The main objective of this study was to investigate copper-Nickle-Iron bearing rocks of the northern Kenya, and understand their mode of formation. The area of study is bounded by latitudes 2º52'00"N...The main objective of this study was to investigate copper-Nickle-Iron bearing rocks of the northern Kenya, and understand their mode of formation. The area of study is bounded by latitudes 2º52'00"N and 1º52'00"N and longitudes 37º19'00"E and 37º36'00"E, South West of Marsabit town. The methods involved geological field mapping between September, 2020 and December 2020. Elemental analyses of the samples were done using an XRF. Pearsonian correlation on the analyzed elements was done using Oasis Montaj 8.4. Fabric8 software was used to analyze structural data. The area comprises metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks include biotite hornblende gneisses, biotite gneisses, biotite muscovite gneisses and marbles. Basalts of different mineralogy were also found in the area. Colluvium and alluvium sediments were found covering some of the metamorphic rocks in some areas. Malachite occurs in gneisses in the central part of the area. The area has undergone deformation, which includes jointing and folding. The fold axis trend in the North-South direction and plunges to the southern part of the area. Correlation of the elements shows that there is a positive correlation of Copper-Nickel-Iron. This indicates similar mode of delivery within the host rocks. Kriging indicates spatial distribution of these elements within the study area. The average size of distribution can easily be computed from the maps produced by kriging.展开更多
This paper presents an analysis of spatial and temporal variation of rainfall and thunderstorm occurrence over Ken-ya from January 1987 to December 2017.The meteorological data used were obtained from the Kenya Meteor...This paper presents an analysis of spatial and temporal variation of rainfall and thunderstorm occurrence over Ken-ya from January 1987 to December 2017.The meteorological data used were obtained from the Kenya Meteorological Department(KMD)for the same period.This included the monthly thunderstorm occurrences and rainfall amounts of 26 synoptic stations across the country.The characteristics of monthly,seasonal and annual frequency results were presented on spatial maps while Time series graphs were used to display the pattern for annual cycle,seasonal varia-tions and the inter-annual variability of rainfall amounts and thunderstorm occurrences.A well-known non-parametric statistical method Mann Kendall(MK)trend test was used to determine and compare the statistical significance of the trends.Thunderstorm frequencies over the Eastern,Central and Coast regions of the country showed a bimodal pattern with high frequencies coinciding with March-April-May(MAM)and October-November-December(OND)rainy sea-sons.Very few thunderstorm days were detected over June-July-August(JJA)season.The areas to the western part of the country,near Lake Victoria,had the highest thunderstorm frequencies in the country over the three seasons:MAM,JJAS and OND.The annual frequency showed a quasi-unimodal pattern.These places near Lake Victoria showed sig-nificantly increasing thunderstorm trends during the MAM and OND seasons irrespective of the rainfall trends.This shows the effects of Lake Victoria over these areas,and it acts as a continuous source of moisture for thunderstorm for-mation.However,most stations across the country showed a reducing trend of thunderstorm frequency during MAM and JJA seasons.The importance of these findings is that they could support various policy makers,and users of cli-mate information,especially in the agriculture and aviation industries.展开更多
Mangrove management requires an all-inclusive community engagement for sustainability in protection and conservation of mangroves. Previously, community participation was not considered pivotal but the rapid degradati...Mangrove management requires an all-inclusive community engagement for sustainability in protection and conservation of mangroves. Previously, community participation was not considered pivotal but the rapid degradation of mangroves has necessitated their participation. Despite much legislation enacted, there are still challenges hindering community participation in Lamu County and this paper seeks to highlight barriers perceived by the various stakeholders in mangrove management. The study used a mixed methods approach to answer both qualitative and quantitative research questions and a correlational research design to explore all variables. The study shows that only 60% of the respondents agreed that there is lack of enforcement in mangrove conservation through community participation. However, less than 50% agreed on the challenges of lack of good management in mangroves (46%), lack of implementation mechanisms on mangrove conservation (47%) and lack of consultation in decision-making processes for mangrove conservation (36%). This demonstrates that lack of enforcement is the greatest challenge to the implementation of standards for mangrove conservation.展开更多
The Paris Agreement’s differentiation architecture is a key feature of the international climate regime,enabling countries to submit climate action plans based on their unique national circumstances.The study is desi...The Paris Agreement’s differentiation architecture is a key feature of the international climate regime,enabling countries to submit climate action plans based on their unique national circumstances.The study is designed to investigate the impact of the Paris Agreement differentiation architecture on LDCs from Africa engagement in the UNFCCC process.The study adopted an exploratory research design and adopted a census approach to get a sample size of 66 negotiators from 33 LDCs in the Africa Group of Negotiators(AGN)for questionnaire administration.This paper presents part of the results of the research focused on how the Paris Agreement differentiation architecture inad vertently prevails over the unity of the developing countries and consequently drives collective ambition.The study notes the divide and rule elements of the Paris Agreement through strategic coordination challenges between AGN and LDCs from