Soil bacteria are integral to ecosystem functioning,significantly contributing to nutrients cycling and organic matter decomposition,and enhancing soil structure.This research considered the composition and dynamics o...Soil bacteria are integral to ecosystem functioning,significantly contributing to nutrients cycling and organic matter decomposition,and enhancing soil structure.This research considered the composition and dynamics of soil bacterial communities under different vegetation types(native Quercus brantii Lindl.and Amygdalus scoparia Spach,and non-native Pinus eldarica Medw.and Cupressus arizonica Greene.)in Zagros mountain area of Iran.This study involved a comparative analysis of soil culturable heterotrophic bacterial communities in spring(wet season)and summer(dry season)to clarify the effects of seasonal changes and vegetation on the dynamics of soil microorganisms.Soil samples were randomly collected under the canopies of various tree species and a control area,yielding a total of 48 composite samples analyzed for bacterial composition.Results indicated that 11 Gram-negative(e.g.,Citrobacter freundii,Enterobacter cloacae,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella oxytoca,Klebsiella pneumoniae,etc.)and 2 Gram-positive(Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus)bacteria were identified,showing significant seasonal variation.Specifically,53.85%of bacterial species were common to both seasons,with notable shifts in community composition observed between spring and summer,highlighting a higher abundance of Gram-negative species in spring.Bacterial community structure was significantly influenced by vegetation type,with various tree species shaping distinct microbial assemblages.Moreover,Pearson's correlations revealed that soil properties,particularly pH,phosphorus,and moisture content,were critical drivers of bacterial diversity and abundance.Our findings underscore the dynamic nature of soil bacterial communities in response to seasonal and vegetation changes,emphasizing the importance of repeated temporal sampling for accurate assessments of microbial diversity.Understanding these microbial dynamics is essential for improving soil management strategies and enhancing ecosystem resilience,particularly in arid and semi-arid areas where environmental fluctuations play a pivotal role.This research not only confirms our hypotheses but also enhances our understanding of soil biogeochemical processes and informs future vegetation management practices.展开更多
The integration of machine learning(ML)into geohazard assessment has successfully instigated a paradigm shift,leading to the production of models that possess a level of predictive accuracy previously considered unatt...The integration of machine learning(ML)into geohazard assessment has successfully instigated a paradigm shift,leading to the production of models that possess a level of predictive accuracy previously considered unattainable.However,the black-box nature of these systems presents a significant barrier,hindering their operational adoption,regulatory approval,and full scientific validation.This paper provides a systematic review and synthesis of the emerging field of explainable artificial intelligence(XAI)as applied to geohazard science(GeoXAI),a domain that aims to resolve the long-standing trade-off between model performance and interpretability.A rigorous synthesis of 87 foundational studies is used to map the intellectual and methodological contours of this rapidly expanding field.The analysis reveals that current research efforts are concentrated predominantly on landslide and flood assessment.Methodologically,tree-based ensembles and deep learning models dominate the literature,with SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)frequently adopted as the principal post-hoc explanation technique.More importantly,the review further documents how the role of XAI has shifted:rather than being used solely as a tool for interpreting models after training,it is increasingly integrated into the modeling cycle itself.Recent applications include its use in feature selection,adaptive sampling strategies,and model evaluation.The evidence also shows that GeoXAI extends beyond producing feature rankings.It reveals nonlinear thresholds and interaction effects that generate deeper mechanistic insights into hazard processes and mechanisms.Nevertheless,several key challenges remain unresolved within the field.These persistent issues are especially pronounced when considering the crucial necessity for interpretation stability,the demanding scholarly task of reliably distinguishing correlation from causation,and the development of appropriate methods for the treatment of complex spatio-temporal dynamics.展开更多
Soils are the key foundation of Earth's sustainability that drives biogeochemical cycling of nutrients,provides ecosystem functions and services including carbon sequestration,water retention and purification,toxi...Soils are the key foundation of Earth's sustainability that drives biogeochemical cycling of nutrients,provides ecosystem functions and services including carbon sequestration,water retention and purification,toxic metal/organic pollutants immobilization and biodiversity conservation as well as landscape stabilization(Lehmann et al,2020).Soils protect physical habitats and provide biodiversity of underground biota also conditioning the physical environment for beautification of the landscape.Thus,the health of soil and environment is closely linked to One Health of global lives(Banerjee&van der Heijden,2022).Over the last decades,global soils have been at risk due to extensive soil degradation,along with climate change,biodiversity loss and environmental pollution(IPBES,2019).展开更多
The GeoChip is a glass slide containing oligonucleotide probes targeting genes that confer specific function to micro-organism. The GeoChip has been used to dissect the microbial community functional structure of envi...The GeoChip is a glass slide containing oligonucleotide probes targeting genes that confer specific function to micro-organism. The GeoChip has been used to dissect the microbial community functional structure of environmental samples. The PhyloChip is a glass slide containing oligonucleotide probes of the 16S rRNA genes and it offers tremendous potential to monitor microbial population. Below ground microbial community can be linked to the above ground plant community by the use of these Chips in a high throughput manner. This review seeks to determine the various roles of the GeoChip and the PhyloChip in soil microbial ecology studies. During biostimulation of uranium in groundwater, microbial community dynamics was linked to functional processes and in global warming studies, microbial response to functional gene structure has been possible by the use of the GeoChip. The PhyloChip, on the other hand, provides more comprehensive survey of the microbial diversity, composition and structure and are less susceptible to the influence of dominance in microbial community. Some of the concerns regarding the use of compost in agricultural soils i.e. the spread of human, animal and plant pathogens were reduced when the PhyloChip was used to monitor composting.展开更多
Organic matter increases biological activity within the root zone because it contains beneficial microbes that stimulate vital processes.This study aimed to determine the effect of Ochrobactrum anthropi added to the s...Organic matter increases biological activity within the root zone because it contains beneficial microbes that stimulate vital processes.This study aimed to determine the effect of Ochrobactrum anthropi added to the soil as a single or mixed solution with different concentrations of organic matter on the vegetative growth of the zinnia plant and its content of nutrients.The study was conducted with a randomized complete block design(RCBD)with three replications.The plant was grown in soil with a high salinity level of 8 ds m^(–1).Plant characteristics were estimated 30 and 60 days after planting the plant.The treatment with the addition of bio-inoculum produced the best results;within 30 days,there was a 56.89%increase in plant length;after 60 days,there was a 52.56%increase;additionally,there was a 52.56%increase in leaf count within 30 days;after 60 days,there was a 53.50%increase;and finally,there was an increase in flower count.For plants after 60 days,it reached 3.66%.With the addition of bio-inoculum to soil at a level of 3 gm kg^(–1)of organic matter,the mixing treatment achieved the highest dry weight,29.86%.The addition of bio-inoculum resulted in the largest and most significant increase in chlorophyll content in leaves,reaching 18.76%.In the mixing addition of the biological inoculum treatment,the organic content of the plant showed an increase in nitrogen(14.38%),phosphorus(21.18%),and potassium(39.75%)at 2 and 3 gm kg^(–1)organic matter,respectively.展开更多
