Seedling emergence and seedling establishment are two important phases for the good crop stand and final maize crop harvest. A field study was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices and poultr...Seedling emergence and seedling establishment are two important phases for the good crop stand and final maize crop harvest. A field study was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices and poultry manure levels on the seedling emergence, growth, development, yield, and economics of the spring planted maize during 2010 and 2011. Experimental treatments include four tillage treatments (zero, minimum, conventional and deep tillage) and three poultry manure amendments (control (no manure), 5 Mg·ha-1 and 10 Mg·ha-1). Seedling emergence was linearly affected as the tillage intensity was increased. Significant relationship of tillage with leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and total dry matter was recorded during the both years. Poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 produced the higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter and grain yield as compared to 5 Mg·ha-1 and control. Moreover, experimental results concluded that the deep tillage practice has taken less time to start emergence. Similarly, higher values trend of leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter accumulation and grain yield was shifted from deep tillage to conventional, minimum and zero tillage practices during both years. Economically, the minimum tillage with poultry manure at rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 gave the better benefit to cost ratio and crop productivity as compared to conventional, deep and zero tillage. The experiment suggested the minimum tillage with poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 may ensure the maize grain yield sustainability.展开更多
The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising appr...The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising approach. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of exogenous humic acid on wheat under water deficit stress via a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The impacts of four growing conditions, i.e., well water (65% field capacity), water deficit stress (35% field capacity), soil application of humic acid (44 mg kg−1 soil) under water deficit stress and foliar feeding of humic acid (200 ppm) under water deficit stress, were investigated on two wheat varieties (BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3). The results demonstrated that water deficit stress substantially decreased the studied morphological and physiological traits, yield components and yield, in both genotypes, with the exception of the proline content of flag leaves. Compared with soil application, foliar feeding of humic acid promoted the ability of wheat to overcome stress conditions better. In the present study, humic acid as a soil application increased the grain yield by 9.13% and 13.86% and the biological yield by 9.94% and 5.19%, whereas foliar treatment increased the grain output by 24.76% and 25.19% and the biological yield by 19.23% and 6.50% in BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3, respectively, under water deficit stress. Therefore, exogenous foliar humic acid treatment was more effective than soil application in alleviating the effects of drought stress on wheat.展开更多
Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controllin...Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controlling stem rust.The stem rust resistance gene Sr59 was previously identified within a T2DS 2RL wheat-rye whole arm translocation,providing broad-spectrum resistance to various stem rust races.Seedling evaluation,molecular marker analysis,and cytogenetic studies identified wheat-rye introgression line#284 containing a new translocation chromosome T2BL 2BS-2RL.This line has demonstrated broad-spectrum resistance to stem rust at the seedling stage.Seedling evaluation and cytogenetic analysis of three backcross populations between the line#284 and the adapted cultivars SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert confirmed that Sr59 is located within the short distal 2RL translocation.This study aimed physical mapping of Sr59 in the 2RL introgression segment and develop a robust molecular marker for marker-assisted selection.Using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),GBS-derived SNPs were aligned with full-length annotated rye nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)genes in the parental lines CS ph1b,SLU238,SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert,as well as in 33 BC4F5progeny.Four NLR genes were identified on the 2R chromosome,with Chr2R_NLR_60 being tightly linked to the Sr59resistance gene.In-silico functional enrichment analysis of the translocated 2RL region(25,681,915 bp)identified 223 genes,with seven candidate genes associated with plant disease resistance and three linked to agronomic performance,contributing to oxidative stress response,protein kinase activity,and cellular homeostasis.These findings facilitate a better understanding of the genetic basis of stem rust resistance provided by Sr59.展开更多
Background The protein sources in pig diets strongly rely on soybean meal,but its production has been associated with soil degradation,deforestation and loss of biodiversity.Microalga Spirulina can be a potentially mo...Background The protein sources in pig diets strongly rely on soybean meal,but its production has been associated with soil degradation,deforestation and loss of biodiversity.Microalga Spirulina can be a potentially more sustainable alternative to soybean meal,but comprehensive information about its use in growing pigs is still lacking.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial to full replacement of dietary soybean meal with Spirulina on the growth and carcass traits of growing pigs and on the chemical and physical attributes of the meat.Methods Eighty-eight pigs,gilts and barrows mixed together,with initial body weight of 52.4±4.2 kg,were allotted into 4 isoenergetic,isoproteic,and isoaminoacidic dietary treatments,which included a conventional control diet based on cereals and soybean meal and one of 3 diets formulated by replacing nearly 33%,66%or 100%soybean with Spirulina.Each treatment had 2 pens(11 pigs/pen),which were equipped with electronic feeders that were able to record individual feed intake.After 138 d on feed,at 174.9±6.4 kg body weight,the pigs were slaughtered,and the carcass traits and meat quality parameters from loin samples were assessed.Results The palatability of feeds was not depressed in pigs fed Spirulina,even when the soybean was completely replaced by the microalga.The incorporation of Spirulina in the diets in place of soybean did not impair the growth rate or feed efficiency,irrespective of the extent of replacement.The carcass traits and yield of commercial cuts were comparable for all Spirulina-included compared with those of the soybean-based groups,and the same was found for the chemical and physical attributes of loin meat.Conclusion The results obtained at the herd and slaughter levels revealed that the replacement of soybean meal with Spirulina did not negatively affect the growth or carcass traits of growing pigs or the main attributes of meat.Therefore,this study provides,for the first time,insights into the technical possibility of switching growing pig feeding systems toward more environmentally sustainable diets by including a microalga originating from landless feed production systems,which does not result in soil degradation or loss of biodiversity.展开更多
Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)employs the Na^(+)transporter HvHKT1;1,which is an N^(+)-selective transporter.This study characterized the full-length HvHKT1;1(HvHKT1;1-FL)and three mRNA variants(HvHKT1;1-V1,-V2,and-V3),wh...Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)employs the Na^(+)transporter HvHKT1;1,which is an N^(+)-selective transporter.This study characterized the full-length HvHKT1;1(HvHKT1;1-FL)and three mRNA variants(HvHKT1;1-V1,-V2,and-V3),which encode polypeptides of 64.7,54.0,40.5,and 32.9 kDa,respectively.Tissue-specific expression profiling revealed that HvHKT1;1-FL is the most abundant transcript across leaf,sheath,and root tissues under normal conditions,with the highest expression in leaves.Under 150 mM NaCl stress,HvHKT1;1-FL and its variants showed a dynamic,time-dependent expression pattern,with peak leaf expression at 2 h,sheath expression at 12 h,and root expression at 2 h,suggesting their roles in early stress response.Functional analysis using two-electrode voltage-clamp measurements demonstrated thatHvHKT1;1-FL is highly selective for Na^(+),withminimal conductance for K^(+),Li^(+),Rb^(+),or Cs^(+).It demonstrated high Na^(+)transport efficiency,characterized by higher Vmax and lower Km values,while the variants showed reducedNa^(+)currents,lowerVmax,and higherKmvalues,indicating decreasedNa^(+)transport capacity.Reversal potential analyses further confirmed Na^(+)selectivity,with HvHKT1;1-FL displaying the strongest preference for Na^(+).Notably,while all variants retained Na^(+)selectivity,they showed reduced efficiency,as indicated by a more negative reversal potential in low Na^(+)conditions.These findings highlight the functional diversity among HvHKT1;1 variants,with HvHKT1;1-FL playing a dominant role in Na^(+)transport.The tissue-specific regulation of these variants under salinity stress underscores their importance in barley’s adaptive responses.展开更多