Africa;the LDCs from Africa’s divergent interests from AGN and G77 and China;and the LDCs’appropriation of new friends and partnerships.Consequently,LDCs from Africa are covertly and unassumingly redefining the concept of climate justice by transcending the traditional divide between developed and developing countries that characterized the preParis climate regime in calling for accountability for climate action.The study reveals that the Paris Agreement differentiation system contributes to the weakening of the unity of developing nations in their negotiations in the UNFCCC process,as revealed by how LDCs from Africa participate in the climate negotiations un der the current climate regime.The study further found that LDCs from Africa’s positions and tactics differ from those of other developing countries by opting to use nonstate actors and sometimes collaborating with developed countries.LDCs from Africa have tactfully been indifferent to Africa Group of Negotiators(AGN)interests such as the African Special Circumstances Agenda.While most developing countries have opposed the agenda,the position taken by LDCs from Africa is interesting because these parties come from AGN,which originated and owns this position.The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States(CELAC)growing role in climate discussions,with aspirations to become a formal negotiating group,adds to the diplomatic complexity of the developing countries,which is mainly attributable to the Paris Agreement differentiation framework.The Paris Agreement has resulted in fractured solidarity among developing nations,with developing country groups split into subtle selfinterested entities that only use formal coalitions when it suits them.However,the unintended impact of the fissure is that LDCs from Africa and the rest of the LDCs are constantly pushing both developed and emerging economies for enhanced ambition,which is the primary purpose of the Paris Agreement.The deepened association with developed countries and nonstate actors,especially civil society organizations,is helping LDCs from Africa to push for ambition through lobbying advocacy and enhancing their capacity in negotiations through the inclusion of nonstate actors.Further,this development has enabled LDCs from Africa and others to reshape and redefine the concept of climate justice by advocating for a combined consideration of both historical responsibility and the current actions which ultimately brings emerging developing countries into the fold of accountability The study draws recommendations for LDCs from Africa to ensure unity of developing countries to keep negotiating as one for climate ambition while maintaining flexibility for individual parties to pursue their interests in alignment with the new climate regime.展开更多
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to ensure environmental sustainability is enhanced focusing on the future generation. Knowledge of the SDGs becomes pivotal in biodiversity conservation thus, a gap impacts suc...Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to ensure environmental sustainability is enhanced focusing on the future generation. Knowledge of the SDGs becomes pivotal in biodiversity conservation thus, a gap impacts such efforts on protecting and preserving biodiversity habits difficult. Nairobi City was chosen because of her unique ecosystem that habits wildlife and urban life with great prospects of being East Africa’s business hub. With an estimated double city population by 2030, knowledge of SDGs would be useful in enhancing biodiversity conservation in unique cities like Nairobi. Thus, a gap in the knowledge of SDGs threatens the future of biodiversity unless it is mitigated. The study employed a cross-sectional design that caters to qualitative and quantitative data. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was adopted to evaluate how determinants of human perceptions, decisions, and activities related to implementing sustainable development goals impact biodiversity conservation. Results indicate that respondents’ knowledge (30.5% ± 2.01%), attitudes (30.4% ± 1.56%), and practice (26.3% ± 0.08%) on implementation of SDGs was significantly low. Further, a majority believed that lack of awareness of SDGs 87% impacts biodiversity conservation, coupled with 12% and 1%, respectively, who opined that limited SDGs knowledge sharing and corruption were barriers to biodiversity conservation. The majority of respondents believed that increased awareness of SDGs (78.2% ± 2.61%), and strengthened institutional capacity (58.7% ± 3.01%) underscores SDGs’ importance in biodiversity conservation. Knowledge of SDGs is pivotal in the enhancement of biodiversity conservation.展开更多
Decision-making is the process of deciding between two or more options in order to take the most appropriate and successful course of action in order to achieve sustainable mangrove management. However, the distinctiv...Decision-making is the process of deciding between two or more options in order to take the most appropriate and successful course of action in order to achieve sustainable mangrove management. However, the distinctiveness of mangrove as an ecosystem, and thus the attendant socio-economic and governance ramifications, causes the idea of decision making to become relatively distinct from other decision making process As a result, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact that community engagement plays in the decision-making process as it relates to the establishment of governance norms for sustainable mangrove management in Lamu County. In this study, a correlational research design was applied, and the researchers employed a mixed techniques approach. The target population was 296 respondents. The research used questionnaires and interviews to collect data. A descriptive statistical technique was utilized to perform an inspection and analysis on the data that was gathered. The findings indicated that having awareness about governance standards is beneficial during the process of making decisions. In addition, the findings demonstrated that respondents had the impression that the decision-making process was not done properly. On the other hand, the participants pointed out the positive aspects of the decision-making process and agreed that the participation of both gender was essential for the sustainable management of mangroves. Based on these data, it appeared that full community engagement in decision-making is necessary for sustainable management of mangrove forests.展开更多