Degradation of the physical quality of the soil is a common problem encountered in agrosystems, particularly in the case of open field cropping systems in the northern areas of Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, the struc...Degradation of the physical quality of the soil is a common problem encountered in agrosystems, particularly in the case of open field cropping systems in the northern areas of Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, the structural stability of the soil, which is a good indicator of the sensitivity to threshing and to water erosion in relation to the accumulation of organic matter, was evaluated in two types of soil (Ferralsol and Cambisol) in cashew orchards, in two villages (Mahana and Sanankoro) producing cashew nuts, located the Department of Touba in the North West of Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of this study is to develop new technical routes that are better suited to further promote the sequestration of organic carbon in the soil. Soil samples were taken from open soil profiles at the two chosen sites to allow laboratory analyzes. The results indicate that the surface horizon of Cambisol (site 1) is more stable (Is = 0.78) than that of Ferralsol (site 2;Is = 1.08) with nevertheless relatively small thicknesses of horizons. The median horizons and those of depth, indicate a mediocre stability (Is vary from 1.03 to 1.62). In terms of the quantity of organic carbon, the estimated values vary from 1.96 to 4.53 t⋅ha−1 for Cambisol (site 1) and from 1.44 to 3.46 t⋅ha−1 for Ferralsol (site 2). These values remain relatively low especially at the level of the median horizons and those located in depths. Statistical tests have shown a very highly significant and negative association between the structural stability of soils and the amount of organic carbon in the different horizons. The relationship implies that organic carbon plays an important role in the structural stability of soil horizons under cashew tree orchards.展开更多
The release of essential nutrients from soil minerals for plant growth in calcareous soils,facilitated by organic extractants,is critical in semi-arid areas,particularly for elements affected by high soil pH.This stud...The release of essential nutrients from soil minerals for plant growth in calcareous soils,facilitated by organic extractants,is critical in semi-arid areas,particularly for elements affected by high soil pH.This study aims to investigate the release of calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),and phosphorus(P)through the application of wood vinegar extract in surface calcareous soils in Borojerd City,Lorestan Province,Iran.The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications.The treatments included soils from three different land uses:vineyard,wheat field,and rangeland,each treated with 1.00%wood vinegar solution.Cumulative measurements of the specified elements were recorded over 10 consecutive 0.5 h intervals.The release data were analyzed using four various kinetic models(Elovich equation,parabolic diffusion law,power function equation,and zero-order kinetics).The highest concentrations recorded were for Ca(39,500.00 mg/kg),Mg(5880.00 mg/kg),and P(5.00 mg/kg)in grape cultivation.The findings revealed a significant difference in Ca release between grape cultivation and rangeland(P<0.01),while the Mg release showed a significant difference between both grape cultivation and rangeland and wheat cultivation(P<0.01).Additionally,the cumulative release of P showed significant differences between grape cultivation and both wheat and rangeland(P<0.01).The results indicated that the zero-order kinetics provided the best fit for the data(R^(2)=0.99).The maximum initial release amount was observed in grape cultivation when applying the zero-order kinetics,while the highest release rate was achieved using the parabolic diffusion law across three applications.Wood vinegar had the capacity to degrade various clay minerals,including vermiculite,smectite,palygorskite,and,to some extent,illite,resulting in the release of associated elements.Consequently,it can be concluded that wood vinegar can be effectively utilized in grape cultivation as an agent for reducing soil acidity,thereby enhancing the availability of soil nutrients and decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers.展开更多
In addition to sequestering carbon in soil,biochars can also play a role in changing the potassium equilibration and dynamics of the soil.Nowadays,acidification of biochar is commonly used to improve its properties,wh...In addition to sequestering carbon in soil,biochars can also play a role in changing the potassium equilibration and dynamics of the soil.Nowadays,acidification of biochar is commonly used to improve its properties,which can impact the potassium content in the soil.Simultaneous application of acidified biochar and sodium bentonite can complicate this effect.In the present study,the effects of adding two types of biochars prepared from municipal waste and used coffee grounds and their acidified types,along with sodium bentonite at three levels(0.00%,1.00%,and 2.00%),on soil physical-chemical properties(pH,salinity,cation exchange capacity,concentration of soluble cations and their ratio,and sodium adsorption ratio)and the release of potassium from a calcareous soil were investigated.The results showed that the addition of coffee ground biochar increased the concentration of soluble potassium and decreased the ratio of calcium to potassium,while the acidified coffee ground biochar decreased the amount of soluble potassium and increased the ratio of calcium to potassium.Alkaline and acidified municipal waste biochars had no effect on soluble potassium and soluble cations ratio.Application of bentonite increased the amount of soluble calcium and sodium and the ratio of calcium to potassium.Addition of bentonite also increased the amount of exchangeable potassium and exchangeable sodium percentage,but use of different biochars reduced negative effect of bentonite.Use of bentonite also caused an increase in the exchangeable potassium and a decrease in the non-exchangeable potassium contents.Alkaline and acidified coffee ground biochars increased the amount of exchangeable,non-exchangeable,and total potassium,but this effect was greater by alkaline biochar.Application of municipal waste biochar did not affect the amount of exchangeable potassium but increased the amount of non-exchangeable and total potassium,with no significant difference observed between alkaline and acidified biochars.Potassium saturation percentage was not affected by bentonite,but coffee ground biochar increased its amount and municipal waste biochar had no effect on it.Acidified and alkaline coffee ground biochars were able to release more potassium from the soil(475 and 71 mg/kg,respectively),while alkaline municipal waste biochar did not affect it and acidified municipal waste biochar reduced it by 113 mg/kg.In general,it can be concluded that alkaline biochars in calcareous soils can improve potassium fertility by reduction of the ratio of calcium to potassium and increasing its various forms,while acidified biochars and bentonite may aggravate potassium deficiency in these soils.Considering the lack of significant change in the pH of calcareous soils with the use of different biochars,it is suggested to use alkaline biochars,which can improve the potassium status of the soil while reducing the costs associated with biochar modification.展开更多
The effects of various biological soil crusts(BSCs)on soil properties have been extensively studied.However,the impacts of specific species such as Placidium squamulosum,Peccania terricola,and Grimmia ovalis on soil p...The effects of various biological soil crusts(BSCs)on soil properties have been extensively studied.However,the impacts of specific species such as Placidium squamulosum,Peccania terricola,and Grimmia ovalis on soil properties in arid regions have not been documented.Besides,the effects of soil parent rock on the extent of changes in soil properties caused by BSCs have not been thoroughly investigated.The objective of this study was to examine how BSCs including two different terricolous lichen species(Placidium squamulosum and Peccania terricola)and a moss species(Grimmia ovalis)could change major soil chemical and nutritional properties in an arid area under different parent rocks.Triplicate BSC-free surface soil and soil associated with the abovementioned BSCs were sampled from 13 different sites with sedimentary and igneous parent rocks in an arid area in Isfahan,Iran.Soil properties including p H,electrical conductivity(EC),organic matter(OM),calcium carbonate equivalent(CCE),total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium were determined in all the samples.The results indicated that the presence of lichens and mosses significantly changed the soil chemical and nutritional properties.Specifically,the content of total nitrogen,organic matter,and available potassium in the soil environment increased under the activity of these biological crusts developed on both sedimentary and igneous formations.Additionally,these biological crusts resulted in a significant reduction in soil p H,CCE,and available phosphorus.The electrical conductivity of soils slightly increased due to the activity of biological crusts.In general,biological crusts including both chlorolichen(Placidium squamulosum)and cyanolichen(Peccania terricola)species,as well as a moss species(Grimmia ovalis)appear to create a unique microenvironment in terms of biochemical and nutritional conditions,which is substantially different from those typically observed in drylands.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted on silty clay loam soil cultivated with wheat to evaluate the effects of bio-inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and poultry manure on soil micronutrient ...A field experiment was conducted on silty clay loam soil cultivated with wheat to evaluate the effects of bio-inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and poultry manure on soil micronutrient concentrations.Treatments included fungal inoculum alone,poultry manure alone,their combination,and a control,arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications.The combined application of fungal inoculum and poultry manure significantly increased total concentrations of iron,manganese,zinc,molybdenum,copper,and boron in bulk soil to 5890.4,390.5,36.5,1.6,23.1,and 2.0 mg kg⁻¹,representing increases of 13%,20.3%,32.2%,84%,23.5%,and 175%over the control.In the rhizosphere,these elements reached 5650.8,380.7,33.2,3.8,21.4,and 3.5 mg kg⁻¹,with increases of 9.5%,26.4%,29.6%,92%,38.9%,and 90.1%.Available concentrations in bulk soil rose to 15.3,10.6,1.4,0.4,0.47,and 1.2 mg kg⁻¹,corresponding to increases of 51.6%,83%,42%,92.5%,65.9%,and 36.1%,while in the rhizosphere,available values reached 16.2,11.7,1.9,0.7,0.7,and 1.6 mg kg⁻¹,reflecting increases of 55%,30%,35.4%,90%,128%,and 93.7%,respectively.These enhancements are attributed to the synergistic effects of microbial activity,organic matter decomposition,and organic acid release,which improved nutrient solubility and accessibility in the root zone.The findings indicate that integrating Glomus mosseae inoculation with poultry manure is an effective and sustainable strategy to improve soil fertility,increase micronutrient availability,and enhance plant nutrient uptake,providing a practical recommendation for boosting wheat productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers.展开更多