Metalloid arsenic(As)is not a necessary element for plants,but its excessive accumulation is toxic to plants,and it also poses a great health risk to humans via the food chain.Plants absorb and metabolize As through a...Metalloid arsenic(As)is not a necessary element for plants,but its excessive accumulation is toxic to plants,and it also poses a great health risk to humans via the food chain.Plants absorb and metabolize As through a variety of processes.Arsenate in the form of As^(5+)is absorbed by phosphate transporters,but methylated As and As^(3+)enter plant tissues mainly through aquaporin channels.Various strategies and practices have been proposed and applied to alleviate As toxicity or reduce As accumulation in plants,but an efficient and environment-friendly approach has yet to be developed.This review comprehensively explores As sources and uptake mechanisms,as well as the interactions of phosphorus(P)and As in their uptake,transportation and influences on plant growth and physiological activities.This comprehensive review covers the transport,metabolism,and tolerance processes that plants exhibit in response to As stress and the addition of P.In addition,we also present recent advances in reducing As toxicity and accumulation by improving P nutrition,manipulating P transporter genes and optimizing the plant microbial community.Finally,the future research directions and main challenges are briefly discussed.展开更多
A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying sc...A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying scenarios including nitrogen fertilization rates,irrigation rates,and air temperatures in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)over the 38-year period.DAYCENT model was used to predict carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fluxes from cultivated soils in the HID,Inner Mongolia from^(2)023 to 2060(the year of achieving the"carbon neutrality"goal)in this study.Results showed that mean soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field[1035.13 g/(m^(2).yr)]were significantly lower than those in the maize field[1405.54 g/(m^(2).yr)].An increase in nitrogen fertilization rate led to a significant escalation in soil CO_(2)fluxes.Moreover,elevating irrigation rates for washing salts by irrigation(WSBI)diminished soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field while amplifying them in the maize field.A rise in air temperature resulted in an increase in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the maize field,with annual increases observed,but a reduction in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the sunflower field.The sunflower fields in the HID have a more substantial advantage than the corn fields in mitigating soil CO_(2)emissions.展开更多
Background Goat breeds in the Alpine area and Mediterranean basin exhibit a unique genetic heritage shaped by centuries of selection and adaptability to harsh environments.Understanding their adaptive traits can aid b...Background Goat breeds in the Alpine area and Mediterranean basin exhibit a unique genetic heritage shaped by centuries of selection and adaptability to harsh environments.Understanding their adaptive traits can aid breeding programs target enhanced resilience and productivity,especially as we are facing important climate and agriculture challenges.To this aim the genomic architecture of 480 goats belonging to five breeds(i.e.,Saanen[SAA],Camosciata delle Alpi[CAM],Murciano-Granadina[MUR],Maltese[MAL],Sarda[SAR])reared in the Sardinia Island were genotyped and their genomic architecture evaluated to find molecular basis of adaptive traits.Inbreeding,runs of homozygosity(ROH)and runs of heterozygosity(ROHet)were identified.Finally,candidate genes in the ROH and ROHet regions were explored through a pathway analysis to assess their molecular role.Results In total,we detected 10,341 ROH in the SAA genome,11,063 ROH in the CAM genome,12,250 ROH in the MUR genome,8,939 ROH in the MAL genome,and 18,441 ROH in the SAR genome.Moreover,we identified 4,087 ROHet for SAA,3,360 for CAM,2,927 for MUR,3,701 for MAL,and 3,576 for SAR,with SAR having the highest heterozygosity coefficient.Interestingly,when computing the inbreeding coefficient using homozygous segment(FROH),SAA showed the lowest value while MAL the highest one,suggesting the need to improve selecting strategies to preserve genetic diversity within the population.Among the most significant candidate genes,we identified several ones linked to different physiological functions,such as milk production(e.g.,DGAT1,B4GALT1),immunity(GABARAP,GPS2)and adaptation to environment(e.g.,GJA3,GJB2 and GJB6).Conclusions This study highlighted the genetic diversity within and among five goat breeds.The high levels of ROH identified in some breeds might indicate high levels of inbreeding and a lack in genetic variation,which might negatively impact the animal population.Conversely,high levels of ROHet might indicate regions of the genetic diversity,beneficial for breed health and resilience.Therefore,these findings could aid breeding programs in managing inbreeding and preserving genetic diversity.展开更多
The productivity of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.),an economically important legume,is severely hindered by drought stress.While melatonin(Mel)and methyl jasmonate(MeJA)are known to alleviate abiotic stresses,thei...The productivity of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.),an economically important legume,is severely hindered by drought stress.While melatonin(Mel)and methyl jasmonate(MeJA)are known to alleviate abiotic stresses,their combined effects in mitigating drought-induced oxidative stress are unknown.Here,we examined the synergistic effects of Mel and MeJA in alleviating drought-associated oxidative damage in common bean.Compared with well-watered controls,drought stress caused a significant decline in plant biomass,photosynthetic pigments,and photosystem Ⅱ efficiency(F_(v)/F_(m)).Drought also significantly increased hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))accumulation,which likely contributed to membrane lipid peroxidation,as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde(MDA)levels.Furthermore,drought stress substantially suppressed the activity of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and glutathione S-transferase(GST).In contrast,application of exogenous Mel and MeJA,particularly at 150μM and 20μM,respectively,significantly improved plant biomass,chlorophyll a(Chl a),chlorophyll b(Chl b),and F_(v)/F_(m) relative to drought-stressed plants only.Notably,the combined treatment with Mel and MeJA reduced H_(2)O_(2) and MDA by 84.3%and 39.8%,respectively,while enhancing the activities of CAT(by 106.2%),POD(by 97.7%),and GST(by 54.2%)compared to drought-stressed plants only.Multivariate analyses further confirmed that Mel and MeJA effectively reduced the levels of H_(2)O_(2) and MDA while enhancing antioxidant defense.These results suggest that the combined action of Mel and MeJA enhanced antioxidant defenses,restoring photosynthetic performance impaired by ROS in common bean.This synergy effectively mitigates drought-induced oxidative stress,highlighting their potential to improve resilience and support sustainable bean production for global food security.展开更多
Intensive farming practices,aimed at maximizing crop yields through substantial inputs of labour,technology,and chemical fertilizers,have significantly transformed modern agriculture.However,these methods have raised ...Intensive farming practices,aimed at maximizing crop yields through substantial inputs of labour,technology,and chemical fertilizers,have significantly transformed modern agriculture.However,these methods have raised serious concerns regarding soil health,environmental sustainability,and long-term agricultural viability.This study examines the ecological impact of intensive farming on soil health in the KB Asifabad District of Telangana,India,where traditional and modern farming techniques coexist.The objectives include analysing socio-economic factors influencing farming methods,evaluating the impact of tilling techniques and fertilizer use on soil health,and promoting sustainable practices through education and policy recommendations.Findings reveal a strong reliance on chemical fertilizers,with 98.3% of farmers using them exclusively due to their perceived efficiency and rapid results.However,this overdependence has led to soil degradation,reduced microbial diversity,and environmental pollution.Conversely,despite its ecological benefits,natural manure remains underutilized due to scepticism and economic constraints.Mechanical tilling methods,while effective,have negatively impacted soil structure and fertility.The study highlights the necessity of transitioning to sustainable practices,integrating organic inputs,and adopting conservation techniques to restore soil health and ecosystem balance.This research provides practical pathways for achieving sustainable agriculture by integrating traditional knowledge with modern practices.It is particularly relevant for policymakers,agricultural extension services,and farming communities as it highlights the need for educational initiatives,financial incentives,and regulatory measures to ensure long-term soil fertility,environmental stewardship,and improved farmer livelihoods.展开更多