The small-scale fishing sector in Liberia is essential for food security,liveli-hoods,and cultural legacy,however,it is becoming increasingly susceptible to the effects of climate change.This research examines the sig...The small-scale fishing sector in Liberia is essential for food security,liveli-hoods,and cultural legacy,however,it is becoming increasingly susceptible to the effects of climate change.This research examines the significance of Local Ecological Knowledge(LEK)in the adaptive strategies of small-scale fishing communities in West Point,Marshall,and the St.Paul River fishing zone.This research used the Theory of Planned Behavior framework to analyze the atti-tudes,subjective norms,and perceived behavioral control affecting fishers’adoption of climate adaptation techniques.Data were collected through cross-sectional research comprising 384 respondents and analyzed via qualitative and quantitative methodologies.The findings indicate that 58%of participants were male,whilst 42%were female,with 39%of both sexes lacking formal schooling.Climate change awareness correlates positively with educational at-tainment;74%of individuals lacking formal education are aware of climate change,but 100%of those possessing higher education are aware.Local knowledge is essential for adaptation methods,with 48%of respondents im-plementing coping mechanisms such as relocating to new fishing zones,ex-panding fishing equipment,and pursuing alternative livelihoods like agricul-ture and small-scale enterprises.The research emphasizes the implementation of various coping methods,such as alternative livelihoods and community-ori-ented adaptation initiatives.Although local knowledge is acknowledged,opin-ions regarding its efficacy in comprehensively safeguarding small-scale fisher-ies from climate change are varied.The study advocates for the amalgama-tion of indigenous knowledge with empirical research,the enhancement of education and awareness,and the promotion of varied coping methods to foster resilience within small-scale fishing.These findings offer significant insights for policymakers and stakeholders in formulating comprehensive adaptation strategies to tackle the distinct problems encountered by small-scale fisheries.展开更多
The East African (EA) region highly experiences intra-seasonal and inter-annual variation in rainfall amounts. This study investigates the driving factors for anomalous rainfall events observed during the season of Oc...The East African (EA) region highly experiences intra-seasonal and inter-annual variation in rainfall amounts. This study investigates the driving factors for anomalous rainfall events observed during the season of October-November-December (OND) 2019 over the region. The study utilized daily rainfall data from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station Data Version 2 (CHIRPSv2) and the driving systems data. Statistical spatiotemporal analysis, correlation, and composite techniques were performed to investigate the teleconnection between OND 2019 seasonal rainfall and global synoptic climate systems. The findings showed that the OND 2019 experienced seasonal rainfall that was twice or greater than its seasonal climatology and varied with location. Further, the OND 2019 rainfall showed a positive correlation with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) (0.81), Nino 3 (0.51), Nino 3.4 (0.47), Nino 4 (0.40), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) (0.22), and North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) (0.02), while El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) showed a negative correlation (−0.30). The region was dominated by southeasterly warming and humid winds that originated from the Indian Ocean, while the geopotential height, vertical velocity, and vorticity anomalies were closely related to the anomalous rainfall characteristics. The study deduced that the IOD was the major synoptic system that influenced maximum rainfall during the peak season of OND 2019. This study therefore provided insights on the diagnosis study of OND 2019 anomalous rainfall and its attribution over the EA. The findings of the study will contribute to improvements in forecasting seasonal rainfall by regional climate centers and national meteorological centers within the region.展开更多
Wetlands play a critical role in water retention and supply in drainage connected regions.The Usangu wetland ecosystem contributes to recharging the Ruaha River,which is hydrologically connected to the wetland,support...Wetlands play a critical role in water retention and supply in drainage connected regions.The Usangu wetland ecosystem contributes to recharging the Ruaha River,which is hydrologically connected to the wetland,supporting both ecolog-ical balance and agricultural activities in the region.This study analyzes Land Surface Temperature(LST)data from Landsat 8 and 9,employing machine learning techniques to explore temporal relationships with multiple variables,in-cluding the NDVI and the SPI.The SPI dataset,derived from NOAA PER-SIANN-CDR satellite images,was analysed from 2000 to 2024 using Google Earth Engine(GEE).The precipitation datasets clustered using the K-Means al-gorithm to identify SPI drought years.Timeseries charts and Seasonal Trend De-composition by LOESS(STL)statistical tests,conducted using CHIRPS data with 0.05˚resolution.Historical CMIP6 model precipitation datasets were bias cor-rected against the CHIRPS reference dataset using linear scaling,which revealed that the raw CMIP6 outputs consistently overestimated precipitation.The cor rected data shows severe dry spells in the wetland region with values frequently below 200 mm/month.The SPI analysis identifies drought years in the water shed,which align with periods of below average precipitation.Linear regression of LST data shows a strong positive correlation between the baseline temperature and predicted data,with a correlation coefficient(r)of 0.79.However,the corre-lation between LST and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model(SRTDEM)dataset reveals a negative relationship.This suggests that lower elevations in the wetland experience higher temperatures.LST influences various spectral indices in the wetland.The Water in Wetland(WIW)method detects water pixel through two spectral threshold approaches applied to NIR and SWIR2 bands.NDVI trends from 2019 to 2023,show higher greenness NDVI up to 0.5 in the wetland compared to the surrounding area.These varia-tions are influenced by seasonal harvesting,drought years,and the warming trend.This study is crucial for water management in the Usangu wetland,which serves as a vital source and watershed for the Ruaha River,supporting both eco logical and agricultural sustainability in the region.展开更多
