Seedling emergence and seedling establishment are two important phases for the good crop stand and final maize crop harvest. A field study was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices and poultr...Seedling emergence and seedling establishment are two important phases for the good crop stand and final maize crop harvest. A field study was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices and poultry manure levels on the seedling emergence, growth, development, yield, and economics of the spring planted maize during 2010 and 2011. Experimental treatments include four tillage treatments (zero, minimum, conventional and deep tillage) and three poultry manure amendments (control (no manure), 5 Mg·ha-1 and 10 Mg·ha-1). Seedling emergence was linearly affected as the tillage intensity was increased. Significant relationship of tillage with leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and total dry matter was recorded during the both years. Poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 produced the higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter and grain yield as compared to 5 Mg·ha-1 and control. Moreover, experimental results concluded that the deep tillage practice has taken less time to start emergence. Similarly, higher values trend of leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter accumulation and grain yield was shifted from deep tillage to conventional, minimum and zero tillage practices during both years. Economically, the minimum tillage with poultry manure at rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 gave the better benefit to cost ratio and crop productivity as compared to conventional, deep and zero tillage. The experiment suggested the minimum tillage with poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 may ensure the maize grain yield sustainability.展开更多
Machine picking in cotton is an emerging practice in India,to solve the problems of labour shortages and production costs increasing.Cotton production has been declining in recent years;however,the high density planti...Machine picking in cotton is an emerging practice in India,to solve the problems of labour shortages and production costs increasing.Cotton production has been declining in recent years;however,the high density planting system(HDPS)offers a viable method to enhance productivity by increasing plant populations per unit area,optimizing resource utilization,and facilitating machine picking.Cotton is an indeterminate plant that produce excessive vegeta-tive growth in favorable soil fertility and moisture conditions,which posing challenges for efficient machine picking.To address this issue,the application of plant growth retardants(PGRs)is essential for controlling canopy architecture.PGRs reduce internode elongation,promote regulated branching,and increase plant compactness,making cotton plants better suited for machine picking.PGRs application also optimizes photosynthates distribution between veg-etative and reproductive growth,resulting in higher yields and improved fibre quality.The integration of HDPS and PGRs applications results in an optimal plant architecture for improving machine picking efficiency.However,the success of this integration is determined by some factors,including cotton variety,environmental conditions,and geographical variations.These approaches not only address yield stagnation and labour shortages but also help to establish more effective and sustainable cotton farming practices,resulting in higher cotton productivity.展开更多
The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising appr...The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising approach. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of exogenous humic acid on wheat under water deficit stress via a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The impacts of four growing conditions, i.e., well water (65% field capacity), water deficit stress (35% field capacity), soil application of humic acid (44 mg kg−1 soil) under water deficit stress and foliar feeding of humic acid (200 ppm) under water deficit stress, were investigated on two wheat varieties (BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3). The results demonstrated that water deficit stress substantially decreased the studied morphological and physiological traits, yield components and yield, in both genotypes, with the exception of the proline content of flag leaves. Compared with soil application, foliar feeding of humic acid promoted the ability of wheat to overcome stress conditions better. In the present study, humic acid as a soil application increased the grain yield by 9.13% and 13.86% and the biological yield by 9.94% and 5.19%, whereas foliar treatment increased the grain output by 24.76% and 25.19% and the biological yield by 19.23% and 6.50% in BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3, respectively, under water deficit stress. Therefore, exogenous foliar humic acid treatment was more effective than soil application in alleviating the effects of drought stress on wheat.展开更多
Background The protein sources in pig diets strongly rely on soybean meal,but its production has been associated with soil degradation,deforestation and loss of biodiversity.Microalga Spirulina can be a potentially mo...Background The protein sources in pig diets strongly rely on soybean meal,but its production has been associated with soil degradation,deforestation and loss of biodiversity.Microalga Spirulina can be a potentially more sustainable alternative to soybean meal,but comprehensive information about its use in growing pigs is still lacking.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial to full replacement of dietary soybean meal with Spirulina on the growth and carcass traits of growing pigs and on the chemical and physical attributes of the meat.Methods Eighty-eight pigs,gilts and barrows mixed together,with initial body weight of 52.4±4.2 kg,were allotted into 4 isoenergetic,isoproteic,and isoaminoacidic dietary treatments,which included a conventional control diet based on cereals and soybean meal and one of 3 diets formulated by replacing nearly 33%,66%or 100%soybean with Spirulina.Each treatment had 2 pens(11 pigs/pen),which were equipped with electronic feeders that were able to record individual feed intake.After 138 d on feed,at 174.9±6.4 kg body weight,the pigs were slaughtered,and the carcass traits and meat quality parameters from loin samples were assessed.Results The palatability of feeds was not depressed in pigs fed Spirulina,even when the soybean was completely replaced by the microalga.The incorporation of Spirulina in the diets in place of soybean did not impair the growth rate or feed efficiency,irrespective of the extent of replacement.The carcass traits and yield of commercial cuts were comparable for all Spirulina-included compared with those of the soybean-based groups,and the same was found for the chemical and physical attributes of loin meat.Conclusion The results obtained at the herd and slaughter levels revealed that the replacement of soybean meal with Spirulina did not negatively affect the growth or carcass traits of growing pigs or the main attributes of meat.Therefore,this study provides,for the first time,insights into the technical possibility of switching growing pig feeding systems toward more environmentally sustainable diets by including a microalga originating from landless feed production systems,which does not result in soil degradation or loss of biodiversity.展开更多
The present review critically examines the role of neglected and underutilized crops(NUCs)in enhancing the resilience of South Asian cropping systems and diets in the context of climate change and nutritional challeng...The present review critically examines the role of neglected and underutilized crops(NUCs)in enhancing the resilience of South Asian cropping systems and diets in the context of climate change and nutritional challenges.This analysis reveals that integrating NUCs,such as millets,sorghums,amaranth,and indigenous legumes,into existing cropping systems can significantly improve the climate resilience,dietary diversity,and ecological sustainability of the food systems.These crops exhibit superior tolerance to abiotic stress and offer higher nutritional density compared to staple cereals,such as rice and wheat.However,their adoption faces challenges,including limited research investment,fragmented value chains,etc.We further identify that complementary cropping strategies and climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices can optimize resource use while boosting smallholder farmers’income.NUCs are pivotal for the transformation of exist cropping systems towards nutrition-sensitive and climate-resilient agricultural and food systems.Strategic integration of NUCs can simultaneously address food insecurity,biodiversity loss,and rural poverty.Yet,unlocking their potential requires coordinated efforts in genetic improvement,market development,and policy frameworks tailored to regional contexts.This synthesis provides a comprehensive roadmap for policy-makers,researchers,and farmers to leverage NUCs as“Future Smart Food”.By bridging agronomic,nutritional,and socioeconomic perspectives,this study highlights the transformative potential of NUCs in achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)across South Asian countries.展开更多
