Erbil city is constructed in a flat plain with moderate gradient increasing northwards, the plain is dissected by tens of ephemeral wadis. The maximum elevation in the high lands NE of Erbil city is 1062 m (a.s.l.), w...Erbil city is constructed in a flat plain with moderate gradient increasing northwards, the plain is dissected by tens of ephemeral wadis. The maximum elevation in the high lands NE of Erbil city is 1062 m (a.s.l.), whereas the elevation of the center of Erbil city is 420 m (a.s.l.). The average gradient from the highest part to the center of the city is 2.15%, increasing towards northeast to reach 4.79%. The mean annual rainfall is 365 mm, while the average monthly rainfall is about 24.42 mm. The site of the city is mainly covered by alluvial fan sediments. Towards northeast, however, the exposures of the Bia Hassan Formation, which consists of alternation of conglomerate and claystone cover considerable areas (82 km<sup>2</sup>) and form the high lands NE of Erbil city. The exposed rocks are thick claystone alternating with coarse conglomerate. Two very heavy torrential rain events have caused flash floods in Erbil city on 30th October and 17th December 2021. The rainfall intensities were 52 mm/day and 60 mm/day, respectively, causing destructive floods. The most affected areas were Zirin (north of Erbil) and Dara Too (northeast of Erbil), respectively, with very heavy property damages and tens of fatalities. The main reasons for the floods were the partially constructed embankments of the 150 m ring-road, and the urban development within large and wide drainage basins. Different climate data were used for the purpose of this article, with field checks.展开更多
The numerical simulation program of PFC2D(Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimension)particle flow based on the flow-solid coupling principle and,on its built-in FISHTANK function library and FISH language,defines the flow equ...The numerical simulation program of PFC2D(Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimension)particle flow based on the flow-solid coupling principle and,on its built-in FISHTANK function library and FISH language,defines the flow equation and pressure equation of fluid domain respectively,and carries out numerical simulation calculations on the diffusion process and,on the morphology and particle displacement of slurry during the slurry injection process.By adjusting the parameters of hist,n_bond,s_bond and measure in the PFC command flow,the tracking of granular body displacement changes is achieved,and the mesoscopic mechanism such as the diffusion law of soil slurry at different depths and the change of formation porosity is revealed.The numerical calculations show that:the grouting pressure has a significant effect on the alteration and destruction of the formation structure,and the fracturing effect becomes gradually worse with increasing adhesive strength,while the porosity increases significantly with increasing grouting pressure.Based on the elastic-plastic theory of the Mohr-Colomb criterion to theoretically derive the stress field of the soil around the borehole,it is pointed out that the mechanical mechanism of annular tension and radial compression is the fundamental reason for the appearance of fracturing grouting action mode.The increase of slurry viscosity is beneficial to improve the grouting effect of fracturing-compacting grouting,while the increase of friction coefficient has little effect on the grouting effect.The comparative analysis of the laboratory tests shows that the PFC2D simulation of the grouting process is feasible.展开更多
The integration of Digital Twin(DT)technology in hydraulic engineering has the potential to address critical challenges in real-time monitoring,risk prediction,and system optimisation.Existing hydraulic systems face l...The integration of Digital Twin(DT)technology in hydraulic engineering has the potential to address critical challenges in real-time monitoring,risk prediction,and system optimisation.Existing hydraulic systems face limitations in terms of data integration,predictive capabilities,and operational efficiency.This study aims to develop a comprehensive Digital Twin framework for hydraulic engineering that facilitates enhanced decision-making through real-time virtual-physical interaction.A five-dimensional DT architecture is proposed,incorporating multi-source data fusion,GIS-BIM integration,and real-time monitoring.The system was applied to the Danjiangkou Project,demonstrating improvements in deformation monitoring accuracy,water quality simulations,and geological hazard prediction.The results indicate that the DT framework provides significant advancements over traditional methods in terms of operational efficiency,safety management,and predictive capabilities.This research highlights the potential of Digital Twin technology to transform hydraulic engineering practices by enabling more intelligent,data-driven decision-making and operational optimisation.Future work should focus on refining predictive models,enhancing data synchronisation,and exploring the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51778212)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.KYLX16_0725 and 2016B42914),China