Equity and fairness are fundamental principles in climate negotiations under the UNFCCC,essential for incentivizing active and effective participation of all parties involved.Historically,the principle of Common But D...Equity and fairness are fundamental principles in climate negotiations under the UNFCCC,essential for incentivizing active and effective participation of all parties involved.Historically,the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities(CBDR-RC)has been used to define the fairness and equitability of the international climate process which placed considerable accountability on developed nations on account of their historical responsibility for climate change and their capacity to address the problem.However,the Paris Agreement marked a shift toward a more inclusive global approach,requiring all countries to submit climate action plans tailored to their unique circumstances.Under the Paris Agreement,developing countries which were historically inculpable are also required to take comparable climate action alongside developed countries albeit in accordance with their socio-economic uniqueness.The study examined how Least Developed Countries(LDCs),from Africa,a sub-set of the developing countries within the African Group of Negotiators(AGN)perceive fairness and equity within the Paris Agreement framework.Using exploratory research,focused informant interviews and questionnaire to LDCs negotiators from Africa found that these countries acknowledge the retention of preferential provisions—such as flexible reporting requirements and targeted financial support—in the Paris Agreement as an important element in their consideration of fairness and equitability of the regime given their socio-economic status,vulnerability,and susceptibility to negative impacts to climate change have not improved since 1997.On the other hand,the study found that LDCs from Africa continue to face an avalanche of structural and systematic challenges in international climate negotiations which include inadequate representation,limited access to scientific information,and power imbalances with developed and emerging developing countries which necessitated the retention of the flexibilities and preferential conditions in the current climate regime.About 75% of the LDCs from Africa negotiators think that the retention of flexibilities enables them to participate in climate action in accordance with their abilities while allowing space to participate in their sustainable development and socio-economic pursuits without any restraining obligations.Despite these challenges,African LDCs from Africa,have developed ambitious NDCs,with 80% adopting economywide and long-term low-carbon strategies.Their commitment to implementation of the critical parts of the Paris Agreement relies heavily on targeted and preferential provision of international cooperation,reflecting both their trust in the UNFCCC and the crucial role that perceptions of fairness and equity play in sustaining this trust.To address the structure and system challenges,African LDCs have adopted innovative negotiation strategies to enhance their influence and achieve significant breakthroughs in climate diplomacy.African LDCs hold mixed views on the Paris Agreement’s approach to differentiation.While they acknowledge the Paris Agreement’s efforts to mobilize climate ambition through NDCs and provide flexibilities and preferential support for implementation,many strongly believe it falls short in delivering true fairness and equity.The research identified the Paris Agreement’s Achilles heel as its inability to effectively and practically incentivize climate ambition among parties as anticipated by the objectives of the treaty.Sixty-five percent(65%)of respondents attribute this failure to the lack of enforcement mechanisms and self-differentiation which leaves parties without sufficient motivation to independently and ambitiously determine their contributions.When asked whether the shortcomings of the Paris Agreement could lead to frustration among parties and questioning its effectiveness and pushing for a new treaty,70%of African LDCs viewed this scenario as unlikely.However,Papua New Guinea’s recent decision to boycott climate negotiations in Baku,Azerbaijan,due to unfulfilled climate finance commitments,highlights the growing frustration among parties over the gap between the promise of the Paris Agreement and its actual delivery especially to developing countries.The study found that African LDCs generally view the Paris Agreement as equitable,given its recognition of their vulnerabilities and its emphasis on broadening global climate action to include emerging economies and nonstate actors.Though LDCs from Africa welcome the inclusion of the emerging developing countries to take up enhanced commitments almost comparable to developed countries,though they also feel that treating these countries as developed is equally unfair.The study found that the agreement falls short in critical areas,particularly in failing to mobilize climate ambition particularly mitigation and climate finance to support the achievement of the 1.5℃ temperature goal and efforts to build adaptation and resilience of the most affected.These challenges significantly impede the efforts of LDCs to implement their ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs),particularly in mitigation,which is almost entirely reliant on international cooperation and support.To bridge these gaps,the study is making recommendations for urgent reforms in the UNFCCC process that would ensure meaningful inclusion of LDCs and the successful achievement of global climate goals.展开更多