Metalloid arsenic(As)is not a necessary element for plants,but its excessive accumulation is toxic to plants,and it also poses a great health risk to humans via the food chain.Plants absorb and metabolize As through a...Metalloid arsenic(As)is not a necessary element for plants,but its excessive accumulation is toxic to plants,and it also poses a great health risk to humans via the food chain.Plants absorb and metabolize As through a variety of processes.Arsenate in the form of As^(5+)is absorbed by phosphate transporters,but methylated As and As^(3+)enter plant tissues mainly through aquaporin channels.Various strategies and practices have been proposed and applied to alleviate As toxicity or reduce As accumulation in plants,but an efficient and environment-friendly approach has yet to be developed.This review comprehensively explores As sources and uptake mechanisms,as well as the interactions of phosphorus(P)and As in their uptake,transportation and influences on plant growth and physiological activities.This comprehensive review covers the transport,metabolism,and tolerance processes that plants exhibit in response to As stress and the addition of P.In addition,we also present recent advances in reducing As toxicity and accumulation by improving P nutrition,manipulating P transporter genes and optimizing the plant microbial community.Finally,the future research directions and main challenges are briefly discussed.展开更多
Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)employs the Na^(+)transporter HvHKT1;1,which is an N^(+)-selective transporter.This study characterized the full-length HvHKT1;1(HvHKT1;1-FL)and three mRNA variants(HvHKT1;1-V1,-V2,and-V3),wh...Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)employs the Na^(+)transporter HvHKT1;1,which is an N^(+)-selective transporter.This study characterized the full-length HvHKT1;1(HvHKT1;1-FL)and three mRNA variants(HvHKT1;1-V1,-V2,and-V3),which encode polypeptides of 64.7,54.0,40.5,and 32.9 kDa,respectively.Tissue-specific expression profiling revealed that HvHKT1;1-FL is the most abundant transcript across leaf,sheath,and root tissues under normal conditions,with the highest expression in leaves.Under 150 mM NaCl stress,HvHKT1;1-FL and its variants showed a dynamic,time-dependent expression pattern,with peak leaf expression at 2 h,sheath expression at 12 h,and root expression at 2 h,suggesting their roles in early stress response.Functional analysis using two-electrode voltage-clamp measurements demonstrated thatHvHKT1;1-FL is highly selective for Na^(+),withminimal conductance for K^(+),Li^(+),Rb^(+),or Cs^(+).It demonstrated high Na^(+)transport efficiency,characterized by higher Vmax and lower Km values,while the variants showed reducedNa^(+)currents,lowerVmax,and higherKmvalues,indicating decreasedNa^(+)transport capacity.Reversal potential analyses further confirmed Na^(+)selectivity,with HvHKT1;1-FL displaying the strongest preference for Na^(+).Notably,while all variants retained Na^(+)selectivity,they showed reduced efficiency,as indicated by a more negative reversal potential in low Na^(+)conditions.These findings highlight the functional diversity among HvHKT1;1 variants,with HvHKT1;1-FL playing a dominant role in Na^(+)transport.The tissue-specific regulation of these variants under salinity stress underscores their importance in barley’s adaptive responses.展开更多
Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controllin...Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controlling stem rust.The stem rust resistance gene Sr59 was previously identified within a T2DS 2RL wheat-rye whole arm translocation,providing broad-spectrum resistance to various stem rust races.Seedling evaluation,molecular marker analysis,and cytogenetic studies identified wheat-rye introgression line#284 containing a new translocation chromosome T2BL 2BS-2RL.This line has demonstrated broad-spectrum resistance to stem rust at the seedling stage.Seedling evaluation and cytogenetic analysis of three backcross populations between the line#284 and the adapted cultivars SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert confirmed that Sr59 is located within the short distal 2RL translocation.This study aimed physical mapping of Sr59 in the 2RL introgression segment and develop a robust molecular marker for marker-assisted selection.Using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),GBS-derived SNPs were aligned with full-length annotated rye nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)genes in the parental lines CS ph1b,SLU238,SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert,as well as in 33 BC4F5progeny.Four NLR genes were identified on the 2R chromosome,with Chr2R_NLR_60 being tightly linked to the Sr59resistance gene.In-silico functional enrichment analysis of the translocated 2RL region(25,681,915 bp)identified 223 genes,with seven candidate genes associated with plant disease resistance and three linked to agronomic performance,contributing to oxidative stress response,protein kinase activity,and cellular homeostasis.These findings facilitate a better understanding of the genetic basis of stem rust resistance provided by Sr59.展开更多
Background Goat breeds in the Alpine area and Mediterranean basin exhibit a unique genetic heritage shaped by centuries of selection and adaptability to harsh environments.Understanding their adaptive traits can aid b...Background Goat breeds in the Alpine area and Mediterranean basin exhibit a unique genetic heritage shaped by centuries of selection and adaptability to harsh environments.Understanding their adaptive traits can aid breeding programs target enhanced resilience and productivity,especially as we are facing important climate and agriculture challenges.To this aim the genomic architecture of 480 goats belonging to five breeds(i.e.,Saanen[SAA],Camosciata delle Alpi[CAM],Murciano-Granadina[MUR],Maltese[MAL],Sarda[SAR])reared in the Sardinia Island were genotyped and their genomic architecture evaluated to find molecular basis of adaptive traits.Inbreeding,runs of homozygosity(ROH)and runs of heterozygosity(ROHet)were identified.Finally,candidate genes in the ROH and ROHet regions were explored through a pathway analysis to assess their molecular role.Results In total,we detected 10,341 ROH in the SAA genome,11,063 ROH in the CAM genome,12,250 ROH in the MUR genome,8,939 ROH in the MAL genome,and 18,441 ROH in the SAR genome.Moreover,we identified 4,087 ROHet for SAA,3,360 for CAM,2,927 for MUR,3,701 for MAL,and 3,576 for SAR,with SAR having the highest heterozygosity coefficient.Interestingly,when computing the inbreeding coefficient using homozygous segment(FROH),SAA showed the lowest value while MAL the highest one,suggesting the need to improve selecting strategies to preserve genetic diversity within the population.Among the most significant candidate genes,we identified several ones linked to different physiological functions,such as milk production(e.g.,DGAT1,B4GALT1),immunity(GABARAP,GPS2)and adaptation to environment(e.g.,GJA3,GJB2 and GJB6).Conclusions This study highlighted the genetic diversity within and among five goat breeds.The high levels of ROH identified in some breeds might indicate high levels of inbreeding and a lack in genetic variation,which might negatively impact the animal population.Conversely,high levels of ROHet might indicate regions of the genetic diversity,beneficial for breed health and resilience.Therefore,these findings could aid breeding programs in managing inbreeding and preserving genetic diversity.展开更多