The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.T...The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.This intricate response to cold stress is regulated by hormones,photoperiod,light,and various factors,in addition to genetic influences.In autumn,plants undergo morphological,physiological,biochemical,and molecular changes to prepare for the low temperatures of winter.Understanding cellular stress responses is crucial for genetic manipulation aimed at enhancing cold resistance.Early autumn frosts or late spring chills can cause significant damage to plants,making it essential to adapt in autumn to survive winter conditions.While the general process of acclimatization is similar across many plant species,variations exist depending on the specific type of plant and regional conditions.Different plant organs exhibit varying degrees of damage from cold stress,and by applying agricultural principles,potential damage can be largely controlled.Timely reinforcement and stress prevention can minimize cold-related damage.Research has shown that in temperate climates,low temperatures restrict plant growth and yield.However,the intricate structural systems involved remain poorly understood.Over the past decade,studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to adapt to and resist cold stress.The gene signaling system is believed to play a crucial role in cold adaptation,and researchers have prioritized this area in their investigations.This study critically examines plant responses to cold stress through physiological adaptations,including calcium signaling dynamics,membrane lipid modifications,and adjustments in antioxidant systems.These mechanisms activate downstream gene expression and molecular functions,leading to key resistance strategies.Additionally,we explore the regulatory roles of endogenous phytohormones and secondary metabolites in cold stress responses.This review aims to enhance our foundational understanding of the mechanisms behind plant cold adaptation.展开更多
Background Irrigation has been a strategy used to reduce losses due to drought,which combined with a good supply of nitrogen(N),can improve the protective system of cotton plants.The objective of this study was to inv...Background Irrigation has been a strategy used to reduce losses due to drought,which combined with a good supply of nitrogen(N),can improve the protective system of cotton plants.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigated and rainfed cotton cultivation using different rates and sources of N.Cotton cultivation was carried out in Selvíria-MS field in the 2017/2018 harvest.The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks,which were designed in a 4×2×2 factorial scheme.The factors were composed of 0,40,80,and 150 kg·hm^(-2)level of N,using two sources of N under rainfed and irrigated systems.Results The provision of irrigation provided an increase in the levels of chlorophylls(Chl)a,Chl b,total Chl,carotenoids,pheophytin,leaf chlorophyll index(LCI),N content,nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)),sucrose(SUC),the number of vegetative and reproductive branches,boll mass,and seed cotton productivity.There was no effect of N sources on any of the characteristics evaluated.Application of 150 kg·hm^(-2)level of N increased in 11%,59%,22%,15%,15%and 17%in LCI,NO_(3)^(-),N,total amino acids(TA),SUC,and proline concentration in leaves,compared with 0 kg·hm^(-2)of N,respectively.Application of 150 kg·hm^(-2)level of N improved the leaf catalase activity(CAT)under the irrigation system;however,in a rainfed system,the highest CAT was observed at rates of 0 and 150 kg·hm^(-2)level of N.Irrigation increased in 55%,117%,68%,46%,8%,36%,24%,118%,48%,10%,11%and 72%in Chl a,Chl b,total Chl,CAR,LCI,pheophytins(Pheo),SUC,NO_(3)^(-),the number of vegetative branches,the number of reproductive branches,mass of 20 bolls and seed cotton yield compared with rainfed system,respectively,however,the antioxidant system and the ammonium content of plants was stimulated by rainfed cultivation.Conclusions Antioxidant responses increased during droughts in cotton farming,which may be connected to oxidative stress-related losses.Better N metabolism,photosynthetic pigments,and manufacturing components were all made possible by irrigated cultivation.The delivery of 150 kg·hm^(-2)of N in topdressing in cotton agriculture promoted the N metabolism,sucrose,total amino acids,and the plant's defense mechanism against oxidative stress.展开更多
Allopolyploids often exhibit advantages in vigor and adaptability compared to diploids.A long-term goal in the economically important Brassica genus has been to develop a new allohexaploid crop type(AABBCC)by combinin...Allopolyploids often exhibit advantages in vigor and adaptability compared to diploids.A long-term goal in the economically important Brassica genus has been to develop a new allohexaploid crop type(AABBCC)by combining different diploid and allotetraploid crop species.However,early-generation allohexaploids often face challenges like unstable meiosis and low fertility,and the phenotypic performance of these synthetic lines has rarely been assessed.This study analyzes agronomic traits,fertility,and genome stability in ArArBcBcCcCc lines derived from four crosses between B.carinata and B.rapa after 9–11 selfing generations.Our results demonstrate polyploid advantage in vigor and seed traits,considerable phenotypic variation,and high fertility and genome stability.Meanwhile,parental genotypes significantly influence outcomes in advanced allohexaploids.Structural variants,largely resulting from A–C homoeologous exchanges,contribute to genomic variation and influence hexaploid genome stability,with the A sub-genome showing the highest variability.Both positive and negative impacts of SVs on fertility and seed weight are observed.Pseudo-euploids,frequently appearing,do not significantly affect fertility or other agronomic traits compared to euploids,indicating a potential pathway toward a stable allohexaploid species.These findings provide insights into the challenge and potential for developing an adaptable and stable Brassica hexaploid through selection.展开更多
The behaviour of nanofertilizers(NFs)in plant-soil systems can differ from that of conventional chemical fertilizers due to their peculiar chemical-physical properties.Their effectiveness is still poorly understood.In...The behaviour of nanofertilizers(NFs)in plant-soil systems can differ from that of conventional chemical fertilizers due to their peculiar chemical-physical properties.Their effectiveness is still poorly understood.In this study,we evaluated the P fertilization potential of a novel nanosized FePO4NF(FePNF)in a plant-soil microcosm in a pot experiment.The efficacies of FePNF and a conventional P fertilizer(triple superphosphate,TSP)in sustaining the growth of cucumber plants were evaluated.Plants were grown for 28 d on a P-deficient soil,and determinations were made of plant growth parameters,mineral nutrient concentrations in plant tissues,P availability in soil,activities of soil enzymes involved in C,N,P,and S mineralization,and soil microbial community structure.No significant differences were found in plant dry weight,leaf area,chlorophyll content,or root growth between the FePNF and TSP treatments.Conversely,P availability in soil and P concentration in plant tissues at the end of the plant growth period were significantly higher after TSP fertilization compared to FePNF fertilization,whereas no significant differences were observed for other nutrients.Among the measured soil enzyme activities,there were no significant differences in the activities of soil acid phosphatase,β-glucosidase,and arylsulfatase between the FePNF and TSP treatments,while soil alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in the TSP treatment than in the FePNF treatment and the protease activity was higher in the FePNF treatment than in the TSP treatment.The FePNF and TSP treatments showed significant differences in soil archaeal,bacterial,and fungal community structures,although the microbial community profiles generally clustered closer to each other in the two treatments.We concluded that FePNF can be an efficient alternative to the conventional P fertilizer TSP.展开更多
The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In thi...The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,seeds were germinated in varying concentrations of six salts(NaCl,CaCl_(2),ZnCl_(2),KCl,MgSO_(4),and Na2SO_(4))with or without 0.5 mM SA.Using the halotime model,we estimated salt thresholds for germination and parameters of seedling growth.Germination and seedling growth parameters of camelina significantly decreased with increasing salt concentration across all salt types.Salts containing Zn and SO_(4) were most detrimental to germination and seedling growth.Except for KCl,0.5 mM SA generally reduced the salinity tolerance threshold(Saltb(50))of camelina.Specifically,Saltb(50)was 21.5%higher for KCl and 16.1%,25.0%,54.9%,21.0%,and 5.6%lower for CaCl_(2),NaCl,MgSO_(4),Na2SO_(4),and ZnCl_(2),respectively,when 0.5 mM SA was compared to 0 mM SA.Furthermore,camelina seedling growth was consistently more sensitive than germination across all salt types.SA did not significantly enhance germination or seedling growth and was harmful when combined with certain salts or at the germination stage.It can be concluded that both the type of salt and the concentration of SA are as critical as the salt concentration in saline irrigation water.展开更多
Extremely high temperatures resulting from climate change have become a major challenge for increasing rice production.Therefore,our objective was to develop heat-tolerant aromatic rice varieties using the pedigree me...Extremely high temperatures resulting from climate change have become a major challenge for increasing rice production.Therefore,our objective was to develop heat-tolerant aromatic rice varieties using the pedigree method,focusing on selecting for seed-setting ability under extremely high temperatures along with the use of single nucleotide polymorphism/insertion and deletion(SNP/InDel)markers to improve aromatic properties and grain quality.Furthermore,the QTL-seq approach was utilized to identify QTLs for seed-setting rate in an F2 population subjected to heat stress.The candidate QTL regions were then aligned to confirm SNPs/InDels in synonymous F7 candidate heat-tolerant lines.The results revealed that four promising lines,namely 84-7-1-9,84-7-1-10,159-3-3-1,and 159-3-3-10,were classified as heat-tolerant with low amylose content.In addition,lines 84-7-1-9 and 84-7-1-10 were identified as aromatic rice encompassing the aroma gene(badh2).Regarding the QTL-seq results,the qSF2.1 region ranged from 311051 to 3929422 bp on chromosome 2,was identified based on the highest contrasting SNP index between the heat-susceptible and tolerant bulks.The candidate genes within this region include two genes related to heat shock proteins,three genes associated with pollen fertility,and four genes involved in heat stress and other abiotic stress responses.These genes are proposed as potential candidates for heat tolerance and could serve as targets in rice breeding programs aimed at enhancing heat tolerance.展开更多