Solid waste management(SWM)is a major challenge in many urban areas in developing countries.The governance structures in the management of solid wastes are overwhelmed to sustainably manage the solid wastes.The study ...Solid waste management(SWM)is a major challenge in many urban areas in developing countries.The governance structures in the management of solid wastes are overwhelmed to sustainably manage the solid wastes.The study sought to evaluate the governance gaps in economic prospects for sustainable solid waste management in Kisii town.Study adopted zero-waste and the cir-cular economy theories and a cross-sectional research design.Data collection methods encompassed questionnaires and interviews using KOBO software.Data from interviews was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential anal-ysis.The results indicate that 98%of the residents perceive waste as a resource.Further,results show that only 10%of residents have an acquaintance of Kisii county laws on economic recovery.Governance breaches were depicted that waste recovery takes place at 1.4%,enforcement is at 14.8%,personnel training at 20.4%,and on-source separation of wastes at 17%.This confines economic valuation of waste.The results also indicate that there is at duplicity of players overriding waste with five sectors.There existed few waste-to-resource activi-ties in Kisii town which mainstreamed by the County government could spur the economy of the town.Study recommends that both the county and national governments prioritize mainstreaming solid waste economic recovery by sen-sitizing people to the value of SWs.展开更多
文摘The main objective of this study was to investigate copper-Nickle-Iron bearing rocks of the northern Kenya, and understand their mode of formation. The area of study is bounded by latitudes 2º52'00"N and 1º52'00"N and longitudes 37º19'00"E and 37º36'00"E, South West of Marsabit town. The methods involved geological field mapping between September, 2020 and December 2020. Elemental analyses of the samples were done using an XRF. Pearsonian correlation on the analyzed elements was done using Oasis Montaj 8.4. Fabric8 software was used to analyze structural data. The area comprises metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks include biotite hornblende gneisses, biotite gneisses, biotite muscovite gneisses and marbles. Basalts of different mineralogy were also found in the area. Colluvium and alluvium sediments were found covering some of the metamorphic rocks in some areas. Malachite occurs in gneisses in the central part of the area. The area has undergone deformation, which includes jointing and folding. The fold axis trend in the North-South direction and plunges to the southern part of the area. Correlation of the elements shows that there is a positive correlation of Copper-Nickel-Iron. This indicates similar mode of delivery within the host rocks. Kriging indicates spatial distribution of these elements within the study area. The average size of distribution can easily be computed from the maps produced by kriging.
文摘This paper presents an analysis of spatial and temporal variation of rainfall and thunderstorm occurrence over Ken-ya from January 1987 to December 2017.The meteorological data used were obtained from the Kenya Meteorological Department(KMD)for the same period.This included the monthly thunderstorm occurrences and rainfall amounts of 26 synoptic stations across the country.The characteristics of monthly,seasonal and annual frequency results were presented on spatial maps while Time series graphs were used to display the pattern for annual cycle,seasonal varia-tions and the inter-annual variability of rainfall amounts and thunderstorm occurrences.A well-known non-parametric statistical method Mann Kendall(MK)trend test was used to determine and compare the statistical significance of the trends.Thunderstorm frequencies over the Eastern,Central and Coast regions of the country showed a bimodal pattern with high frequencies coinciding with March-April-May(MAM)and October-November-December(OND)rainy sea-sons.Very few thunderstorm days were detected over June-July-August(JJA)season.The areas to the western part of the country,near Lake Victoria,had the highest thunderstorm frequencies in the country over the three seasons:MAM,JJAS and OND.The annual frequency showed a quasi-unimodal pattern.These places near Lake Victoria showed sig-nificantly increasing thunderstorm trends during the MAM and OND seasons irrespective of the rainfall trends.This shows the effects of Lake Victoria over these areas,and it acts as a continuous source of moisture for thunderstorm for-mation.However,most stations across the country showed a reducing trend of thunderstorm frequency during MAM and JJA seasons.The importance of these findings is that they could support various policy makers,and users of cli-mate information,especially in the agriculture and aviation industries.
文摘Mangrove management requires an all-inclusive community engagement for sustainability in protection and conservation of mangroves. Previously, community participation was not considered pivotal but the rapid degradation of mangroves has necessitated their participation. Despite much legislation enacted, there are still challenges hindering community participation in Lamu County and this paper seeks to highlight barriers perceived by the various stakeholders in mangrove management. The study used a mixed methods approach to answer both qualitative and quantitative research questions and a correlational research design to explore all variables. The study shows that only 60% of the respondents agreed that there is lack of enforcement in mangrove conservation through community participation. However, less than 50% agreed on the challenges of lack of good management in mangroves (46%), lack of implementation mechanisms on mangrove conservation (47%) and lack of consultation in decision-making processes for mangrove conservation (36%). This demonstrates that lack of enforcement is the greatest challenge to the implementation of standards for mangrove conservation.
