Nusantara,the new capital city of Indonesia,and its surrounding areas experienced intense heavy rainfall on 15-16 March 2022,leading to devastating and widespread flooding.However,the factors triggering such intense h...Nusantara,the new capital city of Indonesia,and its surrounding areas experienced intense heavy rainfall on 15-16 March 2022,leading to devastating and widespread flooding.However,the factors triggering such intense heavy rainfall and the underlying physical mechanisms are still not fully understood.Using high-resolution GSMaP(Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation)data,we show that a mesoscale convective system(MCS)was the primary cause of the heavy rainfall event.The rainfall peak occurred during the MCS's mature stage at 1800 UTC 15 March 2022,and diminished as it entered the dissipation stage.To understand the large-scale environmental factors affecting the MCS event,we analyzed contributions from the MJO,equatorial waves,and low-frequency variability to column water vapor and moisture flux convergence.Results indicate a substantial influence of the MJO and equatorial waves on lower-level(boundary layer)meridional moisture flux convergence during the pre-MCS stage and initiation,with their contributions accounting for up to80%during the growth phase.Moreover,while La Nina and the Asian monsoon had negligible impacts on MCS moisture supply,we find a large contribution from the residual term of the water vapour budget during the maturation and decay phases of the MCS.This suggests that local forcing(such as small-scale convection,local evaporation,land-surface feedback,and topography)also contributed to modulation of the intensity and duration of the MCS.The results of this study can help in our understanding of the potential causes of extreme rainfall in Nusantara and could be leveraged to improve rainstorm forecasting and risk management across the region in the future.展开更多
Vegetable oil production from oil palm(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)is an important industry due to the rising demand every year.The somatic embryogenesis culture can propagate oil palm duplicate as parent plant,which can ...Vegetable oil production from oil palm(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)is an important industry due to the rising demand every year.The somatic embryogenesis culture can propagate oil palm duplicate as parent plant,which can be selected as breeding material to produce new planting germplasm with high production or disease resistance.This study aims to evaluate the genotypic effect of somatic embryogenesis,while immature leaflets were employed as explants.The culture used embryo induction medium based on Murashige and Skoog(MS)modifications that contained 5 mg/L Naphthalene Acetic acid(NAA)and 0.5 mg/L Benzyl Amino Purine(BAP).The genotypic effect was statistically significant in the percentage of callus induction,producing somatic embryos,and germination embryos.In this study,we successfully cloned thirteen oil palm genotypes(GE-02,GE-03,GE-06,GE-07,GE-09,GE-23,GE-24,GE-27,GE-28,GE-32,GE-33,GE-34,and GE-35),with the highest number of somatic embryos formed on GE-27 with a percentage of 70.1%.The cloning was successful in accelerating the propagation of oil palm for materials breeding programs to create new varieties with high production and disease resistance.It is necessary to observation the performance of these clones in the field in terms of mantle flower appearance.展开更多
At the moment, there is no system to evaluate climate suitability for rubber cultivation. Most of land evaluation systems in Peninsular Malaysia often overlooked climate as not important on the assumption that the eff...At the moment, there is no system to evaluate climate suitability for rubber cultivation. Most of land evaluation systems in Peninsular Malaysia often overlooked climate as not important on the assumption that the effect of climatic factors on rubber yield are small. The system to evaluate climate suitability follows the FAO （Food and Agriculture Organization） Framework for Laud Evaluation but employs a parametric approach using climatic data which are easily available. The climatic criteria used are mean annual temperature, mean daily maximum temperature, mean daily minimum temperature, mean annual rainfall, length of dry season, amount of sunshine, maximum wind speed and mean annual relative humidity. The evaluation of climate was carried out using information from nine meteorological stations in Peninsular Malaysia viz. Alor Star （Kedah）, Ipoh （Perak）, Subang （Selangor）, Malacca （Malacca）, Kluang （Johore）, Senai （Johore）, Kuantan （Pahang）, Kuala Krai （Kelantan） and Tanah Merah （Kelantan）. The results for actual suitability classification showed that eight of the stations are highly suitable （S1） for rubber cultivation with land indices ranging from 75 to 93. One station Alor Star is moderately suitable （S2y） due to dry season. The results for potential suitability classification showed that all the stations are highly suitable for rubber cultivation with land indices ranging from 90 to 99.展开更多
The use of filamentous fungi in bioremediation of heavy metal contamination has been developed recently. This research aims to observe the capability of filamentous fungi isolated from forest soil for bioremediation o...The use of filamentous fungi in bioremediation of heavy metal contamination has been developed recently. This research aims to observe the capability of filamentous fungi isolated from forest soil for bioremediation of mercury contamination in a substrate. Six fungal strains were selected based on their capability to grow in 25 mg/L Hg2＋-contaminated potato dextrose agar plates. Fungal strain KRP1 showed the highest ratio of growth diameter, 0.831, thus was chosen for further observation. Identification based on colony and cell morphology carried out by 18S rRNA analysis gave a 98% match to Aspergillusflavus strain KRP1. The fungal characteristics in mercury（II） contamination such as range of optimum pH, optimum temperature and tolerance level were 5.5-7 and 25-35℃ and 100 mg/L respectively. The concentration of mercury in the media affected fungal growth during lag phases. The capability of the fungal strain to remove the mercury（II） contaminant was evaluated in 100 mL sterile 10 mg/L Hg2＋-contaminated potato dextrose broth media in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks inoculated with 108 spore/mL fungal spore suspension and incubation at 30℃ for 7 days. The mercury（II） utilization was observed for flasks shaken in a 130 r/min orbital shaker （shaken） and non- shaken flasks （static） treatments. Flasks containing contaminated media with no fungal spores were also provided as control. All treatments were done in triplicate. The strain was able to remove 97.50% and 98.73% mercury from shaken and static systems respectively. A.flavus strain KRPI seems to have potential use in bioremediation of aqueous substrates containing mercury（II） through a biosorption mechanism.展开更多
Cereals, including barley, have been playing a key role in human diet for a long time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of nanosilver(nAg) on limitation of infections, morphological featu...Cereals, including barley, have been playing a key role in human diet for a long time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of nanosilver(nAg) on limitation of infections, morphological features, and their chemical composition of young barley seedlings under in vitro condition. Addition of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg into MS medium was used.Obtained results showed that the effect on the morphological features depended on the nAg concentration. The addition of 6 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg into MS medium limited the number of infected barley embryos in vitro, whereas 4 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg resulted in the highest seedlings with the longest roots. nAg in the medium affected the colour of leaves and increased the contents of chlorophyll and β-carotene, in particular in seedlings growing in MS medium supplied with 6 mg dm^–3 nAg.The addition of 8 mg dm^–3 had the greatest effect on the contents of vitamin C and E in young barley seedlings. It was found that the contents of K and Ca in the young barley leaves were lower, as compared to control plants. The presence of 6 mg dm^–3 nAg in the medium resulted in an increased contents of N, Mg, Zn, Cu, and P. Hence, a diversified effect of nAg on individual groups of polyphenolic compounds was noticed. The presence of 2 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg caused higher content values of polyphenolic compounds in young barley leaves.展开更多