The escalating global dissemination of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance poses a formidable threat to global health.Conjugation stands as a pivotal mechanism for horizontal gene transfer among bacterial populatio...The escalating global dissemination of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance poses a formidable threat to global health.Conjugation stands as a pivotal mechanism for horizontal gene transfer among bacterial populations,facilitating the spread of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs).Microelectrolysis has garnered attention as an efficacious strategy for mitigating antibiotic concentrations in wastewater,yet its potential impact on ARG horizontal transfer remain largely unexplored.This comprehensive investigation unveils that microelectrolysis not only influences but significantly accelerates the conjugative transfer of ARG-harboring plasmids.Remarkably,this phenomenon is corroborated at the microbial community scale,underscoring its ecological relevance.Alarmingly,the study highlights the vulnerability of intestinalmicroorganisms to acquire antibiotic resistance under electrolytic stimulation,posing heightened risks to both animal and human health.Delving deeper,the study elucidates the underlyingmechanisms responsible for this enhanced conjugative transfer.It reveals that microelectrolysis augments the abundance of mating-competent cells,triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species,inflicts modest membrane damage,and upregulates the expression of genes critical for conjugation.These findings collectively contribute to a more profound comprehension of the environmental dissemination dynamics and associated public health implications of ARGs in the context of wastewater treatment employing microelectrolytic technologies.展开更多
In recent years, traditional rice landraces have gained increasing attention among consumers, scientists, and nutritionists because of their nutritional and therapeutic value. The diverse rice gene pool of the Indian ...In recent years, traditional rice landraces have gained increasing attention among consumers, scientists, and nutritionists because of their nutritional and therapeutic value. The diverse rice gene pool of the Indian subcontinent is bestowed with indigenous rice types augmented with nutrients and phytochemicals. Landraces high in resistant starch and dietary fiber contribute to gut health and help prevent gastrointestinal disorders, whereas those with high-quality protein contents, such as glutelin and lysine, all-trans retinoic acid, as well as iron and zinc contents(even in polished rice), play a vital role in the alleviation of malnutrition and hidden hunger. Metabolomic studies have revealed the presence of novel bioactive molecules, including tocols(e.g., gamma-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol), phytosterols(e.g., campestrol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol), phenolic acids(e.g., 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 4-vinylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, ionol, and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), flavonoids [e.g., flavonolignans tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether], anthocyanins(e.g., delphinidin and cyanidin), carotenoids(e.g., 7,7′,8,8′-tetrahydrolycopene and 1-hydroxylycopene), diterpenoids(e.g., sugiol), vitamin D3(a secosteroid), and bioactive vitamin D(e.g., calcitriol). These bioactive phytochemicals endow Indian rice landraces, rich in antioxidants, with antiphlogistic, antineoplastic, cardiac risk preventive, antiviral, and antitubercular activities, confirming their use in traditional Indian medicine. Furthermore, Indian landraces with a low glycemic index may benefit the Asian Indian phenotype, which is characterized by clinical anomalies such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia(reduced high-density lipoprotein levels), and high dietary glycemic load. Therefore, the conservation of India's traditional rice varieties is vital for both sustainable agriculture and improving global health.展开更多
Cannabis sativa is highly valued for its use in fiber production,medicine,and recreational products.Its secondary metabolites(SM)are renowned for their wide range of health benefits and psychoactive properties.While m...Cannabis sativa is highly valued for its use in fiber production,medicine,and recreational products.Its secondary metabolites(SM)are renowned for their wide range of health benefits and psychoactive properties.While much of the existing research has focused on cannabinoid production in the plant’s aerial parts,particularly the leaves and flowers,the root system remains understudied in terms of its SM profile.One promising in vitro approach for metabolite production involves the use of‘hairy roots(HRs)’.These roots mimic the phytochemical profile of native roots but grow more efficiently and yield higher quantities of metabolites.HRs are genetically altered root tissues that develop at the site of infection when Agrobacterium rhizogenes is introduced into wounded plant tissues.HRs cultures in Cannabis represent a breakthrough in plant metabolic engineering,offering potential for the controlled biosynthesis of cannabinoids and terpenoids.By utilising genome editing(GE)tools such as CRISPR-based tools,these cultures can produce novel bioactive compounds at an industrial scale.The use of elicitors enhances the production of SM by activating their biosynthetic pathways,further boosting yields.This system provides a sustainable alternative to conventional farming and chemical synthesis,addressing challenges such as pharmaceutical shortages,enhancing climate resilience,and promoting more resource-efficient biomanufacturing.Few studies have explored elicitor-induced HR cultures in Cannabis to enhance terpenoid production.This review highlights research on HRs for SM synthesis and introduces a platform that positions Cannabis as a leader in biomanufacturing and sustainable biotechnology,promoting advancements across the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries globally.展开更多
A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated ...A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development,increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield. Compared with conventional soil management(CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm(T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm(T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil. Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the12-leaf and early filling stages. The range of variation of root diameter in different soil layers in T2 treatment was the smallest, suggesting that roots were more likely to grow downwards with deeper subsoil tillage in soil. The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different. In a comparison of T1 with T2, the grain accumulated more N and P, while K accumulation in kernel and straw varied in different years. Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment. Although no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield, lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm, a characteristic that favors a high and stable yield under extreme environments.展开更多
文摘Seedling emergence and seedling establishment are two important phases for the good crop stand and final maize crop harvest. A field study was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices and poultry manure levels on the seedling emergence, growth, development, yield, and economics of the spring planted maize during 2010 and 2011. Experimental treatments include four tillage treatments (zero, minimum, conventional and deep tillage) and three poultry manure amendments (control (no manure), 5 Mg·ha-1 and 10 Mg·ha-1). Seedling emergence was linearly affected as the tillage intensity was increased. Significant relationship of tillage with leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and total dry matter was recorded during the both years. Poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 produced the higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter and grain yield as compared to 5 Mg·ha-1 and control. Moreover, experimental results concluded that the deep tillage practice has taken less time to start emergence. Similarly, higher values trend of leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter accumulation and grain yield was shifted from deep tillage to conventional, minimum and zero tillage practices during both years. Economically, the minimum tillage with poultry manure at rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 gave the better benefit to cost ratio and crop productivity as compared to conventional, deep and zero tillage. The experiment suggested the minimum tillage with poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 may ensure the maize grain yield sustainability.
