Dew and fog play major roles in providing the atmospheric moisture for plants and arthropods living in arid regions all over the world. Studies are needed to discriminate between dew and fog. A radiation system was de...Dew and fog play major roles in providing the atmospheric moisture for plants and arthropods living in arid regions all over the world. Studies are needed to discriminate between dew and fog. A radiation system was developed for measuring the incoming and outgoing solar （shortwave） radiation using two CM21 Kipp ＆ Zonen pyranometers （one inverted）, and the incoming （atmospheric） and outgoing （terrestrial） longwave radiation using two CG1 pyrgeometers in Logan （41047＇ N, 111~51＇ W, 1,460 m above mean sea level）, Utah, USA, continuously since 1995. These instruments are ventilated with heated air to prevent precipitation of dew and frost on the sensors, which otherwise would disturb the measurements. Based upon these measurements and an algorithm, the cloud base height, the cloud base temperature and percent of cloudiness can be parameterized at local scale. A cloud base height around zero would indicate fog at the local scale. In 1999, Bowen ratio system was added to measure the evapotranspiration, dew and frost continuously throughout the year at the same location close to the radiation system. Combining these two systems （radiation and Bowen ratio） has yielded a reasonable approach to differentiate between the atmospheric moistures collected by dew and fog.展开更多
Clouds affect the climate by positive and negative feedback. To study these effects at local scale, a radiation station was set up, which used two CM21 Kipp ＆ Zonen pyranometers （one inverted）, and two CG1 Kipp ＆ ...Clouds affect the climate by positive and negative feedback. To study these effects at local scale, a radiation station was set up, which used two CM21 Kipp ＆ Zonen pyranometers （one inverted）, and two CG1 Kipp ＆ Zonen pyrgeometers （one inverted） in Logan, Utah, USA. The pyranometers and pyrgeometers were ventilated using four CV2 Kipp ＆ Zonen ventilation systems. Ventilation of pyranometers and pyrgeometers prevent dew, frost and snow accumulation, which otherwise would disturb the measurement. Knowing that available energy （Rn） as Rn = Rsi - Rso ＋ Rli - Rio where Rsi and Rso are downward and upward solar radiation, respectively, and Rli and Rio as atmospheric and terrestrial, respectively, the effects of cloudiness were evaluated on a daily and annual basis. The results indicate that for the partly cloudy days of 4 and 5 September, 2007, cloudiness caused less available energy （Rn） in the amounts of-1.83 MJ·m^-2·d^-1 and -3.83 MJ·m^-2·d^-1 on these days, respectively. As shown, due to cloudiness at the experimental site, the net radiation loss was 2,804 - 4,055 = -1,251 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, which indicates a negative feedback due to cloudiness.展开更多
Over the past four years,significant research has advanced our understanding of how external factors influence tropical cyclone(TC)intensity changes.Research on air-sea interactions shows that increasing the moisture di...Over the past four years,significant research has advanced our understanding of how external factors influence tropical cyclone(TC)intensity changes.Research on air-sea interactions shows that increasing the moisture disequilibrium is a very effective way to increase surface heatfluxes and that ocean salinity-stratification plays a non-negligible part in TC intensity change.Vertical wind shear from the environment induces vortex misalignment,which controls the onset of significant TC intensification.Blocking due to upper-level outflow from TCs can reduce the magnitude of vertical wind shear,making for TC intensification.Enhanced TC-trough interactions are vital for rapid intensification in some TC cases because of strengthened warm air advection,but upper-level troughs are found to limit TC intensification in other cases due to dry midlevel air intrusions and increased shear.Aerosol effects on TCs can be divided into direct effects involving aerosol-radiation interactions and indirect effects involving aerosol-cloud interactions.The radiation absorption by the aerosols can change the temperature profile and affect outer rainbands through changes in stability and microphysics.Sea spray and sea salt aerosols are more important in the inner region,where the aerosols increase precipitation and latent heating,promoting more intensification.For landfalling TCs,the intensity decay is initially more sensitive to surface roughness than soil moisture,and the subsequent decay is mainly due to the rapid reduction in surface moisturefluxes.These new insights further sharpen our understanding of the mechanisms by which external factors influence TC intensity changes.展开更多