文摘The Paris Agreement’s differentiation architecture is a key feature of the international climate regime,enabling countries to submit climate action plans based on their unique national circumstances.The study is designed to investigate the impact of the Paris Agreement differentiation architecture on LDCs from Africa engagement in the UNFCCC process.The study adopted an exploratory research design and adopted a census approach to get a sample size of 66 negotiators from 33 LDCs in the Africa Group of Negotiators(AGN)for questionnaire administration.This paper presents part of the results of the research focused on how the Paris Agreement differentiation architecture inad vertently prevails over the unity of the developing countries and consequently drives collective ambition.The study notes the divide and rule elements of the Paris Agreement through strategic coordination challenges between AGN and LDCs from Africa;the LDCs from Africa’s divergent interests from AGN and G77 and China;and the LDCs’appropriation of new friends and partnerships.Consequently,LDCs from Africa are covertly and unassumingly redefining the concept of climate justice by transcending the traditional divide between developed and developing countries that characterized the preParis climate regime in calling for accountability for climate action.The study reveals that the Paris Agreement differentiation system contributes to the weakening of the unity of developing nations in their negotiations in the UNFCCC process,as revealed by how LDCs from Africa participate in the climate negotiations un der the current climate regime.The study further found that LDCs from Africa’s positions and tactics differ from those of other developing countries by opting to use nonstate actors and sometimes collaborating with developed countries.LDCs from Africa have tactfully been indifferent to Africa Group of Negotiators(AGN)interests such as the African Special Circumstances Agenda.While most developing countries have opposed the agenda,the position taken by LDCs from Africa is interesting because these parties come from AGN,which originated and owns this position.The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States(CELAC)growing role in climate discussions,with aspirations to become a formal negotiating group,adds to the diplomatic complexity of the developing countries,which is mainly attributable to the Paris Agreement differentiation framework.The Paris Agreement has resulted in fractured solidarity among developing nations,with developing country groups split into subtle selfinterested entities that only use formal coalitions when it suits them.However,the unintended impact of the fissure is that LDCs from Africa and the rest of the LDCs are constantly pushing both developed and emerging economies for enhanced ambition,which is the primary purpose of the Paris Agreement.The deepened association with developed countries and nonstate actors,especially civil society organizations,is helping LDCs from Africa to push for ambition through lobbying advocacy and enhancing their capacity in negotiations through the inclusion of nonstate actors.Further,this development has enabled LDCs from Africa and others to reshape and redefine the concept of climate justice by advocating for a combined consideration of both historical responsibility and the current actions which ultimately brings emerging developing countries into the fold of accountability The study draws recommendations for LDCs from Africa to ensure unity of developing countries to keep negotiating as one for climate ambition while maintaining flexibility for individual parties to pursue their interests in alignment with the new climate regime.
文摘Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to ensure environmental sustainability is enhanced focusing on the future generation. Knowledge of the SDGs becomes pivotal in biodiversity conservation thus, a gap impacts such efforts on protecting and preserving biodiversity habits difficult. Nairobi City was chosen because of her unique ecosystem that habits wildlife and urban life with great prospects of being East Africa’s business hub. With an estimated double city population by 2030, knowledge of SDGs would be useful in enhancing biodiversity conservation in unique cities like Nairobi. Thus, a gap in the knowledge of SDGs threatens the future of biodiversity unless it is mitigated. The study employed a cross-sectional design that caters to qualitative and quantitative data. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was adopted to evaluate how determinants of human perceptions, decisions, and activities related to implementing sustainable development goals impact biodiversity conservation. Results indicate that respondents’ knowledge (30.5% ± 2.01%), attitudes (30.4% ± 1.56%), and practice (26.3% ± 0.08%) on implementation of SDGs was significantly low. Further, a majority believed that lack of awareness of SDGs 87% impacts biodiversity conservation, coupled with 12% and 1%, respectively, who opined that limited SDGs knowledge sharing and corruption were barriers to biodiversity conservation. The majority of respondents believed that increased awareness of SDGs (78.2% ± 2.61%), and strengthened institutional capacity (58.7% ± 3.01%) underscores SDGs’ importance in biodiversity conservation. Knowledge of SDGs is pivotal in the enhancement of biodiversity conservation.
文摘Decision-making is the process of deciding between two or more options in order to take the most appropriate and successful course of action in order to achieve sustainable mangrove management. However, the distinctiveness of mangrove as an ecosystem, and thus the attendant socio-economic and governance ramifications, causes the idea of decision making to become relatively distinct from other decision making process As a result, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the impact that community engagement plays in the decision-making process as it relates to the establishment of governance norms for sustainable mangrove management in Lamu County. In this study, a correlational research design was applied, and the researchers employed a mixed techniques approach. The target population was 296 respondents. The research used questionnaires and interviews to collect data. A descriptive statistical technique was utilized to perform an inspection and analysis on the data that was gathered. The findings indicated that having awareness about governance standards is beneficial during the process of making decisions. In addition, the findings demonstrated that respondents had the impression that the decision-making process was not done properly. On the other hand, the participants pointed out the positive aspects of the decision-making process and agreed that the participation of both gender was essential for the sustainable management of mangroves. Based on these data, it appeared that full community engagement in decision-making is necessary for sustainable management of mangrove forests.
基金the University of Liberia and the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity in Agriculture(RUFORUM) for funding the research and the National Fisheries and Aquiculture Authority for approving the field work.