基金funded byDepartment of Crop Physiology and Ecology,HajeeMohammad Danesh Science and Technology University,Dinajpur 5200 Bangladesh and Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.TU-DSPP-2024-07.
文摘The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising approach. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of exogenous humic acid on wheat under water deficit stress via a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The impacts of four growing conditions, i.e., well water (65% field capacity), water deficit stress (35% field capacity), soil application of humic acid (44 mg kg−1 soil) under water deficit stress and foliar feeding of humic acid (200 ppm) under water deficit stress, were investigated on two wheat varieties (BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3). The results demonstrated that water deficit stress substantially decreased the studied morphological and physiological traits, yield components and yield, in both genotypes, with the exception of the proline content of flag leaves. Compared with soil application, foliar feeding of humic acid promoted the ability of wheat to overcome stress conditions better. In the present study, humic acid as a soil application increased the grain yield by 9.13% and 13.86% and the biological yield by 9.94% and 5.19%, whereas foliar treatment increased the grain output by 24.76% and 25.19% and the biological yield by 19.23% and 6.50% in BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3, respectively, under water deficit stress. Therefore, exogenous foliar humic acid treatment was more effective than soil application in alleviating the effects of drought stress on wheat.
基金the financial support from FORMAS(2018-01029)the Swedish Institute(01132-2022)for supporting Ivan Motsnyi’s visit and research at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controlling stem rust.The stem rust resistance gene Sr59 was previously identified within a T2DS 2RL wheat-rye whole arm translocation,providing broad-spectrum resistance to various stem rust races.Seedling evaluation,molecular marker analysis,and cytogenetic studies identified wheat-rye introgression line#284 containing a new translocation chromosome T2BL 2BS-2RL.This line has demonstrated broad-spectrum resistance to stem rust at the seedling stage.Seedling evaluation and cytogenetic analysis of three backcross populations between the line#284 and the adapted cultivars SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert confirmed that Sr59 is located within the short distal 2RL translocation.This study aimed physical mapping of Sr59 in the 2RL introgression segment and develop a robust molecular marker for marker-assisted selection.Using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),GBS-derived SNPs were aligned with full-length annotated rye nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)genes in the parental lines CS ph1b,SLU238,SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert,as well as in 33 BC4F5progeny.Four NLR genes were identified on the 2R chromosome,with Chr2R_NLR_60 being tightly linked to the Sr59resistance gene.In-silico functional enrichment analysis of the translocated 2RL region(25,681,915 bp)identified 223 genes,with seven candidate genes associated with plant disease resistance and three linked to agronomic performance,contributing to oxidative stress response,protein kinase activity,and cellular homeostasis.These findings facilitate a better understanding of the genetic basis of stem rust resistance provided by Sr59.
基金funding from the European Union Next Generation EU(PIANO NAZION-ALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA—PNRR–MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2,CUP C93C22002790001)from University of Padova(2024DAFNAE1SIDPRO-GETTI-00004)。
文摘Background The protein sources in pig diets strongly rely on soybean meal,but its production has been associated with soil degradation,deforestation and loss of biodiversity.Microalga Spirulina can be a potentially more sustainable alternative to soybean meal,but comprehensive information about its use in growing pigs is still lacking.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial to full replacement of dietary soybean meal with Spirulina on the growth and carcass traits of growing pigs and on the chemical and physical attributes of the meat.Methods Eighty-eight pigs,gilts and barrows mixed together,with initial body weight of 52.4±4.2 kg,were allotted into 4 isoenergetic,isoproteic,and isoaminoacidic dietary treatments,which included a conventional control diet based on cereals and soybean meal and one of 3 diets formulated by replacing nearly 33%,66%or 100%soybean with Spirulina.Each treatment had 2 pens(11 pigs/pen),which were equipped with electronic feeders that were able to record individual feed intake.After 138 d on feed,at 174.9±6.4 kg body weight,the pigs were slaughtered,and the carcass traits and meat quality parameters from loin samples were assessed.Results The palatability of feeds was not depressed in pigs fed Spirulina,even when the soybean was completely replaced by the microalga.The incorporation of Spirulina in the diets in place of soybean did not impair the growth rate or feed efficiency,irrespective of the extent of replacement.The carcass traits and yield of commercial cuts were comparable for all Spirulina-included compared with those of the soybean-based groups,and the same was found for the chemical and physical attributes of loin meat.Conclusion The results obtained at the herd and slaughter levels revealed that the replacement of soybean meal with Spirulina did not negatively affect the growth or carcass traits of growing pigs or the main attributes of meat.Therefore,this study provides,for the first time,insights into the technical possibility of switching growing pig feeding systems toward more environmentally sustainable diets by including a microalga originating from landless feed production systems,which does not result in soil degradation or loss of biodiversity.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP20K06708 to Maki Katsuhara,and an OU fellowship to Shahin Imran.
文摘Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)employs the Na^(+)transporter HvHKT1;1,which is an N^(+)-selective transporter.This study characterized the full-length HvHKT1;1(HvHKT1;1-FL)and three mRNA variants(HvHKT1;1-V1,-V2,and-V3),which encode polypeptides of 64.7,54.0,40.5,and 32.9 kDa,respectively.Tissue-specific expression profiling revealed that HvHKT1;1-FL is the most abundant transcript across leaf,sheath,and root tissues under normal conditions,with the highest expression in leaves.Under 150 mM NaCl stress,HvHKT1;1-FL and its variants showed a dynamic,time-dependent expression pattern,with peak leaf expression at 2 h,sheath expression at 12 h,and root expression at 2 h,suggesting their roles in early stress response.Functional analysis using two-electrode voltage-clamp measurements demonstrated thatHvHKT1;1-FL is highly selective for Na^(+),withminimal conductance for K^(+),Li^(+),Rb^(+),or Cs^(+).It demonstrated high Na^(+)transport efficiency,characterized by higher Vmax and lower Km values,while the variants showed reducedNa^(+)currents,lowerVmax,and higherKmvalues,indicating decreasedNa^(+)transport capacity.Reversal potential analyses further confirmed Na^(+)selectivity,with HvHKT1;1-FL displaying the strongest preference for Na^(+).Notably,while all variants retained Na^(+)selectivity,they showed reduced efficiency,as indicated by a more negative reversal potential in low Na^(+)conditions.These findings highlight the functional diversity among HvHKT1;1 variants,with HvHKT1;1-FL playing a dominant role in Na^(+)transport.The tissue-specific regulation of these variants under salinity stress underscores their importance in barley’s adaptive responses.
