Subak in Bali is believed to have been existing from earlier than the ninth century. Throughout this long period, Subak has been successfully utilized water resources for irrigation. Subak has been recognized as world...Subak in Bali is believed to have been existing from earlier than the ninth century. Throughout this long period, Subak has been successfully utilized water resources for irrigation. Subak has been recognized as world cultural heritage by UNESCO since 2012. Currently, however, the sustainability of the system and its existence in the future is a big concern. This research is a literature review that aims to identify the challenges and provide option of solutions to sustain the Subak. The study showed that some operational and maintenance aspects of Subak are alarming, such as some network deterioration, limited availability of maintenance facilities either from government or farmers. Despite this condition, religious tradition of Subak is still carried out, although the processions vary from one Subak to another. There are several challenges in regards to Subak conservation: (1) reduction of the Subak area, resulting in declining income to support a decent life; (2) deterioration of quality and quantity of water resources; (3) the age of farmers is above 40 years with a heavy financial burden; (4) there are no clear external regulations to support Subak conservations. This study suggests several strategic steps in keeping the sustainability of Subak. The strategic steps include:refunctioning government officials; providing government support to reduce cost levied to farmers; facilitating collaborations between farmers and other stakeholders; promoting alternative commodities which have a higher financial value; preventing and repairing damages of upstream areas; controlling pollution; forming a coordination board at a provincial, regency and river basin level; building the Subak information systems; providing supervising mechanism, and encouraging academics and students to participate in an effort to preserve Subak itself.展开更多
The architectural style found in Wa and Tamale is renowned for its distinctive use of earthen construction,which features square buildings with fat roofs and circular compounds with conical thatch roofs.Recently,there...The architectural style found in Wa and Tamale is renowned for its distinctive use of earthen construction,which features square buildings with fat roofs and circular compounds with conical thatch roofs.Recently,there has been a growing inclination towards the use of alternative construction techniques in which nontraditional materials such as cement,bitumen,and used car engine oil are utilised to render wall surfaces.These structures show how the mate‑rials and design in northern Ghana have substantially evolved.However,what forces drive the changes in cob construction in this region?Furthermore,how might these changes impact the preservation of cultural heritage in Ghana?To explore the factors that contribute to the departure from traditional earthen building methods that rely on local materials,this study employs a constructivist research approach.Participants in a survey that informed this study revealed that they struggled to access building materials to construct their houses.While most of the people who responded to the survey have resided in buildings constructed with a mixture of beini and dawadawa,they hesi‑tate to use plant-based biostabilisers in new constructions.Factors that hinder the ongoing construction and pres‑ervation of earthen buildings include shifting cultural and social norms,environmental changes,difculties access‑ing local building resources,food risks,regular maintenance requirements,and societal infuences.Thus,this study concludes that if communities are empowered to take ownership and recognise the value of their cultural heritage,they are likely to be increasingly aware and appreciative of their architectural heritage.Thus,their local heritage will be preserved.展开更多
A numerical investigation of flow past a square cylinder with a circular bar upstream and a splitter plate downstream is carried out in this paper by lattice Boltzmann method(LBM).The combination of the three obstacle...A numerical investigation of flow past a square cylinder with a circular bar upstream and a splitter plate downstream is carried out in this paper by lattice Boltzmann method(LBM).The combination of the three obstacles and LBM is the main novelty of the present study.The flow patterns are analyzed by a uniform flow of Reynolds number 100 based on the side length of the square cylinder,D.Numerical simulations are performed in the range of 1≤Ds/D≤5,0≤G/D≤7 and 1≤L/D≤6,where Ds,G and L are the center-to center distance,surface-to-surface distance and the splitter plate length,respectively.Six flow patterns are observed in the present study.The maximum percentage reduction in mean drag coefficient is 68.76%at(ds,g,l)=(2.5,0,3)which is in pattern VI.The vortex shedding from the square cylinder and the circular bar can be completely suppressed in pattern VI.The small distance between the square cylinder and the splitter plate plays a more vital role in suppression of vortex shedding as compared with large distance and length.展开更多
文摘Subak in Bali is believed to have been existing from earlier than the ninth century. Throughout this long period, Subak has been successfully utilized water resources for irrigation. Subak has been recognized as world cultural heritage by UNESCO since 2012. Currently, however, the sustainability of the system and its existence in the future is a big concern. This research is a literature review that aims to identify the challenges and provide option of solutions to sustain the Subak. The study showed that some operational and maintenance aspects of Subak are alarming, such as some network deterioration, limited availability of maintenance facilities either from government or farmers. Despite this condition, religious tradition of Subak is still carried out, although the processions vary from one Subak to another. There are several challenges in regards to Subak conservation: (1) reduction of the Subak area, resulting in declining income to support a decent life; (2) deterioration of quality and quantity of water resources; (3) the age of farmers is above 40 years with a heavy financial burden; (4) there are no clear external regulations to support Subak conservations. This study suggests several strategic steps in keeping the sustainability of Subak. The strategic steps include:refunctioning government officials; providing government support to reduce cost levied to farmers; facilitating collaborations between farmers and other stakeholders; promoting alternative commodities which have a higher financial value; preventing and repairing damages of upstream areas; controlling pollution; forming a coordination board at a provincial, regency and river basin level; building the Subak information systems; providing supervising mechanism, and encouraging academics and students to participate in an effort to preserve Subak itself.
基金funded by the Royal Academy of Engineering through Frontiers of Development.Academy Reference:FoD-2021-5-6.
文摘The architectural style found in Wa and Tamale is renowned for its distinctive use of earthen construction,which features square buildings with fat roofs and circular compounds with conical thatch roofs.Recently,there has been a growing inclination towards the use of alternative construction techniques in which nontraditional materials such as cement,bitumen,and used car engine oil are utilised to render wall surfaces.These structures show how the mate‑rials and design in northern Ghana have substantially evolved.However,what forces drive the changes in cob construction in this region?Furthermore,how might these changes impact the preservation of cultural heritage in Ghana?To explore the factors that contribute to the departure from traditional earthen building methods that rely on local materials,this study employs a constructivist research approach.Participants in a survey that informed this study revealed that they struggled to access building materials to construct their houses.While most of the people who responded to the survey have resided in buildings constructed with a mixture of beini and dawadawa,they hesi‑tate to use plant-based biostabilisers in new constructions.Factors that hinder the ongoing construction and pres‑ervation of earthen buildings include shifting cultural and social norms,environmental changes,difculties access‑ing local building resources,food risks,regular maintenance requirements,and societal infuences.Thus,this study concludes that if communities are empowered to take ownership and recognise the value of their cultural heritage,they are likely to be increasingly aware and appreciative of their architectural heritage.Thus,their local heritage will be preserved.
文摘A numerical investigation of flow past a square cylinder with a circular bar upstream and a splitter plate downstream is carried out in this paper by lattice Boltzmann method(LBM).The combination of the three obstacles and LBM is the main novelty of the present study.The flow patterns are analyzed by a uniform flow of Reynolds number 100 based on the side length of the square cylinder,D.Numerical simulations are performed in the range of 1≤Ds/D≤5,0≤G/D≤7 and 1≤L/D≤6,where Ds,G and L are the center-to center distance,surface-to-surface distance and the splitter plate length,respectively.Six flow patterns are observed in the present study.The maximum percentage reduction in mean drag coefficient is 68.76%at(ds,g,l)=(2.5,0,3)which is in pattern VI.The vortex shedding from the square cylinder and the circular bar can be completely suppressed in pattern VI.The small distance between the square cylinder and the splitter plate plays a more vital role in suppression of vortex shedding as compared with large distance and length.