Intensive farming practices,aimed at maximizing crop yields through substantial inputs of labour,technology,and chemical fertilizers,have significantly transformed modern agriculture.However,these methods have raised ...Intensive farming practices,aimed at maximizing crop yields through substantial inputs of labour,technology,and chemical fertilizers,have significantly transformed modern agriculture.However,these methods have raised serious concerns regarding soil health,environmental sustainability,and long-term agricultural viability.This study examines the ecological impact of intensive farming on soil health in the KB Asifabad District of Telangana,India,where traditional and modern farming techniques coexist.The objectives include analysing socio-economic factors influencing farming methods,evaluating the impact of tilling techniques and fertilizer use on soil health,and promoting sustainable practices through education and policy recommendations.Findings reveal a strong reliance on chemical fertilizers,with 98.3% of farmers using them exclusively due to their perceived efficiency and rapid results.However,this overdependence has led to soil degradation,reduced microbial diversity,and environmental pollution.Conversely,despite its ecological benefits,natural manure remains underutilized due to scepticism and economic constraints.Mechanical tilling methods,while effective,have negatively impacted soil structure and fertility.The study highlights the necessity of transitioning to sustainable practices,integrating organic inputs,and adopting conservation techniques to restore soil health and ecosystem balance.This research provides practical pathways for achieving sustainable agriculture by integrating traditional knowledge with modern practices.It is particularly relevant for policymakers,agricultural extension services,and farming communities as it highlights the need for educational initiatives,financial incentives,and regulatory measures to ensure long-term soil fertility,environmental stewardship,and improved farmer livelihoods.展开更多
The productivity of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.),an economically important legume,is severely hindered by drought stress.While melatonin(Mel)and methyl jasmonate(MeJA)are known to alleviate abiotic stresses,thei...The productivity of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.),an economically important legume,is severely hindered by drought stress.While melatonin(Mel)and methyl jasmonate(MeJA)are known to alleviate abiotic stresses,their combined effects in mitigating drought-induced oxidative stress are unknown.Here,we examined the synergistic effects of Mel and MeJA in alleviating drought-associated oxidative damage in common bean.Compared with well-watered controls,drought stress caused a significant decline in plant biomass,photosynthetic pigments,and photosystem Ⅱ efficiency(F_(v)/F_(m)).Drought also significantly increased hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))accumulation,which likely contributed to membrane lipid peroxidation,as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde(MDA)levels.Furthermore,drought stress substantially suppressed the activity of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and glutathione S-transferase(GST).In contrast,application of exogenous Mel and MeJA,particularly at 150μM and 20μM,respectively,significantly improved plant biomass,chlorophyll a(Chl a),chlorophyll b(Chl b),and F_(v)/F_(m) relative to drought-stressed plants only.Notably,the combined treatment with Mel and MeJA reduced H_(2)O_(2) and MDA by 84.3%and 39.8%,respectively,while enhancing the activities of CAT(by 106.2%),POD(by 97.7%),and GST(by 54.2%)compared to drought-stressed plants only.Multivariate analyses further confirmed that Mel and MeJA effectively reduced the levels of H_(2)O_(2) and MDA while enhancing antioxidant defense.These results suggest that the combined action of Mel and MeJA enhanced antioxidant defenses,restoring photosynthetic performance impaired by ROS in common bean.This synergy effectively mitigates drought-induced oxidative stress,highlighting their potential to improve resilience and support sustainable bean production for global food security.展开更多
A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying sc...A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying scenarios including nitrogen fertilization rates,irrigation rates,and air temperatures in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)over the 38-year period.DAYCENT model was used to predict carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fluxes from cultivated soils in the HID,Inner Mongolia from^(2)023 to 2060(the year of achieving the"carbon neutrality"goal)in this study.Results showed that mean soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field[1035.13 g/(m^(2).yr)]were significantly lower than those in the maize field[1405.54 g/(m^(2).yr)].An increase in nitrogen fertilization rate led to a significant escalation in soil CO_(2)fluxes.Moreover,elevating irrigation rates for washing salts by irrigation(WSBI)diminished soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field while amplifying them in the maize field.A rise in air temperature resulted in an increase in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the maize field,with annual increases observed,but a reduction in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the sunflower field.The sunflower fields in the HID have a more substantial advantage than the corn fields in mitigating soil CO_(2)emissions.展开更多
The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.T...The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.This intricate response to cold stress is regulated by hormones,photoperiod,light,and various factors,in addition to genetic influences.In autumn,plants undergo morphological,physiological,biochemical,and molecular changes to prepare for the low temperatures of winter.Understanding cellular stress responses is crucial for genetic manipulation aimed at enhancing cold resistance.Early autumn frosts or late spring chills can cause significant damage to plants,making it essential to adapt in autumn to survive winter conditions.While the general process of acclimatization is similar across many plant species,variations exist depending on the specific type of plant and regional conditions.Different plant organs exhibit varying degrees of damage from cold stress,and by applying agricultural principles,potential damage can be largely controlled.Timely reinforcement and stress prevention can minimize cold-related damage.Research has shown that in temperate climates,low temperatures restrict plant growth and yield.However,the intricate structural systems involved remain poorly understood.Over the past decade,studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to adapt to and resist cold stress.The gene signaling system is believed to play a crucial role in cold adaptation,and researchers have prioritized this area in their investigations.This study critically examines plant responses to cold stress through physiological adaptations,including calcium signaling dynamics,membrane lipid modifications,and adjustments in antioxidant systems.These mechanisms activate downstream gene expression and molecular functions,leading to key resistance strategies.Additionally,we explore the regulatory roles of endogenous phytohormones and secondary metabolites in cold stress responses.This review aims to enhance our foundational understanding of the mechanisms behind plant cold adaptation.展开更多
Heavy metal concentrations in soils may decrease over time,correlating with key soil variables such as pH,cation exchange capacity(CEC),clay,and organic carbon(organic C)content.The residual Cu and Zn were studied in ...Heavy metal concentrations in soils may decrease over time,correlating with key soil variables such as pH,cation exchange capacity(CEC),clay,and organic carbon(organic C)content.The residual Cu and Zn were studied in tropical soils about 20 years after amendment with heavy metal containing industrial waste.Soils amended one time in 1998 with industrial waste,calcite,and cassava-leaf compost were employed as models and analysed for topsoil and subsoil Cu,Zn and several soil properties including pH,CEC,clay and organic C content in 2018.The highest Cu and Zn were detected in high heavy metal plots with the highest waste amendment,lowered by calcite and/or compost.The lower subsoil Cu and Zn were strongly affected by topsoil Cu and Zn.Single variable linear regression showed that the soil Cu and Zn had good relationships with the soil organic C and clay content.The inclusion of soil pH,CEC,clay and organic C content in multiple linear regression analysis improved their correlation coefficients,in which the correlation coefficients of Zn were higher than Cu.Long-term reaction in soils reversed the positive correlation of Cu-pH and Zn-pH in 1998 to the negative correlations in 2018.The soil Cu can be predicted with 33.8%accuracy with equation Cu=-61-11.6(pH)+0.47(CEC)+2.71(Clay)+41.7(Org C)(R^(2))=-0.338 while the soil Zn with accuracy 39.2%by equation Zn=-26.2-8.73(pH)-0.276(CEC)+1.95(Clay)+24.0(Org C)(R2).This results could be utilized to monitor the dynamic of Cu and Zn contamination in soil.展开更多