文摘The small-scale fishing sector in Liberia is essential for food security,liveli-hoods,and cultural legacy,however,it is becoming increasingly susceptible to the effects of climate change.This research examines the significance of Local Ecological Knowledge(LEK)in the adaptive strategies of small-scale fishing communities in West Point,Marshall,and the St.Paul River fishing zone.This research used the Theory of Planned Behavior framework to analyze the atti-tudes,subjective norms,and perceived behavioral control affecting fishers’adoption of climate adaptation techniques.Data were collected through cross-sectional research comprising 384 respondents and analyzed via qualitative and quantitative methodologies.The findings indicate that 58%of participants were male,whilst 42%were female,with 39%of both sexes lacking formal schooling.Climate change awareness correlates positively with educational at-tainment;74%of individuals lacking formal education are aware of climate change,but 100%of those possessing higher education are aware.Local knowledge is essential for adaptation methods,with 48%of respondents im-plementing coping mechanisms such as relocating to new fishing zones,ex-panding fishing equipment,and pursuing alternative livelihoods like agricul-ture and small-scale enterprises.The research emphasizes the implementation of various coping methods,such as alternative livelihoods and community-ori-ented adaptation initiatives.Although local knowledge is acknowledged,opin-ions regarding its efficacy in comprehensively safeguarding small-scale fisher-ies from climate change are varied.The study advocates for the amalgama-tion of indigenous knowledge with empirical research,the enhancement of education and awareness,and the promotion of varied coping methods to foster resilience within small-scale fishing.These findings offer significant insights for policymakers and stakeholders in formulating comprehensive adaptation strategies to tackle the distinct problems encountered by small-scale fisheries.
文摘The East African (EA) region highly experiences intra-seasonal and inter-annual variation in rainfall amounts. This study investigates the driving factors for anomalous rainfall events observed during the season of October-November-December (OND) 2019 over the region. The study utilized daily rainfall data from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station Data Version 2 (CHIRPSv2) and the driving systems data. Statistical spatiotemporal analysis, correlation, and composite techniques were performed to investigate the teleconnection between OND 2019 seasonal rainfall and global synoptic climate systems. The findings showed that the OND 2019 experienced seasonal rainfall that was twice or greater than its seasonal climatology and varied with location. Further, the OND 2019 rainfall showed a positive correlation with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) (0.81), Nino 3 (0.51), Nino 3.4 (0.47), Nino 4 (0.40), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) (0.22), and North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) (0.02), while El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) showed a negative correlation (−0.30). The region was dominated by southeasterly warming and humid winds that originated from the Indian Ocean, while the geopotential height, vertical velocity, and vorticity anomalies were closely related to the anomalous rainfall characteristics. The study deduced that the IOD was the major synoptic system that influenced maximum rainfall during the peak season of OND 2019. This study therefore provided insights on the diagnosis study of OND 2019 anomalous rainfall and its attribution over the EA. The findings of the study will contribute to improvements in forecasting seasonal rainfall by regional climate centers and national meteorological centers within the region.
文摘Wetlands play a critical role in water retention and supply in drainage connected regions.The Usangu wetland ecosystem contributes to recharging the Ruaha River,which is hydrologically connected to the wetland,supporting both ecolog-ical balance and agricultural activities in the region.This study analyzes Land Surface Temperature(LST)data from Landsat 8 and 9,employing machine learning techniques to explore temporal relationships with multiple variables,in-cluding the NDVI and the SPI.The SPI dataset,derived from NOAA PER-SIANN-CDR satellite images,was analysed from 2000 to 2024 using Google Earth Engine(GEE).The precipitation datasets clustered using the K-Means al-gorithm to identify SPI drought years.Timeseries charts and Seasonal Trend De-composition by LOESS(STL)statistical tests,conducted using CHIRPS data with 0.05˚resolution.Historical CMIP6 model precipitation datasets were bias cor-rected against the CHIRPS reference dataset using linear scaling,which revealed that the raw CMIP6 outputs consistently overestimated precipitation.The cor rected data shows severe dry spells in the wetland region with values frequently below 200 mm/month.The SPI analysis identifies drought years in the water shed,which align with periods of below average precipitation.Linear regression of LST data shows a strong positive correlation between the baseline temperature and predicted data,with a correlation coefficient(r)of 0.79.However,the corre-lation between LST and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Model(SRTDEM)dataset reveals a negative relationship.This suggests that lower elevations in the wetland experience higher temperatures.LST influences various spectral indices in the wetland.The Water in Wetland(WIW)method detects water pixel through two spectral threshold approaches applied to NIR and SWIR2 bands.NDVI trends from 2019 to 2023,show higher greenness NDVI up to 0.5 in the wetland compared to the surrounding area.These varia-tions are influenced by seasonal harvesting,drought years,and the warming trend.This study is crucial for water management in the Usangu wetland,which serves as a vital source and watershed for the Ruaha River,supporting both eco logical and agricultural sustainability in the region.