A laboratory experiment was conducted to demonstrate the importance of improving the efficiency of six isolates of Aspergillus niger fungi.Four isolates were exposed to UV-rays radiation at a distance of 30 cm,a wavel...A laboratory experiment was conducted to demonstrate the importance of improving the efficiency of six isolates of Aspergillus niger fungi.Four isolates were exposed to UV-rays radiation at a distance of 30 cm,a wavelength of 254–255 nm during M15,M30,and M45 minutes.Exposure periods,both of wild(no UV-rays exposure)and no A.niger(C)as controls,all six isolates were identified molecularly by polymerase chain reaction technique extracted DNA of A.niger was analyzed to ensure gene completion through multiple sequence alignment by bioinformatic programs to study the improvement of dissolving efficiency of mutant and wild A.niger.They were incubated after the addition of superphosphate fertilizer(47%P2O5)at 90 mg P kg–1 applied to soil with controls(no A.niger or no superphosphate)for I,II,III,and IV weeks of incubation periods at 28±1°C.In addition,the DNA extraction and purification by NanoDrop of Thermo Scientific-200 A280/A260 ratio was 2.01 and confirmed that the sequences of nitrogenous bases by the method of multiple sequence alignment(MSA)as compared to the reference sequence of A.niger recorded in the gene bank under the accession number LC632396.Results proved that the M30 minutes exposure UV-rays radiation period was the superior dose when mutant Aspergillus niger obtained the highest amount of dissolved phosphate,reducing soil-pH with maximum biomass of A.niger during the M30 isolate during the third week(III).展开更多
Finding microorganism-rich soils has become popular in recent years.Through natural mechanisms,these bacteria can protect plants from diseases and give critical nutrients.Ecologically and economically sustainable food...Finding microorganism-rich soils has become popular in recent years.Through natural mechanisms,these bacteria can protect plants from diseases and give critical nutrients.Ecologically and economically sustainable food production is essential to meet global demand.This article highlights soil microorganisms’function in the global carbon cycle and their principal identification methods.Identifying and assessing soil ecosystems based on land use is crucial.This study examined soil microbiology in Al-Haydariyya sub-district.Although new study reveals that soil populations of Escherichia coli can also be found in tropical,subtropical,and temperate locations,their presence in water is usually used to indicate feces contamination.The results of the study showed that by examining a total of 16 soil samples taken from a depth ranging from 0–30 cm,the research encompassed three distinct soil types:riverbank soil,river basin soil,and plateau soil.The number of E.coli bacteria in the overlapping soil was recorded at 21×10^(5)cells ml^(–1).Regarding the minimum occurrence,it pertained to Staphylococcus bacteria found in the shoulder soil during January.The bacterial count for sample 1 was noted at 1×10^(5)cell ml^(–1),while samples 2 and 3 did not exhibit noteworthy bacterial activity.This knowledge is necessary to guide the logical modification of the plant-soil system in order to favor the organisms or physiologies that are most crucial for encouraging the storage of carbon in agricultural soil.展开更多
Accurate spatial prediction of soil organic carbon(SOC)and soil inorganic carbon(SIC)is vital for land management decisions.This study targets SOC/SIC mapping challenges at the watershed scale in central Iran by addre...Accurate spatial prediction of soil organic carbon(SOC)and soil inorganic carbon(SIC)is vital for land management decisions.This study targets SOC/SIC mapping challenges at the watershed scale in central Iran by addressing environmental heterogeneity through a random forest(RF)model combined with bootstrapping to assess prediction uncertainty.Thirty-eight environmental variables-categorized into climatic,soil physicochemical,topographic,geomorphic,and remote sensing(RS)-based factors-were considered.Variable importance analysis(via)and partial dependence plots(PDP)identified land use,RS indices,and topography as key predictors of SOC.For SIC,soil reflectance(Bands 5 and 7,ETM+),topography,and geomorphic units were most influential.Climatic factors showed minimal impact in the studied semi-arid watershed.The RF model achieved moderate prediction accuracy(SOC:R^(2)=0.43±0.13,nRMSE=0.28;SIC:R^(2)=0.47±0.11,nRMSE=0.37).Via and PDP analyses enhanced model interpretability by clarifying environmental influences on SOC/SIC spatial distribution.展开更多
This study was conducted to determine the content,distribution and transformation of iron oxides in the soils of the Middle Euphrates regions in Iraq.The study included four sites:Tuwairij area in Karbala Governorate,...This study was conducted to determine the content,distribution and transformation of iron oxides in the soils of the Middle Euphrates regions in Iraq.The study included four sites:Tuwairij area in Karbala Governorate,College of Agriculture at the University of Kufa in Najaf Governorate,College of Agriculture at the University of Qadisiyah in Diwaniyah Governorate,and the Nile District in Babylon Governorate.The results showed that the soils of Najaf and Qadisiyah were superior in terms of their content of total free iron oxides(Fet)compared to the soils of Karbala and Babylon.The relative distribution of free iron oxides was generally close among the studied sites,with a homogeneous pattern in the distribution of these oxides within the soil horizons.As for silicate iron oxides(Fes),a homogeneous pattern was observed in the soil of Babylon with its content increasing with depth,while these patterns varied in the soils of Karbala,Najaf and Qadisiyah.Regarding the ratios of crystalline iron oxides(Fed/Fet),the study showed that the Babylon and Qadisiyah soils recorded the highest values,while these values were lower in the Najaf and Karbala soils.On the other hand,amorphous iron oxides(FeO)showed similar values in the Najaf and Qadisiyah soils.In general,these results clearly showed the effect of environmental and geochemical factors of the study areas on the distribution and transformations of iron oxides in the soil of the Middle Euphrates regions.展开更多
Soil development may be impacted by periglacial processes that take place in regions where freezing and thawing episodes predominate.Mount Ilgar(2918 m a.s.l.)is a volcanic mass located on the Lesser Caucasus(4090 m a...Soil development may be impacted by periglacial processes that take place in regions where freezing and thawing episodes predominate.Mount Ilgar(2918 m a.s.l.)is a volcanic mass located on the Lesser Caucasus(4090 m a.s.l.).The objectives of this study were to assess how climate influenced the formation of periglacial landforms in Mount Ilgar,identify the morphological characteristics of each patterned ground by periglacial landforms,and investigate the pedological processes,physicochemical,biological,and mineralogical characteristics of the soils that developed on each of them.Non-sorted steps,mud circles,and stony earth circles are examples of periglacial landforms found on the slopes of the hills?küzkoku(2804 m a.s.l.)and Misikan(2674 m a.s.l.)to the north of Mount Ilgar.In terms of soil physical characteristics,the average aggregate stability and clay content of soils created on non-sorted steps are 43.52%and 8.9%,respectively;these values,however,rise dramatically in soils formed on mud circles and stony earth circles.Chemically,the soils generated on the mud and stony earth circles have lower pH values than the soils formed on the non-sorted steps,but they have higher levels of organic matter.The microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration values of the soils generated on mud circles and stony earth circles are high due to the low pH values and high organic matter contents of these soils,which also have an impact on biological activity.The rate at which soils weather is also influenced by variations in their physical,chemical,and biological characteristics.It is found that the quartz mineral is more prevalent in the soils developed on mud circles landforms,despite the fact that the distribution of the basic clay minerals in the soils is essentially the same.Additionally,smectite clay minerals with a 2:1 layer are present,according to clay mineral analysis,especially in soils that are produced from mud circle formations.One may argue that the influence of local microtopographic landforms on soil formations were the primary cause of the differences in soils on periglacial landforms developed on identical geological material and at similar elevations.展开更多