文摘Erbil city is constructed in a flat plain with moderate gradient increasing northwards, the plain is dissected by tens of ephemeral wadis. The maximum elevation in the high lands NE of Erbil city is 1062 m (a.s.l.), whereas the elevation of the center of Erbil city is 420 m (a.s.l.). The average gradient from the highest part to the center of the city is 2.15%, increasing towards northeast to reach 4.79%. The mean annual rainfall is 365 mm, while the average monthly rainfall is about 24.42 mm. The site of the city is mainly covered by alluvial fan sediments. Towards northeast, however, the exposures of the Bia Hassan Formation, which consists of alternation of conglomerate and claystone cover considerable areas (82 km<sup>2</sup>) and form the high lands NE of Erbil city. The exposed rocks are thick claystone alternating with coarse conglomerate. Two very heavy torrential rain events have caused flash floods in Erbil city on 30th October and 17th December 2021. The rainfall intensities were 52 mm/day and 60 mm/day, respectively, causing destructive floods. The most affected areas were Zirin (north of Erbil) and Dara Too (northeast of Erbil), respectively, with very heavy property damages and tens of fatalities. The main reasons for the floods were the partially constructed embankments of the 150 m ring-road, and the urban development within large and wide drainage basins. Different climate data were used for the purpose of this article, with field checks.
文摘The numerical simulation program of PFC2D(Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimension)particle flow based on the flow-solid coupling principle and,on its built-in FISHTANK function library and FISH language,defines the flow equation and pressure equation of fluid domain respectively,and carries out numerical simulation calculations on the diffusion process and,on the morphology and particle displacement of slurry during the slurry injection process.By adjusting the parameters of hist,n_bond,s_bond and measure in the PFC command flow,the tracking of granular body displacement changes is achieved,and the mesoscopic mechanism such as the diffusion law of soil slurry at different depths and the change of formation porosity is revealed.The numerical calculations show that:the grouting pressure has a significant effect on the alteration and destruction of the formation structure,and the fracturing effect becomes gradually worse with increasing adhesive strength,while the porosity increases significantly with increasing grouting pressure.Based on the elastic-plastic theory of the Mohr-Colomb criterion to theoretically derive the stress field of the soil around the borehole,it is pointed out that the mechanical mechanism of annular tension and radial compression is the fundamental reason for the appearance of fracturing grouting action mode.The increase of slurry viscosity is beneficial to improve the grouting effect of fracturing-compacting grouting,while the increase of friction coefficient has little effect on the grouting effect.The comparative analysis of the laboratory tests shows that the PFC2D simulation of the grouting process is feasible.
文摘The integration of Digital Twin(DT)technology in hydraulic engineering has the potential to address critical challenges in real-time monitoring,risk prediction,and system optimisation.Existing hydraulic systems face limitations in terms of data integration,predictive capabilities,and operational efficiency.This study aims to develop a comprehensive Digital Twin framework for hydraulic engineering that facilitates enhanced decision-making through real-time virtual-physical interaction.A five-dimensional DT architecture is proposed,incorporating multi-source data fusion,GIS-BIM integration,and real-time monitoring.The system was applied to the Danjiangkou Project,demonstrating improvements in deformation monitoring accuracy,water quality simulations,and geological hazard prediction.The results indicate that the DT framework provides significant advancements over traditional methods in terms of operational efficiency,safety management,and predictive capabilities.This research highlights the potential of Digital Twin technology to transform hydraulic engineering practices by enabling more intelligent,data-driven decision-making and operational optimisation.Future work should focus on refining predictive models,enhancing data synchronisation,and exploring the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain.