基金supported by the Key Research Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province,China(2021C02064-3)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China。
文摘Metalloid arsenic(As)is not a necessary element for plants,but its excessive accumulation is toxic to plants,and it also poses a great health risk to humans via the food chain.Plants absorb and metabolize As through a variety of processes.Arsenate in the form of As^(5+)is absorbed by phosphate transporters,but methylated As and As^(3+)enter plant tissues mainly through aquaporin channels.Various strategies and practices have been proposed and applied to alleviate As toxicity or reduce As accumulation in plants,but an efficient and environment-friendly approach has yet to be developed.This review comprehensively explores As sources and uptake mechanisms,as well as the interactions of phosphorus(P)and As in their uptake,transportation and influences on plant growth and physiological activities.This comprehensive review covers the transport,metabolism,and tolerance processes that plants exhibit in response to As stress and the addition of P.In addition,we also present recent advances in reducing As toxicity and accumulation by improving P nutrition,manipulating P transporter genes and optimizing the plant microbial community.Finally,the future research directions and main challenges are briefly discussed.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2020MS04001)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program Project+1 种基金Hetao College Science and Technology Research Project(HYYB202303)Hetao College Science and Technology Innovation Team.
文摘A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying scenarios including nitrogen fertilization rates,irrigation rates,and air temperatures in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)over the 38-year period.DAYCENT model was used to predict carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fluxes from cultivated soils in the HID,Inner Mongolia from^(2)023 to 2060(the year of achieving the"carbon neutrality"goal)in this study.Results showed that mean soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field[1035.13 g/(m^(2).yr)]were significantly lower than those in the maize field[1405.54 g/(m^(2).yr)].An increase in nitrogen fertilization rate led to a significant escalation in soil CO_(2)fluxes.Moreover,elevating irrigation rates for washing salts by irrigation(WSBI)diminished soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field while amplifying them in the maize field.A rise in air temperature resulted in an increase in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the maize field,with annual increases observed,but a reduction in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the sunflower field.The sunflower fields in the HID have a more substantial advantage than the corn fields in mitigating soil CO_(2)emissions.
基金supported by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture,Food Sovereignty and Forests(project GOOD-MILK,D.M.9367185—09/12/2020,CUP C29C20000450001,Roma,Italy)the Regional Government of Sardinia(Progetto Strategico Sulcis,CUP J73C17000070007,Cagliari,Italy).
文摘Background Goat breeds in the Alpine area and Mediterranean basin exhibit a unique genetic heritage shaped by centuries of selection and adaptability to harsh environments.Understanding their adaptive traits can aid breeding programs target enhanced resilience and productivity,especially as we are facing important climate and agriculture challenges.To this aim the genomic architecture of 480 goats belonging to five breeds(i.e.,Saanen[SAA],Camosciata delle Alpi[CAM],Murciano-Granadina[MUR],Maltese[MAL],Sarda[SAR])reared in the Sardinia Island were genotyped and their genomic architecture evaluated to find molecular basis of adaptive traits.Inbreeding,runs of homozygosity(ROH)and runs of heterozygosity(ROHet)were identified.Finally,candidate genes in the ROH and ROHet regions were explored through a pathway analysis to assess their molecular role.Results In total,we detected 10,341 ROH in the SAA genome,11,063 ROH in the CAM genome,12,250 ROH in the MUR genome,8,939 ROH in the MAL genome,and 18,441 ROH in the SAR genome.Moreover,we identified 4,087 ROHet for SAA,3,360 for CAM,2,927 for MUR,3,701 for MAL,and 3,576 for SAR,with SAR having the highest heterozygosity coefficient.Interestingly,when computing the inbreeding coefficient using homozygous segment(FROH),SAA showed the lowest value while MAL the highest one,suggesting the need to improve selecting strategies to preserve genetic diversity within the population.Among the most significant candidate genes,we identified several ones linked to different physiological functions,such as milk production(e.g.,DGAT1,B4GALT1),immunity(GABARAP,GPS2)and adaptation to environment(e.g.,GJA3,GJB2 and GJB6).Conclusions This study highlighted the genetic diversity within and among five goat breeds.The high levels of ROH identified in some breeds might indicate high levels of inbreeding and a lack in genetic variation,which might negatively impact the animal population.Conversely,high levels of ROHet might indicate regions of the genetic diversity,beneficial for breed health and resilience.Therefore,these findings could aid breeding programs in managing inbreeding and preserving genetic diversity.
基金financed by the Research Management Wing,Gazipur Agricultural University,Bangladesh。
文摘The productivity of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.),an economically important legume,is severely hindered by drought stress.While melatonin(Mel)and methyl jasmonate(MeJA)are known to alleviate abiotic stresses,their combined effects in mitigating drought-induced oxidative stress are unknown.Here,we examined the synergistic effects of Mel and MeJA in alleviating drought-associated oxidative damage in common bean.Compared with well-watered controls,drought stress caused a significant decline in plant biomass,photosynthetic pigments,and photosystem Ⅱ efficiency(F_(v)/F_(m)).Drought also significantly increased hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))accumulation,which likely contributed to membrane lipid peroxidation,as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde(MDA)levels.Furthermore,drought stress substantially suppressed the activity of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and glutathione S-transferase(GST).In contrast,application of exogenous Mel and MeJA,particularly at 150μM and 20μM,respectively,significantly improved plant biomass,chlorophyll a(Chl a),chlorophyll b(Chl b),and F_(v)/F_(m) relative to drought-stressed plants only.Notably,the combined treatment with Mel and MeJA reduced H_(2)O_(2) and MDA by 84.3%and 39.8%,respectively,while enhancing the activities of CAT(by 106.2%),POD(by 97.7%),and GST(by 54.2%)compared to drought-stressed plants only.Multivariate analyses further confirmed that Mel and MeJA effectively reduced the levels of H_(2)O_(2) and MDA while enhancing antioxidant defense.These results suggest that the combined action of Mel and MeJA enhanced antioxidant defenses,restoring photosynthetic performance impaired by ROS in common bean.This synergy effectively mitigates drought-induced oxidative stress,highlighting their potential to improve resilience and support sustainable bean production for global food security.
文摘Intensive farming practices,aimed at maximizing crop yields through substantial inputs of labour,technology,and chemical fertilizers,have significantly transformed modern agriculture.However,these methods have raised serious concerns regarding soil health,environmental sustainability,and long-term agricultural viability.This study examines the ecological impact of intensive farming on soil health in the KB Asifabad District of Telangana,India,where traditional and modern farming techniques coexist.The objectives include analysing socio-economic factors influencing farming methods,evaluating the impact of tilling techniques and fertilizer use on soil health,and promoting sustainable practices through education and policy recommendations.Findings reveal a strong reliance on chemical fertilizers,with 98.3% of farmers using them exclusively due to their perceived efficiency and rapid results.However,this overdependence has led to soil degradation,reduced microbial diversity,and environmental pollution.Conversely,despite its ecological benefits,natural manure remains underutilized due to scepticism and economic constraints.Mechanical tilling methods,while effective,have negatively impacted soil structure and fertility.The study highlights the necessity of transitioning to sustainable practices,integrating organic inputs,and adopting conservation techniques to restore soil health and ecosystem balance.This research provides practical pathways for achieving sustainable agriculture by integrating traditional knowledge with modern practices.It is particularly relevant for policymakers,agricultural extension services,and farming communities as it highlights the need for educational initiatives,financial incentives,and regulatory measures to ensure long-term soil fertility,environmental stewardship,and improved farmer livelihoods.
