4 sub counties of Migori county. The data collected included the respondents’ socio-demographics, climate changes and adaptability to CC effects. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with heads of government departments of Livestock Production, Cooperative Development, Meteorology, Environment and Agriculture Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) in Migori County. Others included the leadership of Rongo Dairy Farmers’ Cooperative Society, Lichota Livestock Development Farm, and a Research Officer for Livestock Production Systems with Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). Focus group discussions (FGDs), on the other hand, were conducted with old men and women (aged 60 years and above), and farmer groups from Rongo Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society, Cham Gi Wadu Dairy and Multipurpose Cooperative Society, and East Sakwa Farmers’ Development Group. These were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Descriptive statistics (percentages) were used to describe climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Percentages, minimum and maximum values, means, range, and standard deviations were used to describe respondents’ socio-demographics. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effect of farmers’ socio-demographics on their adaptive strategies to CC effects. Results indicated that individually, male farmers were more likely to adopt mixed crop and livestock farming (Odds = 3.97;p = 0.02) and experience an increasing trend in income earning from milk sales (Odds = 0.63;p = 0.04). Individually, older farmers were significantly more likely to establish own fodder (Odds = 0.96;p = 0.03), keep non-Friesians and their crosses (Odds = 0.97;p = 0.02), and experience increasing trends in income earned from milk sales (odds = 1.02;p = 0.02). Individually, household size significantly influenced establishment of own fodder (Odds = 0.69;p = 0.00) and jointly with the other 5 socio-demographic factors (Odds = 0.70;p = 0.00). With other socio-demographic factors, male farmers were more likely to rely mainly on household labour (Odds = 0.32;p = 0.05). Thus, gender, age and household size were found to have significant effects on smallholder dairy farmers’ adaptation to climate change effects in the study area.
文摘Despite great potential, Kenyan smallholder dairying faces diminishing land sizes, high input costs, poor extension contacts, non-responsive price policies, and new pests and diseases. Climate change will worsen the situation. This study sought to assess smallholder dairy farmers’ climate change adaptation level in Southwestern Kenya. Adopting Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods, primary and secondary data was collected. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire for climate changes and farmers’ adaptiveness was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience, obtained by multi-stage sampling from 4 sub-counties. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with farmer groups, heads of research, government departments and livestock farms;and the old that were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Percentages were used for climate change effect on smallholder dairying and farmers’ adaptation. Principal component analysis was used for factors with great influence on respondents’ climate change adaptiveness;while one proportion Z-score test was used for significant differences between adapters and non-adapters (p < 0.05). Flexible and systematic Framework Approach was used for qualitative data analysis by cases and 5 themes. Findings indicated that despite Migori County’s great dairying potential, climate changes have partly hindered full exploitation. Temperatures and rainfall increased slightly in 30 years;with feeds and water diminishing, and resistant diseases and parasites emerging. Upon ranking, pasture loss (42.2%);over-grazing (41.1%);cattle under-feeding (39.5%);and increasing cattle diseases and pests (61.0%) had high impact;while drying water sources (37.1%) had moderate effect. Farmers’ adaptiveness included mixed farming (96.5%);non-intensive dairying (95.1%);establishing own fodder (92.4%);rearing crossbred dairy cattle (87.7%);reducing dairy herd size to 2 (92.9%);relying mainly on household labour (94.6%);and maintaining a 10-year increasing trend in milk-income (68.4%). Z-scores indicated significant differences between adapters and non-adopters (p < 0.05). Civil societies, academic and research institutions should intensify farmer advisory services to complement government extension.
文摘Aims Humid savannas,as a result of high precipitation amounts,are highly productive.they are also hotspots for land use change and potential sources of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))due to the large soil carbon(C)stocks.understanding how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange is influenced by changes arising from agricultural land use is vital in future management of these ecosystems and in responding to the ongoing shifts in manage-ment and climate.the aim of this study was to identify how ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and biomass productivity of the herbaceous layer of a humid savanna in Kenya respond to current management practices.Methods We used flux chambers to quantify CO_(2) fluxes,while monthly harvests were undertaken to determine biomass development of the herba-ceous layer of three sites that were(i)fenced to exclude livestock graz-ing,(ii)subjected to grazing by livestock and(iii)abandoned after being cultivated for maize production and also open to grazing by livestock.Important findingsthe peak aboveground biomass ranged between 380 and 1449 g m−2 and biomass production was significantly(P<0.05)lower in the grazed and abandoned plots.the maximum gross primary production(gPP)and net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)ranged between 21.8±1.3 to 32.5±2.7 and−9.6±0.7 to−17.9±4.8μmol m−2 s−1,respectively.seasonal NEE fluctuations ranged between 10 and 21μmol m−2s−1,while spatial(among sites)differences ranged between 2 and 10μmol m−2 s−1.Ecosystem respiration(Reco)fluc-tuated between 5 and 10μmol m−2 s−1 during the growing sea-son.Reco was,however,not significantly different among the sites.unlike in other similar ecosystems where ecosystem respiration is determined by the ambient temperature,we did not find any rela-tionship between Reco and temperature in this savanna.Instead,soil moisture accounted for 38-88%of the spatial and seasonal fluc-tuations in ecosystem CO_(2) fluxes and aboveground biomass pro-duction.management influenced the maximum gPP and NEE rates through modification of soil moisture,plant species composition and aboveground biomass.We concluded that soil moisture is the key determinant of ecosystem CO_(2) exchange and productivity in this tropical savanna.management,however,significantly modifies C fluxes and productivity through its influence on soil moisture,plant species composition and aboveground green biomass and should be taken into consideration in future similar studies.
基金This work was supported by the Center for Bioenergy Innovation(CBI),a U.S.Department of Energy Bioenergy Research Center supported by the Office of Science Biological and Environmental Research(BER)The writing of this manuscript was also supported by the Department of Energy(Office of Science,Genomic Science Program)under award number DE-SC0008834+3 种基金SDL acknowledges support from the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(NRF-2019R1I1A1A01061727)DL acknowledges financial support from the National Science Foundation(NSF)under Award Number 1833402KM acknowledges support from start-up funding provided by the University of California,DavisPMS acknowledges support from the Department of Energy(DE-AC02-05CH11231).
文摘Global demand for food and bioenergy production has increased rapidly,while the area of arable land has been declining for decades due to damage caused by erosion,pollution,sea level rise,urban development,soil salinization,and water scarcity driven by global climate change.In order to overcome this conflict,there is an urgent need to adapt conventional agriculture to water-limited and hotter conditions with plant crop systems that display higher water-use efficiency(WUE).Crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM)species have substantially higher WUE than species performing C3 or C4 photosynthesis.CAM plants are derived from C3 photosynthesis ancestors.However,it is extremely unlikely that the C3 or C4 crop plants would evolve rapidly into CAM photosynthesis without human intervention.Currently,there is growing interest in improving WUE through transferring CAM into C3 crops.However,engineering a major metabolic plant pathway,like CAM,is challenging and requires a comprehensive deep understanding of the enzymatic reactions and regulatory networks in both C3 and CAM photosynthesis,as well as overcoming physiometabolic limitations such as diurnal stomatal regulation.Recent advances in CAM evolutionary genomics research,genome editing,and synthetic biology have increased the likelihood of successful acceleration of C3-to-CAM progression.Here,we first summarize the systems biology-level understanding of the molecular processes in the CAM pathway.Then,we review the principles of CAM engineering in an evolutionary context.Lastly,we discuss the technical approaches to accelerate the C3-to-CAM transition in plants using synthetic biology toolboxes.