Ficus deltoidea Jack （Moraceae） or Mas Cotek is a small shrub with a great morphological variation. Measurement of 40 morphological traits had been done on 50 accessions to find the most significant characters that ...Ficus deltoidea Jack （Moraceae） or Mas Cotek is a small shrub with a great morphological variation. Measurement of 40 morphological traits had been done on 50 accessions to find the most significant characters that enable differentiation being done according to its variety groups. The data were analyzed with principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis （CA） using cluster software package programme to produce the scatter diagram and dendrogram relationship of the taxa. The results showed that there were 25 morphological characters having the value of factor analysis greater than 0.60 from its principal component （PC） with the Eigen value greater than 1.0. 16 out of 40 morphological characters had been identified as having high values of correlation coefficient ranging from -0.783 to 0.890. The analysis showed that the most responsible characters in grouping the samples into different groups are the shape and size of leaf, number and color of dots on the leaf surface and characters of syconium. The scatter diagram of the accessions on the PC1 against PC2 showed six major groups. The dendrogram displayed the relationship among the accessions and within the dissimilarity distance = 19, it classified the samples into five major groups. Observation on F. deltoidea resulted in the findings of high variability among the accessions. The most significant characters in grouping accessions are the shapes of leaf base （BL）, shape of leaf apex （SA）, ratio of lamina width to lamina length （R）, dots color at the lower midrib （DLM）, color of young syconium （CYS）, color of mature syconium （CMS） and the number of syconium on trees （DST）. This study provides basic information for introduction of some particular traits and effective conservation of the species breeding programme. The morphological traits were found to be useful for the diversity studies and in identifying the variation. The actual figures of F. deltoidea obtained through this study enable comparison being done to the previous and in future study. Hence, the varieties that are extinct could be recognised.展开更多
The present study describes a direct shoot regeneration-based micropropagation procedure for Vanilla planifolia. Two types of explant (i.e. shoot apex and stem nodal segment) were screened for their shoot induction po...The present study describes a direct shoot regeneration-based micropropagation procedure for Vanilla planifolia. Two types of explant (i.e. shoot apex and stem nodal segment) were screened for their shoot induction potential following a three-month treatment with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Results indicated that the shoot apices were poor candidates for shoot induction whereas the stem nodal segments showed potential for shoot initiation at a rate of up to 6 shoots/explant. Stem nodal segments were the most responsive as shoots formed (55 shoots) directly following treatments with 1 mg/L BAP at half strength MS medium after the third subculture. In addition, more shoots were produced on solid medium treatments compared to the liquid medium treatments in two strengths of mediums tested. Regenerated plantlets derived from the 1 mg/L of BAP treatment were induced to root following a one month culture in growth regulator-free MS medium. There was 90% survival rate of the rooted plantlets after acclimatization in the greenhouse. The findings in the present study would be helpful for large-scale mass propagation of Vanilla planifolia using this simple and efficient protocol.展开更多
Generally, the diameter of organic melon fruit relatively short （the fruit is small）, weight of fruit just as big as 1.25-1.49 kg only, while weight of inorganic melon fruit can reach 2-3 kg. The research was conduc...Generally, the diameter of organic melon fruit relatively short （the fruit is small）, weight of fruit just as big as 1.25-1.49 kg only, while weight of inorganic melon fruit can reach 2-3 kg. The research was conducted by experiment method with the aim to enhance quality of the organic melon fruit. Experiment I is： N, P and K fertilizer solution concentration as main plot （0, 20, 30, and 40 g L^-1） and dose of cow manure fertilizer as sub plot （0, 10, 15, and 20 ton hal） （there are 16 treatment combinations）. Experiment II is kinds of dung as main plot （chicken, cow, and goat） and dose of fertilizer as sub plot （20, 25, and 30 ton hat） （there are 9 treatment combinations）. Experiment III is dose of cow manure fertilizer as main plot （15, 20, 25, and 30 ton hal） and gibberellins concentration as sub plot （0, 30, 60, and 120 ppm） and （there are 16 treatment combinations）. Each of the treatment combination replicated 3 times. The result showed that chicken, cow, and goats manure can be used in organic cultivation of melons, and cow manure has the highest potential. The role of the dose is relatively low in plant growth, but to improve the quality of fruit need dose of 10-15 tons hat. The addition of inorganic NPK fertilizer solution or use of gibberellins can increase growth and fruit quality of melon （the used of gibberellins are recommended）.展开更多
Pomegranate pomace is the solid waste of the pomegranate juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits,which is processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high...Pomegranate pomace is the solid waste of the pomegranate juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits,which is processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses.Pomegranate pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which could substitute the potentially hazardous synthetic antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics sectors.In this work,eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of pomegranate pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce effectively novel natural antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts.A three-factorial response surface optimization methodology with centered Box&Behnken experimental design was used to obtain the predictive models and the maximum values of total polyphenols,total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity(TAC).The three optimization factors involved were:(a)water/solid ratio;(b)extraction temperature;(c)extraction time and the effectiveness and robustness of the three models were statistically verified by ANOVA.展开更多