文摘Dew and fog play major roles in providing the atmospheric moisture for plants and arthropods living in arid regions all over the world. Studies are needed to discriminate between dew and fog. A radiation system was developed for measuring the incoming and outgoing solar （shortwave） radiation using two CM21 Kipp ＆ Zonen pyranometers （one inverted）, and the incoming （atmospheric） and outgoing （terrestrial） longwave radiation using two CG1 pyrgeometers in Logan （41047＇ N, 111~51＇ W, 1,460 m above mean sea level）, Utah, USA, continuously since 1995. These instruments are ventilated with heated air to prevent precipitation of dew and frost on the sensors, which otherwise would disturb the measurements. Based upon these measurements and an algorithm, the cloud base height, the cloud base temperature and percent of cloudiness can be parameterized at local scale. A cloud base height around zero would indicate fog at the local scale. In 1999, Bowen ratio system was added to measure the evapotranspiration, dew and frost continuously throughout the year at the same location close to the radiation system. Combining these two systems （radiation and Bowen ratio） has yielded a reasonable approach to differentiate between the atmospheric moistures collected by dew and fog.
文摘Clouds affect the climate by positive and negative feedback. To study these effects at local scale, a radiation station was set up, which used two CM21 Kipp ＆ Zonen pyranometers （one inverted）, and two CG1 Kipp ＆ Zonen pyrgeometers （one inverted） in Logan, Utah, USA. The pyranometers and pyrgeometers were ventilated using four CV2 Kipp ＆ Zonen ventilation systems. Ventilation of pyranometers and pyrgeometers prevent dew, frost and snow accumulation, which otherwise would disturb the measurement. Knowing that available energy （Rn） as Rn = Rsi - Rso ＋ Rli - Rio where Rsi and Rso are downward and upward solar radiation, respectively, and Rli and Rio as atmospheric and terrestrial, respectively, the effects of cloudiness were evaluated on a daily and annual basis. The results indicate that for the partly cloudy days of 4 and 5 September, 2007, cloudiness caused less available energy （Rn） in the amounts of-1.83 MJ·m^-2·d^-1 and -3.83 MJ·m^-2·d^-1 on these days, respectively. As shown, due to cloudiness at the experimental site, the net radiation loss was 2,804 - 4,055 = -1,251 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, which indicates a negative feedback due to cloudiness.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.42175005 and 41875054.
文摘Over the past four years,significant research has advanced our understanding of how external factors influence tropical cyclone(TC)intensity changes.Research on air-sea interactions shows that increasing the moisture disequilibrium is a very effective way to increase surface heatfluxes and that ocean salinity-stratification plays a non-negligible part in TC intensity change.Vertical wind shear from the environment induces vortex misalignment,which controls the onset of significant TC intensification.Blocking due to upper-level outflow from TCs can reduce the magnitude of vertical wind shear,making for TC intensification.Enhanced TC-trough interactions are vital for rapid intensification in some TC cases because of strengthened warm air advection,but upper-level troughs are found to limit TC intensification in other cases due to dry midlevel air intrusions and increased shear.Aerosol effects on TCs can be divided into direct effects involving aerosol-radiation interactions and indirect effects involving aerosol-cloud interactions.The radiation absorption by the aerosols can change the temperature profile and affect outer rainbands through changes in stability and microphysics.Sea spray and sea salt aerosols are more important in the inner region,where the aerosols increase precipitation and latent heating,promoting more intensification.For landfalling TCs,the intensity decay is initially more sensitive to surface roughness than soil moisture,and the subsequent decay is mainly due to the rapid reduction in surface moisturefluxes.These new insights further sharpen our understanding of the mechanisms by which external factors influence TC intensity changes.