Global challenges,including resource inefficiency,rising food demand,sustainability concerns,and climate change,necessitate more efficient and resilient agricultural systems.Conservation agriculture(CA),which is based...Global challenges,including resource inefficiency,rising food demand,sustainability concerns,and climate change,necessitate more efficient and resilient agricultural systems.Conservation agriculture(CA),which is based on the principles of the minimum mechanical soil disturbance,permanent soil organic cover,and species diversification,provides a promising solution.This study examined the principles and mechanisms of CA,assessed its benefits and constraints,and identified key research gaps.This study focused on CA outcomes related to soil health,biodiversity,productivity,and ecosystem services,considering factors such as climate,soil type,and management practices.CA has demonstrated the potential to improve soil health,enhance biodiversity,and boost productivity across diverse regions.However,its effectiveness has been found to vary across studies,emphasizing the need for a more critical understanding of its benefits and limitations.Moreover,variations in outcomes are evident due to differences in experimental methodologies,environmental conditions,and socioeconomic factors.For the widespread adoption of CA practices,it is necessary to make personalized adjustments to it,integrating the corresponding technologies,thereby meeting the needs of farmers.Interdisciplinary research is crucial to refining CA practices and addressing existing knowledge gaps.This study is practiced to enhance the understanding of the potential of CA to promote a sustainable global food production system.展开更多
Sesame is a multi-purpose high-value oilseed crop,which can beused in the food,feed,and cosmetics applica-tions.The low yield of sesame is due to the lack of high-yielding and locally adapted varieties,which have the ...Sesame is a multi-purpose high-value oilseed crop,which can beused in the food,feed,and cosmetics applica-tions.The low yield of sesame is due to the lack of high-yielding and locally adapted varieties,which have the susceptibility to capsule shattering and biotic and abiotic stresses.The breeding gains in sesame are low and stagnant compared to other oilseed crops such as canola,groundnut and sunflower.Breeding for enhanced yieldrelated,oil quantity and quality,biotic and abiotic stresses tolerant varieties is vital to the adaptation of the climate change.Several genes and quantitative trait loci(QTLs)related to yield-related,oil quantity and quality,biotic and abiotic stresses tolerant have been identified through modern plant breeding tools in sesame.The depth understanding of the genetic basis,molecular mechanisms and regulatory genes involved in yield-related,oil quantity and quality,biotic and abiotic stresses tolerant in sesame is important for the improvement of sesame breeding programs.This article reviews and documents these achievements will provide fundamental data and references for practical applications of sesam research.展开更多
Corn(Zea mays L.)is a very sensitive crop to phosphorus(P)deficiency during the early development phase,which may be a limiting factor for the sustainable production of this crop in P-deficient tropical soils.However,...Corn(Zea mays L.)is a very sensitive crop to phosphorus(P)deficiency during the early development phase,which may be a limiting factor for the sustainable production of this crop in P-deficient tropical soils.However,scientific evidence indicates that inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can improve the development,uptake,and P-use efficiency of corn plants.In the present study,two contrasting corn hybrids were investigated for their responsiveness to multiple inoculations of Bacillus subtilis,B.megaterium,B.velezencis,and Pseudomonas fluorescens and application of phosphate fertilizer rates in the sandy soil of the Brazilian Cerrado.Plants from stable(DKB 360 PRO3)and responsive(DKB 255 PRO3)corn hybrids were inoculated with 0 and 2 mL of inoculant containing multiple phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fertilized with low(0 mg P·kg^(-1)),medium(40 mg P·kg^(-1))and high(80 mg P·kg^(-1))levels of phosphate fertilizer using triple superphosphate(46% of P_(2)O_(5)).Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design using 2×2×3 factorial scheme,with four replicates.Plants were grown in 8-L pots for 70 days under greenhouse conditions.Morphological characteristics,leaf P concentration,and P use efficiency of corn plants were evaluated.Our results showed that the multiple inoculations of Bacillus subtilis,B.megaterium,B.velezencis,and Pseudomonas fluorescens are a promising sustainable agricultural practice to be recommended for corn cultivation,especially because it improves the development and P use efficiency of plants fertilized with medium P levels,which reduces the costs associated with mineral phosphate fertilization,a non-renewable fertilizer source.In sandy tropical soilwith low P availability,applying intermediate rates of highly soluble phosphate fertilizer,such as triple superphosphate,is sufficient to maximize plant development and the nutritional status of corn crops for sustainable production with low environmental impact.展开更多
When plants respond to drought stress,dynamic cellular changes occur,accompanied by alterations in gene expression,which often act through trans-regulation.However,the detection of trans-acting genetic variants and ne...When plants respond to drought stress,dynamic cellular changes occur,accompanied by alterations in gene expression,which often act through trans-regulation.However,the detection of trans-acting genetic variants and networks of genes is challenged by the large number of genes and markers.Using a tensor decomposition method,we identify trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci(trans-eQTLs)linked to gene modules,rather than individual genes,which were associated with maize drought response.Module-to-trait association analysis demonstrates that half of the modules are relevant to drought-related traits.Genome-wide association studies of the expression patterns of each module identify 286 trans-eQTLs linked to drought-responsive modules,the majority of which cannot be detected based on individual gene expression.Notably,the trans-eQTLs located in the regions selected during maize improvement tend towards relatively strong selection.We further prioritize the genes that affect the transcriptional regulation of multiple genes in trans,as exemplified by two transcription factor genes.Our analyses highlight that multidimensional reduction could facilitate the identification of trans-acting variations in gene expression in response to dynamic environments and serve as a promising technique for high-order data processing in future crop breeding.展开更多
文摘Seedling emergence and seedling establishment are two important phases for the good crop stand and final maize crop harvest. A field study was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage practices and poultry manure levels on the seedling emergence, growth, development, yield, and economics of the spring planted maize during 2010 and 2011. Experimental treatments include four tillage treatments (zero, minimum, conventional and deep tillage) and three poultry manure amendments (control (no manure), 5 Mg·ha-1 and 10 Mg·ha-1). Seedling emergence was linearly affected as the tillage intensity was increased. Significant relationship of tillage with leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and total dry matter was recorded during the both years. Poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 produced the higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter and grain yield as compared to 5 Mg·ha-1 and control. Moreover, experimental results concluded that the deep tillage practice has taken less time to start emergence. Similarly, higher values trend of leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate, total dry matter accumulation and grain yield was shifted from deep tillage to conventional, minimum and zero tillage practices during both years. Economically, the minimum tillage with poultry manure at rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 gave the better benefit to cost ratio and crop productivity as compared to conventional, deep and zero tillage. The experiment suggested the minimum tillage with poultry manure at the rate of 10 Mg·ha-1 may ensure the maize grain yield sustainability.