Catch crops that are cultivated for green manure play an important role in improving soil properties. A 3-year field experi- ment was conducted to investigate the effect of catch crop （pea, Pisum sativum L.） managem...Catch crops that are cultivated for green manure play an important role in improving soil properties. A 3-year field experi- ment was conducted to investigate the effect of catch crop （pea, Pisum sativum L.） management, i.e., incorporation of catch crop in October/November （autumn） and March （spring）, and without catch crop （control）, on soil organic carbon （SOC）, microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and the activities of carbon （C）-cycle enzymes, including cellulase （Cel）, β-glucosidase （Glu） and invertase （Inv）. Additionally, soil total nitrogen （TN） and pHKcl were investigated. The catch crop was cultivated from August to October each year during 2008-2010. Soil samples were collected from the field of spring barley （Hordeum vulgate L.） that had been grown after the catch crop. Soil samples for microbial activity determination were taken in March, May, June and August in 2009, 2010 and 2011, while SOC and TN contents as well as pHKc1 were determined in March and August. The chemical properties studied did not show significant changes as influenced by the experimental factors. The use of catch crop significantly increased the MBC content and the activities of C-cycle enzymes compared to the control. When the catch crop was incorporated in spring, a significantly higher MBC content was noted in March and May compared to autumn incorporation. Moreover, the spring incorporation of the catch crop significantly increased the Glu activity （except March）, while the activities of Cel and Inv as well as the rate of soil basal respiration were usually unaffected by the time of catch crop incorporation. Greater microbial biomass and higher enzyme activities in the catch crop-treated soil, compared to the control, indicated that the application of the catch crop as a green manure could be recommended as a promising technique to increase the biological activity of the soil. Since there was no significant effect or no consistent results were obtained related to the time of catch crop incorporation, both spring and autumn applications can be recommended as a management tool to improve the status of soil properties during the growth of a subsequent crop.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of Panax ginseng(P.ginseng)root by measuring the levels of nitric oxide(NO),tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and interleukin-10(IL...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of Panax ginseng(P.ginseng)root by measuring the levels of nitric oxide(NO),tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and interleukin-10(IL-10)in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells.METHODS:Maximal non-toxic dose(MNTD)of methanol extract of P.ginseng root culture on BV2 microglia cells was first determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay,followed by treatment and LPS stimulation of cells,and the measurement of NO using Griess assay and TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-10 using ELISA assay.RESULTS:The MNTD of P.ginseng root extract was determined to be(587±57)µg/mL.Following that,NO and IL-6 levels were found to be insignificantly reduced by 6.88%and 0.14%respectively in stimulated cells upon treatment with MNTD.Treatment with½MNTD yielded similar insignificant result,with only a reduction of 3.58%and 0.08%in NO and IL-6 levels respectively.However,TNF-αand IL-10 levels were significantly downregulated by 15.64%and 34.96%respectively upon treatment with P.ginseng root extract at MNTD.CONCLUSION:Methanol extract of P.ginseng root culture did not show any significant anti-inflammatory effects on NO and IL-6 levels,but might potentially possess both anti-neuroinflammatory and pro-neuroinflammatory properties through the downregulation of TNF-αand IL-10 respectively.展开更多
Modelling the impact of climate change on cropping systems is crucial to support policy-making for farmers and stakeholders.Nevertheless,there exists inherent uncertainty in such cases.General Circulation Models(GCMs)...Modelling the impact of climate change on cropping systems is crucial to support policy-making for farmers and stakeholders.Nevertheless,there exists inherent uncertainty in such cases.General Circulation Models(GCMs)and future climate change scenarios(different Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs)in different future time periods)are among the major sources of uncertainty in projecting the impact of climate change on crop grain yield.This study quantified the different sources of uncertainty associated with future climate change impact on wheat grain yield in dryland environments(Shiraz,Hamedan,Sanandaj,Kermanshah and Khorramabad)in eastern and southern Iran.These five representative locations can be categorized into three climate classes:arid cold(Shiraz),semi-arid cold(Hamedan and Sanandaj)and semi-arid cool(Kermanshah and Khorramabad).Accordingly,the downscaled daily outputs of 29 GCMs under two RCPs(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5)in the near future(2030s),middle future(2050s)and far future(2080s)were used as inputs for the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator(APSIM)-wheat model.Analysis of variance(ANOVA)was employed to quantify the sources of uncertainty in projecting the impact of climate change on wheat grain yield.Years from 1980 to 2009 were regarded as the baseline period.The projection results indicated that wheat grain yield was expected to increase by 12.30%,17.10%,and 17.70%in the near future(2030s),middle future(2050s)and far future(2080s),respectively.The increases differed under different RCPs in different future time periods,ranging from 11.70%(under RCP4.5 in the 2030s)to 20.20%(under RCP8.5 in the 2080s)by averaging all GCMs and locations,implying that future wheat grain yield depended largely upon the rising CO2 concentrations.ANOVA results revealed that more than 97.22% of the variance in future wheat grain yield was explained by locations,followed by scenarios,GCMs,and their interactions.Specifically,at the semi-arid climate locations(Hamedan,Sanandaj,Kermanshah and Khorramabad),most of the variations arose from the scenarios(77.25%),while at the arid climate location(Shiraz),GCMs(54.00%)accounted for the greatest variation.Overall,the ensemble use of a wide range of GCMs should be given priority to narrow the uncertainty when projecting wheat grain yield under changing climate conditions,particularly in dryland environments characterized by large fluctuations in rainfall and temperature.Moreover,the current research suggested some GCMs(e.g.,the IPSL-CM5B-LR,CCSM4,and BNU-ESM)that made moderate effects in projecting the impact of climate change on wheat grain yield to be used to project future climate conditions in similar environments worldwide.展开更多
Improved rice varieties(IRVs)play a significant role in establishing food security and improving livelihood in the Global South since its introduction in the 1960s.However,the adoption of new IRVs has remained relativ...Improved rice varieties(IRVs)play a significant role in establishing food security and improving livelihood in the Global South since its introduction in the 1960s.However,the adoption of new IRVs has remained relatively low.This low adoption poses a challenge to rice-producing and consuming countries as they are increasingly threatened by production shortages,malnutrition,and poor rice quality.Many empirical studies have attempted to identify the determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs by distinguishing the characteristics between adopters and non-adopters.This review showed a consensus on the important determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs in the Global South.Findings synthesized from 99 studies suggested that variables(farm size,education,information access and farm location)examined extensively are not necessarily the most important determinants of adoption when undertaking a weighted analysis.Terrain,source of seed and technology-related attributes(perceived yield,maturity,ease of use,marketability and technical efficiency)are more important determinants of adoption,with determinants changing according to adoption type(probability or intensity of adoption),variety type and region.The recommendations for future adoption studies include:incorporating more technology-specific variables,increasing research for overlooked regions and variety types,shifting away from predominant static analysis by capturing the dynamics of the adoption process,and considering the potential biases in analyses.This review will facilitate the development of targeted interventions and policies that promote IRV adoption in the Global South.展开更多