文摘The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.This intricate response to cold stress is regulated by hormones,photoperiod,light,and various factors,in addition to genetic influences.In autumn,plants undergo morphological,physiological,biochemical,and molecular changes to prepare for the low temperatures of winter.Understanding cellular stress responses is crucial for genetic manipulation aimed at enhancing cold resistance.Early autumn frosts or late spring chills can cause significant damage to plants,making it essential to adapt in autumn to survive winter conditions.While the general process of acclimatization is similar across many plant species,variations exist depending on the specific type of plant and regional conditions.Different plant organs exhibit varying degrees of damage from cold stress,and by applying agricultural principles,potential damage can be largely controlled.Timely reinforcement and stress prevention can minimize cold-related damage.Research has shown that in temperate climates,low temperatures restrict plant growth and yield.However,the intricate structural systems involved remain poorly understood.Over the past decade,studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to adapt to and resist cold stress.The gene signaling system is believed to play a crucial role in cold adaptation,and researchers have prioritized this area in their investigations.This study critically examines plant responses to cold stress through physiological adaptations,including calcium signaling dynamics,membrane lipid modifications,and adjustments in antioxidant systems.These mechanisms activate downstream gene expression and molecular functions,leading to key resistance strategies.Additionally,we explore the regulatory roles of endogenous phytohormones and secondary metabolites in cold stress responses.This review aims to enhance our foundational understanding of the mechanisms behind plant cold adaptation.
基金partly funded by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil(CAPES)–Finance Code 001。
文摘Background Irrigation has been a strategy used to reduce losses due to drought,which combined with a good supply of nitrogen(N),can improve the protective system of cotton plants.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigated and rainfed cotton cultivation using different rates and sources of N.Cotton cultivation was carried out in Selvíria-MS field in the 2017/2018 harvest.The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks,which were designed in a 4×2×2 factorial scheme.The factors were composed of 0,40,80,and 150 kg·hm^(-2)level of N,using two sources of N under rainfed and irrigated systems.Results The provision of irrigation provided an increase in the levels of chlorophylls(Chl)a,Chl b,total Chl,carotenoids,pheophytin,leaf chlorophyll index(LCI),N content,nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)),sucrose(SUC),the number of vegetative and reproductive branches,boll mass,and seed cotton productivity.There was no effect of N sources on any of the characteristics evaluated.Application of 150 kg·hm^(-2)level of N increased in 11%,59%,22%,15%,15%and 17%in LCI,NO_(3)^(-),N,total amino acids(TA),SUC,and proline concentration in leaves,compared with 0 kg·hm^(-2)of N,respectively.Application of 150 kg·hm^(-2)level of N improved the leaf catalase activity(CAT)under the irrigation system;however,in a rainfed system,the highest CAT was observed at rates of 0 and 150 kg·hm^(-2)level of N.Irrigation increased in 55%,117%,68%,46%,8%,36%,24%,118%,48%,10%,11%and 72%in Chl a,Chl b,total Chl,CAR,LCI,pheophytins(Pheo),SUC,NO_(3)^(-),the number of vegetative branches,the number of reproductive branches,mass of 20 bolls and seed cotton yield compared with rainfed system,respectively,however,the antioxidant system and the ammonium content of plants was stimulated by rainfed cultivation.Conclusions Antioxidant responses increased during droughts in cotton farming,which may be connected to oxidative stress-related losses.Better N metabolism,photosynthetic pigments,and manufacturing components were all made possible by irrigated cultivation.The delivery of 150 kg·hm^(-2)of N in topdressing in cotton agriculture promoted the N metabolism,sucrose,total amino acids,and the plant's defense mechanism against oxidative stress.
基金supported by the Sino-German Research Project(GZ 1362)Grains Research and Development Corporation International Visiting Fellowship(UWA2406-010BGX)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171982)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of the Chinese Government(2662023PY004).
文摘Allopolyploids often exhibit advantages in vigor and adaptability compared to diploids.A long-term goal in the economically important Brassica genus has been to develop a new allohexaploid crop type(AABBCC)by combining different diploid and allotetraploid crop species.However,early-generation allohexaploids often face challenges like unstable meiosis and low fertility,and the phenotypic performance of these synthetic lines has rarely been assessed.This study analyzes agronomic traits,fertility,and genome stability in ArArBcBcCcCc lines derived from four crosses between B.carinata and B.rapa after 9–11 selfing generations.Our results demonstrate polyploid advantage in vigor and seed traits,considerable phenotypic variation,and high fertility and genome stability.Meanwhile,parental genotypes significantly influence outcomes in advanced allohexaploids.Structural variants,largely resulting from A–C homoeologous exchanges,contribute to genomic variation and influence hexaploid genome stability,with the A sub-genome showing the highest variability.Both positive and negative impacts of SVs on fertility and seed weight are observed.Pseudo-euploids,frequently appearing,do not significantly affect fertility or other agronomic traits compared to euploids,indicating a potential pathway toward a stable allohexaploid species.These findings provide insights into the challenge and potential for developing an adaptable and stable Brassica hexaploid through selection.
基金supported by the Joint Project 2016 and the Joint Project 2019,developed by the University of Verona and Fabbrica Cooperativa Perfosfati Cerea,Italy。
文摘The behaviour of nanofertilizers(NFs)in plant-soil systems can differ from that of conventional chemical fertilizers due to their peculiar chemical-physical properties.Their effectiveness is still poorly understood.In this study,we evaluated the P fertilization potential of a novel nanosized FePO4NF(FePNF)in a plant-soil microcosm in a pot experiment.The efficacies of FePNF and a conventional P fertilizer(triple superphosphate,TSP)in sustaining the growth of cucumber plants were evaluated.Plants were grown for 28 d on a P-deficient soil,and determinations were made of plant growth parameters,mineral nutrient concentrations in plant tissues,P availability in soil,activities of soil enzymes involved in C,N,P,and S mineralization,and soil microbial community structure.No significant differences were found in plant dry weight,leaf area,chlorophyll content,or root growth between the FePNF and TSP treatments.Conversely,P availability in soil and P concentration in plant tissues at the end of the plant growth period were significantly higher after TSP fertilization compared to FePNF fertilization,whereas no significant differences were observed for other nutrients.Among the measured soil enzyme activities,there were no significant differences in the activities of soil acid phosphatase,β-glucosidase,and arylsulfatase between the FePNF and TSP treatments,while soil alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in the TSP treatment than in the FePNF treatment and the protease activity was higher in the FePNF treatment than in the TSP treatment.The FePNF and TSP treatments showed significant differences in soil archaeal,bacterial,and fungal community structures,although the microbial community profiles generally clustered closer to each other in the two treatments.We concluded that FePNF can be an efficient alternative to the conventional P fertilizer TSP.
基金the Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT) Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) for the use of the services and financial supports of this research
文摘The oilseed crop Camelina sativa exhibits salinity tolerance,but the effects on early growth stages across a range of different salts and in combination with salicylic acid(SA)have not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,seeds were germinated in varying concentrations of six salts(NaCl,CaCl_(2),ZnCl_(2),KCl,MgSO_(4),and Na2SO_(4))with or without 0.5 mM SA.Using the halotime model,we estimated salt thresholds for germination and parameters of seedling growth.Germination and seedling growth parameters of camelina significantly decreased with increasing salt concentration across all salt types.Salts containing Zn and SO_(4) were most detrimental to germination and seedling growth.Except for KCl,0.5 mM SA generally reduced the salinity tolerance threshold(Saltb(50))of camelina.Specifically,Saltb(50)was 21.5%higher for KCl and 16.1%,25.0%,54.9%,21.0%,and 5.6%lower for CaCl_(2),NaCl,MgSO_(4),Na2SO_(4),and ZnCl_(2),respectively,when 0.5 mM SA was compared to 0 mM SA.Furthermore,camelina seedling growth was consistently more sensitive than germination across all salt types.SA did not significantly enhance germination or seedling growth and was harmful when combined with certain salts or at the germination stage.It can be concluded that both the type of salt and the concentration of SA are as critical as the salt concentration in saline irrigation water.