文摘Machine picking in cotton is an emerging practice in India,to solve the problems of labour shortages and production costs increasing.Cotton production has been declining in recent years;however,the high density planting system(HDPS)offers a viable method to enhance productivity by increasing plant populations per unit area,optimizing resource utilization,and facilitating machine picking.Cotton is an indeterminate plant that produce excessive vegeta-tive growth in favorable soil fertility and moisture conditions,which posing challenges for efficient machine picking.To address this issue,the application of plant growth retardants(PGRs)is essential for controlling canopy architecture.PGRs reduce internode elongation,promote regulated branching,and increase plant compactness,making cotton plants better suited for machine picking.PGRs application also optimizes photosynthates distribution between veg-etative and reproductive growth,resulting in higher yields and improved fibre quality.The integration of HDPS and PGRs applications results in an optimal plant architecture for improving machine picking efficiency.However,the success of this integration is determined by some factors,including cotton variety,environmental conditions,and geographical variations.These approaches not only address yield stagnation and labour shortages but also help to establish more effective and sustainable cotton farming practices,resulting in higher cotton productivity.
基金funded byDepartment of Crop Physiology and Ecology,HajeeMohammad Danesh Science and Technology University,Dinajpur 5200 Bangladesh and Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.TU-DSPP-2024-07.
文摘The increasing frequency and intensity of drought caused by climate change necessitate the implementation of effective ways to increase the ability of wheat to withstand drought, with humic acid being a promising approach. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of exogenous humic acid on wheat under water deficit stress via a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The impacts of four growing conditions, i.e., well water (65% field capacity), water deficit stress (35% field capacity), soil application of humic acid (44 mg kg−1 soil) under water deficit stress and foliar feeding of humic acid (200 ppm) under water deficit stress, were investigated on two wheat varieties (BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3). The results demonstrated that water deficit stress substantially decreased the studied morphological and physiological traits, yield components and yield, in both genotypes, with the exception of the proline content of flag leaves. Compared with soil application, foliar feeding of humic acid promoted the ability of wheat to overcome stress conditions better. In the present study, humic acid as a soil application increased the grain yield by 9.13% and 13.86% and the biological yield by 9.94% and 5.19%, whereas foliar treatment increased the grain output by 24.76% and 25.19% and the biological yield by 19.23% and 6.50% in BWMRI Gom 1 and BWMRI Gom 3, respectively, under water deficit stress. Therefore, exogenous foliar humic acid treatment was more effective than soil application in alleviating the effects of drought stress on wheat.
基金funding from the European Union Next Generation EU(PIANO NAZION-ALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA—PNRR–MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2,CUP C93C22002790001)from University of Padova(2024DAFNAE1SIDPRO-GETTI-00004)。
文摘Background The protein sources in pig diets strongly rely on soybean meal,but its production has been associated with soil degradation,deforestation and loss of biodiversity.Microalga Spirulina can be a potentially more sustainable alternative to soybean meal,but comprehensive information about its use in growing pigs is still lacking.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partial to full replacement of dietary soybean meal with Spirulina on the growth and carcass traits of growing pigs and on the chemical and physical attributes of the meat.Methods Eighty-eight pigs,gilts and barrows mixed together,with initial body weight of 52.4±4.2 kg,were allotted into 4 isoenergetic,isoproteic,and isoaminoacidic dietary treatments,which included a conventional control diet based on cereals and soybean meal and one of 3 diets formulated by replacing nearly 33%,66%or 100%soybean with Spirulina.Each treatment had 2 pens(11 pigs/pen),which were equipped with electronic feeders that were able to record individual feed intake.After 138 d on feed,at 174.9±6.4 kg body weight,the pigs were slaughtered,and the carcass traits and meat quality parameters from loin samples were assessed.Results The palatability of feeds was not depressed in pigs fed Spirulina,even when the soybean was completely replaced by the microalga.The incorporation of Spirulina in the diets in place of soybean did not impair the growth rate or feed efficiency,irrespective of the extent of replacement.The carcass traits and yield of commercial cuts were comparable for all Spirulina-included compared with those of the soybean-based groups,and the same was found for the chemical and physical attributes of loin meat.Conclusion The results obtained at the herd and slaughter levels revealed that the replacement of soybean meal with Spirulina did not negatively affect the growth or carcass traits of growing pigs or the main attributes of meat.Therefore,this study provides,for the first time,insights into the technical possibility of switching growing pig feeding systems toward more environmentally sustainable diets by including a microalga originating from landless feed production systems,which does not result in soil degradation or loss of biodiversity.
文摘The present review critically examines the role of neglected and underutilized crops(NUCs)in enhancing the resilience of South Asian cropping systems and diets in the context of climate change and nutritional challenges.This analysis reveals that integrating NUCs,such as millets,sorghums,amaranth,and indigenous legumes,into existing cropping systems can significantly improve the climate resilience,dietary diversity,and ecological sustainability of the food systems.These crops exhibit superior tolerance to abiotic stress and offer higher nutritional density compared to staple cereals,such as rice and wheat.However,their adoption faces challenges,including limited research investment,fragmented value chains,etc.We further identify that complementary cropping strategies and climate-smart agriculture(CSA)practices can optimize resource use while boosting smallholder farmers’income.NUCs are pivotal for the transformation of exist cropping systems towards nutrition-sensitive and climate-resilient agricultural and food systems.Strategic integration of NUCs can simultaneously address food insecurity,biodiversity loss,and rural poverty.Yet,unlocking their potential requires coordinated efforts in genetic improvement,market development,and policy frameworks tailored to regional contexts.This synthesis provides a comprehensive roadmap for policy-makers,researchers,and farmers to leverage NUCs as“Future Smart Food”.By bridging agronomic,nutritional,and socioeconomic perspectives,this study highlights the transformative potential of NUCs in achieving Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)across South Asian countries.