Nitrogen is an effective material for improving the crop production. There is a big concern about rising chemical nitrogen usage as fertilizer in soil, because some forms of nitrogen absorbs in soil and causes an incr...Nitrogen is an effective material for improving the crop production. There is a big concern about rising chemical nitrogen usage as fertilizer in soil, because some forms of nitrogen absorbs in soil and causes an increase of environment and water pollution and decrease fertilizer efficiency. Composted cow manure is an important resource of organic nitrogen which improves the soil conditions. However, low density of composted cow manure and inconstant nutrient content are two factors that limit the application of composted cow manure. The densification technology is an effective solution for both problems. In this research first the capability of single screw extruder for production of fertilizer pellets including composted cow manure and nitrogen fertilizer was studied and then the effect of fertilizer pellet on the reduction of chemical nitrogen consumption was evaluated. The response of basil plants was determined in three treatments: T1 control (no fertilizer), T2 (nitrogen fertilizer) and T3 (pellet). The results showed that pelletization can be used as a proper method for slow-release nitrogen fertilizer;enhance nitrogen uptake and reducing the chemical nitrogen consumption. The results also showed that all basil responses (chlorophyll content, total weight, leaves weight, root weight and leaf area) were significantly affected by application of N fertilizer and pellet. While maximum recorded parameters were observed with application pellet.展开更多
Quantitative information about solar radiation in agroforestry system is relatively limited. The research by survey was conducted from October 2002 to February 2003 in Central of Java. The aim of the research was to s...Quantitative information about solar radiation in agroforestry system is relatively limited. The research by survey was conducted from October 2002 to February 2003 in Central of Java. The aim of the research was to study the amount of solar radiation below forest trees stand. The locations of the survey were chosen or determined based on the kinds of trees and forests. They were Purwodadi （teak, mahogany and sonokeling production forest）, Karanganyar and Purworejo （pines production forest） and Klaten （semolina and yucca as conservation forest）. The decrease in the relative＇s irradiation fraction （RIF） under the trees is related to the increase in the tree aging, adjusted to the exponential decrease model （RIF = 1.25e - 0.18X）. The RIF under tree canopy is clearly explained by diameter on the breast height diameter of trunk （DBH） divided by the half of tree row spacing （2D/（X ＋ Y））, so the RIF model is RIF = e - 0.2829 （2D/（X＋ Y））.展开更多
Area of cultivating garlic in Indonesia experienced a sharp decline. In a period of 20 years （1991-2011）, the decline of garlic planting area reaches 91%. The fact is causing erosion of genetic resources of several ...Area of cultivating garlic in Indonesia experienced a sharp decline. In a period of 20 years （1991-2011）, the decline of garlic planting area reaches 91%. The fact is causing erosion of genetic resources of several varieties of garlic. Propagated vegetatively garlic through in vitro culture aims to obtain quality bulblet. This study aims to get the combination treatment between paclobutrazol, indole acetic acid （IAA）, indole butyric acid （IBA） and naphthalene acetic acid （NAA） in some varieties of garlic in Indonesia. This study used a completely randomized design （CRD） with two treatment factors, i.e., on varieties （Bali, Gunung Kidul, Slawi, Tawangmangu and Mataram） and 1.5 ppm paclobutrazol combination with a wide auxin （IAA 0.5 ppm, 0.5 ppm IBA, NAA 0.5 ppm）. Variable observations include the current appear shoots and roots, number of shoots and roots, shoots and root length. Observations showed that the combination of paclobutrazol ＋ NAA is able to produce plantlets that have the best vigor than paclohutrazol ＋ IAA and paclobutrazol ＋ IBA combination treatment.展开更多
Artemisia annua is a plant used to cure malaria diseases. Artemisia plant contains artemisinin as secondary metabolite that used to eliminate parasite that caused malaria, such as Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisia grow...Artemisia annua is a plant used to cure malaria diseases. Artemisia plant contains artemisinin as secondary metabolite that used to eliminate parasite that caused malaria, such as Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisia growth affects production of artemisinin content in plant. Therefore, necessary environment conditions and appropriate organic manure application are needed to support the growth of Artemisia. This research aimed to determine the effect of fertilizer type and proportion in the medium on the Artemisia growth. This research was conducted at greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, in October 2015 to January 2016. This research used a completely randomized design （CRD）, consisting of two factors of treatment with three replications. The first factor was type of fertilizer that consists of three types： horse manure fertilizer, compost filter press mud and cow manure fertilizer. The second factor was proportion of fertilizer with media consisted of five levels： fertilizer as media, proportion of fertilizer with media 4：1, 3：2, 2：3 and 1：4. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan＇s multiple range test with level of 5%. It can be concluded that treatment with compost filter press mud provided the highest of plant height, root length, days to flowering, root volume, fresh weight and dry weight of crop.展开更多
The aim of this study was to know the influence of plant growth regulator gibberellins on plant growth and production of Kopek and Gelatik purple eggplant.This study has been done in Educational and Research Garden in...The aim of this study was to know the influence of plant growth regulator gibberellins on plant growth and production of Kopek and Gelatik purple eggplant.This study has been done in Educational and Research Garden in Stiper Agriculture University at Maguwoharjo,Depok,Sleman,Yogyakarta in September 2016 to February 2017.The experimental design used was CRD(Completely Randomized Design)with two factors.The first factor was different kinds of gibberellins consisting of G0(no gibberellin/control),G1(young bamboo gibberellin)and G2(corn gibberellin)and G3(inorganic gibberellin).The second factor was the kind of 2 varieties consisting of purple eggplants.V1 variety was Kopek purple eggplant and V2 variety was Gelatik purple eggplant.The study used six replications.Data were analyzed by Anova followed by DMRT(Duncan’s Multiple Range Test)at 5%significant level.The result showed significantly interaction between kinds of gibberellins with eggplant variety on plant height.The Kopek purple with inorganic gibberellin significantly was the best.Kopek purple eggplant was much more in growth and production than Gelatik purple eggplant.展开更多
The objective was to investigate the major effect of freezing rate and freezing methods on physical properties of fish balls made with various flour contents. The fish balls were observed to be almost in temperature a...The objective was to investigate the major effect of freezing rate and freezing methods on physical properties of fish balls made with various flour contents. The fish balls were observed to be almost in temperature at -28℃ for air-blast freezer, at -100 ℃ in the liquid nitrogen and the standard house freezing were done at -18℃. The air-blast had the freezing rate of 11.82-20.84 cm h1 while those frozen by liquid nitrogen had the freezing rate of 13.36-22.38 cm/h and standard house freezer held lower freezing rate （7. ! 5-8.02 cm hl）. Texture profile analysis results showed that ubi badak＇s flour gel was harder, sticky, gummy and chewy than that of wheat and banana＇s flour gels. The proximate analysis revealed that wheat flour had higher protein and moisture content compared to banana and ubi badak flours.展开更多