Managing fertilization in integrated crop-livestock systems(ICLS)during periods of low nutrient export,known as system fertilization,can optimize nutrient use by enhancing the soil's biochemical and physical-hydri...Managing fertilization in integrated crop-livestock systems(ICLS)during periods of low nutrient export,known as system fertilization,can optimize nutrient use by enhancing the soil's biochemical and physical-hydric properties.However,interdisciplinary studies on processes that improve input utilization in ICLS remain scarce.This study aimed to assess the relationships between the effciencies of different nutrient management strategies in ICLS and pure crop systems(PCS)and the biochemical and physical-hydric quality of soil.Two fertilization strategies(system fertilization and crop fertilization)and two cropping systems(ICLS and PCS)were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replicates.In the PCS,soybean was grown followed by ryegrass as a cover crop.In the ICLS,sheep grazed on the ryegrass.In the crop fertilization,phosphorus and potassium were applied to the soybean planting,and nitrogen was applied in the ryegrass establishment.Nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium were applied during ryegrass establishment in the system fertilization.Soil quality indexes were calculated using fourteen physical-hydric and biochemical soil indicators,and primary production and nutrient utilization effciency were evaluated.System fertilization in ICLS enhanced the soil functions of water storage and availability for plants,structural stability,and resistance to degradation.System fertilization in ICLS improved the soil quality by 14%over PCS and 13%over crop fertilization in ICLS.Notably,this optimized system yielded the highest primary production.These findings underscore the pivotal role of system fertilization in ICLS to boost food production and enhance soil ecosystem services without increasing the consumption of external fertilizers.They advocate for a strategic shift towards system-level fertilization in integrated systems,and demonstrate for the frst time in ICLS,the delicate balance between nutrient management,soil health,and sustainable productivity.展开更多
Heavy metal concentrations in soils may decrease over time,correlating with key soil variables such as pH,cation exchange capacity(CEC),clay,and organic carbon(organic C)content.The residual Cu and Zn were studied in ...Heavy metal concentrations in soils may decrease over time,correlating with key soil variables such as pH,cation exchange capacity(CEC),clay,and organic carbon(organic C)content.The residual Cu and Zn were studied in tropical soils about 20 years after amendment with heavy metal containing industrial waste.Soils amended one time in 1998 with industrial waste,calcite,and cassava-leaf compost were employed as models and analysed for topsoil and subsoil Cu,Zn and several soil properties including pH,CEC,clay and organic C content in 2018.The highest Cu and Zn were detected in high heavy metal plots with the highest waste amendment,lowered by calcite and/or compost.The lower subsoil Cu and Zn were strongly affected by topsoil Cu and Zn.Single variable linear regression showed that the soil Cu and Zn had good relationships with the soil organic C and clay content.The inclusion of soil pH,CEC,clay and organic C content in multiple linear regression analysis improved their correlation coefficients,in which the correlation coefficients of Zn were higher than Cu.Long-term reaction in soils reversed the positive correlation of Cu-pH and Zn-pH in 1998 to the negative correlations in 2018.The soil Cu can be predicted with 33.8%accuracy with equation Cu=-61-11.6(pH)+0.47(CEC)+2.71(Clay)+41.7(Org C)(R^(2))=-0.338 while the soil Zn with accuracy 39.2%by equation Zn=-26.2-8.73(pH)-0.276(CEC)+1.95(Clay)+24.0(Org C)(R2).This results could be utilized to monitor the dynamic of Cu and Zn contamination in soil.展开更多
Background Zinc(Zn),being the most deficient micronutrient,can largely limit plant growth and development on alkaline calcareous soil.Crop species and varieties within species differently require Zn for optimum produc...Background Zinc(Zn),being the most deficient micronutrient,can largely limit plant growth and development on alkaline calcareous soil.Crop species and varieties within species differently require Zn for optimum productivity.The current study aimed to optimize Zn level and mode of application for better growth,yield,and fiber quality of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The experimental plan comprised a control group with no Zn application,three Zn levels through soil application,i.e.5 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn5),10 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn10),and 15 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn15),two levels of foliar application including 0.5%(FZn0.5)and 1%(FZn1)Zn solution,and various combinations of soil plus foliar application.Two cotton cultivars,CIM-663(Bt)and Cyto-124(non-Bt)were used,and each treatment was replicated thrice.Results Zinc nutrition caused a significant(P≤0.05)improvement in growth,yield,physiological,and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars.All levels and modes of Zn application were found effective in improving cotton productivity on alkaline calcareous soil.However,integrated soil application and foliar spray showed superiority over sole soil or foliar application.Among different treatments,SZn15+FZn1 caused the highest improvement in most of the observed growth and yield traits.The said treatment maximally increased the leaf Zn concentration by 270.5%and 218.4%with a subsequent increase in plant height 23.2%and 28.0%,monopodial branches 40.7%and 42.1%,sympodial branches 37.2%and 35.2%,seed cotton yield 32.5%and 36.6%,and lint yield 30.0%and 34.6%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,compared with the control.SZn15+FZn1 also caused the highest increase in relative water contents 32.6%and 22.4%,chlorophyll contents 92.0%and 67.1%,and stomatal conductance 112.8%and 100.8%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,compared with the control.Among the fiber quality characteristics,fiber fineness was maximally improved by 19.7%and 15.9%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,with SZn15+FZn1 compared with the control.Leaf Zn concentration was positively correlated with fiber length(R2=0.7173),fiber strength(R2=0.5483),and fiber fineness(R2=0.6379)of both cotton cultivars grown with different levels and application modes of Zn.The benefit-cost ratio was remarkably improved with Zn nutrition,and the highest value of 1.64 was found in CIM-663 at SZn10+FZn1 and SZn15+FZn1.Conclusion The plant growth,physiological,yield,and fiber quality characteristics of cotton cultivars were significantly improved with Zn supply at different levels and modes of application.SZn15+FZN1 could be recommended to get optimum seed cotton yield and fiber quality of cotton on alkaline calcareous soil.展开更多
Cadmium(Cd)contamination in agricultural soils poses severe threats to human health and ecosystem integrity.While biochar is recognized for its ability to immobilize heavy metals,the impact of plant-derived low molecu...Cadmium(Cd)contamination in agricultural soils poses severe threats to human health and ecosystem integrity.While biochar is recognized for its ability to immobilize heavy metals,the impact of plant-derived low molecular weight organic acids(LMWOAs),such as citric acid(CA),on this process remains unclear.This study shows that CA and biochar synergistically immobilize Cd in alkaline soil from extensively polluted southeastern Hubei,China.Soils were amended with maize stover biochar at rates of 0,0.5%,1%,and 2%(W/W),with or without CA addition(1 mmol/L),and incubated for 80 days.Results show that biochar significantly reduced bioavailable Cd,with a 2%application decreasing extractable Cd by 26.84%.Unexpectedly,CA alone increased Cd mobility by 9.38%;however,when combined with high-dose biochar,CA and biochar synergistically enhanced Cd immobilization,reducing bioavailable Cd by 27.40%.Advanced analytical techniques,including BCR sequential extraction,X-ray diffraction,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,confirmed that the interaction between biochar and CA altered Cd speciation,promoting its stabilization.This study is the first to show that CA and biochar synergistically immobilize Cd in alkaline soils,disproving the idea that LMWOAs hinder biochar's metal remediation.Our findings show that biochar can prevent or even harness LMWOAs'activating effects on Cd,indicating its great potential for sustainable Cd remediation in alkaline soils.This study improves our understanding of biochar-soil interactions in organic acids and gives new scientific bases for enhancing heavy metal-contaminated soil remediation procedures.展开更多
Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine ...Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine Bangladesh,are generally low in organic matter status and deficient in necessary nutrient elements for crop production.Addressing this challenge,the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic nutrient sources with inorganic fertilizers on crop yields,nutrient uptake,and soil fertility in farm(L1)and char land(L2)of Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh,Bangladesh from 2022(Y1)to 2023(Y2).For each location,eight treatments viz.T1(Control),T2[100%recommended fertilizer dose(RFD)],T3(75%RFD),T4(75%N from RFD 25%N from cow dung),T5(75%+N from RFD 25%N from poultry manure),T6(75%N from RFD 25%N from vermicompost),T7(75%N from++RFD 25%N from household compost)and T8(75%N from RFD 25%N from rice straw compost)were arranged in++a randomized complete block design with three replications using Wheat–Mungbean–T.Aman rice cropping pattern where three way interaction was considered for results.Treatment T5 performed the best in both years in both locations as it enhanced the yield components(p 0.05)and caused yield increment over control.The yield improvement in<Char land soils was higher than that in farm soils.For all three crops,treatment T5 consistently augmented the uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulphur by different parts of the crops and improved soil fertility properties such as organic matter status,cation exchange capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and sulphur as well as exchangeable potassium in both locations in both years.Cost and return analysis of different treatments for the whole cropping system showed that the highest marginal benefit-cost ratio(16.35 and 15.07)and gross return(about Tk 768,595/ha and 728,341/ha)were obtained from the T5 treatment in farm soils and Char land soils,respectively.Followed by poultry manure,vermicompost performed well in addition to mineral fertilizers for improving crop yield and soil fertility but its economic efficiency was less due to high input cost.These findings may be useful to the smallholder farmers in char areas,who could benefit from increased productivity,reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers,and improved soil health,contributing to the long-term sustainability of char land agriculture.展开更多
文摘Soil bacteria are integral to ecosystem functioning,significantly contributing to nutrients cycling and organic matter decomposition,and enhancing soil structure.This research considered the composition and dynamics of soil bacterial communities under different vegetation types(native Quercus brantii Lindl.and Amygdalus scoparia Spach,and non-native Pinus eldarica Medw.and Cupressus arizonica Greene.)in Zagros mountain area of Iran.This study involved a comparative analysis of soil culturable heterotrophic bacterial communities in spring(wet season)and summer(dry season)to clarify the effects of seasonal changes and vegetation on the dynamics of soil microorganisms.Soil samples were randomly collected under the canopies of various tree species and a control area,yielding a total of 48 composite samples analyzed for bacterial composition.Results indicated that 11 Gram-negative(e.g.,Citrobacter freundii,Enterobacter cloacae,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella oxytoca,Klebsiella pneumoniae,etc.)and 2 Gram-positive(Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus)bacteria were identified,showing significant seasonal variation.Specifically,53.85%of bacterial species were common to both seasons,with notable shifts in community composition observed between spring and summer,highlighting a higher abundance of Gram-negative species in spring.Bacterial community structure was significantly influenced by vegetation type,with various tree species shaping distinct microbial assemblages.Moreover,Pearson's correlations revealed that soil properties,particularly pH,phosphorus,and moisture content,were critical drivers of bacterial diversity and abundance.Our findings underscore the dynamic nature of soil bacterial communities in response to seasonal and vegetation changes,emphasizing the importance of repeated temporal sampling for accurate assessments of microbial diversity.Understanding these microbial dynamics is essential for improving soil management strategies and enhancing ecosystem resilience,particularly in arid and semi-arid areas where environmental fluctuations play a pivotal role.This research not only confirms our hypotheses but also enhances our understanding of soil biogeochemical processes and informs future vegetation management practices.
文摘The integration of machine learning(ML)into geohazard assessment has successfully instigated a paradigm shift,leading to the production of models that possess a level of predictive accuracy previously considered unattainable.However,the black-box nature of these systems presents a significant barrier,hindering their operational adoption,regulatory approval,and full scientific validation.This paper provides a systematic review and synthesis of the emerging field of explainable artificial intelligence(XAI)as applied to geohazard science(GeoXAI),a domain that aims to resolve the long-standing trade-off between model performance and interpretability.A rigorous synthesis of 87 foundational studies is used to map the intellectual and methodological contours of this rapidly expanding field.The analysis reveals that current research efforts are concentrated predominantly on landslide and flood assessment.Methodologically,tree-based ensembles and deep learning models dominate the literature,with SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)frequently adopted as the principal post-hoc explanation technique.More importantly,the review further documents how the role of XAI has shifted:rather than being used solely as a tool for interpreting models after training,it is increasingly integrated into the modeling cycle itself.Recent applications include its use in feature selection,adaptive sampling strategies,and model evaluation.The evidence also shows that GeoXAI extends beyond producing feature rankings.It reveals nonlinear thresholds and interaction effects that generate deeper mechanistic insights into hazard processes and mechanisms.Nevertheless,several key challenges remain unresolved within the field.These persistent issues are especially pronounced when considering the crucial necessity for interpretation stability,the demanding scholarly task of reliably distinguishing correlation from causation,and the development of appropriate methods for the treatment of complex spatio-temporal dynamics.
文摘Soils are the key foundation of Earth's sustainability that drives biogeochemical cycling of nutrients,provides ecosystem functions and services including carbon sequestration,water retention and purification,toxic metal/organic pollutants immobilization and biodiversity conservation as well as landscape stabilization(Lehmann et al,2020).Soils protect physical habitats and provide biodiversity of underground biota also conditioning the physical environment for beautification of the landscape.Thus,the health of soil and environment is closely linked to One Health of global lives(Banerjee&van der Heijden,2022).Over the last decades,global soils have been at risk due to extensive soil degradation,along with climate change,biodiversity loss and environmental pollution(IPBES,2019).
文摘The GeoChip is a glass slide containing oligonucleotide probes targeting genes that confer specific function to micro-organism. The GeoChip has been used to dissect the microbial community functional structure of environmental samples. The PhyloChip is a glass slide containing oligonucleotide probes of the 16S rRNA genes and it offers tremendous potential to monitor microbial population. Below ground microbial community can be linked to the above ground plant community by the use of these Chips in a high throughput manner. This review seeks to determine the various roles of the GeoChip and the PhyloChip in soil microbial ecology studies. During biostimulation of uranium in groundwater, microbial community dynamics was linked to functional processes and in global warming studies, microbial response to functional gene structure has been possible by the use of the GeoChip. The PhyloChip, on the other hand, provides more comprehensive survey of the microbial diversity, composition and structure and are less susceptible to the influence of dominance in microbial community. Some of the concerns regarding the use of compost in agricultural soils i.e. the spread of human, animal and plant pathogens were reduced when the PhyloChip was used to monitor composting.
文摘Organic matter increases biological activity within the root zone because it contains beneficial microbes that stimulate vital processes.This study aimed to determine the effect of Ochrobactrum anthropi added to the soil as a single or mixed solution with different concentrations of organic matter on the vegetative growth of the zinnia plant and its content of nutrients.The study was conducted with a randomized complete block design(RCBD)with three replications.The plant was grown in soil with a high salinity level of 8 ds m^(–1).Plant characteristics were estimated 30 and 60 days after planting the plant.The treatment with the addition of bio-inoculum produced the best results;within 30 days,there was a 56.89%increase in plant length;after 60 days,there was a 52.56%increase;additionally,there was a 52.56%increase in leaf count within 30 days;after 60 days,there was a 53.50%increase;and finally,there was an increase in flower count.For plants after 60 days,it reached 3.66%.With the addition of bio-inoculum to soil at a level of 3 gm kg^(–1)of organic matter,the mixing treatment achieved the highest dry weight,29.86%.The addition of bio-inoculum resulted in the largest and most significant increase in chlorophyll content in leaves,reaching 18.76%.In the mixing addition of the biological inoculum treatment,the organic content of the plant showed an increase in nitrogen(14.38%),phosphorus(21.18%),and potassium(39.75%)at 2 and 3 gm kg^(–1)organic matter,respectively.