基金supported by the Key Research Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province,China(2021C02064-3)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China。
文摘Metalloid arsenic(As)is not a necessary element for plants,but its excessive accumulation is toxic to plants,and it also poses a great health risk to humans via the food chain.Plants absorb and metabolize As through a variety of processes.Arsenate in the form of As^(5+)is absorbed by phosphate transporters,but methylated As and As^(3+)enter plant tissues mainly through aquaporin channels.Various strategies and practices have been proposed and applied to alleviate As toxicity or reduce As accumulation in plants,but an efficient and environment-friendly approach has yet to be developed.This review comprehensively explores As sources and uptake mechanisms,as well as the interactions of phosphorus(P)and As in their uptake,transportation and influences on plant growth and physiological activities.This comprehensive review covers the transport,metabolism,and tolerance processes that plants exhibit in response to As stress and the addition of P.In addition,we also present recent advances in reducing As toxicity and accumulation by improving P nutrition,manipulating P transporter genes and optimizing the plant microbial community.Finally,the future research directions and main challenges are briefly discussed.
基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP20K06708 to Maki Katsuhara,and an OU fellowship to Shahin Imran.
文摘Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)employs the Na^(+)transporter HvHKT1;1,which is an N^(+)-selective transporter.This study characterized the full-length HvHKT1;1(HvHKT1;1-FL)and three mRNA variants(HvHKT1;1-V1,-V2,and-V3),which encode polypeptides of 64.7,54.0,40.5,and 32.9 kDa,respectively.Tissue-specific expression profiling revealed that HvHKT1;1-FL is the most abundant transcript across leaf,sheath,and root tissues under normal conditions,with the highest expression in leaves.Under 150 mM NaCl stress,HvHKT1;1-FL and its variants showed a dynamic,time-dependent expression pattern,with peak leaf expression at 2 h,sheath expression at 12 h,and root expression at 2 h,suggesting their roles in early stress response.Functional analysis using two-electrode voltage-clamp measurements demonstrated thatHvHKT1;1-FL is highly selective for Na^(+),withminimal conductance for K^(+),Li^(+),Rb^(+),or Cs^(+).It demonstrated high Na^(+)transport efficiency,characterized by higher Vmax and lower Km values,while the variants showed reducedNa^(+)currents,lowerVmax,and higherKmvalues,indicating decreasedNa^(+)transport capacity.Reversal potential analyses further confirmed Na^(+)selectivity,with HvHKT1;1-FL displaying the strongest preference for Na^(+).Notably,while all variants retained Na^(+)selectivity,they showed reduced efficiency,as indicated by a more negative reversal potential in low Na^(+)conditions.These findings highlight the functional diversity among HvHKT1;1 variants,with HvHKT1;1-FL playing a dominant role in Na^(+)transport.The tissue-specific regulation of these variants under salinity stress underscores their importance in barley’s adaptive responses.
基金the financial support from FORMAS(2018-01029)the Swedish Institute(01132-2022)for supporting Ivan Motsnyi’s visit and research at Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Emerging new races of wheat stem rust(Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici)are threatening global wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)production.Host resistance is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of controlling stem rust.The stem rust resistance gene Sr59 was previously identified within a T2DS 2RL wheat-rye whole arm translocation,providing broad-spectrum resistance to various stem rust races.Seedling evaluation,molecular marker analysis,and cytogenetic studies identified wheat-rye introgression line#284 containing a new translocation chromosome T2BL 2BS-2RL.This line has demonstrated broad-spectrum resistance to stem rust at the seedling stage.Seedling evaluation and cytogenetic analysis of three backcross populations between the line#284 and the adapted cultivars SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert confirmed that Sr59 is located within the short distal 2RL translocation.This study aimed physical mapping of Sr59 in the 2RL introgression segment and develop a robust molecular marker for marker-assisted selection.Using genotyping-by-sequencing(GBS),GBS-derived SNPs were aligned with full-length annotated rye nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)genes in the parental lines CS ph1b,SLU238,SLU-Elite,Navruz,and Linkert,as well as in 33 BC4F5progeny.Four NLR genes were identified on the 2R chromosome,with Chr2R_NLR_60 being tightly linked to the Sr59resistance gene.In-silico functional enrichment analysis of the translocated 2RL region(25,681,915 bp)identified 223 genes,with seven candidate genes associated with plant disease resistance and three linked to agronomic performance,contributing to oxidative stress response,protein kinase activity,and cellular homeostasis.These findings facilitate a better understanding of the genetic basis of stem rust resistance provided by Sr59.
基金supported by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture,Food Sovereignty and Forests(project GOOD-MILK,D.M.9367185—09/12/2020,CUP C29C20000450001,Roma,Italy)the Regional Government of Sardinia(Progetto Strategico Sulcis,CUP J73C17000070007,Cagliari,Italy).
文摘Background Goat breeds in the Alpine area and Mediterranean basin exhibit a unique genetic heritage shaped by centuries of selection and adaptability to harsh environments.Understanding their adaptive traits can aid breeding programs target enhanced resilience and productivity,especially as we are facing important climate and agriculture challenges.To this aim the genomic architecture of 480 goats belonging to five breeds(i.e.,Saanen[SAA],Camosciata delle Alpi[CAM],Murciano-Granadina[MUR],Maltese[MAL],Sarda[SAR])reared in the Sardinia Island were genotyped and their genomic architecture evaluated to find molecular basis of adaptive traits.Inbreeding,runs of homozygosity(ROH)and runs of heterozygosity(ROHet)were identified.Finally,candidate genes in the ROH and ROHet regions were explored through a pathway analysis to assess their molecular role.Results In total,we detected 10,341 ROH in the SAA genome,11,063 ROH in the CAM genome,12,250 ROH in the MUR genome,8,939 ROH in the MAL genome,and 18,441 ROH in the SAR genome.Moreover,we identified 4,087 ROHet for SAA,3,360 for CAM,2,927 for MUR,3,701 for MAL,and 3,576 for SAR,with SAR having the highest heterozygosity coefficient.Interestingly,when computing the inbreeding coefficient using homozygous segment(FROH),SAA showed the lowest value while MAL the highest one,suggesting the need to improve selecting strategies to preserve genetic diversity within the population.Among the most significant candidate genes,we identified several ones linked to different physiological functions,such as milk production(e.g.,DGAT1,B4GALT1),immunity(GABARAP,GPS2)and adaptation to environment(e.g.,GJA3,GJB2 and GJB6).Conclusions This study highlighted the genetic diversity within and among five goat breeds.The high levels of ROH identified in some breeds might indicate high levels of inbreeding and a lack in genetic variation,which might negatively impact the animal population.Conversely,high levels of ROHet might indicate regions of the genetic diversity,beneficial for breed health and resilience.Therefore,these findings could aid breeding programs in managing inbreeding and preserving genetic diversity.