In Indonesia, shallot cultivation finds difficulties to produce high viability seed. That low viability is caused by the abnormality of seed＇s structure. Normal shallot seeds have seed structure that consists of： te...In Indonesia, shallot cultivation finds difficulties to produce high viability seed. That low viability is caused by the abnormality of seed＇s structure. Normal shallot seeds have seed structure that consists of： testa, endosperm, and embryo. Normal embryo has curved shape which it has one cotyledon in endosperm. This research purpose is to find shallot viability and structure that is cultivated in tropic area, especially in Indonesia. This research is a deep observation research about water level, seeds viability and seeds structure monitoring by using microscope. To make a clearance about seeds structure composition, seeds are mixed with tetrazolium salt. Monitoring result shows that seed water level at harvest time is 18%, laid away at one month age is 13%, two months age is 12% and three months age is 10%. Seed viability at harvest until twenty nine days, seed that is germinated around 8%. At two months viability seed laid age until twenty two days is 36.6%. Meanwhile three months age laid viability test is done with germination boost compounding shows that IAA is able to fasten germination. At IAA treatment viability seeds are 17.25% that is followed with GA3 treatment around 13%. Another boosting substance that it＇s viability is only below 4%. Low viability is also proved by the seed structure. The result shows that mostly, the seeds has abnormal structure.展开更多
基金supported by the Budget Execution(Allotment)Document,National Research and Innovation Agency(BRIN)in 2022(Grant No.SP DIPA-124.01.1.690504/2022)。
文摘Nusantara,the new capital city of Indonesia,and its surrounding areas experienced intense heavy rainfall on 15-16 March 2022,leading to devastating and widespread flooding.However,the factors triggering such intense heavy rainfall and the underlying physical mechanisms are still not fully understood.Using high-resolution GSMaP(Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation)data,we show that a mesoscale convective system(MCS)was the primary cause of the heavy rainfall event.The rainfall peak occurred during the MCS's mature stage at 1800 UTC 15 March 2022,and diminished as it entered the dissipation stage.To understand the large-scale environmental factors affecting the MCS event,we analyzed contributions from the MJO,equatorial waves,and low-frequency variability to column water vapor and moisture flux convergence.Results indicate a substantial influence of the MJO and equatorial waves on lower-level(boundary layer)meridional moisture flux convergence during the pre-MCS stage and initiation,with their contributions accounting for up to80%during the growth phase.Moreover,while La Nina and the Asian monsoon had negligible impacts on MCS moisture supply,we find a large contribution from the residual term of the water vapour budget during the maturation and decay phases of the MCS.This suggests that local forcing(such as small-scale convection,local evaporation,land-surface feedback,and topography)also contributed to modulation of the intensity and duration of the MCS.The results of this study can help in our understanding of the potential causes of extreme rainfall in Nusantara and could be leveraged to improve rainstorm forecasting and risk management across the region in the future.
基金funded by the Penelitian Disertasi Doktor(PDD)program 2022 No.51/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP DRTPM/TI/2022 of the Directorate General of Research,TechnologyCommunity Service,Ministry of Education,Culture,Research,and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.
文摘Vegetable oil production from oil palm(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)is an important industry due to the rising demand every year.The somatic embryogenesis culture can propagate oil palm duplicate as parent plant,which can be selected as breeding material to produce new planting germplasm with high production or disease resistance.This study aims to evaluate the genotypic effect of somatic embryogenesis,while immature leaflets were employed as explants.The culture used embryo induction medium based on Murashige and Skoog(MS)modifications that contained 5 mg/L Naphthalene Acetic acid(NAA)and 0.5 mg/L Benzyl Amino Purine(BAP).The genotypic effect was statistically significant in the percentage of callus induction,producing somatic embryos,and germination embryos.In this study,we successfully cloned thirteen oil palm genotypes(GE-02,GE-03,GE-06,GE-07,GE-09,GE-23,GE-24,GE-27,GE-28,GE-32,GE-33,GE-34,and GE-35),with the highest number of somatic embryos formed on GE-27 with a percentage of 70.1%.The cloning was successful in accelerating the propagation of oil palm for materials breeding programs to create new varieties with high production and disease resistance.It is necessary to observation the performance of these clones in the field in terms of mantle flower appearance.
文摘At the moment, there is no system to evaluate climate suitability for rubber cultivation. Most of land evaluation systems in Peninsular Malaysia often overlooked climate as not important on the assumption that the effect of climatic factors on rubber yield are small. The system to evaluate climate suitability follows the FAO （Food and Agriculture Organization） Framework for Laud Evaluation but employs a parametric approach using climatic data which are easily available. The climatic criteria used are mean annual temperature, mean daily maximum temperature, mean daily minimum temperature, mean annual rainfall, length of dry season, amount of sunshine, maximum wind speed and mean annual relative humidity. The evaluation of climate was carried out using information from nine meteorological stations in Peninsular Malaysia viz. Alor Star （Kedah）, Ipoh （Perak）, Subang （Selangor）, Malacca （Malacca）, Kluang （Johore）, Senai （Johore）, Kuantan （Pahang）, Kuala Krai （Kelantan） and Tanah Merah （Kelantan）. The results for actual suitability classification showed that eight of the stations are highly suitable （S1） for rubber cultivation with land indices ranging from 75 to 93. One station Alor Star is moderately suitable （S2y） due to dry season. The results for potential suitability classification showed that all the stations are highly suitable for rubber cultivation with land indices ranging from 90 to 99.
基金High gratitude to Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia for the full support through DIKTI Scholarship, Brawijaya University, and Yamaguchi University
文摘The use of filamentous fungi in bioremediation of heavy metal contamination has been developed recently. This research aims to observe the capability of filamentous fungi isolated from forest soil for bioremediation of mercury contamination in a substrate. Six fungal strains were selected based on their capability to grow in 25 mg/L Hg2＋-contaminated potato dextrose agar plates. Fungal strain KRP1 showed the highest ratio of growth diameter, 0.831, thus was chosen for further observation. Identification based on colony and cell morphology carried out by 18S rRNA analysis gave a 98% match to Aspergillusflavus strain KRP1. The fungal characteristics in mercury（II） contamination such as range of optimum pH, optimum temperature and tolerance level were 5.5-7 and 25-35℃ and 100 mg/L respectively. The concentration of mercury in the media affected fungal growth during lag phases. The capability of the fungal strain to remove the mercury（II） contaminant was evaluated in 100 mL sterile 10 mg/L Hg2＋-contaminated potato dextrose broth media in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks inoculated with 108 spore/mL fungal spore suspension and incubation at 30℃ for 7 days. The mercury（II） utilization was observed for flasks shaken in a 130 r/min orbital shaker （shaken） and non- shaken flasks （static） treatments. Flasks containing contaminated media with no fungal spores were also provided as control. All treatments were done in triplicate. The strain was able to remove 97.50% and 98.73% mercury from shaken and static systems respectively. A.flavus strain KRPI seems to have potential use in bioremediation of aqueous substrates containing mercury（II） through a biosorption mechanism.