基金Agricultural Research Development Agency in Thailand for financing the study and the provision of this research.
文摘Extremely high temperatures resulting from climate change have become a major challenge for increasing rice production.Therefore,our objective was to develop heat-tolerant aromatic rice varieties using the pedigree method,focusing on selecting for seed-setting ability under extremely high temperatures along with the use of single nucleotide polymorphism/insertion and deletion(SNP/InDel)markers to improve aromatic properties and grain quality.Furthermore,the QTL-seq approach was utilized to identify QTLs for seed-setting rate in an F2 population subjected to heat stress.The candidate QTL regions were then aligned to confirm SNPs/InDels in synonymous F7 candidate heat-tolerant lines.The results revealed that four promising lines,namely 84-7-1-9,84-7-1-10,159-3-3-1,and 159-3-3-10,were classified as heat-tolerant with low amylose content.In addition,lines 84-7-1-9 and 84-7-1-10 were identified as aromatic rice encompassing the aroma gene(badh2).Regarding the QTL-seq results,the qSF2.1 region ranged from 311051 to 3929422 bp on chromosome 2,was identified based on the highest contrasting SNP index between the heat-susceptible and tolerant bulks.The candidate genes within this region include two genes related to heat shock proteins,three genes associated with pollen fertility,and four genes involved in heat stress and other abiotic stress responses.These genes are proposed as potential candidates for heat tolerance and could serve as targets in rice breeding programs aimed at enhancing heat tolerance.
基金supported by Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.CX(22)3001)。
文摘The escalating global dissemination of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance poses a formidable threat to global health.Conjugation stands as a pivotal mechanism for horizontal gene transfer among bacterial populations,facilitating the spread of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs).Microelectrolysis has garnered attention as an efficacious strategy for mitigating antibiotic concentrations in wastewater,yet its potential impact on ARG horizontal transfer remain largely unexplored.This comprehensive investigation unveils that microelectrolysis not only influences but significantly accelerates the conjugative transfer of ARG-harboring plasmids.Remarkably,this phenomenon is corroborated at the microbial community scale,underscoring its ecological relevance.Alarmingly,the study highlights the vulnerability of intestinalmicroorganisms to acquire antibiotic resistance under electrolytic stimulation,posing heightened risks to both animal and human health.Delving deeper,the study elucidates the underlyingmechanisms responsible for this enhanced conjugative transfer.It reveals that microelectrolysis augments the abundance of mating-competent cells,triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species,inflicts modest membrane damage,and upregulates the expression of genes critical for conjugation.These findings collectively contribute to a more profound comprehension of the environmental dissemination dynamics and associated public health implications of ARGs in the context of wastewater treatment employing microelectrolytic technologies.
文摘In recent years, traditional rice landraces have gained increasing attention among consumers, scientists, and nutritionists because of their nutritional and therapeutic value. The diverse rice gene pool of the Indian subcontinent is bestowed with indigenous rice types augmented with nutrients and phytochemicals. Landraces high in resistant starch and dietary fiber contribute to gut health and help prevent gastrointestinal disorders, whereas those with high-quality protein contents, such as glutelin and lysine, all-trans retinoic acid, as well as iron and zinc contents(even in polished rice), play a vital role in the alleviation of malnutrition and hidden hunger. Metabolomic studies have revealed the presence of novel bioactive molecules, including tocols(e.g., gamma-tocotrienol and alpha-tocopherol), phytosterols(e.g., campestrol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol), phenolic acids(e.g., 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, 4-vinylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, ionol, and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), flavonoids [e.g., flavonolignans tricin 4′-O-(threo-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether and tricin 4′-O-(erythro-β-guaiacylglyceryl) ether], anthocyanins(e.g., delphinidin and cyanidin), carotenoids(e.g., 7,7′,8,8′-tetrahydrolycopene and 1-hydroxylycopene), diterpenoids(e.g., sugiol), vitamin D3(a secosteroid), and bioactive vitamin D(e.g., calcitriol). These bioactive phytochemicals endow Indian rice landraces, rich in antioxidants, with antiphlogistic, antineoplastic, cardiac risk preventive, antiviral, and antitubercular activities, confirming their use in traditional Indian medicine. Furthermore, Indian landraces with a low glycemic index may benefit the Asian Indian phenotype, which is characterized by clinical anomalies such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia(reduced high-density lipoprotein levels), and high dietary glycemic load. Therefore, the conservation of India's traditional rice varieties is vital for both sustainable agriculture and improving global health.
基金supported by a research grant of Gyeongsangbuk-do(No.GBHEMP202504),Republic of Korea.
文摘Cannabis sativa is highly valued for its use in fiber production,medicine,and recreational products.Its secondary metabolites(SM)are renowned for their wide range of health benefits and psychoactive properties.While much of the existing research has focused on cannabinoid production in the plant’s aerial parts,particularly the leaves and flowers,the root system remains understudied in terms of its SM profile.One promising in vitro approach for metabolite production involves the use of‘hairy roots(HRs)’.These roots mimic the phytochemical profile of native roots but grow more efficiently and yield higher quantities of metabolites.HRs are genetically altered root tissues that develop at the site of infection when Agrobacterium rhizogenes is introduced into wounded plant tissues.HRs cultures in Cannabis represent a breakthrough in plant metabolic engineering,offering potential for the controlled biosynthesis of cannabinoids and terpenoids.By utilising genome editing(GE)tools such as CRISPR-based tools,these cultures can produce novel bioactive compounds at an industrial scale.The use of elicitors enhances the production of SM by activating their biosynthetic pathways,further boosting yields.This system provides a sustainable alternative to conventional farming and chemical synthesis,addressing challenges such as pharmaceutical shortages,enhancing climate resilience,and promoting more resource-efficient biomanufacturing.Few studies have explored elicitor-induced HR cultures in Cannabis to enhance terpenoid production.This review highlights research on HRs for SM synthesis and introduces a platform that positions Cannabis as a leader in biomanufacturing and sustainable biotechnology,promoting advancements across the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries globally.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2012BAD04B02,2013BAD07B02,and2011BAD16B10)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103003 and 201303126-4)the Key Technology R&D Program of Jilin province,China(20126026)
文摘A four-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of subsoiling depth on root morphology, nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), and potassium(K) uptake, and grain yield of spring maize. The results indicated that subsoil tillage promoted root development,increased nutrient accumulation, and increased yield. Compared with conventional soil management(CK), root length, root surface area, and root dry weight at 0–80 cm soil depth under subsoil tillage to 30 cm(T1) and subsoil tillage to 50 cm(T2) were significantly increased, especially the proportions of roots in deeper soil. Root length, surface area, and dry weight differed significantly among three treatments in the order of T2 > T1 > CK at the12-leaf and early filling stages. The range of variation of root diameter in different soil layers in T2 treatment was the smallest, suggesting that roots were more likely to grow downwards with deeper subsoil tillage in soil. The accumulation of N, P, and K in subsoil tillage treatment was significantly increased, but the proportions of kernel and straw were different. In a comparison of T1 with T2, the grain accumulated more N and P, while K accumulation in kernel and straw varied in different years. Grain yield and biomass were increased by 12.8% and 14.6% on average in subsoil tillage treatments compared to conventional soil treatment. Although no significant differences between different subsoil tillage depths were observed for nutrient accumulation and grain yield, lodging resistance of plants was significantly improved in subsoil tillage to 50 cm, a characteristic that favors a high and stable yield under extreme environments.