文摘Degradation of the physical quality of the soil is a common problem encountered in agrosystems, particularly in the case of open field cropping systems in the northern areas of Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, the structural stability of the soil, which is a good indicator of the sensitivity to threshing and to water erosion in relation to the accumulation of organic matter, was evaluated in two types of soil (Ferralsol and Cambisol) in cashew orchards, in two villages (Mahana and Sanankoro) producing cashew nuts, located the Department of Touba in the North West of Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of this study is to develop new technical routes that are better suited to further promote the sequestration of organic carbon in the soil. Soil samples were taken from open soil profiles at the two chosen sites to allow laboratory analyzes. The results indicate that the surface horizon of Cambisol (site 1) is more stable (Is = 0.78) than that of Ferralsol (site 2;Is = 1.08) with nevertheless relatively small thicknesses of horizons. The median horizons and those of depth, indicate a mediocre stability (Is vary from 1.03 to 1.62). In terms of the quantity of organic carbon, the estimated values vary from 1.96 to 4.53 t⋅ha−1 for Cambisol (site 1) and from 1.44 to 3.46 t⋅ha−1 for Ferralsol (site 2). These values remain relatively low especially at the level of the median horizons and those located in depths. Statistical tests have shown a very highly significant and negative association between the structural stability of soils and the amount of organic carbon in the different horizons. The relationship implies that organic carbon plays an important role in the structural stability of soil horizons under cashew tree orchards.
文摘The release of essential nutrients from soil minerals for plant growth in calcareous soils,facilitated by organic extractants,is critical in semi-arid areas,particularly for elements affected by high soil pH.This study aims to investigate the release of calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),and phosphorus(P)through the application of wood vinegar extract in surface calcareous soils in Borojerd City,Lorestan Province,Iran.The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications.The treatments included soils from three different land uses:vineyard,wheat field,and rangeland,each treated with 1.00%wood vinegar solution.Cumulative measurements of the specified elements were recorded over 10 consecutive 0.5 h intervals.The release data were analyzed using four various kinetic models(Elovich equation,parabolic diffusion law,power function equation,and zero-order kinetics).The highest concentrations recorded were for Ca(39,500.00 mg/kg),Mg(5880.00 mg/kg),and P(5.00 mg/kg)in grape cultivation.The findings revealed a significant difference in Ca release between grape cultivation and rangeland(P<0.01),while the Mg release showed a significant difference between both grape cultivation and rangeland and wheat cultivation(P<0.01).Additionally,the cumulative release of P showed significant differences between grape cultivation and both wheat and rangeland(P<0.01).The results indicated that the zero-order kinetics provided the best fit for the data(R^(2)=0.99).The maximum initial release amount was observed in grape cultivation when applying the zero-order kinetics,while the highest release rate was achieved using the parabolic diffusion law across three applications.Wood vinegar had the capacity to degrade various clay minerals,including vermiculite,smectite,palygorskite,and,to some extent,illite,resulting in the release of associated elements.Consequently,it can be concluded that wood vinegar can be effectively utilized in grape cultivation as an agent for reducing soil acidity,thereby enhancing the availability of soil nutrients and decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers.
文摘In addition to sequestering carbon in soil,biochars can also play a role in changing the potassium equilibration and dynamics of the soil.Nowadays,acidification of biochar is commonly used to improve its properties,which can impact the potassium content in the soil.Simultaneous application of acidified biochar and sodium bentonite can complicate this effect.In the present study,the effects of adding two types of biochars prepared from municipal waste and used coffee grounds and their acidified types,along with sodium bentonite at three levels(0.00%,1.00%,and 2.00%),on soil physical-chemical properties(pH,salinity,cation exchange capacity,concentration of soluble cations and their ratio,and sodium adsorption ratio)and the release of potassium from a calcareous soil were investigated.The results showed that the addition of coffee ground biochar increased the concentration of soluble potassium and decreased the ratio of calcium to potassium,while the acidified coffee ground biochar decreased the amount of soluble potassium and increased the ratio of calcium to potassium.Alkaline and acidified municipal waste biochars had no effect on soluble potassium and soluble cations ratio.Application of bentonite increased the amount of soluble calcium and sodium and the ratio of calcium to potassium.Addition of bentonite also increased the amount of exchangeable potassium and exchangeable sodium percentage,but use of different biochars reduced negative effect of bentonite.Use of bentonite also caused an increase in the exchangeable potassium and a decrease in the non-exchangeable potassium contents.Alkaline and acidified coffee ground biochars increased the amount of exchangeable,non-exchangeable,and total potassium,but this effect was greater by alkaline biochar.Application of municipal waste biochar did not affect the amount of exchangeable potassium but increased the amount of non-exchangeable and total potassium,with no significant difference observed between alkaline and acidified biochars.Potassium saturation percentage was not affected by bentonite,but coffee ground biochar increased its amount and municipal waste biochar had no effect on it.Acidified and alkaline coffee ground biochars were able to release more potassium from the soil(475 and 71 mg/kg,respectively),while alkaline municipal waste biochar did not affect it and acidified municipal waste biochar reduced it by 113 mg/kg.In general,it can be concluded that alkaline biochars in calcareous soils can improve potassium fertility by reduction of the ratio of calcium to potassium and increasing its various forms,while acidified biochars and bentonite may aggravate potassium deficiency in these soils.Considering the lack of significant change in the pH of calcareous soils with the use of different biochars,it is suggested to use alkaline biochars,which can improve the potassium status of the soil while reducing the costs associated with biochar modification.
文摘The effects of various biological soil crusts(BSCs)on soil properties have been extensively studied.However,the impacts of specific species such as Placidium squamulosum,Peccania terricola,and Grimmia ovalis on soil properties in arid regions have not been documented.Besides,the effects of soil parent rock on the extent of changes in soil properties caused by BSCs have not been thoroughly investigated.The objective of this study was to examine how BSCs including two different terricolous lichen species(Placidium squamulosum and Peccania terricola)and a moss species(Grimmia ovalis)could change major soil chemical and nutritional properties in an arid area under different parent rocks.Triplicate BSC-free surface soil and soil associated with the abovementioned BSCs were sampled from 13 different sites with sedimentary and igneous parent rocks in an arid area in Isfahan,Iran.Soil properties including p H,electrical conductivity(EC),organic matter(OM),calcium carbonate equivalent(CCE),total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium were determined in all the samples.The results indicated that the presence of lichens and mosses significantly changed the soil chemical and nutritional properties.Specifically,the content of total nitrogen,organic matter,and available potassium in the soil environment increased under the activity of these biological crusts developed on both sedimentary and igneous formations.Additionally,these biological crusts resulted in a significant reduction in soil p H,CCE,and available phosphorus.The electrical conductivity of soils slightly increased due to the activity of biological crusts.In general,biological crusts including both chlorolichen(Placidium squamulosum)and cyanolichen(Peccania terricola)species,as well as a moss species(Grimmia ovalis)appear to create a unique microenvironment in terms of biochemical and nutritional conditions,which is substantially different from those typically observed in drylands.
文摘A field experiment was conducted on silty clay loam soil cultivated with wheat to evaluate the effects of bio-inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and poultry manure on soil micronutrient concentrations.Treatments included fungal inoculum alone,poultry manure alone,their combination,and a control,arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications.The combined application of fungal inoculum and poultry manure significantly increased total concentrations of iron,manganese,zinc,molybdenum,copper,and boron in bulk soil to 5890.4,390.5,36.5,1.6,23.1,and 2.0 mg kg⁻¹,representing increases of 13%,20.3%,32.2%,84%,23.5%,and 175%over the control.In the rhizosphere,these elements reached 5650.8,380.7,33.2,3.8,21.4,and 3.5 mg kg⁻¹,with increases of 9.5%,26.4%,29.6%,92%,38.9%,and 90.1%.Available concentrations in bulk soil rose to 15.3,10.6,1.4,0.4,0.47,and 1.2 mg kg⁻¹,corresponding to increases of 51.6%,83%,42%,92.5%,65.9%,and 36.1%,while in the rhizosphere,available values reached 16.2,11.7,1.9,0.7,0.7,and 1.6 mg kg⁻¹,reflecting increases of 55%,30%,35.4%,90%,128%,and 93.7%,respectively.These enhancements are attributed to the synergistic effects of microbial activity,organic matter decomposition,and organic acid release,which improved nutrient solubility and accessibility in the root zone.The findings indicate that integrating Glomus mosseae inoculation with poultry manure is an effective and sustainable strategy to improve soil fertility,increase micronutrient availability,and enhance plant nutrient uptake,providing a practical recommendation for boosting wheat productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers.