文摘Intensive farming practices,aimed at maximizing crop yields through substantial inputs of labour,technology,and chemical fertilizers,have significantly transformed modern agriculture.However,these methods have raised serious concerns regarding soil health,environmental sustainability,and long-term agricultural viability.This study examines the ecological impact of intensive farming on soil health in the KB Asifabad District of Telangana,India,where traditional and modern farming techniques coexist.The objectives include analysing socio-economic factors influencing farming methods,evaluating the impact of tilling techniques and fertilizer use on soil health,and promoting sustainable practices through education and policy recommendations.Findings reveal a strong reliance on chemical fertilizers,with 98.3% of farmers using them exclusively due to their perceived efficiency and rapid results.However,this overdependence has led to soil degradation,reduced microbial diversity,and environmental pollution.Conversely,despite its ecological benefits,natural manure remains underutilized due to scepticism and economic constraints.Mechanical tilling methods,while effective,have negatively impacted soil structure and fertility.The study highlights the necessity of transitioning to sustainable practices,integrating organic inputs,and adopting conservation techniques to restore soil health and ecosystem balance.This research provides practical pathways for achieving sustainable agriculture by integrating traditional knowledge with modern practices.It is particularly relevant for policymakers,agricultural extension services,and farming communities as it highlights the need for educational initiatives,financial incentives,and regulatory measures to ensure long-term soil fertility,environmental stewardship,and improved farmer livelihoods.
基金financed by the Research Management Wing,Gazipur Agricultural University,Bangladesh。
文摘The productivity of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.),an economically important legume,is severely hindered by drought stress.While melatonin(Mel)and methyl jasmonate(MeJA)are known to alleviate abiotic stresses,their combined effects in mitigating drought-induced oxidative stress are unknown.Here,we examined the synergistic effects of Mel and MeJA in alleviating drought-associated oxidative damage in common bean.Compared with well-watered controls,drought stress caused a significant decline in plant biomass,photosynthetic pigments,and photosystem Ⅱ efficiency(F_(v)/F_(m)).Drought also significantly increased hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))accumulation,which likely contributed to membrane lipid peroxidation,as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde(MDA)levels.Furthermore,drought stress substantially suppressed the activity of antioxidant enzymes,including catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and glutathione S-transferase(GST).In contrast,application of exogenous Mel and MeJA,particularly at 150μM and 20μM,respectively,significantly improved plant biomass,chlorophyll a(Chl a),chlorophyll b(Chl b),and F_(v)/F_(m) relative to drought-stressed plants only.Notably,the combined treatment with Mel and MeJA reduced H_(2)O_(2) and MDA by 84.3%and 39.8%,respectively,while enhancing the activities of CAT(by 106.2%),POD(by 97.7%),and GST(by 54.2%)compared to drought-stressed plants only.Multivariate analyses further confirmed that Mel and MeJA effectively reduced the levels of H_(2)O_(2) and MDA while enhancing antioxidant defense.These results suggest that the combined action of Mel and MeJA enhanced antioxidant defenses,restoring photosynthetic performance impaired by ROS in common bean.This synergy effectively mitigates drought-induced oxidative stress,highlighting their potential to improve resilience and support sustainable bean production for global food security.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2020MS04001)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program Project+1 种基金Hetao College Science and Technology Research Project(HYYB202303)Hetao College Science and Technology Innovation Team.
文摘A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying scenarios including nitrogen fertilization rates,irrigation rates,and air temperatures in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)over the 38-year period.DAYCENT model was used to predict carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fluxes from cultivated soils in the HID,Inner Mongolia from^(2)023 to 2060(the year of achieving the"carbon neutrality"goal)in this study.Results showed that mean soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field[1035.13 g/(m^(2).yr)]were significantly lower than those in the maize field[1405.54 g/(m^(2).yr)].An increase in nitrogen fertilization rate led to a significant escalation in soil CO_(2)fluxes.Moreover,elevating irrigation rates for washing salts by irrigation(WSBI)diminished soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field while amplifying them in the maize field.A rise in air temperature resulted in an increase in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the maize field,with annual increases observed,but a reduction in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the sunflower field.The sunflower fields in the HID have a more substantial advantage than the corn fields in mitigating soil CO_(2)emissions.
文摘The ability of plants to tolerate cold is a complex process.When temperatures drop or freeze,plant tissues can develop ice,which dehydrates the cells.However,plants can protect themselves by preventing ice formation.This intricate response to cold stress is regulated by hormones,photoperiod,light,and various factors,in addition to genetic influences.In autumn,plants undergo morphological,physiological,biochemical,and molecular changes to prepare for the low temperatures of winter.Understanding cellular stress responses is crucial for genetic manipulation aimed at enhancing cold resistance.Early autumn frosts or late spring chills can cause significant damage to plants,making it essential to adapt in autumn to survive winter conditions.While the general process of acclimatization is similar across many plant species,variations exist depending on the specific type of plant and regional conditions.Different plant organs exhibit varying degrees of damage from cold stress,and by applying agricultural principles,potential damage can be largely controlled.Timely reinforcement and stress prevention can minimize cold-related damage.Research has shown that in temperate climates,low temperatures restrict plant growth and yield.However,the intricate structural systems involved remain poorly understood.Over the past decade,studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms that enable plants to adapt to and resist cold stress.The gene signaling system is believed to play a crucial role in cold adaptation,and researchers have prioritized this area in their investigations.This study critically examines plant responses to cold stress through physiological adaptations,including calcium signaling dynamics,membrane lipid modifications,and adjustments in antioxidant systems.These mechanisms activate downstream gene expression and molecular functions,leading to key resistance strategies.Additionally,we explore the regulatory roles of endogenous phytohormones and secondary metabolites in cold stress responses.This review aims to enhance our foundational understanding of the mechanisms behind plant cold adaptation.
基金funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education,the Ministry of National Education,the Republic of Indonesia through Competitive Research Grant in 1995-1999,in establishing the initial 1998 experimental plots.