基金supported by the grant of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland (518-07-0143171-03/18)
文摘Cereals, including barley, have been playing a key role in human diet for a long time. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of nanosilver(nAg) on limitation of infections, morphological features, and their chemical composition of young barley seedlings under in vitro condition. Addition of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg into MS medium was used.Obtained results showed that the effect on the morphological features depended on the nAg concentration. The addition of 6 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg into MS medium limited the number of infected barley embryos in vitro, whereas 4 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg resulted in the highest seedlings with the longest roots. nAg in the medium affected the colour of leaves and increased the contents of chlorophyll and β-carotene, in particular in seedlings growing in MS medium supplied with 6 mg dm^–3 nAg.The addition of 8 mg dm^–3 had the greatest effect on the contents of vitamin C and E in young barley seedlings. It was found that the contents of K and Ca in the young barley leaves were lower, as compared to control plants. The presence of 6 mg dm^–3 nAg in the medium resulted in an increased contents of N, Mg, Zn, Cu, and P. Hence, a diversified effect of nAg on individual groups of polyphenolic compounds was noticed. The presence of 2 and 8 mg dm^–3 nAg caused higher content values of polyphenolic compounds in young barley leaves.
文摘Ficus deltoidea Jack （Moraceae） or Mas Cotek is a small shrub with a great morphological variation. Measurement of 40 morphological traits had been done on 50 accessions to find the most significant characters that enable differentiation being done according to its variety groups. The data were analyzed with principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis （CA） using cluster software package programme to produce the scatter diagram and dendrogram relationship of the taxa. The results showed that there were 25 morphological characters having the value of factor analysis greater than 0.60 from its principal component （PC） with the Eigen value greater than 1.0. 16 out of 40 morphological characters had been identified as having high values of correlation coefficient ranging from -0.783 to 0.890. The analysis showed that the most responsible characters in grouping the samples into different groups are the shape and size of leaf, number and color of dots on the leaf surface and characters of syconium. The scatter diagram of the accessions on the PC1 against PC2 showed six major groups. The dendrogram displayed the relationship among the accessions and within the dissimilarity distance = 19, it classified the samples into five major groups. Observation on F. deltoidea resulted in the findings of high variability among the accessions. The most significant characters in grouping accessions are the shapes of leaf base （BL）, shape of leaf apex （SA）, ratio of lamina width to lamina length （R）, dots color at the lower midrib （DLM）, color of young syconium （CYS）, color of mature syconium （CMS） and the number of syconium on trees （DST）. This study provides basic information for introduction of some particular traits and effective conservation of the species breeding programme. The morphological traits were found to be useful for the diversity studies and in identifying the variation. The actual figures of F. deltoidea obtained through this study enable comparison being done to the previous and in future study. Hence, the varieties that are extinct could be recognised.
文摘The present study describes a direct shoot regeneration-based micropropagation procedure for Vanilla planifolia. Two types of explant (i.e. shoot apex and stem nodal segment) were screened for their shoot induction potential following a three-month treatment with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Results indicated that the shoot apices were poor candidates for shoot induction whereas the stem nodal segments showed potential for shoot initiation at a rate of up to 6 shoots/explant. Stem nodal segments were the most responsive as shoots formed (55 shoots) directly following treatments with 1 mg/L BAP at half strength MS medium after the third subculture. In addition, more shoots were produced on solid medium treatments compared to the liquid medium treatments in two strengths of mediums tested. Regenerated plantlets derived from the 1 mg/L of BAP treatment were induced to root following a one month culture in growth regulator-free MS medium. There was 90% survival rate of the rooted plantlets after acclimatization in the greenhouse. The findings in the present study would be helpful for large-scale mass propagation of Vanilla planifolia using this simple and efficient protocol.
文摘Generally, the diameter of organic melon fruit relatively short （the fruit is small）, weight of fruit just as big as 1.25-1.49 kg only, while weight of inorganic melon fruit can reach 2-3 kg. The research was conducted by experiment method with the aim to enhance quality of the organic melon fruit. Experiment I is： N, P and K fertilizer solution concentration as main plot （0, 20, 30, and 40 g L^-1） and dose of cow manure fertilizer as sub plot （0, 10, 15, and 20 ton hal） （there are 16 treatment combinations）. Experiment II is kinds of dung as main plot （chicken, cow, and goat） and dose of fertilizer as sub plot （20, 25, and 30 ton hat） （there are 9 treatment combinations）. Experiment III is dose of cow manure fertilizer as main plot （15, 20, 25, and 30 ton hal） and gibberellins concentration as sub plot （0, 30, 60, and 120 ppm） and （there are 16 treatment combinations）. Each of the treatment combination replicated 3 times. The result showed that chicken, cow, and goats manure can be used in organic cultivation of melons, and cow manure has the highest potential. The role of the dose is relatively low in plant growth, but to improve the quality of fruit need dose of 10-15 tons hat. The addition of inorganic NPK fertilizer solution or use of gibberellins can increase growth and fruit quality of melon （the used of gibberellins are recommended）.
文摘Pomegranate pomace is the solid waste of the pomegranate juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits,which is processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses.Pomegranate pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which could substitute the potentially hazardous synthetic antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics sectors.In this work,eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of pomegranate pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce effectively novel natural antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts.A three-factorial response surface optimization methodology with centered Box&Behnken experimental design was used to obtain the predictive models and the maximum values of total polyphenols,total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity(TAC).The three optimization factors involved were:(a)water/solid ratio;(b)extraction temperature;(c)extraction time and the effectiveness and robustness of the three models were statistically verified by ANOVA.