文摘A laboratory experiment was conducted to demonstrate the importance of improving the efficiency of six isolates of Aspergillus niger fungi.Four isolates were exposed to UV-rays radiation at a distance of 30 cm,a wavelength of 254–255 nm during M15,M30,and M45 minutes.Exposure periods,both of wild(no UV-rays exposure)and no A.niger(C)as controls,all six isolates were identified molecularly by polymerase chain reaction technique extracted DNA of A.niger was analyzed to ensure gene completion through multiple sequence alignment by bioinformatic programs to study the improvement of dissolving efficiency of mutant and wild A.niger.They were incubated after the addition of superphosphate fertilizer(47%P2O5)at 90 mg P kg–1 applied to soil with controls(no A.niger or no superphosphate)for I,II,III,and IV weeks of incubation periods at 28±1°C.In addition,the DNA extraction and purification by NanoDrop of Thermo Scientific-200 A280/A260 ratio was 2.01 and confirmed that the sequences of nitrogenous bases by the method of multiple sequence alignment(MSA)as compared to the reference sequence of A.niger recorded in the gene bank under the accession number LC632396.Results proved that the M30 minutes exposure UV-rays radiation period was the superior dose when mutant Aspergillus niger obtained the highest amount of dissolved phosphate,reducing soil-pH with maximum biomass of A.niger during the M30 isolate during the third week(III).
文摘Finding microorganism-rich soils has become popular in recent years.Through natural mechanisms,these bacteria can protect plants from diseases and give critical nutrients.Ecologically and economically sustainable food production is essential to meet global demand.This article highlights soil microorganisms’function in the global carbon cycle and their principal identification methods.Identifying and assessing soil ecosystems based on land use is crucial.This study examined soil microbiology in Al-Haydariyya sub-district.Although new study reveals that soil populations of Escherichia coli can also be found in tropical,subtropical,and temperate locations,their presence in water is usually used to indicate feces contamination.The results of the study showed that by examining a total of 16 soil samples taken from a depth ranging from 0–30 cm,the research encompassed three distinct soil types:riverbank soil,river basin soil,and plateau soil.The number of E.coli bacteria in the overlapping soil was recorded at 21×10^(5)cells ml^(–1).Regarding the minimum occurrence,it pertained to Staphylococcus bacteria found in the shoulder soil during January.The bacterial count for sample 1 was noted at 1×10^(5)cell ml^(–1),while samples 2 and 3 did not exhibit noteworthy bacterial activity.This knowledge is necessary to guide the logical modification of the plant-soil system in order to favor the organisms or physiologies that are most crucial for encouraging the storage of carbon in agricultural soil.
基金The Iranian National Science Foundation(INSF)provided financial support for this research under Project Number 4004169the authors would like to thank Isfahan University of Technology and the University of Isfahan for their valuable contributions.
文摘Accurate spatial prediction of soil organic carbon(SOC)and soil inorganic carbon(SIC)is vital for land management decisions.This study targets SOC/SIC mapping challenges at the watershed scale in central Iran by addressing environmental heterogeneity through a random forest(RF)model combined with bootstrapping to assess prediction uncertainty.Thirty-eight environmental variables-categorized into climatic,soil physicochemical,topographic,geomorphic,and remote sensing(RS)-based factors-were considered.Variable importance analysis(via)and partial dependence plots(PDP)identified land use,RS indices,and topography as key predictors of SOC.For SIC,soil reflectance(Bands 5 and 7,ETM+),topography,and geomorphic units were most influential.Climatic factors showed minimal impact in the studied semi-arid watershed.The RF model achieved moderate prediction accuracy(SOC:R^(2)=0.43±0.13,nRMSE=0.28;SIC:R^(2)=0.47±0.11,nRMSE=0.37).Via and PDP analyses enhanced model interpretability by clarifying environmental influences on SOC/SIC spatial distribution.
文摘This study was conducted to determine the content,distribution and transformation of iron oxides in the soils of the Middle Euphrates regions in Iraq.The study included four sites:Tuwairij area in Karbala Governorate,College of Agriculture at the University of Kufa in Najaf Governorate,College of Agriculture at the University of Qadisiyah in Diwaniyah Governorate,and the Nile District in Babylon Governorate.The results showed that the soils of Najaf and Qadisiyah were superior in terms of their content of total free iron oxides(Fet)compared to the soils of Karbala and Babylon.The relative distribution of free iron oxides was generally close among the studied sites,with a homogeneous pattern in the distribution of these oxides within the soil horizons.As for silicate iron oxides(Fes),a homogeneous pattern was observed in the soil of Babylon with its content increasing with depth,while these patterns varied in the soils of Karbala,Najaf and Qadisiyah.Regarding the ratios of crystalline iron oxides(Fed/Fet),the study showed that the Babylon and Qadisiyah soils recorded the highest values,while these values were lower in the Najaf and Karbala soils.On the other hand,amorphous iron oxides(FeO)showed similar values in the Najaf and Qadisiyah soils.In general,these results clearly showed the effect of environmental and geochemical factors of the study areas on the distribution and transformations of iron oxides in the soil of the Middle Euphrates regions.
基金supported by Ardahan University,Scientific Research Projects Office(Project No:2020-001)。
文摘Soil development may be impacted by periglacial processes that take place in regions where freezing and thawing episodes predominate.Mount Ilgar(2918 m a.s.l.)is a volcanic mass located on the Lesser Caucasus(4090 m a.s.l.).The objectives of this study were to assess how climate influenced the formation of periglacial landforms in Mount Ilgar,identify the morphological characteristics of each patterned ground by periglacial landforms,and investigate the pedological processes,physicochemical,biological,and mineralogical characteristics of the soils that developed on each of them.Non-sorted steps,mud circles,and stony earth circles are examples of periglacial landforms found on the slopes of the hills?küzkoku(2804 m a.s.l.)and Misikan(2674 m a.s.l.)to the north of Mount Ilgar.In terms of soil physical characteristics,the average aggregate stability and clay content of soils created on non-sorted steps are 43.52%and 8.9%,respectively;these values,however,rise dramatically in soils formed on mud circles and stony earth circles.Chemically,the soils generated on the mud and stony earth circles have lower pH values than the soils formed on the non-sorted steps,but they have higher levels of organic matter.The microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration values of the soils generated on mud circles and stony earth circles are high due to the low pH values and high organic matter contents of these soils,which also have an impact on biological activity.The rate at which soils weather is also influenced by variations in their physical,chemical,and biological characteristics.It is found that the quartz mineral is more prevalent in the soils developed on mud circles landforms,despite the fact that the distribution of the basic clay minerals in the soils is essentially the same.Additionally,smectite clay minerals with a 2:1 layer are present,according to clay mineral analysis,especially in soils that are produced from mud circle formations.One may argue that the influence of local microtopographic landforms on soil formations were the primary cause of the differences in soils on periglacial landforms developed on identical geological material and at similar elevations.
基金funded by the Funda??o Agrisus through project code‘PA3010/20’the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel,Brasil,under Finance Code 001。
文摘Managing fertilization in integrated crop-livestock systems(ICLS)during periods of low nutrient export,known as system fertilization,can optimize nutrient use by enhancing the soil's biochemical and physical-hydric properties.However,interdisciplinary studies on processes that improve input utilization in ICLS remain scarce.This study aimed to assess the relationships between the effciencies of different nutrient management strategies in ICLS and pure crop systems(PCS)and the biochemical and physical-hydric quality of soil.Two fertilization strategies(system fertilization and crop fertilization)and two cropping systems(ICLS and PCS)were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replicates.In the PCS,soybean was grown followed by ryegrass as a cover crop.In the ICLS,sheep grazed on the ryegrass.In the crop fertilization,phosphorus and potassium were applied to the soybean planting,and nitrogen was applied in the ryegrass establishment.Nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium were applied during ryegrass establishment in the system fertilization.Soil quality indexes were calculated using fourteen physical-hydric and biochemical soil indicators,and primary production and nutrient utilization effciency were evaluated.System fertilization in ICLS enhanced the soil functions of water storage and availability for plants,structural stability,and resistance to degradation.System fertilization in ICLS improved the soil quality by 14%over PCS and 13%over crop fertilization in ICLS.Notably,this optimized system yielded the highest primary production.These findings underscore the pivotal role of system fertilization in ICLS to boost food production and enhance soil ecosystem services without increasing the consumption of external fertilizers.They advocate for a strategic shift towards system-level fertilization in integrated systems,and demonstrate for the frst time in ICLS,the delicate balance between nutrient management,soil health,and sustainable productivity.