文摘Heavy metal concentrations in soils may decrease over time,correlating with key soil variables such as pH,cation exchange capacity(CEC),clay,and organic carbon(organic C)content.The residual Cu and Zn were studied in tropical soils about 20 years after amendment with heavy metal containing industrial waste.Soils amended one time in 1998 with industrial waste,calcite,and cassava-leaf compost were employed as models and analysed for topsoil and subsoil Cu,Zn and several soil properties including pH,CEC,clay and organic C content in 2018.The highest Cu and Zn were detected in high heavy metal plots with the highest waste amendment,lowered by calcite and/or compost.The lower subsoil Cu and Zn were strongly affected by topsoil Cu and Zn.Single variable linear regression showed that the soil Cu and Zn had good relationships with the soil organic C and clay content.The inclusion of soil pH,CEC,clay and organic C content in multiple linear regression analysis improved their correlation coefficients,in which the correlation coefficients of Zn were higher than Cu.Long-term reaction in soils reversed the positive correlation of Cu-pH and Zn-pH in 1998 to the negative correlations in 2018.The soil Cu can be predicted with 33.8%accuracy with equation Cu=-61-11.6(pH)+0.47(CEC)+2.71(Clay)+41.7(Org C)(R^(2))=-0.338 while the soil Zn with accuracy 39.2%by equation Zn=-26.2-8.73(pH)-0.276(CEC)+1.95(Clay)+24.0(Org C)(R2).This results could be utilized to monitor the dynamic of Cu and Zn contamination in soil.
文摘Global challenges,including resource inefficiency,rising food demand,sustainability concerns,and climate change,necessitate more efficient and resilient agricultural systems.Conservation agriculture(CA),which is based on the principles of the minimum mechanical soil disturbance,permanent soil organic cover,and species diversification,provides a promising solution.This study examined the principles and mechanisms of CA,assessed its benefits and constraints,and identified key research gaps.This study focused on CA outcomes related to soil health,biodiversity,productivity,and ecosystem services,considering factors such as climate,soil type,and management practices.CA has demonstrated the potential to improve soil health,enhance biodiversity,and boost productivity across diverse regions.However,its effectiveness has been found to vary across studies,emphasizing the need for a more critical understanding of its benefits and limitations.Moreover,variations in outcomes are evident due to differences in experimental methodologies,environmental conditions,and socioeconomic factors.For the widespread adoption of CA practices,it is necessary to make personalized adjustments to it,integrating the corresponding technologies,thereby meeting the needs of farmers.Interdisciplinary research is crucial to refining CA practices and addressing existing knowledge gaps.This study is practiced to enhance the understanding of the potential of CA to promote a sustainable global food production system.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Devel-opment Program of China(2024YFD1600100)the Talented Young Scientist Program(TYSP)+5 种基金the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-ASTIP-2024-OCRI)China Agriculture Research System(CARS-14)Hubei International Science and Technology Cooperation Project(2022EHB034,2024EHA055)Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hubei province(2024-620-000-001-031)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution(1610172023003)the National Center for Crops Germplasm Re-sources(NCCGR-2024-016).
文摘Sesame is a multi-purpose high-value oilseed crop,which can beused in the food,feed,and cosmetics applica-tions.The low yield of sesame is due to the lack of high-yielding and locally adapted varieties,which have the susceptibility to capsule shattering and biotic and abiotic stresses.The breeding gains in sesame are low and stagnant compared to other oilseed crops such as canola,groundnut and sunflower.Breeding for enhanced yieldrelated,oil quantity and quality,biotic and abiotic stresses tolerant varieties is vital to the adaptation of the climate change.Several genes and quantitative trait loci(QTLs)related to yield-related,oil quantity and quality,biotic and abiotic stresses tolerant have been identified through modern plant breeding tools in sesame.The depth understanding of the genetic basis,molecular mechanisms and regulatory genes involved in yield-related,oil quantity and quality,biotic and abiotic stresses tolerant in sesame is important for the improvement of sesame breeding programs.This article reviews and documents these achievements will provide fundamental data and references for practical applications of sesam research.
基金financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil(CAPES)-Finance Code 001financial resources from the Fundacao de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino,Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul—FUNDECT(Termo de Outorga:133/2023/SIAFEM:33108).
文摘Corn(Zea mays L.)is a very sensitive crop to phosphorus(P)deficiency during the early development phase,which may be a limiting factor for the sustainable production of this crop in P-deficient tropical soils.However,scientific evidence indicates that inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can improve the development,uptake,and P-use efficiency of corn plants.In the present study,two contrasting corn hybrids were investigated for their responsiveness to multiple inoculations of Bacillus subtilis,B.megaterium,B.velezencis,and Pseudomonas fluorescens and application of phosphate fertilizer rates in the sandy soil of the Brazilian Cerrado.Plants from stable(DKB 360 PRO3)and responsive(DKB 255 PRO3)corn hybrids were inoculated with 0 and 2 mL of inoculant containing multiple phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fertilized with low(0 mg P·kg^(-1)),medium(40 mg P·kg^(-1))and high(80 mg P·kg^(-1))levels of phosphate fertilizer using triple superphosphate(46% of P_(2)O_(5)).Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design using 2×2×3 factorial scheme,with four replicates.Plants were grown in 8-L pots for 70 days under greenhouse conditions.Morphological characteristics,leaf P concentration,and P use efficiency of corn plants were evaluated.Our results showed that the multiple inoculations of Bacillus subtilis,B.megaterium,B.velezencis,and Pseudomonas fluorescens are a promising sustainable agricultural practice to be recommended for corn cultivation,especially because it improves the development and P use efficiency of plants fertilized with medium P levels,which reduces the costs associated with mineral phosphate fertilization,a non-renewable fertilizer source.In sandy tropical soilwith low P availability,applying intermediate rates of highly soluble phosphate fertilizer,such as triple superphosphate,is sufficient to maximize plant development and the nutritional status of corn crops for sustainable production with low environmental impact.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD04076)the Guangxi Key Research and Development Projects of China(GuikeAB21238004)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program.
文摘When plants respond to drought stress,dynamic cellular changes occur,accompanied by alterations in gene expression,which often act through trans-regulation.However,the detection of trans-acting genetic variants and networks of genes is challenged by the large number of genes and markers.Using a tensor decomposition method,we identify trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci(trans-eQTLs)linked to gene modules,rather than individual genes,which were associated with maize drought response.Module-to-trait association analysis demonstrates that half of the modules are relevant to drought-related traits.Genome-wide association studies of the expression patterns of each module identify 286 trans-eQTLs linked to drought-responsive modules,the majority of which cannot be detected based on individual gene expression.Notably,the trans-eQTLs located in the regions selected during maize improvement tend towards relatively strong selection.We further prioritize the genes that affect the transcriptional regulation of multiple genes in trans,as exemplified by two transcription factor genes.Our analyses highlight that multidimensional reduction could facilitate the identification of trans-acting variations in gene expression in response to dynamic environments and serve as a promising technique for high-order data processing in future crop breeding.