文摘Equity and fairness are fundamental principles in climate negotiations under the UNFCCC,essential for incentivizing active and effective participation of all parties involved.Historically,the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities(CBDR-RC)has been used to define the fairness and equitability of the international climate process which placed considerable accountability on developed nations on account of their historical responsibility for climate change and their capacity to address the problem.However,the Paris Agreement marked a shift toward a more inclusive global approach,requiring all countries to submit climate action plans tailored to their unique circumstances.Under the Paris Agreement,developing countries which were historically inculpable are also required to take comparable climate action alongside developed countries albeit in accordance with their socio-economic uniqueness.The study examined how Least Developed Countries(LDCs),from Africa,a sub-set of the developing countries within the African Group of Negotiators(AGN)perceive fairness and equity within the Paris Agreement framework.Using exploratory research,focused informant interviews and questionnaire to LDCs negotiators from Africa found that these countries acknowledge the retention of preferential provisions—such as flexible reporting requirements and targeted financial support—in the Paris Agreement as an important element in their consideration of fairness and equitability of the regime given their socio-economic status,vulnerability,and susceptibility to negative impacts to climate change have not improved since 1997.On the other hand,the study found that LDCs from Africa continue to face an avalanche of structural and systematic challenges in international climate negotiations which include inadequate representation,limited access to scientific information,and power imbalances with developed and emerging developing countries which necessitated the retention of the flexibilities and preferential conditions in the current climate regime.About 75% of the LDCs from Africa negotiators think that the retention of flexibilities enables them to participate in climate action in accordance with their abilities while allowing space to participate in their sustainable development and socio-economic pursuits without any restraining obligations.Despite these challenges,African LDCs from Africa,have developed ambitious NDCs,with 80% adopting economywide and long-term low-carbon strategies.Their commitment to implementation of the critical parts of the Paris Agreement relies heavily on targeted and preferential provision of international cooperation,reflecting both their trust in the UNFCCC and the crucial role that perceptions of fairness and equity play in sustaining this trust.To address the structure and system challenges,African LDCs have adopted innovative negotiation strategies to enhance their influence and achieve significant breakthroughs in climate diplomacy.African LDCs hold mixed views on the Paris Agreement’s approach to differentiation.While they acknowledge the Paris Agreement’s efforts to mobilize climate ambition through NDCs and provide flexibilities and preferential support for implementation,many strongly believe it falls short in delivering true fairness and equity.The research identified the Paris Agreement’s Achilles heel as its inability to effectively and practically incentivize climate ambition among parties as anticipated by the objectives of the treaty.Sixty-five percent(65%)of respondents attribute this failure to the lack of enforcement mechanisms and self-differentiation which leaves parties without sufficient motivation to independently and ambitiously determine their contributions.When asked whether the shortcomings of the Paris Agreement could lead to frustration among parties and questioning its effectiveness and pushing for a new treaty,70%of African LDCs viewed this scenario as unlikely.However,Papua New Guinea’s recent decision to boycott climate negotiations in Baku,Azerbaijan,due to unfulfilled climate finance commitments,highlights the growing frustration among parties over the gap between the promise of the Paris Agreement and its actual delivery especially to developing countries.The study found that African LDCs generally view the Paris Agreement as equitable,given its recognition of their vulnerabilities and its emphasis on broadening global climate action to include emerging economies and nonstate actors.Though LDCs from Africa welcome the inclusion of the emerging developing countries to take up enhanced commitments almost comparable to developed countries,though they also feel that treating these countries as developed is equally unfair.The study found that the agreement falls short in critical areas,particularly in failing to mobilize climate ambition particularly mitigation and climate finance to support the achievement of the 1.5℃ temperature goal and efforts to build adaptation and resilience of the most affected.These challenges significantly impede the efforts of LDCs to implement their ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs),particularly in mitigation,which is almost entirely reliant on international cooperation and support.To bridge these gaps,the study is making recommendations for urgent reforms in the UNFCCC process that would ensure meaningful inclusion of LDCs and the successful achievement of global climate goals.
文摘Solid waste management(SWM)is a major challenge in many urban areas in developing countries.The governance structures in the management of solid wastes are overwhelmed to sustainably manage the solid wastes.The study sought to evaluate the governance gaps in economic prospects for sustainable solid waste management in Kisii town.Study adopted zero-waste and the cir-cular economy theories and a cross-sectional research design.Data collection methods encompassed questionnaires and interviews using KOBO software.Data from interviews was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential anal-ysis.The results indicate that 98%of the residents perceive waste as a resource.Further,results show that only 10%of residents have an acquaintance of Kisii county laws on economic recovery.Governance breaches were depicted that waste recovery takes place at 1.4%,enforcement is at 14.8%,personnel training at 20.4%,and on-source separation of wastes at 17%.This confines economic valuation of waste.The results also indicate that there is at duplicity of players overriding waste with five sectors.There existed few waste-to-resource activi-ties in Kisii town which mainstreamed by the County government could spur the economy of the town.Study recommends that both the county and national governments prioritize mainstreaming solid waste economic recovery by sen-sitizing people to the value of SWs.