基金funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education,the Ministry of National Education,the Republic of Indonesia through Competitive Research Grant in 1995-1999,in establishing the initial 1998 experimental plots.
文摘Heavy metal concentrations in soils may decrease over time,correlating with key soil variables such as pH,cation exchange capacity(CEC),clay,and organic carbon(organic C)content.The residual Cu and Zn were studied in tropical soils about 20 years after amendment with heavy metal containing industrial waste.Soils amended one time in 1998 with industrial waste,calcite,and cassava-leaf compost were employed as models and analysed for topsoil and subsoil Cu,Zn and several soil properties including pH,CEC,clay and organic C content in 2018.The highest Cu and Zn were detected in high heavy metal plots with the highest waste amendment,lowered by calcite and/or compost.The lower subsoil Cu and Zn were strongly affected by topsoil Cu and Zn.Single variable linear regression showed that the soil Cu and Zn had good relationships with the soil organic C and clay content.The inclusion of soil pH,CEC,clay and organic C content in multiple linear regression analysis improved their correlation coefficients,in which the correlation coefficients of Zn were higher than Cu.Long-term reaction in soils reversed the positive correlation of Cu-pH and Zn-pH in 1998 to the negative correlations in 2018.The soil Cu can be predicted with 33.8%accuracy with equation Cu=-61-11.6(pH)+0.47(CEC)+2.71(Clay)+41.7(Org C)(R^(2))=-0.338 while the soil Zn with accuracy 39.2%by equation Zn=-26.2-8.73(pH)-0.276(CEC)+1.95(Clay)+24.0(Org C)(R2).This results could be utilized to monitor the dynamic of Cu and Zn contamination in soil.
文摘Background Zinc(Zn),being the most deficient micronutrient,can largely limit plant growth and development on alkaline calcareous soil.Crop species and varieties within species differently require Zn for optimum productivity.The current study aimed to optimize Zn level and mode of application for better growth,yield,and fiber quality of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The experimental plan comprised a control group with no Zn application,three Zn levels through soil application,i.e.5 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn5),10 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn10),and 15 mg·kg^(-1)(SZn15),two levels of foliar application including 0.5%(FZn0.5)and 1%(FZn1)Zn solution,and various combinations of soil plus foliar application.Two cotton cultivars,CIM-663(Bt)and Cyto-124(non-Bt)were used,and each treatment was replicated thrice.Results Zinc nutrition caused a significant(P≤0.05)improvement in growth,yield,physiological,and fiber quality characteristics of both cotton cultivars.All levels and modes of Zn application were found effective in improving cotton productivity on alkaline calcareous soil.However,integrated soil application and foliar spray showed superiority over sole soil or foliar application.Among different treatments,SZn15+FZn1 caused the highest improvement in most of the observed growth and yield traits.The said treatment maximally increased the leaf Zn concentration by 270.5%and 218.4%with a subsequent increase in plant height 23.2%and 28.0%,monopodial branches 40.7%and 42.1%,sympodial branches 37.2%and 35.2%,seed cotton yield 32.5%and 36.6%,and lint yield 30.0%and 34.6%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,compared with the control.SZn15+FZn1 also caused the highest increase in relative water contents 32.6%and 22.4%,chlorophyll contents 92.0%and 67.1%,and stomatal conductance 112.8%and 100.8%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,compared with the control.Among the fiber quality characteristics,fiber fineness was maximally improved by 19.7%and 15.9%in CIM-663 and Cyto-124,respectively,with SZn15+FZn1 compared with the control.Leaf Zn concentration was positively correlated with fiber length(R2=0.7173),fiber strength(R2=0.5483),and fiber fineness(R2=0.6379)of both cotton cultivars grown with different levels and application modes of Zn.The benefit-cost ratio was remarkably improved with Zn nutrition,and the highest value of 1.64 was found in CIM-663 at SZn10+FZn1 and SZn15+FZn1.Conclusion The plant growth,physiological,yield,and fiber quality characteristics of cotton cultivars were significantly improved with Zn supply at different levels and modes of application.SZn15+FZN1 could be recommended to get optimum seed cotton yield and fiber quality of cotton on alkaline calcareous soil.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U21A20237)。
文摘Cadmium(Cd)contamination in agricultural soils poses severe threats to human health and ecosystem integrity.While biochar is recognized for its ability to immobilize heavy metals,the impact of plant-derived low molecular weight organic acids(LMWOAs),such as citric acid(CA),on this process remains unclear.This study shows that CA and biochar synergistically immobilize Cd in alkaline soil from extensively polluted southeastern Hubei,China.Soils were amended with maize stover biochar at rates of 0,0.5%,1%,and 2%(W/W),with or without CA addition(1 mmol/L),and incubated for 80 days.Results show that biochar significantly reduced bioavailable Cd,with a 2%application decreasing extractable Cd by 26.84%.Unexpectedly,CA alone increased Cd mobility by 9.38%;however,when combined with high-dose biochar,CA and biochar synergistically enhanced Cd immobilization,reducing bioavailable Cd by 27.40%.Advanced analytical techniques,including BCR sequential extraction,X-ray diffraction,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy,confirmed that the interaction between biochar and CA altered Cd speciation,promoting its stabilization.This study is the first to show that CA and biochar synergistically immobilize Cd in alkaline soils,disproving the idea that LMWOAs hinder biochar's metal remediation.Our findings show that biochar can prevent or even harness LMWOAs'activating effects on Cd,indicating its great potential for sustainable Cd remediation in alkaline soils.This study improves our understanding of biochar-soil interactions in organic acids and gives new scientific bases for enhancing heavy metal-contaminated soil remediation procedures.
基金funded by Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.(TU-DSPP-2025-30)The Science and Technology Fellowship Trust(SL No.39.00.0000.035.22.013.19.144)under the Ministry of Science and Technology of Bangladesh partially financed the current research。
文摘Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine Bangladesh,are generally low in organic matter status and deficient in necessary nutrient elements for crop production.Addressing this challenge,the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic nutrient sources with inorganic fertilizers on crop yields,nutrient uptake,and soil fertility in farm(L1)and char land(L2)of Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh,Bangladesh from 2022(Y1)to 2023(Y2).For each location,eight treatments viz.T1(Control),T2[100%recommended fertilizer dose(RFD)],T3(75%RFD),T4(75%N from RFD 25%N from cow dung),T5(75%+N from RFD 25%N from poultry manure),T6(75%N from RFD 25%N from vermicompost),T7(75%N from++RFD 25%N from household compost)and T8(75%N from RFD 25%N from rice straw compost)were arranged in++a randomized complete block design with three replications using Wheat–Mungbean–T.Aman rice cropping pattern where three way interaction was considered for results.Treatment T5 performed the best in both years in both locations as it enhanced the yield components(p 0.05)and caused yield increment over control.The yield improvement in<Char land soils was higher than that in farm soils.For all three crops,treatment T5 consistently augmented the uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulphur by different parts of the crops and improved soil fertility properties such as organic matter status,cation exchange capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and sulphur as well as exchangeable potassium in both locations in both years.Cost and return analysis of different treatments for the whole cropping system showed that the highest marginal benefit-cost ratio(16.35 and 15.07)and gross return(about Tk 768,595/ha and 728,341/ha)were obtained from the T5 treatment in farm soils and Char land soils,respectively.Followed by poultry manure,vermicompost performed well in addition to mineral fertilizers for improving crop yield and soil fertility but its economic efficiency was less due to high input cost.These findings may be useful to the smallholder farmers in char areas,who could benefit from increased productivity,reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers,and improved soil health,contributing to the long-term sustainability of char land agriculture.