文摘Catch crops that are cultivated for green manure play an important role in improving soil properties. A 3-year field experi- ment was conducted to investigate the effect of catch crop （pea, Pisum sativum L.） management, i.e., incorporation of catch crop in October/November （autumn） and March （spring）, and without catch crop （control）, on soil organic carbon （SOC）, microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and the activities of carbon （C）-cycle enzymes, including cellulase （Cel）, β-glucosidase （Glu） and invertase （Inv）. Additionally, soil total nitrogen （TN） and pHKcl were investigated. The catch crop was cultivated from August to October each year during 2008-2010. Soil samples were collected from the field of spring barley （Hordeum vulgate L.） that had been grown after the catch crop. Soil samples for microbial activity determination were taken in March, May, June and August in 2009, 2010 and 2011, while SOC and TN contents as well as pHKc1 were determined in March and August. The chemical properties studied did not show significant changes as influenced by the experimental factors. The use of catch crop significantly increased the MBC content and the activities of C-cycle enzymes compared to the control. When the catch crop was incorporated in spring, a significantly higher MBC content was noted in March and May compared to autumn incorporation. Moreover, the spring incorporation of the catch crop significantly increased the Glu activity （except March）, while the activities of Cel and Inv as well as the rate of soil basal respiration were usually unaffected by the time of catch crop incorporation. Greater microbial biomass and higher enzyme activities in the catch crop-treated soil, compared to the control, indicated that the application of the catch crop as a green manure could be recommended as a promising technique to increase the biological activity of the soil. Since there was no significant effect or no consistent results were obtained related to the time of catch crop incorporation, both spring and autumn applications can be recommended as a management tool to improve the status of soil properties during the growth of a subsequent crop.
基金The authors would like to thank Dr Sharmili Vidyadaran(Universiti Putra Malaysia Selangor,Malaysia)for generously providing the BV2 microglial cells.The present study was supported by the International Medical University[grant no.BMSc I/2017(01)].
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of Panax ginseng(P.ginseng)root by measuring the levels of nitric oxide(NO),tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and interleukin-10(IL-10)in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells.METHODS:Maximal non-toxic dose(MNTD)of methanol extract of P.ginseng root culture on BV2 microglia cells was first determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay,followed by treatment and LPS stimulation of cells,and the measurement of NO using Griess assay and TNF-α,IL-6,and IL-10 using ELISA assay.RESULTS:The MNTD of P.ginseng root extract was determined to be(587±57)µg/mL.Following that,NO and IL-6 levels were found to be insignificantly reduced by 6.88%and 0.14%respectively in stimulated cells upon treatment with MNTD.Treatment with½MNTD yielded similar insignificant result,with only a reduction of 3.58%and 0.08%in NO and IL-6 levels respectively.However,TNF-αand IL-10 levels were significantly downregulated by 15.64%and 34.96%respectively upon treatment with P.ginseng root extract at MNTD.CONCLUSION:Methanol extract of P.ginseng root culture did not show any significant anti-inflammatory effects on NO and IL-6 levels,but might potentially possess both anti-neuroinflammatory and pro-neuroinflammatory properties through the downregulation of TNF-αand IL-10 respectively.
基金funded by the Deputy of Research Affairs, Lorestan University, Iran (Contract No. 1400-6-02-518-1402)
文摘Modelling the impact of climate change on cropping systems is crucial to support policy-making for farmers and stakeholders.Nevertheless,there exists inherent uncertainty in such cases.General Circulation Models(GCMs)and future climate change scenarios(different Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs)in different future time periods)are among the major sources of uncertainty in projecting the impact of climate change on crop grain yield.This study quantified the different sources of uncertainty associated with future climate change impact on wheat grain yield in dryland environments(Shiraz,Hamedan,Sanandaj,Kermanshah and Khorramabad)in eastern and southern Iran.These five representative locations can be categorized into three climate classes:arid cold(Shiraz),semi-arid cold(Hamedan and Sanandaj)and semi-arid cool(Kermanshah and Khorramabad).Accordingly,the downscaled daily outputs of 29 GCMs under two RCPs(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5)in the near future(2030s),middle future(2050s)and far future(2080s)were used as inputs for the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator(APSIM)-wheat model.Analysis of variance(ANOVA)was employed to quantify the sources of uncertainty in projecting the impact of climate change on wheat grain yield.Years from 1980 to 2009 were regarded as the baseline period.The projection results indicated that wheat grain yield was expected to increase by 12.30%,17.10%,and 17.70%in the near future(2030s),middle future(2050s)and far future(2080s),respectively.The increases differed under different RCPs in different future time periods,ranging from 11.70%(under RCP4.5 in the 2030s)to 20.20%(under RCP8.5 in the 2080s)by averaging all GCMs and locations,implying that future wheat grain yield depended largely upon the rising CO2 concentrations.ANOVA results revealed that more than 97.22% of the variance in future wheat grain yield was explained by locations,followed by scenarios,GCMs,and their interactions.Specifically,at the semi-arid climate locations(Hamedan,Sanandaj,Kermanshah and Khorramabad),most of the variations arose from the scenarios(77.25%),while at the arid climate location(Shiraz),GCMs(54.00%)accounted for the greatest variation.Overall,the ensemble use of a wide range of GCMs should be given priority to narrow the uncertainty when projecting wheat grain yield under changing climate conditions,particularly in dryland environments characterized by large fluctuations in rainfall and temperature.Moreover,the current research suggested some GCMs(e.g.,the IPSL-CM5B-LR,CCSM4,and BNU-ESM)that made moderate effects in projecting the impact of climate change on wheat grain yield to be used to project future climate conditions in similar environments worldwide.
文摘Improved rice varieties(IRVs)play a significant role in establishing food security and improving livelihood in the Global South since its introduction in the 1960s.However,the adoption of new IRVs has remained relatively low.This low adoption poses a challenge to rice-producing and consuming countries as they are increasingly threatened by production shortages,malnutrition,and poor rice quality.Many empirical studies have attempted to identify the determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs by distinguishing the characteristics between adopters and non-adopters.This review showed a consensus on the important determinants influencing the adoption of IRVs in the Global South.Findings synthesized from 99 studies suggested that variables(farm size,education,information access and farm location)examined extensively are not necessarily the most important determinants of adoption when undertaking a weighted analysis.Terrain,source of seed and technology-related attributes(perceived yield,maturity,ease of use,marketability and technical efficiency)are more important determinants of adoption,with determinants changing according to adoption type(probability or intensity of adoption),variety type and region.The recommendations for future adoption studies include:incorporating more technology-specific variables,increasing research for overlooked regions and variety types,shifting away from predominant static analysis by capturing the dynamics of the adoption process,and considering the potential biases in analyses.This review will facilitate the development of targeted interventions and policies that promote IRV adoption in the Global South.
文摘Nitrogen is an effective material for improving the crop production. There is a big concern about rising chemical nitrogen usage as fertilizer in soil, because some forms of nitrogen absorbs in soil and causes an increase of environment and water pollution and decrease fertilizer efficiency. Composted cow manure is an important resource of organic nitrogen which improves the soil conditions. However, low density of composted cow manure and inconstant nutrient content are two factors that limit the application of composted cow manure. The densification technology is an effective solution for both problems. In this research first the capability of single screw extruder for production of fertilizer pellets including composted cow manure and nitrogen fertilizer was studied and then the effect of fertilizer pellet on the reduction of chemical nitrogen consumption was evaluated. The response of basil plants was determined in three treatments: T1 control (no fertilizer), T2 (nitrogen fertilizer) and T3 (pellet). The results showed that pelletization can be used as a proper method for slow-release nitrogen fertilizer;enhance nitrogen uptake and reducing the chemical nitrogen consumption. The results also showed that all basil responses (chlorophyll content, total weight, leaves weight, root weight and leaf area) were significantly affected by application of N fertilizer and pellet. While maximum recorded parameters were observed with application pellet.
文摘Quantitative information about solar radiation in agroforestry system is relatively limited. The research by survey was conducted from October 2002 to February 2003 in Central of Java. The aim of the research was to study the amount of solar radiation below forest trees stand. The locations of the survey were chosen or determined based on the kinds of trees and forests. They were Purwodadi （teak, mahogany and sonokeling production forest）, Karanganyar and Purworejo （pines production forest） and Klaten （semolina and yucca as conservation forest）. The decrease in the relative＇s irradiation fraction （RIF） under the trees is related to the increase in the tree aging, adjusted to the exponential decrease model （RIF = 1.25e - 0.18X）. The RIF under tree canopy is clearly explained by diameter on the breast height diameter of trunk （DBH） divided by the half of tree row spacing （2D/（X ＋ Y））, so the RIF model is RIF = e - 0.2829 （2D/（X＋ Y））.
文摘Area of cultivating garlic in Indonesia experienced a sharp decline. In a period of 20 years （1991-2011）, the decline of garlic planting area reaches 91%. The fact is causing erosion of genetic resources of several varieties of garlic. Propagated vegetatively garlic through in vitro culture aims to obtain quality bulblet. This study aims to get the combination treatment between paclobutrazol, indole acetic acid （IAA）, indole butyric acid （IBA） and naphthalene acetic acid （NAA） in some varieties of garlic in Indonesia. This study used a completely randomized design （CRD） with two treatment factors, i.e., on varieties （Bali, Gunung Kidul, Slawi, Tawangmangu and Mataram） and 1.5 ppm paclobutrazol combination with a wide auxin （IAA 0.5 ppm, 0.5 ppm IBA, NAA 0.5 ppm）. Variable observations include the current appear shoots and roots, number of shoots and roots, shoots and root length. Observations showed that the combination of paclobutrazol ＋ NAA is able to produce plantlets that have the best vigor than paclohutrazol ＋ IAA and paclobutrazol ＋ IBA combination treatment.
文摘Artemisia annua is a plant used to cure malaria diseases. Artemisia plant contains artemisinin as secondary metabolite that used to eliminate parasite that caused malaria, such as Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisia growth affects production of artemisinin content in plant. Therefore, necessary environment conditions and appropriate organic manure application are needed to support the growth of Artemisia. This research aimed to determine the effect of fertilizer type and proportion in the medium on the Artemisia growth. This research was conducted at greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, in October 2015 to January 2016. This research used a completely randomized design （CRD）, consisting of two factors of treatment with three replications. The first factor was type of fertilizer that consists of three types： horse manure fertilizer, compost filter press mud and cow manure fertilizer. The second factor was proportion of fertilizer with media consisted of five levels： fertilizer as media, proportion of fertilizer with media 4：1, 3：2, 2：3 and 1：4. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan＇s multiple range test with level of 5%. It can be concluded that treatment with compost filter press mud provided the highest of plant height, root length, days to flowering, root volume, fresh weight and dry weight of crop.
文摘The aim of this study was to know the influence of plant growth regulator gibberellins on plant growth and production of Kopek and Gelatik purple eggplant.This study has been done in Educational and Research Garden in Stiper Agriculture University at Maguwoharjo,Depok,Sleman,Yogyakarta in September 2016 to February 2017.The experimental design used was CRD(Completely Randomized Design)with two factors.The first factor was different kinds of gibberellins consisting of G0(no gibberellin/control),G1(young bamboo gibberellin)and G2(corn gibberellin)and G3(inorganic gibberellin).The second factor was the kind of 2 varieties consisting of purple eggplants.V1 variety was Kopek purple eggplant and V2 variety was Gelatik purple eggplant.The study used six replications.Data were analyzed by Anova followed by DMRT(Duncan’s Multiple Range Test)at 5%significant level.The result showed significantly interaction between kinds of gibberellins with eggplant variety on plant height.The Kopek purple with inorganic gibberellin significantly was the best.Kopek purple eggplant was much more in growth and production than Gelatik purple eggplant.
文摘The objective was to investigate the major effect of freezing rate and freezing methods on physical properties of fish balls made with various flour contents. The fish balls were observed to be almost in temperature at -28℃ for air-blast freezer, at -100 ℃ in the liquid nitrogen and the standard house freezing were done at -18℃. The air-blast had the freezing rate of 11.82-20.84 cm h1 while those frozen by liquid nitrogen had the freezing rate of 13.36-22.38 cm/h and standard house freezer held lower freezing rate （7. ! 5-8.02 cm hl）. Texture profile analysis results showed that ubi badak＇s flour gel was harder, sticky, gummy and chewy than that of wheat and banana＇s flour gels. The proximate analysis revealed that wheat flour had higher protein and moisture content compared to banana and ubi badak flours.
文摘In Indonesia, shallot cultivation finds difficulties to produce high viability seed. That low viability is caused by the abnormality of seed＇s structure. Normal shallot seeds have seed structure that consists of： testa, endosperm, and embryo. Normal embryo has curved shape which it has one cotyledon in endosperm. This research purpose is to find shallot viability and structure that is cultivated in tropic area, especially in Indonesia. This research is a deep observation research about water level, seeds viability and seeds structure monitoring by using microscope. To make a clearance about seeds structure composition, seeds are mixed with tetrazolium salt. Monitoring result shows that seed water level at harvest time is 18%, laid away at one month age is 13%, two months age is 12% and three months age is 10%. Seed viability at harvest until twenty nine days, seed that is germinated around 8%. At two months viability seed laid age until twenty two days is 36.6%. Meanwhile three months age laid viability test is done with germination boost compounding shows that IAA is able to fasten germination. At IAA treatment viability seeds are 17.25% that is followed with GA3 treatment around 13%. Another boosting substance that it＇s viability is only below 4%. Low viability is also proved by the seed structure. The result shows that mostly, the seeds has abnormal structure.
